DOCSLIB.ORG

Postglacial Water Levels in the Great Lakes Region in Relation to Holocene Climate Change: Thecamoebian and Palynological Evidence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Postglacial Water Levels in the Great Lakes Region in Relation to Holocene Climate Change: Thecamoebian and Palynological Evidence Postglacial Water Levels in the Great Lakes Region in Relation to Holocene Climate Change: Thecamoebian and Palynological Evidence by Adam Patrick Sarvis, B.Sc. A thesis submitted to the Department of Earth Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science December, 2000 Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © Adam Patrick Sarvis, 2000 Abstract Various lake phases have developed in the upper Great Lakes in response to isostatic adjustment and changes in water supply since the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Georgian Bay experienced a lowstand that caused a basin wide unconformity approximately 7,500 years ago that cannot be explained by geological events. Thecamoebians are shelled protozoans abundant in freshwater environments and they are generally more sensitive to changing environmental conditions than the surrounding vegetation. Thecamoebians can be used to reconstruct the paleolimnology. The abundance of thecamoebians belonging to the genus Centropyxis, which are known to tolerate slightly brackish conditions (i.e. high concentrations of ions) records highly evaporative conditions in a closed basin. During the warmer interval (9000 to 700 yBP), the Centropyxis - dominated population diminishes and is replaced by an abundant and diverse Difflugia dominate population. Historical climate records from Tobermory and Midland, Ontario were correlated with the Lake Huron water level curve. The fossil pollen record and comparison with modem analogues allowed a paleo-water budget to be calculated for Georgian Bay. Transfer function analysis of fossil pollen data from Georgian Bay records cold, dry winters similar to modem day Minneapolis, Minnesota. Drier climates around this time are also recorded in bog environments in Southem Ontario - the drying of Lake Tonawanda and inception of paludification in Willoughby Bog, for instance, dates around 7,000 years ago. The dramatic impact of climate change on the water level in Georgian Bay underlines the importance of paleoclimatic research for predicting future environmental change in the Great Lakes. .....- ;,_.:;' 'if-Utiy ,-. <j "''' .',' </Zh' 'H-r.;"' . U.K. r<iif Ill Acknowledgements The last three years completing this thesis has strengthened my scientific beliefs and inner character. I have many people to thank for their contribution in allowing me to finish this thesis. First, I would personally like to thank Dr. Francine McCarthy in the Earth Sciences department for providing me the opportunity to study this unique topic on climate change and lake levels. Over the years she has shared her wisdom and experiences to broaden my field of study and understanding a graduate student lifestyle. I would like to express my gratitude to Steve Blasco of the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) in providing support through the years for paleoecological research and understanding the importance of Earth Sciences at Brock University. I'm grateful for being part of an extensive research program on Georgian Bay that I hope will continue through the years. Extended gratitude and special thanks to Dr. Jock McAndrews of the Royal Ontario Museum for providing computer software and personal data to this project. The field trips to Midland and Willoughby Bog were very helpful and educational. John Menzies in the Earth Sciences department for advising me through the years. Anne Yagi of the Ministry of Natural Resources for being a secondary editor and for being there when times got tough (Thanks big sister). Special thanks to Jim Pengelly for his fime and personal resources, I enjoyed our talks about the geomorphology of the Wainfleet Bog. I hope you become passionate with your work again very soon. Kevin Gostlin, fellow graduate student in the Earth Sciences department for his advice and good times through the years. Howard Melville in the Jaan Terasmae Radiocarbon Lab in providing the dates for this study and for the lab preparation in the first year course. Mike Lozon the Department draftsman for his expertise and helpfulness in producing the diagrams for this thesis. Diane Gadoury, the Department Secretary for keeping the photocopy room open and all the little things that don't get noticed. Dr. Rick Cheel in the Earth Sciences department for providing a light-hearted atmosphere throughout the years. The librarians Colleen Beard and Sharon Barnes of the Brock University Map Library for their help with the maps and airphotos, and not charging me overdue fees. Roland Seehagel and ! >- ;:>/0 -y^ iiy.,^ --'-f, *^- V ( I. > / ^fivC/' -^.Mi .