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Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 the Impact Of
Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 The impact of students in mobilizing society to chant for the Republic of Kosovo Atdhe Hetemi Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of East European Languages and Cultures Supervisor Prof. dr. Rozita Dimova Department of East European Languages and Cultures Dean Prof. dr. Gita Deneckere Rector Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle October 2019 i English Summary This dissertation examines the motives and central visions of three student demonstrations, each taking place within different historical and political contexts and each organized by a different generation of Kosovo Albanian students. The years 1968, 1981 and 1997 witnessed a proliferation of student mobilizations as collective responses demanding more national rights for Albanians in Kosovo. I argue that the students' main vision in all three movements was the political independence of Kosovo. Given the complexity of the students' goal, my analysis focuses on the influence and reactions of domestic and foreign powers vis-à-vis the University of Prishtina (hereafter UP), the students and their movements. Fueled by their desire for freedom from Serbian hegemony, the students played a central role in "preserving" and passing from one generation to the next the vision of "Republic" status for Kosovo. Kosova Republikë or the Republic of Kosovo (hereafter RK) status was a demand of all three student demonstrations, but the students' impact on state creation has generally been underestimated by politicians and public figures. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to unearth the various and hitherto unknown or hidden roles of higher education – then the UP – and its students in shaping Kosovo's recent history. -
Behind Stone Walls
BEHIND STONE WALLS CHANGING HOUSEHOLD ORGANIZATION AMONG THE ALBANIANS OF KOSOVA by Berit Backer Edited by Robert Elsie and Antonia Young, with an introduction and photographs by Ann Christine Eek Dukagjini Balkan Books, Peja 2003 1 This book is dedicated to Hajria, Miradia, Mirusha and Rabia – girls who shocked the village by going to school. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Berita - the Norwegian Friend of the Albanians, by Ann Christine Eek BEHIND STONE WALLS Acknowledgement 1. INTRODUCTION Family and household Family – types, stages, forms Demographic processes in Isniq Fieldwork Data collection 2. ISNIQ: A VILLAGE AND ITS FAMILIES Once upon a time Going to Isniq Kosova First impressions Education Sources of income and professions Traditional adaptation The household: distribution in space Household organization Household structure Positions in the household The household as an economic unit 3. CONJECTURING ABOUT AN ETHNOGRAPHIC PAST Ashtu është ligji – such are the rules The so-called Albanian tribal society The fis The bajrak Economic conditions Land, labour and surplus in Isniq The political economy of the patriarchal family or the patriarchal mode of reproduction 3 4. RELATIONS OF BLOOD, MILK AND PARTY MEMBERSHIP The traditional social structure: blood The branch of milk – the female negative of male positive structure Crossing family boundaries – male and female interaction Dajet - mother’s brother in Kosova The formal political organization Pleqësia again Division of power between partia and pleqësia The patriarchal triangle 5. A LOAF ONCE BROKEN CANNOT BE PUT TOGETHER The process of the split Reactions to division in the family Love and marriage The phenomenon of Sworn Virgins and the future of sex roles Glossary of Albanian terms used in this book Bibliography Photos by Ann Christine Eek 4 PREFACE ‘Behind Stone Walls’ is a sociological, or more specifically, a social anthropological study of traditional Albanian society. -
Educational Centre a Significant Factor in the Development of Education in Albania
ISSN2039Ͳ2117MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciencesVol.3(7)April2012 Impact of "Normale" Educational Centre A Significant Factor in the Development of Education in Albania Dr. Jani Sota Faculty of Education University "Aleksander Moisiu", Durres Abstract: The history of education has valued preciously all people involved in it and has flourished into an educational function, teaching and learning of our thorough knowledge in its institutions - such as "Normale" Educational center that played an historic role in the Albanian language. Albanian normal schools have a record of long, difficult, but also glorious path. They were the main homes for generations of teachers and also the place where it was necessary to prepare the framework for education and awareness of the nation. Albanian teachers, in different periods of history had run the greatest risk of extinction of national culture and education. They planted the sound seeds by which had brought the essence of national awareness, which in a century struggle of unparalleled trials tried to revive education, science, culture and Albania. In the history of Albania teachers and veterans of teaching, wherever they worked and acted, played the leading role, contributed as they could with their valuable works, which undoubtedly served to their students, future teachers, in raising subsequently the national level of conscience for their learning and teaching. Key words: Normal school, education, culture, teacher-students, pedagogic thinking, Albanian territory. Introduction Albanian Normal School has a record of long, difficult, but glorious path. Its purpose was to prepare the necessary framework for education and awareness of the nation. Albanian teachers, in different periods of heavy and full of vicissitudes, did valuable work in the moments and the most crucial turning points and run the greatest risks of extinction of our national culture and education. -
