Grande Dixence (2365 M) Where Nature and Hi-Tech Meet: Grande Dixence (2365 M)

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Grande Dixence (2365 M) Where Nature and Hi-Tech Meet: Grande Dixence (2365 M) Wo sich Natur und Hi-Tech sich trifft: Grande Dixence (2365 m) Where nature and hi-tech meet: Grande Dixence (2365 m) Die Wasserkraft – The hydropower In der Schweiz wird die Stromerzeugung des Grundbedarfs durch die Atomkraft sichergestellt (40 % des Gesamtverbrauchs). Die Laufwasserkraftwerke sichern 25 % des Bedarfs. Die übrige Menge, fast ein Drittel des Verbrauchs, wird durch Speicherkraftwerke abgedeckt. The basic electricity production in Switzerland is provided by nuclear energy (40% of overall consumption). Run-of-river power stations provide 25 % of requirements. Almost one third of the consumption is provided through the hydroelectric power stations. Bereits 1922 setzte man in der Schweiz auf die Energieerzeugung durch Wasser. Der Kanton Wallis, ein Kanton, in dem 56 % der Gletscher des Landes liegen, war dafür ein idealer Stand- ort. 1929 begannen die Bauarbeiten für die erste Dixence-Staumauer. Die Arbeiten dauerten sechs Jahre. Nach nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges stieg die Energienachfrage ständig an, der Damm erwies sich als zu klein. Im Jahr 1950 wurde mit dem Bau des neuen Dammes, der Grande Dixence begonnen. Die Bauarbeiten dauerten 15 Jahre, in denen abwechselnd 3'000 Arbeiter, meistens ausländische Gastarbeiter, während acht Monate des Jahres arbei- teten. Es wurde 6 Millionen Kubikmeter Beton verbaut. Mit der gleichen Menge Beton könnte man eine Mauer von 1,5 m Höhe und 10 Zentimeter Breite rund um die Erde auf der Höhe des Äquators bauen. Die Staumauer weist an ihrer Sohle eine Breite von 200 Metern aus. Die 700 Meter lange Krone der Staumauer verengt sich oben auf 15 Meter. Der Bau der Grande- Dixence gehört zu einem der kolossalsten, schwersten und eindrücklichsten Bauwerk der Alpen. Das gespeicherte Wasser wird in zwei Kraftwerken turbiniert, die sich in Fionnay und in Nendaz befinden. Die gesamte produzierte Energie beläuft sich auf jährlich rund 2 Milliarden KWh, was einem mittleren Jahresverbrauch von 400`000 Haushalten entspricht. Since 1922 Switzerland is opting to use hydropower. 56% of the glaciers are located in Canton Valais. The Valais valleys are an ideal place for hydroplants. The first dam was built as early as 1934. Right after World War II, the demand for energy was constantly increasing. The dam proved to be too small. In 1950 the construction work of the Grande Dixence was starting. It took 15 years to complete the work. Three thousand, most of them foreign workers, were at work on the construction site for eight months a year, only interrupted by winter. About 6 million cubic meters of concrete were required for the construction. With the same quantity of concrete it would be possible to build a wall 1.5 meter high and 10 centimeters thick around the world ! The dam is at the bottom 200 m wide and 285 m high. The dam crown is 15 m wide and 700 m long. Grande Dixence is one of the most colossal, difficult and impressive cons- truction work in the Alps. The water stored behind the Grande Dixence dam is conveyed to three power stations below. All together, they represent a capacity of 2000 MW and produce more than 2 billion kWh per year. The 3 power stations are providing an annual electricity con- sumption for 400`000 households. Die Anlage von Grande-Dixence ist von Mitte Juni bis Ende September zu besichtigen. Man er- reicht die Staumauer ab Bahnhof Sitten mit dem Carunternehmen Theythaz (weisse Busse) in einer Stunde via Vex und Hérémence. The Grande Dixence dam is open to the public from mid-June until September. You will reach the dam from the railway station Sion by bus (company name Theytaz) within one hour. From Biel-Bienne – Grande Dixence mit dem Zug - by train 1 Biel – 2 Neuchâtel – 3 Yverdon – 4 Lausanne – 5 Martigny – 6 Sion-Sitten Lausanne mit Genfersee – Lac Léman Rebberge – Vineyards Cime de l`Est (3178 m) von Saint-Maurice auf – Bild rechts von Evionnaz aus aufgenommen Aprikosenbäume/abricot trees near Martigny – Bild mitte und re: Sion-Sitten Sion/Sitten – Vez – Hérémence – Grande Dixence Bild li: Sitten-Sion Mit einer Höhe von 285 Meter ist die Grande Dixence die höchste Gewichtsstaumauer der Welt – The world's highest gravity dam Auf dem oberen Parkplatz befindet sich der Informationspavillon, wo man geführte Rund- gänge in das Innere der Mauer buchen kann. Hier befindet sich auch das Hotel Restaurant du Barrage oder Hotel Ritz. Lustige Anekdote wie es zu diesem Namen kam: da die Arbeiter während des Baus in Baracken wohnten, die Ingenieure jedoch in einem „noblen“ Gebäude logierten, nennten die Arbeiter diese Unterkunft der Ingenieure scherzhaft als „Ritz“, wie das Fünfsternehotel von Paris. Der Name ist seither geblieben. Bild li: Hotel Ritz – Bild re: Seilbahn zur Mauerkrone Für den Besuch in das Labyrint der Mauer ist es ratsam etwas