NOTES AND REFERENCES

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I. Broadcasting (HMSO, 1978) (Cmnd. 7294). 2. Report oj the Committee pn the Future ojBroadcasting (HMSO, 1977) (Cmnd. 6753) para. 4.3. 3. Ibid. para. 13.46. 4. Broadcasting, p. 21. 5. Report oj the Committee on Broadcasting rg60 (HMSO) (Cmnd. 1753) para. 20g. 6. Lord Windlesham, Broadcasting in a Free Society (Basil Blackwell, 1980) pp. 71-2. 7. B. Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transition (Macmillan, 1961). 8. B. Paulu, British Broadcasting: Radio and Teleuision in the United Kingdom (University of Minneapolis Press, 1956). 9. P. Black, The Mirror in the Corner: People'S Tel,ujsion (Hutchinson, 1972). 10. N. Swallow, Factual Teleuision (Focal Press, 1966). II. J. Gable, The Tuppen'lY Punch and Judy Show (Michael Joseph, 1980).

CHAPTER I: BEVERIDGE

I. H. H. Wilson, Pressure Group (Seeker and Warburg, 1961) p. 23. 2. Report oj the Broadcasting Committee 1949 (HMSO) (Cmd. 8116). 3. Ibid. pp. 201-10.

CHAPTER 2: BEYOND BEVERIDGE

I. A. Briggs, History oj Broadcasting in the United Kingdom Vol. IV Sound and Vision (Oxford University Press, 1979) P.424·

CHAPTER 3: WHITE PAPER: 1952

I. Broadcasting: Memorandum on the Report oj the Broadcasting Committee 1949 (HMSO) (Cmd. 8550) para. 7. 2. Ibid. para. 9. 3. House of Lords, Hansard, (HMSO) 23 and 26 May 1952. 4. House of Commons, Hansard, (HMSO) J I June 1952.

375 NOTES AND REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4: INTERLUDE 195~/3

I. A. Seldon, Churchill's Indian Summer (Hodder and Stoughton, 1981).

CHAPTER 5: WHITE PAPER: 1953

I. (HMIO) Cmd. 9005.

CHAPTER 6: FIELD DAYS IN PARLIAMENT: 1953

I. H of L ~5 and ~6 November 1953. ~. Lord Simon ofWythenshawe, The BBCJrom Within (Victor Gollancz, 1953) p. ~83. 3. H ofC 14 and 15 December 1953.

CHAPTER 7: THE TELEVISION BILL

I. Briggs, History oj Broadcasting in the United Kingdom Vol. IV p. 937 et seq. ~. Letter to the author ~~ February 1979. See also P. Black, The Mirror in the Corner p. 46. 3. Briggs, History oj Broadcasting in the United Kingdom Vol. IV p. 933. 4. See A. Smith, British Broadcasting (David & Charles, 1974) pp. 19-~0.

CHAPTER 8: PASSAGE OF THE BILL: 1954

I. H orc ~5 March 1954 Col. 1459. ~. Ibid. Col. 1475. 3. H of C 4 May 1954 Col. ~80. 4. H ofC II May 1954 Col. 1O~7. 5. Ibid. Col. 1107. 6. H ofL I July 1954 Col. 318. 7· H ofC ~9 March 1954 Col. 1736. B. Ibid. Col. 1747. 9. Ibid. Col. 1748. 10. H ofC ~o May 1954 Col. ~4~4. II. Ibid. Cols ~399/400. I~. H ofC ~7 May 1954 Cols 687 et sef/. 13. H ofC ~I June 1954 Cols 39 et sef/. 14. H ofC ~7 May 1954 Col. 693. 15. Ibid. Col. 6~5. 16. Ibid. Cols 713" sef/. 17. Ibid. Col. 733. 18. H ofC ~I June 1954 Col. 90. 19· H ofL 13 July 1954 Col. 967. ~o. Ibid. Col. 936. ~I. H ofC I June 1954 Col. 1111. ~2. H of L ~o July 1954 Cols 1~04-5. ~3. H of C ~7 July 1954 Col. 291. ~4' H ofC ~7 May 1954 Col. 65 1. ~5' H ofL 13July 1954 Cols 9~5 and 930 . NOTES AND REFERENCES 377