Interview with Enver Tali
INTERVIEW WITH ENVER TALI Pristina | Date: October 3, 2015 Duration: 153 minutes Present: 1. Enver Tali (The speaker) 2. Lura Limani (The interviewer) 3. Kaltrina Krasniqi (Camera) Transcription notation symbols of non-verbal communication: () - emotional communication {} - the speaker explains something using gestures Other transcription conventions: [] - addition to the text to facilitate comprehension Footnotes are editorial additions to provide information on localities, names, or expressions Part One Lura Limani: Mr. Enver, can you tell us a bit about your childhood, where were you born, when were you born, and something about your father, mother and early childhood memories? Enver Tali: My childhood was a little bit heavy not because someone tormented me, but because of the times, the times tormented me. Like all Albanians, I lived through the Second World War. During the Second World War, I was a third grade student at a Serbian-language primary school. Then, the Second World War broke out, it was then that Italy entered Kosovo and our region. And, they [Italians] opened Albanian schools and an Albanian administration... the Albanian school, so, when the war broke out, I left in the middle of the third grade that I had started in Serbian and started the third grade again in Albanian language. My father was, for his time, a great intellectual, a renowned administrator. At the time, he had finished school in Greece, in Thessaloniki and he was an administrator in great demand. And he knew how to be useful in the family, he knew how to be useful also to the world outside the family. -
4 Studime 21 Komplet
400 AShAK: Studime 21 - 2014 BIBLIOGRAFIA E BOTIMEVE TË PROFESOR SHABAN DEMIRAJT1 I. Vepra shkencore a) Pa ndonjë bashkëpunim 1. Çështje të sistemit emëror të gjuhës shqipe. Botim i Universitetit të Tiranës. Tiranë 1972, f. 296 (me një përmbledhje frëngjisht). 2. Sistemi i lakimit në gjuhën shqipe. Botim i Universitetit të Tiranës. Tiranë 1975, f 275 (me një përmbledhje frëngjisht). 3. Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe. Botim i Universitetit të Tiranës. Shtëpia Botuese 8 Nëntori. Tiranë 1986, f. l167 (me një përmbledhje anglisht); Shtëpia Botuese Rilindja. Prishtinë 1988 2, f. 1047. 4. Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj. Botim i Universitetit të Tiranës. Tiranë 1988, f. 321 (me një përmbledhje anglisht); Rilindja. Prishtinë 19892, f. 290. 5. Eqrem Çabej – një jetë kushtuar shkencës. Shtëpia Botuese 8 Nëntori. Tiranë 1990, f. 272; Akademia e Shkencave të Shqipërisë. Tiranë 2008 2, f. 322. 6. Historische Grammatik der albanischen Sprache (kurze Fassung). Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; Philosophisch – historische Klasse. Schriften der Balkan-Kommission. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien 1993, f. 366. 7. Gjuhësi ballkanike. Shtëpia Botuese Logos-A, në bashkëpunim me Katedrën e Gjuhës dhe të Letërsisë Shqiptare të Universitetit të Shkupit. Shkup 1994, f. 277 (me një përmbledhje anglisht). 8. Balkanska lingvistika = Gjuhësi ballkanike. Shtëpia botuese Logos A. Shkup 1994, f. 294 (me një përmbledhje anglisht). 9. Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe. Botim i Akademisë së Shkencave të Shqipërisë. Shtëpia Botuese Toena. Tiranë 1996, f. 332 (me një permbledhje anglisht). 10. La lingua albanese – origine, storia, strutture. Centro Editoriale e Librario – Università degli Studi della Calabria. Rende – Italia 1997, f. -
European Academic Research
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 12/ March 2017 Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) ISSN 2286-4822 DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) www.euacademic.org The scientific cooperation between Kosovo and Albania during 1968 KOSOVAR BASHA Independent researcher for XX century Institute of History “Ali Hadri “ – Prishtina Department of Contemporary History Prishtina, Kosovo Abstract: The 60s of the 20th century marked significant events for Albanians in two sides of the border. The improvement of relations between Yugoslavia and Albania, affected Kosovo to start the collaboration for which Kosovo waited for approximately 20 years. The relations after 1968, should be seen from several perspectives between Yugoslavia and Albania. First of all some of the major factors which encouraged a decent beginning were the circumstances created in Czechoslovakia after the Soviet Union