^ H-Ji IV his staff in the Machine shop at Brock University for constructing the soil probe. Dr. Keith Tinkler and Loris Gasparotto in the Geography department for their time in providing the diagram of postglacial water levels in the Niagara Region. Jim Cook of Environment Canada in 1998 for being cooperative in providing climate information for this research. The Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority (N.P.C.A.) for allowing me access to their property at Willoughby Bog and Wainfleet Bog. The volunteer organization Friends of Fort Erie's Creeks (F.F.E.C.) for allowing me to pursue field work in the Wainfleet Bog during the summer of 1998. Thanks to Elmer Miskolczi, Matthew Pilato and the crew of 1998 for their passion in environmental restoration. A special recognition to the memory of Kevin Hartman and Craig Doan, two good friends who were taken from us in 1997 and loved the F.F.E.C. To my parents Fred and Helen, and the rest of my family and close friends I would especially like to thank you for putting up with my crazy moods the last three years. To my brother Fred for providing me a loan to purchase a new computer and Jerry Peters for his computer expertise. Thanks for your help. Steve Steingart and Carol Dohn for coming out with me to Willoughby Bog in 1998 at the last possible minute. Thanks. 1 997 was a dramatic year for my family and I with the passing of my grandmother Elsie. This episode of my life tested my inner strength to continue my academic career. She was beloved and her memories will be close to our hearts. To graduate and undergraduate students who have made this experience worthwhile and enjoyable in the Earth Sciences department throughout the years (Jaime Oxtobee, Peter Kryger, Jennifer Hopkins, Michael Johnson, Sandra Savage, Lee Ann Warrell, Michael Shuker, Christine March, Simon Haynes and others). Thanks. An overall thanks to the faculty and staff of the Earth Sciences department for their generosity through the years in finishing this thesis. 11 Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v List of Figures ...viii List of Tables vi 1 .0 Introduction 11 1.1 Previous Studies on Georgian Bay 14 1 .2 Previous Studies on Willoughby Bog 17 2.0 Study Areas 17 2. Georgian Bay 17 2.2 Willoughby Bog 22 3.0 Georgian Bay Background Information 22 3.1 Climate of the Great Lakes 22 3.1.1 Climate of Georgian Bay 26 3.2 Vegetation and Soils of Georgian Bay 28 3.3 Hydrology of Georgian Bay 29 3.4 Geology of Georgian Bay 32 3.5 Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology of Georgian Bay 32 4.0 Willoughby Bog Background Information 35 4.1 Climate of Willoughby Bog 35 4.2 Vegetation and Soils of Willoughby Bog 36 4.3 Hydrology of Willoughby Bog 37 4.4 Geology and Geomorphology of Willoughby Bog 37 5.0 Postglacial History of the Late Wisconsinan Period in the Great Lakes Basin 38 5.1 Glacio-Isostasy in the Great Lakes 46 6.0 Palynology 47 6. Palynology and Wetland Environments 49 6.2 Palynology and Lake Environments 50 6.3 Transfer functions 50 6.4 Holocene Climate of Southern Ontario 52 .!.,'' 1 1 VI 7.0 Thecamoebians 55 7. 1 Problems of Thecamoebians as Paleoecological Indicators 58 8.0 Methodology 60 8.1 Field Methods 60 8.1.1 Georgian Bay 60 8.1.2 Willoughby Bog 63 8.2 Laboratory Methods 68 8.2. Stratigraphy and Thermal Analysis (LOI) 68 8.2.1.1 Georgian Bay 68 8.2.1.2 Willoughby Bog 68 8.2.2 Pollen Analysis and transfer functions 69 8.2.2.1 Georgian Bay • 69 8.2.2.2 Willoughby Bog 69 8.2.3 Thecamoebitm Analysis 73 8.2.3.1 Georgian Bay 73 8.2.3.2 Willoughby Bog 73 8.3 Water Budget Modeling 74 9.0 Results 76 9. 1 Georgian Bay 76 9.1.1 LH95-035(Manitoulin Island) 76 9.1.1.1 Transfer functions 76 9. 1 . 1 .2 Thecamoebians 78 9.1.2 LH95-038(Manitoulin Island) 78 9. 1 .2. Transfer functions 78 9. 1 .2.2 Thecamoebians 80 9.1.3 LH95-041 (Tobermory) 80 9. 1 .3. Transfer functions 80 9. 1 .3.2 Thecamoebians 82 9.1.4 97802-020 (Severn Sound) 82 9. 1 .4. Transfer functions 82 9.1.4.2 Thecamoebians 82 9. 1 .4.3 Loss-on-ignition 84 ' v 1 Vll 9.1.5 97802-026 (Severn Sound) 84 9. 1 .5. Transfer functions 84 9. 1 .5.2 Thecamoebians 86 9. 1 .5.3 Loss-on-ignition 86 9.1.6 97802-032 (Severn Sound) 87 9. 1 .6. Transfer functions 87 9. 1 .6.2 Thecamoebians 87 9. 1 .6.3 Loss-on-ignition 87 9.1.7 97802-035 (Severn Sound) 87 9. 1 .7. Transfer fiinctions 87 9. 1 .7.2 Thecamoebians 91 9. 1 .7.3 Loss-on-ignition 91 9.1.8 97802-036 (Severn Sound) 92 9.1.8.1 Transfer functions 92 9. 1 .8.2 Thecamoebians 92 9. 1 .8.3 Loss-on-ignition 92 9.1.9 Transfer functions from Wye Marsh, Porqui Pond and Shouldice Lake 92 9.2 Modem Water Budget for Georgian Bay 94 9.2.1 Historical Climate Records for Georgian Bay 95 9.2.2 Problems with the Georgian Bay Water Budget 100 9.3 Willoughby Bog 101 9.3.1 WB4 (Channel Environment) 101 9.3.1.1 Palynology 101 9.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical Environment City Greater Sudbury