26. Ibid. Col. 926. 27. HofL20July 1954 Col. 121 7. 28. H ofC 19 May 1954 Cols 2203 et seq. 29. H of L 12 July 1954 Col. 811. 30. H of C 27 July 1954 Col. 316. 31. H ofC 27 May 1954 Col. 726. 32. Ibid. Col. 713.

CHAPTER 9: THE FIRST AUTHORITY

I. Figure estimated by ITN, taking account OfUPITN Daily Satellite Service, Eurovision and Intervision (Ieller to author from Don Horobin oflTN, 22 December 1980). 2. Lord Clark, The Other Half (John Murray, 1977) pp. 137-8.

CHAPTER 10: COMPETITION

I. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1954/5' 2. Financial Times 21 September 1955. 3· ITA Paper 39(55)· 4. ITA Minutes 10(54). 5· ITA Paper" (54)' 6. Sir Robert Fraser's papers held by IDA.

CHAPTER II: THE NETWORK COMPANIES

I. ITA Paper 39(55). 2. Ibid. 3· H ofC 3 November 1954 Col. 372. 4. H of C 23 November 1954 Cols 1131-88. 5. Royal Commission on the Press (UMSO) (Cmd. 7700) para. 615' 6. H ofC 23 November 1954 Col. "37, 7· Ibid. Col. 1147. B. Ibid. Col. "52. 9. Norman Collins' papers. 10. ITA Paper 39(55). II. Fraser to D. F. S. McClean on 8 November 1954 ITA File 7002/1. 12. H ofC 23 March 1954 Col. 1474. 13· Leller dated 5 November 1954 ITA File 7001/1. 14. Ibid. Leller to Fraser. 15. Ibid. 16. But not, it seems, to his Chairman. On page 143 of his book The Other Half Clark writes a personal account of Colston's resignation saying that he quite deliberately sought to involve the ITA in fund-raising for the Tory Party and had to be persuaded to resign by Lord De La Warr. 17· ITA Minutes 17(54)' 18. Enclosures to leller from Herbert Oppenheimer & Co., the solicitors acting on behalf of the group, dated 14 September 1954 ITA File 7/8. 19. Ibid. Letter dated 5 January 1955. 20. Ibid. Leiter dated 10 March 1955. NOTES AND REFERENCES

21. Ibid. 22. Letter to the Chairman of the ITA dated 2 September 1954 ITA File 7005/1. 23. H. Thomas, With an Independent Air (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977) p. 143· 24. Ibid. p. 146.

CHAPTER 12: BIRTH OF INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NEWS

I. ITA Minutes 9(54) and ITA Minutes 13(54). 2. ITA/PCL/lSt Meeting. 3. H of C 23 November 1954 Col. 1186. 4. ITA File 7000. 5. Ibid.

CHAPTER 13: THE PROGRAMME CONTRACTS

I. ITA Paper 39(55)' 2. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1957/8 pp. 8-10.

CHAPTER 15: TELEVISION HOURS

I. ITA Paper 33(55).

CHAPTER 16: THE STATUTORY COMMITTEES

I. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1954/5 p. 8. 2. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1955/6 pp. 20-1. 3. scc Minutes 6(55)·

CHAPTER 17: 'PROPER PROPORTIONS' OF BRITISH MATERIAL

I. The organisations were: the Association of Cinematograph and Allied Technicians, British Actors' Equity Association, Composers' Guild of Great Britain, Concert Artistes' Association, Electrical Trades Union, Film Artistes Association, Musicians' Union, National Association of Theatrical and Kine Employees, Society of Authors, League of Dramatists, Radio Writers' Association, Screen Writers' Association, Songwriters' Guild and the Variety Artistes' Association.

