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In the French River and Burwash Regions of Ontario Glen Spatial Behaviour and Habitat Utilbation of Wapiti (&ruus eirrph~s)in the French River and Burwash Regions of Ontario by Glen S. Brown A thesis subrnitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology School of Graduate Studies and Research Lauremian University Sudbury, Ontario (S, Copyright by Glen S- Brown 1998 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wdlingtm OnawaON KlAON4 OaawaON KlAW canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothéque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform. vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This thesis is dedicated to my fàrnïJy for their encouragement throughout the projed. Acknowltdgments nianks to my supavisors Dr. Frank F. Maliory and Dr. Joseph Ham, Depariwat of Biology, Laurentian University, for their support and guidance thrwghout the study and Ivan Filion, Cambrian CoUege, for field assistance, manpower, apipment, and financial support. 1 would also like to thank Dr. R Pitblado of rny Research Advisoiy Comminee and my extemal advisor, Dr. J. FryxeU, Department of Zoo10gy, University of Guelph- Randy Staples, OMNR, provided tccbmcd support and di- maps used to perform spatial anaiyses. Dr. Naylor, OMNR, provided Forest Resourcc Inventory 0 data and ecosite classification software. Aerial radio tracking was enhriced by the dedication and enthusiasm of pilot Roland Hemmer- ïhe Ontario Mimsay of Naturai Reswrces, Department of National Defence, Ontario Federation of Angiers and Hunters, Rocky Mountain Ek Foundation, Safan Club International (Ontario Chapta), Tembec Forest Products, Parks Canada, and Sudbury Fish and Game Protectn-e Association provided finaricial support. Heli North Aviation, Atwood Island Lodge, and Hadey Bay Marina provided aippon in kind. Fellow students providing assistance with the field worlc included; Monika Jost, Lynn Landriault, Andrea Tumer, Nelson Deschenes, Jeff Zuchlinski, and Paul Jaworski). Sincere thanks to Marita and Seija Maiiory for their encouragement and hospitality in providing a borne away &om home. Fe,special thanks to my dear nieads, Sin1 Wade Wallace, Michelle Zander, Kristai Conroy, and my favorite Wushu kids at the local YMC4 for keeping me sane during tbc writing of my thesis. List of Figures Figure 1. Figure 2. Annual and seasonal ranges for the Burwash adult mak Y6 during 1996 usbg the adaptive kemel(95 % annuai home range and 30 % seasonal core activity areas) ad minimum convex polygon (100 % annuai home range) methOd~................................................................................................... 30 Figure 3. Annual and seasonal ranges for the Burwash aduh fernale Y3 in 19%using the adaptive kemel(95 % lumusl home range and 30 % seasonal core activity areas) and minimum convex pdygon (95 % amml bme mge) methods........................... 3 1 Figure 4. Application of the adaptive kernel and minimum conva polygon methods to deliaeate the 1996 annual home range and seasonal wre activity areas for the adult male B9 of the fiver ~~~dd-.~..-..----*-dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd34 Figure 5. Application of the adaptive kernei and minimum convex polygon methods to deliwate the 1996 annuai home range and scasonal core activity areas for the yeariing femde B8 of the French River herd*....................................................................... 35 Figure 6. Proportions of annual and seasonal borne ranges of aduh females Y2 and Y3 of the Burwash herd which overlapped in conseutive years ....................................................................................................... 39 Figure 7. Ropodons of iill~~uaiand seasonal ranges which overLpped in successive years fÔr four fdes(BI, B3, B5, and B8) in the FmdIRiver .....-.-................................................................. 40 Figure 8. Mean proportion of each habitat type in seasonal cm aaivity araof females (adult. yeariing) and a dedf Bmdraon.. .......................................................................... 44 Figure 9. Proportions of each habitat type in semonal and uimiJ 1996 30% core activity areas (ADK)for the adult mak Y6 ............................................................................................................ 