invasion. Albania’s reaction was immediate, which supported Yugoslavia during the invasion. The second factor are the Albanians from Kosovo, to whom Albania with Enver Hoxha’s influence had started to play the nationalistic card namely, national-communism. Thirdly, Tito’s attempts were clear after Plenum of Brione, he wanted to balance the politic between Yugoslavia and various clans but also different nations and nationalities. In the meantime, the roots of the relations between Kosovo and Albania date from 1966, the beginning of this relation were the market trades which opened the road for further cooperation in education and culture between Kosovo and Albania. In this research we have been focused on elaborating the scientific collaboration of these two countries, the effects, the results and the cultural activities that were held in this important year for the Albanians in general. -
Albanian Language 93 Albanian Language
Albanian Language 93 Albanian Language Rrahman Paçarizi* Abstract The Albanian Language is an Indo-European Language which is considered by the majority of linguists to be the direct successor of the ancient Illyrian. The origin place of the Albanian Language is supposed to be the place where currently the Albanians live and perhaps farther North. There is no doubt at all as Dardania or the present Kosova is the place where the Albanian or Proto Albanian Language has been spoken continuously until these days. The Albanian Language has two main dialects – the Northern dialect or the so called Gheg and the Southern dialect or the so called Tosk which are also subdivided into transitional dialects. The dialects differ mainly by phonetic but there are also some slight dialectal differences. Nevertheless, these dialects are mutually intelligible. The first known document in Albanian is the “Baptism Formula” recorded in 1462 by Pal Engjëlli (Paulus Angelus). The Albanian Language has undergone two official standardizations. First in 1920 at the Education Congress of Lushnje it was decided that the language of Elbasan meaning Northern Gheg to become official Albanian Language whereas in 1972 at the Congress of Albanian Orthography was definitely decided that the Tosk is to become standardized. Today, the Albanian Language is spoken by more than 7 million Albanians in Albania, Kosova, Western Macedonia and parts of Southern Montenegro. The Arvanit dialects in Northern Greece do not exist anymore but there are some other types of Albanian which are spoken in Southern Italy more exactly in Sicilia and Calabria in Zara- Dalmatia in Croatia in some villages of Ukraine and in Mandrice of Bulgaria. -
The Development of Kosovo Institutions and the Transition of Authority from Unmik to Local Self-Government
Cluster of Competence The rehabilitation of war-torn societies A Project co-ordinated by the Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations (CASIN) THE DEVELOPMENT OF KOSOVO INSTITUTIONS AND THE TRANSITION OF AUTHORITY FROM UNMIK TO LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Marcus Brand Geneva, January 2003 Dr. Marcus Brand is an analyst for the European Stability Initiative (www.esiweb.org) and is currently based in Vienna. He worked with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in Kosovo from January to March 1999 and from June 1999 to September 2000. He witnessed the turbulent developments which led to UNMIK’s mandate in Kosovo and participated in the creation of interim institutions, as he served as the OSCE’s first representative in the Secretariat of the Interim Administrative Council. Subsequently, he has visited Kosovo on several occasions as he has worked as Kosovo Analyst for the European Stability Initiative and has recently completed his doctoral thesis on “Kosovo Under International Administration: Statehood, Constitutionalism and Human Rights.” The Cluster of competence Rehabilitation of war-torn societies is a project of the Swiss Interdepartmental Co-ordination Committee for Partnership for Peace which is part of the activities of Switzerland in the Partnership for Peace. This Cluster is co- ordinated by Jean F. Freymond, Director of the Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations (CASIN). The opinions expressed in this paper only reflect those of the author and not of the institutions to which -
The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation
ISSN 2411-9563 (Print) European Journal of Social Science May-August 2018 ISSN 2312-8429 (Online) Education and Research Volume 5, Issue 2 The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation Prof. Ass. Dr. Sindorela Doli Kryeziu University of Gjakova, Faculty of Education, Professor of Albanian language, Kosovo Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. -
War Crimes in Kosovo