    Physical Environment–Sudbury; OGS Special Volume 6 Selected Headings for Chapter 9, The Past, Present and Future of Sudbury’s Lakes Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 195 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 195 Geological Control of Sudbury’s Lakes ....................................................................................................... 195 Watersheds and Watershed Units ................................................................................................................. 198 Watersheds in the City ........................................................................................................................... 198 Watershed Units ..................................................................................................................................... 199 Environmental History and Prognosis .......................................................................................................... 199 Pre-Settlement ........................................................................................................................................ 199 The Impact of Industrial Environmental Stresses .................................................................................. 199 Erosion............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing the Flow Regime in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Incubation Habitats and the Implications for Management in a Hydro-Regulated River
    Characterizing the flow regime in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) incubation habitats and the implications for management in a hydro-regulated river by Stephen Slongo A Master’s thesis presented in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Forestry Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario January 2018 1 Abstract Hydropower accounts for more than one third of Ontario Power Generation’s electrical production. Hydroelectric development often occurs on rivers that also support recreational fisheries. The construction and operation of dams, diversions and generating facilities unavoidably influence the ecological function of rivers. The Aguasabon River is a northern Canadian Shield river with major developments for water diversion, storage, and power generation. This river offers opportunity to examine the importance of vertical flows through the substrate at a Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) spawning area. The vertical and horizontal hydraulic gradients and subsequent water temperature changes are the subject of this study. Piezometers were used to monitor the river and subsurface water levels near Brook Trout redds during the spawning and incubation period under normal and increasing discharge conditions. The Brook Trout spawning area in the Aguasabon River experienced upwelling conditions for the entire monitoring period (Oct 28th, 2016 – Jan 13th, 2017) before water release at the Long Lake Control Dam (LLCD). Hyporheic temperatures declined gradually, remaining >3.7 °C. The river temperature in the winter before water release was 1.5 °C. Rapid increase in water level after discharge from above the LLCD resulted in the reversal of flow in the hyporheic zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Overview
    Updated Reconnaissance Level Survey of Historic Resources Town of Amherst HISTORIC OVERVIEW LOCATION The Town of Amherst lies in northern Erie County, New York. It is bordered by Niagara County to the north, the Erie County towns of Clarence to the east, Cheektowaga to the south, and Tonawanda to the west. The total area of Amherst is approximately 53 square miles. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The natural environmental setting influenced prehistoric and historic settlement patterns in the Town of Amherst. The town lies within the Erie‐Ontario Lake Plain physiographic province, described as a nearly level lowland plain with few prominent topographic features. The area is underlain by Onondaga limestone dating to the Late Devonian period. Later glaciations shaped much of the western New York topography, including that of Amherst. One of the most prominent topographic features in the relatively featureless province is the Onondaga Escarpment, an east‐west trending hard limestone bedrock formation that lies in the southern portion of the Town of Amherst. The Onondaga Escarpment proved resistant to the effects of glacial scouring and it forms the southern boundary of a large basin once occupied by the shallow glacial Lake Tonawanda. Lake Tonawanda eventually receded leaving behind wetlands and deposits of clay and sand throughout much of northern Amherst (Owens et al. 1986:2). The most important drainages in the Town of Amherst are Tonawanda Creek, Ransom Creek, and Ellicott Creek. Tonawanda Creek forms the northern boundary between Amherst and Niagara County. It flows in a western direction and drains much of the eastern and Northern portions of Amherst.
