it Vio Ap qz 40n, 6 1% ---------- FILE cc py Public Disclosure Authorized Repc,rt No. I i, q'i t I P, E A. i -Y PluthOV: WORLD T_AN Ext. Utp NOVEMBER 1974 a b go Public Disclosure Authorized oz, 4, ig, AIL __N Public Disclosure Authorized 7c Public Disclosure Authorized FY,; Isl 1. TOURISMSUPPLY IN THE CARIBBEANREGION A Study for the World Bank by the ShanklandCox Partnership November1974 TOURISMSUPPLY STUDY- CARIBBEANREGION INTRODUCTI0N This study of the supply of tourism facilities in the Caribbean was commissioned by the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) in early 1973. The Shankland Cox Partnership was appointed to carry out the survey, withli 141iss Jill Rawson as the project leader. The field work for the report was carried out during May, June and part of July 1973. The islands visited were Bermuda, The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Eritish Virgin Islands, St. Kitts-Nevis,Antigua, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbados, Crenada, St. Vincent, and the Cayman Islands. Approximatelyfour days were spent in each island during which time answers to a basic questionnaire were obtained; informationwas collected from the government, private agencies and indi- viduals. Data for Jamaica, the DbminicanRepublic, Trinidad and Tobago, Martinique,Guadeloupe, the NetherlandsAntilles and Haiti were obtained tbrough the office of the ShanklandCox Partnershipin these islands and/ or from material available to the World Bank. The islands listed above constitute 'the CaribbeanRegion' as defined for purposes of this study. The data were consideredto be sufficientlycomprehensive for the World Bank to request that the Consultantsformulate some overall con- clusions about the past, present and future developmentof the tourism sector in the Caribbean. The first part of the study contains these comments and onclusions on the sector as a whole; the second part contains the statistical data, island by island, under each research topic. While every effort has been made to ensure comparabilityand con- sistency,weaknesses inherent in the data often thwarted these attempts. Also, only rarely has it been possible to add more recent data to that collectedby the Consultantsin 1973, so that some of the information may be out of date. The World Bank considersthe study useful primarily as a working document for regional organisations,governments, development agencies and tourist associationsin the Caribbean. Therefore,within the context of budget and time constraints,a more polished presentation has been sacrificed in the interests of speedier publication. While the World Bank-commissionedthe study and assisted in its organization, responsibility for the views and data contained in the report is that of the Shankland Cox Partnership alone. signed: Charles Bosel Shankland Oox November 1974 TOURI3K SUPPLY STUDY- CARIBEAN REGION Table of Contents Page No, SUM AND CONCLUSIONS 1 PART Is THE REGIONALPERSPECTIVE 5 Chapter 1. EXISTINGTOURIST ACCOMODATION 5 1.1 Statistics and Definitions 5 1.2 AvailableAccomnodation in 1972 5 1.3 Growthof Accommodation 6 1.4 Inter-IslandCowarison 6 1.5 Hotel Classification 8 1.6 Local and Foreign Ownership of Hotels 9 Chapter 2. VISITORSAND VISITOR CHARACTERISTICS 20 2-.1 Statistics 20 2*2 Annual Visitor Arrivals 22 2.3 SeasonalDistribution of VisitorArrivals 24 2.4 Types of Visitor 24 2,5 Country of Origin 27 2.6 Average Length of Stay 29 2.7 Transport Mode 30 Chapter3. HOTELOCCUPANCY RATES 40 3.1 Average Annual Occupancy Rates 40 3.2 Nonth.y Variations in Occupancy tates 41 chapter 4. EVALUATIONOF TOUISK PROGRAME 46 4.1 Methodology 46 i4.2 Statistics 47 4.3 Tourist Accomodation under Construction 47 4.4 Tourist Accommodation under Consideration 48 4.5 Projected Arrivals and Length of Stay 49 41.6Application of Method 49 Chapter5. FORISGNEXCHANGE 55 5.1 Total Foreign Exchange Revenues 55 5,2 Per Capita Expenditure 55 5.3 Expenditure Patterns of Different Types of Visitors 56 5.4 Category of Expenditure 58 5.5 Leakage 58 Chapter 6, EMPLOYMENT 64 6,1 Available Statistics 64 6,2 Employees per Room 64 6.3 Seasonal Differences in Employmient 67 6.4 Foreign Workers 69 6.5 Earnings 70 6.6 Unionization n Able of ContentsE Chapter 7. INCENTIVES 80 7.1 Incentives Legsl1ation 80 7.2 Number of Hotel Beds Receiving Assistanoe 83 7.3 Recommendations 83 Chapter 8. THESOCIAL IMPACT OF TOURIM 85 Chapter 9. TRANSPORTATION 88 9.1 General Introduction 88 9.2 Intematioal Air Transport 88 9.3 Intra Regional Air Transport 89 94 Sea Transport 90 9.5 Local Transport 90 9.6 Roads and Alternative Modes of Transport 90 Chapter 10. THECONSTCTION INDUSTRY 91 MRCOMUDATIONSFOR FORTHE STUDYAND POSSIRLE PROJECTS 93 PARTII THEINDIUAL ISLAS 95 Cbhater 1. EXISTINGTOURIST ACCOMfODATION 95 Antigua 95 The Bahamas 98 Barbados 109 Beruxda 113 British Virgin Islands 117 GOamanIslands 120 Dominia 123 Dominican Republic 126 Grenada 128 Jamaica . 