45 Figure 10. Mean proportions of different habitats in seasdnal areactivity areas of adult fedes and ahes in the French River region 47 List of Tabk5 Page Table 4. Approkte dates of rnovement between summer ranges no& of the French River and wuiter ranges south of the rivq--------.---.------- 38 Spatial behaviour and brbitat utilbation by dk, Chusdqphs, in fbe French River .ad Burnash regioms of centrd Ontario. Glen S. Brown, Department of Biology, Lawentian University, Sudbury7ON, P3E 2C6 Abstract This study investigated home range characteristics, habitat sdection, and the impact of snow accumulation on elk, Cervus e@h, spatial bebaviour in the French River and Burwash regions of central Ontario. Results were inconclusive as to seasonal and gender differences in the site of home ranges and core activity areais. In the French River region, the mean annual home range size (95% adaptke kernd method) was 128.92 km2+/- 43 -40 SD (a = 3) for addt femaies, and 2 12.74 bn2 (~2)for adult males. The mean annuai home range size at Burwasà was 34.12 km2 for two adult fernales and 43.28 km2 for an adult male. There was no evidence of migratory behaviour within the Burwash herd. In contrast, French River anunals migrateci between surnmw and winter ranges. Collared animals in both herds exhiiited fidelity to home ranges and migratory French River animais rehinieed to seasonai ranges. Elk selected some habitats in a greater proportion than avaiiaôk. Stands of poplar, white bkh, white spruce?balsam fk were commonly selected in the Buruash region Selection of oprock areas rnay have been of benefit in winter due to reduced snow depth. Conifr dommatad black spmce-white pine stands were also seiected and may have been important as sbdta, deavoidance of grass and meadow bab'rtats was apparent in the Burwash ara. Habhat seiection was les evïdent in French River animais. Bkkopnice-white pine stands, ad wbite plie-rd pine- white spruce-white buch stands were selected throughout the year. kasonal changes in aspect use and proximity to water ouggested thaî snow depth influaiaal spatiai beh.viour in this region The utilintion of soutb dopes was highest in mid-wins (January-March), when snow accumulation was greatest and declined to a minimum in hme and July. The relative fiequency of dk locations on south fahg dopes was signindy greater than on no* facing slopes durhg the *ter pend, but not in the aimmer. LFtilization of south slopes was probabiy associatexi witb greater exposure to the sua and horde snow conditions. Elk were found to be si@cantiy closer to water during hte winter than during early winter. Frozen water bodies were used as travei corridors and were of greatest importance duriag peiods of deep snow. Knowledge of the spatial behaviow of a species is basic to our understanding of its ecology and the implementation of sustainable management practices. Analysis of spatial behaviour at the landscape scde cornmonly includes delineating annuai home ranges, seasonai ranges, migratory behaviur, home range fidelity, and habitat selection. Burt (1943) defined home range as %ut area traversed by the individual in its' normal activities of food gatherïng, mating, and caring for young". The most commonly used measure of home range is the minimum convex polygon method (MCP) which encloses a range area by comecting ail outlying point locations for an animal (Moh, 1947). Bun (1943) suggested that the home range shouid not include every are-the animal has ever roarned, but rather those areas it "nonnally" visits when perfonning &y-thy activities. Consequently, visits to outiying areas shouid be excluded fiom home range estimation. White and Garrott (1990) suggested that the home range should include only animal locations within a certain probability. Probability density fbnctions used to describe home ranges commonly contain 95% of the animai locations (Jemich and Turner, 1969; hm and Gipson, 1977). It should be noted that defining outliers as the 5% of animal locations which are firth- fiom the center of an estimated home range is stiil a subjective decision by the researcha and the potehtjai biological significance of these outlying movements should not be overiooked. Research conducted on elk in the United States (Montana, Wyoming) indicate variability in the sUes of home ranges among dinerent populations. The wui uinuai home range size (minimum convex polygon) of 3 1 fedeelk in Chaniberiain Creek, Montana during
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