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Rilke, Die Donaumonarchie Und Ihre Nachfolgestaaten

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Rilke, Die Donaumonarchie Und Ihre Nachfolgestaaten BUDAPESTER BEITRÄGE ZUR GERMANISTIK Schriftenreihe des Germanistischen Instituts der Lorand-Eötvös-Universität 26 Rilke, die Donaumonarchie und ihre Nachfolgestaaten Vorträge der Jahrestagung der Rilke-Gesellschaft 1993 in Budapest Herausgegeben von Ferenc Szasz BUDAPEST 1994 BUDAPESTER BEITRÄGE ZUR GERMANISTIK Schriftenreihe des Germanistischen Instituts der Loránd-Eötvös-Universitat 26 Rilke, die Donaumonarchie und ihre Nachfolgestaaten Vorträge der Jahrestagung der Rilke-Gesellschaft 1993 in Budapest Herausgegeben von Ferenc Szász BUDAPEST 1994 01971 Budapester Beitrage zur Germanistik Herausgegeben vom Institutsrat ISSN 0138 -905x ISBN 963 462 900 8 ^ msm 1WMMÍNY0S AKADÉMIA KÖNYVTÁRA Verantwortlicher Herausgeber: Károly Manhcrz ELTE Germanistisches Institut, 1146 Budapest, Ajtósi Dürer sor 19-21. Nyomtatta es kötötte a Dabas-Jegyzet Kft. 600 példányban Felelős vezető: Marosi György ügyvezető igazgató Munkaszám: 94-0689 M. TUD. AKADÉMIA KÖNYVTARA K ö n y v l e l t á r ../19 , sz. 3 Inhalt Grußwort 5 Zuvor 7 Vorwort des Herausgebers 9 J o a c h im W . S t o r c k : sa mosaïque multicolore Rilke, Österreich und die Nachfolge­ staaten der Donaumonarchie 11 J o s e p h P. S t r e l k a : Rilke und Österreich 29 Ferenc Szász: Rilke in Ungarn 41 R ü d i g e r G ö r n e r : Die Entzeitlichung der Geschichte im Ding Rilke, die „Idee Ungarn“ und das Amt des „Erb-Kron-Hüters“ 79 W il h e l m D r o s t e : Poetische Ortswechsel bei Ady und Rilke 91 H o r s t N a l e w s k i: Georg Lukács: „Fin de siècle“. Zu George und Rilke 109 I m r e K u r d i : Agnes Nemes Nagy und Rilke. Ein Kapitel ungarischer Rilke-Rezeption 123 I v a n C v r k a l : Rainer Maria Rilke in der slowakischen Kultur 131 Z o r a n K onstantinoviö : Rilke bei den Serben 145 G e o r g e G u j u : Rilke und Rumänien. Rezeptions­ geschichtliche und ästhetische Aspekte 159 A u g u s t S t a h l : Rilke-Literatur 1992/1993 181 : , ' ■ 5 Grußwort Die Tagung der „Internationalen Rilke-Gesellschaft“ in Budapest 1993 konnte sehr ausführlich die Wirkung Rilkes in den Nachfolgestaaten der k.u.k.-Monarchie dokumentieren. Dies ist den Veranstaltern zu dan­ ken, dem Germanistischen Institut der Universität Budapest, dem Öster­ reichischen Kulturinstitut und nicht zuletzt dem Koordinator der Tagung Dr. Ferenc Szász. Sehr detailliert und sehr umfangreich ist es erstmals gelungen Rilkes Spuren in Ungarn, der Slowakei und Rumänien zu sam­ meln — ein reichhaltiger und gewichtiger Band kann jetzt der Forschung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Es war der Wunsch der Veranstalter die Referate der Tagung als Publikation der Reihe „Budapester Beiträge zur Germanistik“ erscheinen zu lassen. Der Vorstand der „Rilke-Gesellschaft“ hat dem gern entspro­ chen, auch um zu garantieren, daß alle Beiträge der Tagung für die Forschung zugänglich sind. Wir danken im Namen aller Mitglieder der „Rilke-Gesellschaft“ auch hier den Verantwortlichen für die rasche Bearbeitung und Veröffent­ lichung der Ergebnisse dieser erfolgreichen Tagung und wünschen dem Band eine weite Verbreitung. Dr. Rätus Luck