CHAPTER 18: LABOUR RELATIONS

I. BBC Staff Association Bulletin Vol. II No. 24 June 1950. 2. P. Seglow, Trade Unionism in Television (Saxon House, 1978) p. 30. 3· Ibid. pp. 97-9·

CHAPTER 19: THE AUTHORITY AND THE PROGRAMMES

I. ITA Paper 47(55). 2. Ibid. NOTES AND REFERENCES 379

3. Ibid. 4. ITA Minutes 26(55)' 5. Pilkington Report Vol. 1/ Appendix E (Cmnd. 1819-1) p. 1113· 6. Lord Clark, The Otlter lIa{fp. 147.

CHAPTER 20: GETTING READY

I. 'presented pursuant to Section 15(3) and (4) of the Television Act, 1954' pp. 1-2. 2. Thomas, With an Indepetldent Air p. 157. 3'. Letter dated 6 December 1954 ITA File 7001/1. 4. rear One (Granada) p. 3· 5. Thomas, With a" Indepetldent Air p. 161. 6. R. Day, DIY' ~ Day (William Kimber Ltd, 1975) pp. 171-g1.

CHAPTER 21: PUBLICATIONS

I. ITA Paper 31(55) . 2. Ibid. 3. Fusion (A-R'S House Magazine) 19June 1961.

CHAPTER 22: CURTAIN UP

I. ITA Minutes 37(55)' 2. A. Briggs, Governi"g Ihe BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1979) p. 104. 3. TPC Minutes X8/55. 4. History ojBroadcasting in Ihe U"iled Kingdom Vol. IV pp. 1000-8. Briggs seems to have taken the opportunity to register that a History of Broadcasting is not synonymous with a History of the BBC. 5. White Paper on Broadcasting: Further Memorandum on the Report of the Committee on Broadcasting Ig60 (Cmnd. 1893) para. 14.

CHAPTER 23: THE LONDON AUDIENCE

I. TCPA/X 10/55' 2. A. Sampson, Anatomy of Britain Today (Hodder and Stoughton, 1965) p. 657. 3· pp. 138-g. 4. A. Boyle, OnlY the Wind Will Lislen (Hutchinson, 1972) p. 229, quoting M. A. Hamilton, Remembering My Old Friends (jonathan Cape, 1944) p. 28.

CHAPTER 24: PROBLEMS OF BALANCE

I. ITA Paper 52(55). 2. Letter dated 12 December 1955 ITA File 580.

CHAPTER 25: CRISIS AT ITN

I. This reference and subsequent references in this chapter are, unless otherwise stated, to be found passim in ITA File 7000. NOTES AND REFERENCES

II. ITA Minutes 411(55). 3· ITA Minutes 43(55). 4. A set OflTN Minutes for this period, which had no reference number, is in ITA File 505/11. 5. R. Day, Day by Dtry, pp. 178-811. 6. Ibid. pp. 180-1. 7. The Board of A-a had announced that in their opinion the Authority should assume responsibility for the affain of ITN. The idea that the Authority itself should be responsible for news had been canvassed during debates on the Bill. One of the most effective speeches against such a proposal had been made by Lord Layton (H ofL I II July 1954 Col. 79 1).

CHAPTER 116: FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

I. Pilkington Report Vol. I Appendix E (Cmnd. 1819) pp. 4115-7' II. ITA Paper 43(56). 3. Sir Edwin Herbert, later Lord Tangley, was a member of the board of A-a and became Deputy Chairman in 19611. He was senior partner in the firm of Sydney Morse, Solicitors, and a member of the Council of the Law Society. He was also Deputy Chairman of Broadcast Relay Service Ltd (Rediffusion Ltd). During the war he had been Director General of the Postal and Telegraph Censonhip in which capacity he received his Knighthood. 4. ITA Minutes 63(56). 5· TCPA/9/56 para. 309(3). 6. ITA Minutes 65(56). 7. ITA Paper 30(57) and ITA Minutes 711(57). 8. ITA Paper 68(57)' 9. Appendix to ITA Minutes 76(57).