Warmes anzuziehen, denn die Temperatur in Innern beträgt 6 bis 8 Grad. Insgesamt gibt es 32 Kilometer Galerien und Stol- len. Die Führung dauert etwa eine Stunde. Guided tours in the interior of the dam can be booked at the Information Center. It is advisa- ble to wear warm clothes, the temperature dropping to 6-8 centigrade inside the dam. Eingang in die Mauer – Entry in the interior of the dam Wir fahren mit der Seilbahn hinauf zur Mauerkrone und folgen zunächst dem Wanderweg auf dem rechten Ufer des Lac des Dix entlang. Der Stausee ist rund 6 Kilometer lang und beinhal- tet ein Stauvolumen von 400 Millionen Kubikmeter Wasser. Das gesammelte Schmelzwasser wird von 35 Walliser Gletschern, von den Randgebieten des Mattertals (rund um Zermatt) durch 100 Kilometer Stollen zum Val d’Hérens herangeführt. Da einige Gletscher unterhalb der Höhe von Grand Dixence liegen, mussten vier Pumpstationen gebaut werden um das Wasser auf die Höhe des Hauptstollens zu leiten. Take the cable car to the top of the dam crown, then follow the path to the right lakeside of Lac des Dix. The 6 km long lake holds 400 million cubic meters of water. The lake collects the melting water from 35 Valaisan glaciers in the region of Zermatt and the valley of Val d’Hérens. A few of the glaciers are below the level of Grand Dixence. For this reason four pumping stations are channeling the water into the lake through a 100 km tunnel system. Hinauf zur Krone – Up to the dam crown Google-Earth Panorama Bild links: Le Pleureur (3704 m) – Bild rechts: Mont Blanc de Cheilon (3870 m) Zurück zur Staumauer – Back to the dam crown Panorama von der Mauerkrone – Panoramic view from the dam crown Blick hinunter zum Hotel Ritz – Looking down to Hotel Ritz Die Mauerkrone von der gegenüberliegenden Seite - View of the dam crown from opposite side Strenge Überwachung der Staumauer Die Sicherheit der Anlagen von Grande Dixence muss ständig gewährleistet sein. Das gesamte Zuleitungsnetz, die Bewegungen der Staumauer sowie der Zustand des benachbarten Gesteins werden ständig kontrolliert. Die Aufsichtspersonen besichtigen regelmässig die 32 Kilometer Stollen und Schächte im Inneren der Staumauer. Sie kontrollieren die Betonoberflächen sowie die Ufer, um jedes neue Phänomen umgehend zu entdecken. Ein Triangulationsnetz mit Be- tonpfeilern ist auf der Staumauer und seiner Umgebung eingebettet, damit man in regelmäs- sigen Abständen eine komplette Vermessung des Standortes vornehmen und jede anormale Bewegung erkennen kann. Diese Inspektionen werden durch 16 Messgeräte ergänzt, die In- formationen in Echtzeit übertragen und Veränderungen automatisch registrieren. Alle für die Überwachung der Staumauer wichtigen Messungen werden laufend an das Betriebszentrum in Sitten fernübertragen. Sieben Pendel mit einem Gewicht von 150 Kilo hängen über die gan- ze Höhe der Mauer. Sie messen die Bewegungen der Staumauer rund um die Uhr. Mit diesem System werden Veränderungen auf 5 Hundertstel Millimeter genau gemessen. Denn , die 15 Millionen Tonnen schwere Gewichtsstaumauer „atmet“ und unterliegt Schwankungen. Wenn der See voll ist, verschiebt sich die Krone um 11 cm auf die Talseite, um beim Absinken des Wasserspiegels wieder ihre ursprüngliche Position einzunehmen. Bei einem Dammbruch würde das Wasser nur 13 Minuten bis ins Rhonental brauchen, der Seespiegel in Genf würde sich um einen meter anheben... A closely-monitored dam The safety of the complex is a constant task. The entire water conveyor network, the rock for- mation and the dam are continuously monitored for movements and changes. Safety ins- pectors regularly visit the 32 kilometers of tunnels and shafts inside the dam wall. They exa- mine the dam face and edge so that any changes are rapidly detected. A triangulation network with concrete pillars has been established on the dam and in the surrounding area. This makes it possible to take a complete set of geodetic measurements of the site during regular intervals to identify any abnormal movements. These inspections are supported by 16 measuring devices which transmit informations in real time and automatically record any variations. All measurements which are important to the monitoring of the dam wall are transmitted conti- nuously to the operations centre in Sion. Stretched by 150 kilos counter-weight, seven pendu- lums plunge silently across the full depth of the wall. They measure continuously any defor- mation in the retaining wall. This system allows any movements of the dam to be checked to an accuracy of 5 hundredth of a millimeter. At all times the concrete monster is breathing! The 15 million tons gravity dam is sensitive to changes. Whether the lake is full or empty, the crest moves 11 centimeters downstream or back to its initial position. In case of a dam break, the water would need only 13 minutes to reach the Rhone Valley and the level of Lake Geneva would rise one meter… ! (Translation assistance: Coach René Wyss) .
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