    [Show full text]
  • The Four Main Groups of the Ojibwe Published on Lessons of Our Land (
    The Four Main Groups of the Ojibwe Published on Lessons of Our Land (http://www.lessonsofourland.org) Grades: 6th - 8th Grade Lesson: 1 Unit: 2: American Indian land tenure history Subject: History/Social Studies Additional Subject(s): Geography Achievement Goal: Students will identify the four main groups of the Ojibwe and the large land mass they covered. They will understand that each group lived in a different geographical location and their cultures varied with their environments. Time: One class period Lesson Description: Students learn about the four nations of the Ojibwe tribe and analyze maps of the Great Ojibwe Migration. Teacher Background: Refer to The Four Divisions of the Ojibwe Nation Map found in the Lesson Resources section. This map shows the Ojibwe homeland. It is important to remember that much of it was shared with other tribes. The lines only serve to show where fairly large numbers of Ojibwe lived at one time or another. Within this wide expanse there are great differences in country and climate, and the Ojibwe people adapted their ways of living to their surroundings. In modern times four main groups have been distinguished by location and adaptation to varying conditions. They are the Plains Ojibwe, the Northern Ojibwe, the Southeastern Ojibwe, and the Southwestern Ojibwe or Chippewa. The Plains Ojibwe The Plains Ojibwe live in Saskatchewan, western Manitoba, North Dakota, and Montana. Although they were originally a forest people, they changed their way of life when they moved into the open lands and borrowed many customs of other plains people. Today most of them work at farming and ranching.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Toronto from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia the History of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Begins Several Millennia Ago
    History of Toronto From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The history of Toronto, Ontario, Canada begins several millennia ago. Archaeological finds in the area have found artifacts of First Nations settlements dating back several thousand years. The Wyandot people were likely the first group to live in the area, followed by the Iroquois. When Europeans first came to Toronto, they found a small village known as Teiaiagon on the banks of the Humber River. Between visits by European explorers, the village was abandoned by the Iroquois, who moved south of Lake Ontario and the Mississaugas, a branch of the Ojibwa settled along the north shore of the lake. The French first set up trading posts in the area, including Fort Rouillé in 1750, which they abandoned as the British conquered French North America. In 1788, the British negotiated the first treaty to take possession of the Toronto area from the Mississaugas. After the United States War of Independence, the area north of Lake Ontario was held by the British who set up the province of Upper Canada in 1791. See also: Name of Toronto https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavenportBathurstSoutheast.jpg Davenport Road, as shown here in 1914, does not follow Toronto's standard street grid pattern, as it originated as a First Nations travel route between the Humber River and the Don Valley named Gete-Onigaming, Ojibwe for "at the old portage."[1] Toronto is located on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, and was originally a term of indeterminate geographical location, designating the approximate area of the future city of Toronto on maps dating to the late 17th and early 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 Ka Lake Stanley Lowstand on the Alpena‐
    Research Article Archaeological Landscapes during the 10–8 ka Lake Stanley Lowstand on the Alpena-Amberley Ridge, Lake Huron Elizabeth Sonnenburg1,* and John O’Shea2 1Stantec Consulting Ltd., Ontario, Canada 2Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Correspondence Archaeologists have long been interested in the Lake Stanley lowstand event *Corresponding author; E-mail: (10–8 ka) in the Lake Huron basin, as archaeological sites from the Late Pale- [email protected] oindian/Early Archaic cultural periods were inundated by subsequent high wa- Received ter levels. Recent archaeological and paleoenvironmental investigations of this 15 January 2015 submerged landscape have documented stone structures that were likely uti- Revised lized for caribou hunting by these cultural groups during the late Lake Stanley 17 April 2016 lowstand phase of Lake Huron. In 2011 and 2012, a total of 67 core, sediment, Accepted and rock samples were collected in a 50 km2 area by divers and a ponar sam- 20 April 2016 pler deployed from a survey vessel. These samples were analyzed for sediment Scientific editing by Rolfe Mandel size, sorting, morphology and source, organic and carbonate content, testate amoebae, and organic materials. A series of indicators, including distinct mi- Published online in Wiley Online Library crofossil assemblages (such as species only found in sphagnum moss and boggy (wileyonlinelibrary.com). arctic ponds), rooted trees (tamarack and spruce), and charcoal (ca. 8–9000 yr old) reveal a series of microenvironments that are consistent with a subarctic doi 10.1002/gea.21590 climate. The analysis of the Alpena-Amberley Ridge provides a detailed pic- ture of the environment exploited by ancient peoples during the Lake Stanley lowstand period.