CHAPTER 117: £750,000: THE GIFT HORSE THAT BOLTED

I. H of L 14 July 1954 Cols 1014-5' II. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1955/6 p. 15. 3· ITA Minutes 41(55). 4. ITA File 1I008(a). 5. Ibid. 6. Lord Hill of Luton, Both Sides of the Hill (Heinemann, 1964) p. 171. 7. ITA File 1I008(a). 8. Ibid. 9. ITA Minutes 57(56). 10. ITA Minutes 58(56). II. H ofC II July 1956 Col. 3811. Ill. Chairman's penonal correspondence held at IDA. 13. ITA Minutes 60(56). 14. Chairman's personal correspondence. 15. ITA File 1I008(a). 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. ITA Minutes 67(56). 19. ITA File 1I008(a). 110. Ibid. NOTES AND REFERENCES

CHAPTER 28: MEN AND MONEY

I. R. Fulford, History of BET Tht Sixth Dtcade 1946-56 (British Electric Traction, 1956) produced to mark the Diamond Jubilee of the British Electric Traction Company. 2. Ttltvision Todqy 25 September 1980. 3. C. Jenkins, Powtr Bthind tht Scrtm (McGibbon and Kee, 1961) p.88. 4. G. E. Mingay, FiJttm rtarS On Tht BET Group 1956-71 (British Electric Traction, 1973) P·34· 5· pp. 447-8. 6. Black, Tht Mirror in tht Corntr p. 97. 7. Jenkins, Powtr Bthind tht Screm pp. 246-7. 8. Norman Collins' papers. 9. Black, Tht Mirror in tht Corner p. JOI. 10. ITA File 70031 II. ITA Minutes 56(56). 12. Black, Tht Mirror in the Corntr pp. 104-6. 13. ITA File 7066/2. 14. Black, Tht Mirror in Iht Corner p. JOg.

CHAPTER 29: SCOTLAND, WALES AND THE SOUTH

.. ITA File 7006/ I • 2. Ibid. 3. R. Braddon, Roy Thomson of Flett Sirttl (Collins, 1965) p. 230. 4· ITA File 7006/1 Letter dated 17 July 1954· 5. A fascinating and racy account of the relationship between Thomson and Collart is given by Russell Braddon in Roy Thomson of Flett Strut, passim. 6. ITA Paper 44(56). 7. Letter dated 23 April 1956 ITA File 7006/1. 8. Braddon, Roy Thomson of Flttt Stmt pp. 358-g. 9. Letter to Clark dated 2 July 1956 ITA File 7006/1. 10. Financial Times 21 January 1957. II. Scotsman 8 January 1957. 12. Evming Despatch 4 May 1957. 13· Scottish DailY Mail 19 April 1957. 14. ITA File 7006/ .. 15. Clark, The Olher Haifp. 205. 16. Earlier that evening I had said to Val and Lew: 'You ought to get hold ofK. for he could become a great populariser of the arts'. The idea had stuck in my mind following a conversation with Fraser some weeks previously. 17. Thomas, With an Indepmdent Air p. 168. 18. Lord Derby to the author during an interview on 21 November 1979. 19. Guardian II July 1963. 20. Jack Hylton was born in Bolton and was known before the First World War as 'the singing mill-boy'. 21. Sampson, Anatomy of Britain Todqy p. 662. 22. Letter to Romney Wheeler ITA File 7007/2. 23. TWW Chairman's Statement, Directors' Report 31 December 1958. 24. Letter to Clark dated 5 February 1957 ITA File 7007/" 25. Ibid. Letter dated 28 May 1957. NOTES AND REFERENCES