Doz. Dr. Hansgeorg Schmidt-Bergmann Präsident der Rilke-Gesellschaft Redakteur der „Blätter der Rilke Gesellschaft“ ■ 7 Zuvor „Aber nur wer auf alles gefaßt ist, wer nichts, auch das Rätselhafteste nicht, ausschließt, wird die Beziehung zu einem anderen als etwas Leben­ diges leben und wird selbst sein eigenes Dasein ausschöpfen“ schrieb Rainer Maria Rilke am 12. August 1904 aus Borgeby, aus Schweden an den im damaligen Ungarn geborenen jungen Offizier und Dichter Franz Xaver Kappus. Diese von Rilke geforderte Offenheit dem anderen gegen­ über charakterisierte die ungarische Germanistik seit der Gründung des Lehrstuhls für deutsche Sprache und Literatur im Jahre 1784, sie war wie die Becken jener Fontäne im Garten der Villa Borghese, die Conrad Ferdinand Meyer und Rilke gleichsam beschrieben, ständig „nehmend und gebend“, „dem leise redenden entgegenschweigend“, sie vermittelte die Kultur der deutschsprachigen Länder an die Völker Ungarns und versuchte die geistigen Schätze dieser Völker der deutschen Wissenschaft zugänglich zu machen. Als das Germanistische Institut der Budapester Lorand-Eötvös-Universität der Jahrestagung der Internationalen Rilke- Gesellschaft nicht nur Platz gab, sondern in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Budapest auch an deren Vorbereitung und Gestaltung aktiv teilnahm, knüpfte es an diese Tradition an. Ich hoffe, daß die in diesem Band veröffentlichten Beiträge sowohl unsere Kenntnisse über Rilke erweitern, als auch die Selbstkenntnis jener Kul­ turen vertiefen, die seine Dichtung rezipierten. Ich hoffe, daß nach den persönlichen Begegnungen während der Tagung auch diese Schriften unsere Beziehungen „als envas Lebendiges“ erleben lassen. Dr. Károly Manherz Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät der Lorand-Eötvös-Universität 9 Vorwort des Herausgebers Die Jahrcstagung der Rilkegesellschaft in Budapest (22. bis 26. Sep­ tember 1993) hatte das Thema „Rilke, Die Donaumonarchie und ihre Nachfolgastaaten“. Neben zwei Vorträgen, die sich mit Rilkes Beziehung zu der k. u. k. Monarchie, bzw. zu Österreich befaßten, untersuchten die anderen die Rezeption von Rilkes Dichtung in den Nachfolgestaaten Österreich-Ungarns, bzw. in einigen osteuropäischen Ländern. Da die Rezeptionsgeschichte in der Rilke-Forschung bisher ziemlich stiefmütter­ lich behandelt wurde, empfiehlt es sich, die in Budapest gehaltenen Referate durch die Veröffentlichung als geschlossene Einheit vor dem Untergang zu retten. Dies ist das Ziel des vorliegenden Bandes.Die Refe­ rate aus Polen und Bulgarien (Barbara Surowska, Jan Zielinski und Emilia Staitscheva) sind leider bis zum Abschluß des Druckmanuskriptes nicht eingelaufen, so mußte auf diese verzichchtet werden. Über Rilkes Beziehungen zu Ungarn und über die ungarische Rezep­ tion seiner Dichtung veröffentlichte der Herausgeber dieses Bandes be­ reits mehrere Artikel, so wurde über dieses Thema bei der Tagung kein Referat gehalten, an dessen Stelle aber eine kleine Ausstellung aus den ungarischen Rilkeübersetzungen gezeigt. Jedoch wäre dieser Band lük- kenhaft, wenn er keinen Überblick über die umfangreiche Rezeption der Werke Rilkes in Ungarn böte. So erlaubt sich der Herausgeber, über dieses Thema einen eigenen Beitrag aufzunehmen, der vielleicht auch die Wahl Budapests