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Summary of Developed and Potential Waterpower of the United States and Other Countries of the World, 1955-62 Geological Survey Circular 483

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Summary of Developed and Potential Waterpower of the United States and Other Countries of the World, 1955-62 Geological Survey Circular 483 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 483 SUMMARY OF DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATERPOWER OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, 1955-62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 483 SUMMARY OF DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATERPOWER OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 1955-62 By Loyd L. Young United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY Geological Survey THOMAS B. NOLAN, DIRECTOR Washington 1964 Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 20242 CONTENTS Afghanistan- -- - - 20 Introduction - - - 1 rVvIrm\^>^y ivxii - _____ ____________ t*9O \j Summary of development, January 1, 1955 to China ____________________________________ 20 December 31, 1962 1 Formosa 20 Large rivers - -- - 4 India 21 Unmeasured waterpower sources ---___-___-_ 6 Iran 21 Developed and potential waterpower 7 Iraq - 21 World 7 - _-_-«. -. _ "_^_L91 North and Central America and West Indies 7 »««-» -»-»-»- -»-» -«. «. __ __ _ ^ j_ United States 8 «. «,_-«.«._- _._._*» ...... .._....._._. .. itjJL9 1 Canada 11 -_-«. _- _-«, -. 99_^_j v-jOSLd t\ IC-d - - - - - -"- - - - - *-- - *-- - *-- *- -- *- - -- J_J^ _- _- _-_-_-_. _-_._._._. _. _. iij99 El Salvador 11 .... ..... .... «, .- - _-_-_- .. --99_^_j Honduras 11 -._._. _..._- . -. _-_-.. _ .. i99 i Mexico- - 11 Philippines 22 Nicaragua '- - - 11 ___ _______ _ _ _ ____ ____ £,£,99 Panama Republic and Canal Zone 11 Thailand 23 Tihiaf 00 West Indies 12 JL IJJ^l, _________ _ _ _ _ £*\J South America 12 Turkey ______-____-_-_-____-___--_________ 23 Argentina 12 Vietnam Republic 23 Bolivia 12 Australia and Oceania -- - -- 23 British Guiana - 13 Indonesia- - -- - 25 Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes 25 Colombia -- 14 New Caledonia 26 Dutch Guiana (Surinam)- 14 New Zealand- - - 26 Ecuador 14 Austria 28 Uruguay 15 Bulgaria 28 Venezuela 15 Czechoslovakia 28 1 "% j>t_j Finland 28 Algeria 16 France 29 Germany (Federal Republic) 30 Congo 16 Egypt 16 Hungary -- - - 30 Ethiopia - --- - 17 Ireland 30 Ghana 17 Italy 30 Ivory Coast Luxembourg - - 31 1^" £T"l\/i3 .*.-- . Netherlands 31 Mozambique - - Nigeria Portugal 32 Rhodesia and Nyasaland 17 Romania 32 South Africa 18 Spain - - - - 32 South-West Africa 18 Sweden 33 Sudan 18 Switzerland -- 33 Tanganyika 18 U ,IJc ckj« p1\» ___ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ \J^-14. TunisiaJLUtlLOld. ________ ____________ _____________________ ___ _ _ 1RJ_Q United Kingdom -- - 35 Uganda 18 Vi i o^os I^VIA -»« -»« « -»-» -»-»-» -»-» -»- -»-»-»-» -»-»- ^S .tVQAGIO i-d - .... - - - _-«.^-»_ .--- . .-- ..>_._.«.>.>wj_fj1ft References ---- - 36 TABLES Table 1. High dams completed or under construction between 1955 and 1962 -- 2 2. Large reservoirs completed or under construction between 1955 and 1962 - 3 3. Large powerplants completed or under construction between 1955 and 1962 4 4. Large dams completed or under construction between 1955 and 1962 4 5. High-head waterpower projects completed or under construction between 1955 and 1962 4 6. Large rivers of the world - - - - - - 5 7. Selected pumped-storage plants placed in operation or under construction between 1955 and 1962 6 8 15. Installed capacity of hydroelectric plants, 10-year growth ratio, hydro­ electric as percent of total generating installations, and estimated gross theoretical power of developed and potential sites. 8. World 7 9. North and Central America and West Indies 8 10. United States (10-year growth ratio and hydroelectric as percent of total installations are not included) -- 8 11. South America---- - 12 12. Africa - --- - 15 13. Asia 19 14. Australia and Oceania - 24 15. Europe - 27 IV SUMMARY OF DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL WATERPOWER OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, 1955-62 By LOYD L. YOUNG ABSTRACT SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT, JANUARY 1, 1955- DECEMBER 31, 1962 Estimates of potential waterpower and historical data on waterpower developments in various parts of With the development of atomic energy for peace­ the world are assembled in this report. Salient char­ ful use, many expected that water as a source for acteristics of the period studied, 1955-62, include electrical energy had almost fulfilled its usefulness. increased use of the underground powerhouse, multi­ Insofar as hydroelectricity is affected, the opposite ple-purpose developments, and use of storage (includ­ has taken place, however, and present investigations ing pumped storage) to increase the value of water- of some fabulous waterpower sites in remote areas power for peaking purposes. High-voltage long­ of the world indicate that the future contribution of distance transmission has been improved, especially hydroelectric power to world progress may exceed in the United States, Sweden, and the U.S.S.R., and that made by it in the past. When nuclear power be­ generating facilities