26. Ibid. Letter dated 31 May 1957. 27. Ibid. Letter to Chapman-Walker. 28. ITA Minutes 65(56). 29· ITA Minutes 79(57). 30. Taking as a guideline recommendations of an engineers' advisory committee to the PMO in 1954, the ITA planning engineers had adopted in practice three different service area contours representing different grades ofservice. The 'primary' service area would be the area in which viewers could receive a good or satisfactory signal with a standard aerial and receiver. In the 'secondary' service area the signal would in most cases be adequate for viewing, but no more. To receive adequate signals in the 'fringe' service area would probably require a special aerial. Maps were produced indicating these three contours and showing the population living within each contour. Initially these maps had to be based on 'predictions' of the planning engineers, but ,after the transmitters came into service further surveys were carried out and I'evised maps with 'measured contours' were produced, and the population figures adjusted as necessary. 31. Letter to Pragnell dated 30 August 1957 ITA File 7008/ .. 32. Memorandum to Kirkpatrick dated 18 February 1958 ITA File 7008/2. 33. David Wilson to the author during an interview on 30 Novembel' 1979. 34. ITA File 7008/2, 35. Ibid, 36. Letter to John Davis dated 4- October 1957 ITA File 7008/1. 37. Clive Jenkins. 38. The circumstances leading to the extension of the Southern area to include the area covered by the new transmitter at Dover will be narrated in Pal't I Volume II which will describe the completion of the network and the appointment of further regional companies. 39. DailY Sketch I February 1960.

CHAPTER 30: TWO OBSTACLES REMOVED

.. H ofC 23 February 1955 Col. 1277· 2. ITA File 3019/1. 3. Ibid. 4. H of C 20 May 1954 Col. 2405. 5. Letter to Fraser ITA File 3019/1. 6. H ofC 8 November 1955 Cols 1653-4' 7. H ofC 30 November 1955 Cols 2329-30. 8. Ibid. Col. 2338. 9. Be/Jeridge Report Appendix H (UMBO) (Cmd. 8117) pp. 109-10, 10. History oj Broadcasting in the United Kingdom Vol. IV p. 607. II. H ofC 30 November 1955 Col. 2444. 12. Hill, Both Sides ojthe Hill p. 174· 13. H ofC 30 November 1955 Col. 2362. 14. Ibid. Col. 2364. 15. Ibid. Col. 2368. Here, incidentally, was the classic defence of putting out party political broadcasts simultaneouslY on all channels. 16. See Report jrom the Seltet Committee on Broadcasting (Anticipation oj Debates) (UMSO) 17 May 1956 para. 413. NOTES AND REFERENCES

17. Ibid. para. 723. 18. Ibid. Appendix 8 pp. 167-8. Ig. Letter to W. A. Wolverson dated 9 November 1956 ITA File 3019/1. 20. pp. 172-4. 21. Lord Hill to the author during an interview on 16 May 1979. 22. H ofL Col. 1226. 23· H of C 27 July 1954 Col. 374· 24. Ibid. Col. 378. 25. ITA Paper 70(56). 26. Hill, Both Sides oj the Hill p. 170. 27. H of L Col. 70. 28. Ibid. Col. 90.