    [Show full text]
  • Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Assessment Report
    Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Assessment Report Approved on September 2, 2014 Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Assessment Report The Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Assessment Report Introduction Limitations of this Report ......................................................................................... 13 Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 14 Sommaire ................................................................................................................ 18 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 21 Foreword ................................................................................................................. 22 Preface .................................................................................................................... 24 Part 1 – Report Overview and Methodology Chapter 1 - Overview of the Assessment Report .................................................... 1-5 Chapter 2 - Water Quality Risk Assessment ........................................................... 1-9 Chapter 3 - Water Quantity Risk Assessment ...................................................... 1-23 Part 2 – The Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Chapter 4 - The Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area: A Tale of Three Rivers 2-5 Chapter 5 - Drinking Water Systems ...................................................................... 2-7 Chapter
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Groundwater Resources of Northern Ontario
    Hydrogeology of Ontario Series (Report 2) AN ASSESSMENT OF THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF NORTHERN ONTARIO AREAS DRAINING INTO HUDSON BAY, JAMES BAY AND UPPER OTTAWA RIVER BY S. N. SINGER AND C. K. CHENG ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING BRANCH MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT TORONTO ONTARIO 2002 KK PREFACE This report provides a regional assessment of the groundwater resources of areas draining into Hudson Bay, James Bay, and the Upper Ottawa River in northern Ontario in terms of the geologic conditions under which the groundwater flow systems operate. A hydrologic budget approach was used to assess precipitation, streamflow, baseflow, and potential and actual evapotranspiration in seven major basins in the study area on a monthly, annual and long-term basis. The report is intended to provide basic information that can be used for the wise management of the groundwater resources in the study area. Toronto, July 2002. DISCLAIMER The Ontario Ministry of the Environment does not make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the ministry. KKK TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 7 2.1 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA 7 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF SCALE IN HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES 7 2.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 8 2.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 8 2.5 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 9 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Laurentian Great Lakes
    The Laurentian Great Lakes James T. Waples Margaret Squires Great Lakes WATER Institute Biology Department University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Brian Eadie James Cotner NOAA/GLERL Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota J. Val Klump Great Lakes WATER Institute Galen McKinley University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Atmospheric and Oceanic Services University of Wisconsin-Madison Introduction forests. In the southern areas of the basin, the climate is much warmer. The soils are deeper with layers or North America’s inland ocean, the Great Lakes mixtures of clays, carbonates, silts, sands, gravels, and (Figure 7.1), contains about 23,000 km3 (5,500 cu. boulders deposited as glacial drift or as glacial lake and mi.) of water (enough to flood the continental United river sediments. The lands are usually fertile and have States to a depth of nearly 3 m), and covers a total been extensively drained for agriculture. The original area of 244,000 km2 (94,000 sq. mi.) with 16,000 deciduous forests have given way to agriculture and km of coastline. The Great Lakes comprise the largest sprawling urban development. This variability has system of fresh, surface water lakes on earth, containing strong impacts on the characteristics of each lake. The roughly 18% of the world supply of surface freshwater. lakes are known to have significant effects on air masses Reservoirs of dissolved carbon and rates of carbon as they move in prevailing directions, as exemplified cycling in the lakes are comparable to observations in by the ‘lake effect snow’ that falls heavily in winter on the marine coastal oceans (e.g., Biddanda et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Outlook for Break-Up of Ice on the St.Lawrence Seaway & Lake Erie Issued by the Canadian Ice Service