131 Montserrat 148 Puerto Rico 152 St. KittsAievis/Anguilla 155 St. Lucia 158 St. Vincet 162 Trinidad & Tobago 165 Turks & Caicos Islands 168 U. S. Virgin Islands 171 Chapter 2. VISITORSAND VISITOR CHARACTERISTICS,INCLUDING COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, AVERAGELENGTH OF STAYAND TRANSPORT MOnE 183 Antigua 183 The Bahamas 188 Bartados 207 Bermuda 215 British Virgin Islands 222 Cayman Islands 228 Dbmtini^a 233 Dominican Republic 238 Grenada 241 Haiti 246 Jamaica 25 ; lE~~~Mntawo-s>t+ _ ii blee of Cont-nts PaRe No. PARTIIs Chpter 2 - continmed Netherlands Antilles 274 tert;o Rico 280 St. Nitts/Nevis 286 St. Lucia 292 St. Vincent 296 Trinidad & Tobago 3014 Turks & Caicos Islands 307 UJ.S. Virgin Islands 311 Capter 3. TOU}ISMD3V=L0PN3fT PROJICTS MDIR CNSTRUCTION ANID UNDUCONSIDUATION IN 1973 316 Antigua 316 The Bahamas 318 Barbados 319 Bernida 320 British Virgin Islands 321 Caynm Islands 322 Docminica 323 Pominican Republic 324 Grenada 325 Jamaica 326 Mbntserrat 328 Puerto Rico 329 St. Kitts/Nevis/Anguilla 330 St. Iacia 332 St. Vincent 333 Trinidad & Tobago 334 Turks & Caicos Islands 335 U.S. Virgin Islands 336 chapter 4. OCCUPANCYEATES 337 Antigua 337 The Bahamas 339 Barbados 341 345 British Virgin Islands 348 CaymanIslands 350 Dwin4c-a 352 Dominican Republic 354 Orenada 355 Jamaca 356 Momtserrat 362 Puerto Rico 365 St. Bitts/Nevis/Angoilla 367 St.I-uia 370 St. 7incent 375 Trinidad & Tobago 376 Turks & Caicos Islands 384 U.S. Virgin Islands 385 iv Table of Contents age No. Chpter 5. DIUCT EUIPW3T DETS OF TOURISTACCOMCDATIION, VMS STRUCTUREMONG HO-AL WLOYEES, AND11PRESSIONS OF UNIONIZATION 387 Antigua 387 The Bahamas 389 Bartados 391 Berula 394 British Virgin Islands 396 Caman Islands 399 Dominica Grenada 401 Haiti 402 Jamaica 403 moztserrat 405 Netherlands Antilles h06 Paerto Rico 407 St. Kitts8 408 St. liecia 409 St. Vincent 411 Trinidad & Tobago 412 Turks & Caicos Islands 413 U. S. Virgin Islands 414 Capter 6. HOTELIIVBTMN, LAD VAlW AS HOTL INSTRX INCUTIVM 416 APDIDIXA. QUlTIONXJARIFCM TOURISM SUPPLY STUDY 428 APPSDU B. LIST OF TABLISIN 7I RVOMT 430 APID;I COLIST OF ABBRETIONS 441 TOURISMSUPPLY STUDY- CARIBBEALNREGION SUAMARYAND CONCLUSIONS E.xisting Tourist Accommodation There were 65,000 rooms in tourist accommodation in the Caribbean in 1972: 48,000 in notels, 3,000 in guest houses and 14,000 in villas and apartments. Annual average growth rates between 1968 and 1972 are estimated at 10.5% for the region. The fastest growth occurred in cottages and apart- ments, which expanded by an average of 21% per annum. Hotel rooms increased by 8% and guest house rooms by 3.5% per annum over the period. The two out- standing trends in the developmentof Caribbeantourist accommodation since 1968 have been growth in the amount of self-catering accommodation mid the increase in the average size of hotels. A classification indicative of facili- ties, quality of service, style and size of hotel is needed for the visitor, as weIl as for the internal organizationof the hotel industry in the Carib- bean. Hotel ownershipin the Caribbeanis typically local for small hotels and guest houses, and foreign for large hotels. Visitors and Visitor Characteristics The entry and departurecards (I/D cards) issued to all visitors to foreign territoriesare a rost useful source of informationabout tourists. The standard card used by most Caribbeanislands should be modified so that it can be processeAdeasily to provide the maximum amount of relevant inform- ation. A recommendedformat for such cards is included in this report. An estimated 345 million stopover visitors travelled to the Caribbean in 1972, oompared with an estimated 3.2 million in 1968. Approximately50% of vis- itors to the region in 1972 went to The Bahamas and Puerto Rico. The number of stopover visitors has increased at an estimated annual average rate of 8.%% since 1968. Thereforetourist accommodation,which increased at a rate of 10.5% a year in the same period, has been expandingmore rapidly than tourist arrivals. (Unfortunately, growth rates in bednights cannot be calculated from the available data.) Annual grow,th rates were 15.8% in 1969, 1.6% in 1970, 8.3% in 1971 and 9.9% in 1972. By 1972 then the region had re- covered from the 1969-70 depression, attributed to sloer economic growth in the U.S.A. and competitionfrom other tourist regions, but has not yet re- captured the high growth rates experiencedin the 1960s. The bigh season lasts from mid-Decemberto mid-April. Since 1968, an increase in visitor arrivals in July and August has helped reduce the seasonal imbalance in many islands. The monthly distributionof visitors is uneven but the slackest months almost everywhereare Septemberto November. -2- Roughl-y 85% of visitors to the Caribbean are touricts. The region caters mainly to the wealthy, but is attracting an increasingly large pro- portion of middle-income tourists, particularly on group inclusive tours from North America. Accommodation and transport facilities are being planned, particularly in the Eastern Caribbean, for package tourists from BErope.