als Tagungsort begründet. , 1 1 J o a c h im W . S t o r c k sa mosai'que multicolore Rilke, Österreich und die Nachfolgestaaten der Donaumonarchie. „[...] sie steht organisch zwischen den Völkern, wie wirs doch alle, un­ serem seelischen Organismus nach, thun, — dies, dies müßte jetz t deut­ lich werden, diese nicht mehr rück­ gängig zu machende Verfassung muß die Käserei des Krieges überwinden, überleben. * Rilke an Marianne Mitford 18.1.1915 (über die Deutsch- Französin Annette Kolb). I Am 11. April 1848 schrieb der tschechische Historiker Frantisek Palacky, den seine, vom Geist der Romantik und der Herderschen Huma­ nitätsidee inspirierte Geschichte von Böhmen1 berühmt gemacht hatte, einen Brief an das Frankfurter Vorparlament, das nach der Märzrevolu­ tion eine konstituierende deutsche Nationalversammlung vorbereiten sollte und das den in Prag wirkenden tschechischen Gelehrten zur Teil­ nahme eingeladen hatte. In diesem bedeutenden Dokument, worin Pa­ lacky, der politisch mit den Frankfurter demokratischen Bestrebungen sympathisierte, dennoch seine Absage begründete, heißt es unter an­ derem:2 „Sie wissen, daß der Südosten von Europa, die Grenzen des russischen Reiches entlang, von mehreren in Abstammung, Spra­ che, Geschichte und Gesittung merklich verschiedenen Völkern bewohnt wird — Slawen, Walachen, Magyaren und Deutschen, um der Griechen, Türken und Schkipetaren nicht zu gedenken —, von welchen keines für sich allein mächtig genug ist, dem über­ mächtigen Nachbar im Osten in alle Zukunft erfolgreichen Wider­ stand zu leisten; das können sie nur dann, wenn ein einiges und 12 J o a c h im W . S t o r c k : „ ... sa m o s a iq u e multicolore festes Band sie alle miteinander vereinigt. Die wahre Lebensader dieses notwendigen Völkervereins ist die Donau: seine Zentral­ gewalt darf sich daher von diesem Strome nicht weit entfernen, wenn sie überhaupt wirksam sein und bleiben will. Wahrlich, existierte der österreichische Kaiserstaat nicht schon längst, man müßte im Interesse Europas, im Interesse der Humanität selbst sich beeilen, ihn zu schaffen.“ Diesem berühmt gewordenen Bekenntnis folgte allerdings eine kri­ tische Einschränkung, die sogleich das Grundproblem des hier apostro­ phierten „österreichischen Kaiserstaates“ zu benennen suchte. Palacky fuhr in seinem Brief mit einer Frage fort, die er dann sogleich selbst beantwortete:3 „Warum sahen wir aber diesen Staat, der von der Natur und der Geschichte berufen ist, Europas Schild und Hort gegen asiatische Elemente aller Art zu bilden, — warum sahen wir ihn im kritischen Momente, jedem stürmischen Anlauf preisgegeben, haltungslos und beinahe ratlos? — Weil er, in unseliger Verblendung, solange her die eigentliche rechtliche und sittliche Grundlage seiner Existenz selbst verkannt und verleugnet hat: den Grundsatz der vollständigen Gleichberechtigung und Gleichbeachtung aller unter seinem Zepter vereinigten Nationalitäten und Konfessionen.“ In den revolutionären Wochen des Frühjahrs 1848, da Palacky den „Geist humanen Freisinnes“ zum Durchbruch gekommen sah, schien ihm auch der Augenblick gekommen, in Österreich diese bislang verfehlte Grundlage seiner Staatsidee doch noch zu verwirklichen. Dies mußte selbstverständlich das Verlangen
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