tend to be larger than ever comes a material factor in the overall power picture, before. Asia leads the continents in total potential it is expected that waterpower, especially at reser­ waterpower; Europe is first in use of waterpower. voirs and from pumped storage, will gain importance In rate of increase of waterpower installations and as a peaking source. Once a large atomic plant is in percent of hydroelectric to total installations operating, it can continue to run in the offpeak hours Africa is first among the continents. The 1955-62 pumping water to high-level reservoirs for release period saw a great increase in per capita consumption during peaking hours. Also, reservoirs with capacity of electric energy. Norway leads all countries with to regulate can hold the natural flow of a stream for annual consumption of about 9,000 kwhr per capita. peaking-hour use. Waterpower development was carried on in a majority of the countries of the world and in most of them at an Use of underground powerhouses is increasing. accelerated rate. Such plants have been constructed in at least 29 coun­ tries (Lawton, 1959). Italy and Sweden lead in under­ INTRODUCTION ground plant construction and usually choose the The Geological Survey first made an estimate of underground site for economy. An underground plant the potential waterpower of the United States in 1908 may be placed almost directly under the stored water and of the world in 1918. The latter estimate (U. S. and eliminate the necessity for a surge tank. Penstock Geological Survey, 1921) was prepared for the Ver­ length is often reduced and the tunnel required to sailles Peace Conference. Jones and Young (1954) carry the water from the tailrace may be relatively inexpensive. Other benefits are: greater heads, larger presented revised estimates as of December 1952, plants, use of blasted rock in dam construction, highly and Young's report (1955) brought them up to December developed blasting techniques, and reduced mainte­ 1954. The present paper reviews developmental pro­ gress between January, 1, 1955, and December 31, nance and depreciation costs (Nilsson, 1960). 1962, and contains estimates as of December 31,1962. Another significant recent trend is the addition The literature reviewed is mostly from the free of power facilities at dams already in service for world but is restricted to it only because published flood control, irrigation, or municipal supply. The material about current happenings elsewhere is limit­ 60-MW (megawatt) plant planned for the exist ing Lucky ed. Statistical information on developed waterpower Peak flood-control reservoir on Boise River, Idaho, is included for all countries where such information is an example of this. has been found, and estimates of potential power at The South Carolina Electric and Gas Co. will have discharge available 95 percent or more of the time atomic, hydroelectric, and coal-fired plants at one and for arithmetical average discharge are also in­ location near Parr, S. C., when a 17-MW nuclear plant cluded for most countries. now under construction is completed. High-voltage long-distance transmission has in­ Kariba Gorge dam, reservoir, and powerplant on the creased, especially in the United States, Sweden, and Zambezi River, the installation of generating facilities the U.S.S.R. The U.S.S.R. transmits the highest voltage at the existing Aswan dam, and the beginning of work (525 kilovolt) and is planning an 800-kv line for the on the High Aswan dam on the Nile. Japan continued Urals. Direct-current transmission is being seriously to lead Asian countries in waterpower installations, studied in many countries and some important lines but many significant developments were achieved are now in operation. Leaders in this field are England elsewhere on the continent. The Snowy Mountain pro­ and France (cross channel), New Zealand, Sweden, and ject in Australia was outstanding among world engi­ the U.S.S.R. An experiment in direct-current trans­ neering achievements. Leading waterpower developers mission is now being conducted by the Bonneville Power in western Europe were Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, Administration, Dept. of the Interior. A 5-mile 1.1- France, Austria, Norway, Portugal, and Spain. In million volt d.c. line at The Dalles Dam on the eastern Europe and in Asia, the U.S.S.R. accelerated Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, is the exper­ the rate of waterpower development concentrating on imental line. largeness in all aspects of dams, reservoirs, generat­ Several estimates of potential power have been ing plants, and transmission lines. made since 1955. The United Nations Economic Com­ In 1954 Hoover Dam on the Colorado was the mission for Europe has made official or preliminary world's highest 726 feet. Including dams under con­ estimates for most of the European countries. In 1962 struction, Hoover is now ninth in height, as indicated the Geological Survey's Branch of Waterpower Classi­ by table 1. Not shown in table 1 are 3 dams approved fication completed a revised estimate of potential for construction in the U.S.S.R. (Chirkeyskaya 755- power at all sites judged technically feasible of exploi­ foot concrete, Sayanskaya 738-foot rockfille, Charvak- tation in the public-land States.
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