WKAROCSRIOMEVS ION A Population-Based Assessment of Human Rights Violations Against Kosovar Albanians A report by: Physicians for Human Rights Boston • Washington DC In conjunction with: Program on Forced Migration and Health, Center for Population and Family Health, The Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Copyright © August 1999 by Physicians for Human Rights All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-879707-26-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 99-075785 COVER INSET PHOTO: Glenn Ruga COVER AND REPORT DESIGN: Glenn Ruga/Visual Communications PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) mobilizes the health professions and enlists support from the general public to protect and promote the human rights of all people. PHR believes that human rights are essential preconditions for the health and well-being of all members of the human family. Since 1986, PHR members have worked to stop torture, disappearances, and political killings by governments and opposition groups; to improve health and sanitary conditions in prisons and detention centers; to investigate the physical and psychological consequences of violations of humanitarian law in internal and international conflicts; to defend medical neutrality and the right of civil- ians and combatants to receive medical care during times of war; to protect health professionals who are victims of violations of human rights; and to pre- vent medical complicity in torture and other abuses. As one of the original steering committee members of the International Cam- paign to Ban Landmines, PHR shared the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize. PHR cur- rently serves as grassroots coordinator of the US Campaign to Ban Landmines. -
Albanian Language Management and the Generation of Kosovo Albanian National Identity Since 1945
ALBANIAN LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT AND THE GENERATION OF KOSOVO ALBANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY SINCE 1945 JUSTIN GREGORY HAMILTON ELLIOTT University College London Doctor of Philosophy 2017 I, Justin Gregory Hamilton Elliott, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is about the development of a national identity through the means of language, both as a terrain and a vehicle. This thesis argues the modern intellectuals’ sense of moral mission in colonial nation-building was a response to exogenous modernization, and involved imagining the people as Albanians separated from Albania. This was most clearly encapsulated in the adoption of the same standard language as Albania in 1968 and the intellectuals’ subsequent management and reaction to external constraint, which was imposed in such a way as to prove counterproductive and enhance the intellectuals’ status still further. Yet, because there are limits to the way in which imagination of a society can conflict with reality, the standard language has failed to bring political or linguistic unity. In arguing this, the thesis provides a new interpretation of the development of Kosovo Albanian national identity. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chapter One How the Modern Kosovo Albanian intellectual 57 became possible Chapter Two Writing as they hear: the Standardization of 95 Albanian in the People’s Republic of Albania Chapter Three Standard Albanian -
Codel to Yugoslavia.Pdf
DENNIS DECONCINI . ARIZONA. CHAIRMAN COMMISSION ON STENY H. HOYER, MARYLAND. CO-CHAIRMAN SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE DANTE B. FASCELL. FLORIDA FRANK LAUTENBERG. NEW JERSEY 237 HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING ANNEX 2 EDWARD J MARKEY. MA$$ACHUSmS TIMOTHY WIRTH , COLORADO Bill RICHARDSON, NEW MEXICO WYCHE FOWLER , GEORGIA WASHINGTON, DC 20515 HARRY REID. NEVADA EDWARD FEIGHAN. OHIO ATO, NEW YORK ALFONSE M. D' DON RITTER. PENNSYLVANIA CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH. NEW JERSEY JOHN HEINZ, PENNSYLVANIA (202) 225-1901 JOHN EDWARD PORTER , ILLINOIS JAMES McCLURE, IDAHO FRANK Il WOLF. VIRGINIA MALCOLM WAlLOP, WYOMING SAMUEL G. WISE. STAfF DIRECTOR MARY SUE HAfNER. DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR AND GENERA COUNSEL JANE S. FISHER. OEPLJ STAfF DIRECTOR Report of the Congressional Delegation Visit to Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria (CODEL DeConcini/oyer) April 7 . 13, 1990 MEMBERS OF DELEGATION Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ), Chairman of the Helsinki Commission Mrs. Susan DeConcini Representative Steny H. Hoyer (D-MD), Co-Chairman of the Helsinki Commission Representative Jim Moody (D-WI) Representative Helen Delich Bentley (R-MD) Helsinki Commission Staff Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Jane S. Fisher, Deputy Staff Director Robert A. Hand Judith Ingram Jesse L. Jacobs Other Congressional Staff Mary Mahoney, Office of Senator Dennis DeConcini Martin Sletzinger. House Foreign Affairs Committee S. Air Force Escorts Colonel Bob Walter Topel Captain David L. Peck Captain Michael Mustafaga . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CONTENTS . 1 INTRODUCTION. YUGOSlAVI . 3 ROl\IA BULGARIA. INTRODUCTON known as the The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe -- also 304 with a Helsinki or CSCE Commission .- was created in 1976 by Public Law 94- mandate to monitor and encourage compliance with the Final Act of the Conference on , Finland, on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which was signed in Helsinki August 1, 1975, by the leaders of 33 European countries, the United States and Canada.