CHAPTER 31: PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENTS

.. Manellester Guardian 18 April 1956. 2. SCC Paper 80(56). 3. Special provisions for party broadcasts were eliminated from the Act of 1963. 4. 7 March 1956 ITA File 5012/1. 5. ITA Paper 29(56). 6. Briggs, Governing the BBC pp. 209-17. 7. Source: Television Audience Measurement Press Release dated 8 November 1956. 8. ITA File 5012/" 9. Ibid. Letter to Brownrigg (A-R), Thomas (ABC), Meyer (ATV) and Forman (Granada) dated 6 February 1957. 10. Ibid. II. This part of the chapter is based substantially upon a monograph by Joseph Weltman entitled 21 rears oj Independent Televisionjor Scllools published by the IBA in 1978. 12. At that time Sir John Wolfenden, who had been made Headmaster of Uppingham School at the age of twenty-eight and had had a distinguished career in peace and war, was Vice-Chancellor of Reading University. 13. The Chairman was the Rt. Revd F. A. Cockin, DD, Bishop of Bristol. It was due to his patient diplomacy that regular religious television on lTV got going with remarkable speed and no small success. 14. Now, twenty-three years later, after a distinguished career in religious broadcasting in both lTV and BBO, he is Chief Assistant (Television) at the IBA. 15. Howard Thomas's memory is at fault in his account on pp. 184-5 of With an Independent Air. There was no question of his having to persuade the Authority or ORAO. The whole project was approved without difficulty at the level of the Panel of Religious Advisers after I had sought, and readily obtained, approval in principle at the meeting ofORAO on 10 October 1957. The Revd Mervyn Stockwood (as he then was) was reported as saying that 'there was a large section of the younger generation-Teddy Boys and others­ which was completely untouched by religious television. The problem was to reach them at all, and, in his experience, there were very few people ofany denomination who had succeeded in making any real impact on them.' The Authority itself had readily agreed at its meeting on 8 October that I should seek the approval ofCRAC for the project. The Children's Advisory Committee was also consulted and welcomed it. (ITA Minutes 81(57) ). 16. R. Day, A Personal Report (Hutchinson, 196.) p. 76. NOTES AND REFERENCES

CHAPTER 32: UNACCEPTABLE PROFITABILITY

I. Third Report from the Committee of Public Accounts Session 1958/9 (HMSO) 9 July 1959. paras 105- 15. 2. Committee of Public Accounts. Treasury Minute and Abstract of Appropriation Accounts Session 1959/60. (HMSO) 19 December 1959. 3. Second Report from the Committee of Public Accounts Session 1959/60 (HMSO) 12July 1960. para. 143. 4. ITA File 2013. 5. Ibid. 6. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1960/1 P.46. 7. Financial Times 19 April 196\. 8. H ofC Written Answers 27 April 1961 Col. 54. 9. H of C 6 July 1961 Col. 1681. 10. Pilkington Report Vol. I Appendix E Paper No. 99. II. ITA File 8043. 12. Ibid. 13. ITA Minutes 155(62).

CHAPTER 33: THE NETWORK CARVE-UP

I. H of L 13 July 1954 Col. 912. 2. ITA Minutes 56(56). 3. ITA Minutes 58(56). 4. I am indebted to Les Thornby for these basic facts which he had recorded in 1961. I have been unable to locate the actual minutes for this period. 5. Thomas, With an Independent Air p. 165' 6. Ibid. p. 165 and pp. 181-2. 7. Ibid. p. 182. 8. Pilkington Report Vol. I Appendix E pp. 415-23. 9. Memorandum by Sir Robert Fraser dated 31 August 1962 ITA File 7066.

CHAPTER 34: THE FIRST SIX YEARS

I. IDA Lecture 29 March 1978-Independent Broadcasting No. 16 p. 2. 2. Black, The Mirror in the Corner p. 117. 3. p. 12. 4. ITA Paper 104(55)' 5. Black, The Mirror in the Corner p. 110. 6. p. 13. 7. H. Greene, The Third Floor Front (Bodley Head, 1969) p. 13. 8. Speech to the Manchester Luncheon Club, November 1960 quoted in Greene, The Third Floor Front p. 60. 9. B. Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transition pp. 219-20.

CHAPTER 35: PERSPECTIVES ON PROGRAMMES

I. Pilking/on Report Vol. II Appendix E pp. 851-2. 2. Edinburgh International Fes/ival1979 Official Programme p. 20. NOTES AND REFERENCES

3. Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transition p. v (Preface). 4· Ibid. p. 194 and pp. ~1I9-l!1. 5. Pilkington Report Vol. 1 Appendix E p. 485. 6. The Sundqy Times of 15 February 1959. It is quoted in an excellent chapter on This Wondeiful World in John Grierson: A Documentary Biograp1!J by Fonyth Hardy (Faber &. Faber, 1979). 7· p. 13· 8. 111 Years of lTV: A Personal Retrospect-Independent Broadcasting NO·9 p. 3. 9. The Armchair Theatre (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959, for ABO Television). p. 1111. 10. Lord Hill of Luton, Behind the Screen (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1974) P.1I5. II. Report of the ITA Consultation on Television Drama 113/114 June 1965 ITA File 11115/11. Ill. The Armchair Theatre pp. 9-15' 13. Black, The Mirror in the Corner pp. 1411-5' 14. Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transition p. 135. 15. Report of the ITA Consultation on Light Entertainment and Comedy 110/1 June 1967 ITA File 1125/6. 16. Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transition pp. 137-8. 17. Black, The Mirror in the Corner pp. 111-15' 18. ITA File 5004. 19. The Times 18 February 1959. 20. Swallow, Factual Television pp. 135-6. 21. Ibid. p. 158. 2l!. Ibid. p. 86. 23. ITA File 3049/2. 24. Letter to the author dated 16 May 1980. 25. ITA Annual Report and Accounts 1960/1 pp. 18-21. 26. Swallow, Factual Television pp. 187-g. 27. A. Wolstencroft to Fraser on 5 October 1960 ITA File 3006/4. 28. Paulu, British Broadcasting in Transitiottpp. 11I8-g. 29. Religious Programmes on Independent Television (Independent Television Authority, 1962) P·14· 30 . Ibid. p. I'.

CHAPTER 36: COMMITTEE OF ENQUIRY: 1960

I. 'Its methods of working, contracting for programmes and regulating advertisements would be open to revision at any time and Clrtain" to review (own italics) before 1962 •.•' White Paper November 1953 (UMSO) (Cmnd. 9005)' 2. H ofL 12 July 1954 Cols 671-84. 3. soo Minutes 32(58). 4. ITA Paper 99(59). 5. soo Minutes 51(60). 6. Reginald Bevins was at the time Member for the Liverpool Toxteth Division. He came himself from a Liverpool working class background and had been for twelve years an active member of the local Labour Party. 7. Fawley Foundation Lecture, Southampton University, 6 November 1958.

CHAPTER 37: THE PREVAILING CLIMATE

I. Hugh Gaitskell reported in Evening Standard I June 1959. NOTES AND REFERENCES

2. Extract from Oral Evidence to Pilkington Committee on 29 March 1961, p. 32 ITA File 30 55/1/4:

Sir Harry Pilkington: I thought the DailY Express was rather critical. Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick: I put it in a category of its own. Sir Harry Pilkington: Yes, I think we would all do that.

3. Assistant PMO, Mr Kenneth Thompson: 'I can understand the dismay of the honourable gentlemen at coming across a monopoly set up by statute that makes a profit.' H ofC 18 March 1959 Col. 378. 4· H of L 3 June 1959 Cols 638"1}. 5· Financial Timts 4 June 1959· 6. Financial Timts 8July 1960: Half-year income reported as £37 .38 million, an increase of 35 per cent on previous half-year. 7. I have evidence that this investigation had BBC Board of Management approval. 8. DailY Ttltgraph 18 July 1960. g. YogUt October Ig60. 10. Guardian 2 February 1962. Appendix I