    OUTLOOK FOR BREAK-UP OF ICE ON THE ST.LAWRENCE SEAWAY & LAKE ERIE ISSUED BY THE CANADIAN ICE SERVICE Issued by Canadian Ice Service of Environment and Climate Change Canada Prepared for The Saint-Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation 2 February 2021 CURRENT CONDITIONS Average temperatures over Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the Seaway have been well above normal values consistently since the start of the ice season in early November until near the end of January. At the end of January, temperatures were near to below normal. The highest temperature anomalies occurred in the second half of December and first half of January. The table below indicates the departure from normal temperatures at specific locations, on a bi- weekly basis, for the period from mid-November to the end of January: November December January 16 Nov. – 16-30 31 Jan 01-15 16-31 01-15 16-31 Montreal +2.0 ºC +4.0ºC +4.1ºC +6.8ºC +0.9ºC +3.6ºC Kingston +2.8ºC +2.3ºC +3.2ºC +5.4ºC +1.0ºC +2.9ºC Windsor +1.5ºC +1.3ºC +2.0ºC +4.3ºC +1.4ºC +2.2ºC Table 1: Departure from normal temperatures With the warm conditions experienced through November across the southern Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario), no ice formed in November. The first ice was recorded on December 16th in the Bay of Quinte and in sheltered bays in eastern Lake Ontario, which was a week earlier than normal. In Lake Erie, the first ice was seen a week and a half later, on December 26th, in line with climatology.
    [Show full text]
  • NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN (Phase 1)
    ATLAS NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN (Phase 1) September 2013 During the development of the Niagara River Watershed Management Plan (Phase 1), an impressive collection of existing plans, studies, reports, data, information and maps were gathered and reviewed to help establish the overall physical, biological and ecological conditions of the Niagara River Watershed. This Atlas is a full assembly of these resources, providing a comprehensive record of previous watershed efforts utilized in the watershed management planning process. NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN Developed By: 1250 Niagara Street Buffalo, NY 14213 Buffalo Niagara RIVERKEEPER® is a community‐based organization dedicated to protecting the quality and quantity of water, while connecting people to water. We do this by cleaning up pollution from our waterways, restoring fish and wildlife habitat, and enhancing public access through greenways that expand parks and open space. In Conjunction with: 2919 Delaware Ave. 478 Main Street Kenmore, NY 14217 Buffalo, NY 14202 Financial support for the development of this Atlas and the Niagara River Watershed Management Plan (Phase 1) is from the New York State Department of State with funds provided under Title 11 of the Environmental Protection Fund. For more information on the Niagara River Watershed Management Plan (Phase 1), or to become involved in our regional watershed’s protection and restoration, visit Buffalo Niagara RIVERKEEPER® online at www.bnriverkeeper.org. For more information regarding watershed planning in New York State, visit the NYS Department of State’s website at www.nyswaterfronts.com/watershed_home.asp. 1 NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 2 NIAGARA RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN Atlas Layout The Atlas has been divided into the following sections that correspond with the watershed as a whole and the 11 sub-watersheds that make up the Niagara River watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area
    Part Two The Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Meandering through one of Canada’s largest mining centres and covering 9,150 km2 are three large river systems: the Vermilion, the Wanapitei and the Whitefish. Approved on September 2, 2014 Minor revisions on March 1, 2017 Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Assessment Report Table of Contents Chapter 4 – The Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area: A Tale of Three Rivers ... 2-5 Chapter 5 – Drinking Water Systems ............................................................................. 2-7 5.1 Large Municipal Residential Drinking Water Systems ............................................ 2-7 5.2 Small Non-municipal, Non-residential ................................................................... 2-8 5.3 Non-municipal, Year Round Residential ................................................................. 2-8 Chapter 6 – Physical Geography .................................................................................... 2-9 6.1 Topography ............................................................................................................ 2-9 6.2 Soil Characteristics ................................................................................................ 2-9 6.3 Land Cover .......................................................................................................... 2-10 6.4 Forest Cover ........................................................................................................ 2-10 6.5 Wetlands .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]