THE NATURE OF THE SYSTEM

EXTRACT FROM THE ITA ANNUAL REPORT, 1961/2

The structure of Independent Television created by the Authority's decisions over the yean since 1955 came to virtual completion in 1961-02, and so provides an occasion for the following review of its development, and of the purposes and policies which it embodies. Its characteristic features, and the marked differences in organisation and modes of operation that now distinguish the two television services, find practical expression in the published figures of programme production. Including in both cases acquired films, the total of all programmes supplied by Independent Television in 1961-02 was not far short of two thirds of the national total of television production -about 7,400 hours out of a total of 11,800. Its production of programmes oflocal interest for local use was about four-fifths ofall such programmes - about 3,800 hours out of a total of 4,800. And while the DDC produced outside London about 33 per cent ofits total output, Independent Television produced about 60 per cent. These Independent Television programmes came from thirteen independent companies, and will shortly come from fifteen. In one fundamental sense, everyone ofthese fifteen Independent Television companies is a regional company, the four largest companies no less than the remaining eleven. For each company is appointed by the Authority to provide it with programmes for a particular area, and no company has any contractual rights or duties outside its area. In the three largest areas of London, the North, and the Midlands, but not elsewhere, the programmes are provided by different companies on weekdays and at the weekends. In every area without exception, the great majority of the programmes transmitted are not produced by the local company, but are secured from other companies, and as far as possible arranged by the local company into the pattern that best suits its region, subject always to conformity with the Authority's directions in the matter of balance, quantity and quality. In London, the Midlands and the North, where two-thirds of the population dwell, up to 75 per cent of the weekday programmes, other than generally available acquired film programmes, are produced not by the local company-that is to say, the company responsible for the supply of programmes to the Authority in that area on those days - but secured by it from other companies. In the five areas next in size (Central Scotland, South Wales and West of England, South East England, North East England and East AngJia) the proportion of outside programmes is very nearly the same. As the areas drop in size, the percentage rises. The eleven smaller companies responsible for providing programmes throughout the week tend to concentrate their own production during the weekdays. Consequently weekend programmes everywhere come very largely from the two weekend companies in London, and the North and Midlands, in roughly equal proportions. But in every area, over the whole week, dependence upon an outside supply of programmes is universal, the degree of dependence being naturally related to the size of the company. APPENDIX I: THE NATURE Of' THE SYSTEM

Because of their size, access to talent, and general productive resources, the four companies in London, the Midlands, and the North are the sources of almost all the programmes which the other companies use in addition to their own local programmes. The aggregate amount of programmes produced by the other eleven companies would be amply sufficient to provide seven days of television a week without the use of any London, Midland, or Northern programmes: but since the output consists mainly of programmes oflocal appeal it cannot be so used. So it comes about that the average viewer of Independent Television programmes in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the smaller English regions will in effect for the large majority of viewing hours see programmes from five independent sources - from his own company, from Associated-Rediffusion, from Associated Television, from Granada TV Network, and from ABC Television -as well as the national news bulletins and other programmes from Independent Television News. In much the greater part of the country in terms ofpopulation, he will see about as many hours produced by his local company as by any other single company. The production of television programmes of national appeal demands large resources in the right places. It is no accident that 'networking' - the supply of programmes for national use from some central source - is a common feature of broadcasting systems of all types in all the countries of the world. The distinctive features ofIndependent Television are not that it has a 'network', but that the supply of the main body of national programmes is provided by four separate companies, each of the four large enough to hold its own with the other, rather than originating with a single organisation; and that outside the most populous areas, programmes are provided by eleven smaller companies rather than by the extension of the geographical responsibilities of the four large companies and the creation of no further companies at all. It could conceivably be said that, by creating the four companies, the Authority overdid things in its attachment to the principles of diversity, independence and variety of source. Effective television requires a high degree of specialisation: drama, light entertainment and variety, documentary programmes, sport, current affairs, children's programmes, religious programmes and school programmes. And specialisation in any of these fields is practicable only when production is large enough to permit it. The Authority's simplest course would have been to appoint a single seven-day company based in London, or perhaps two companies. In that case there would have been no problem ofthe working arrangements between the four companies, for there would have not been four companies to make an arrangement. Similarly, if the Authority had not decided to appoint regional companies, no problem of relationship between the eleven regional companies and the four largest companies would have arisen. (In that case, the term 'networking' might never have been used, unless any programme exchange between companies were so regarded.) However, the appointment of the limited number of companies that might have satisfied the bare requirements of the Act did not appeal. The Authority did not wish to see a company in London with overwhelmingly large resources or to rest content with less than four independent contributors to the supply of national programmes if means of making this number possible could be devised. The solution was the 'mosaic' arrangement. This was based on the expansion of the existing concept of London as the source of supply of national programmes to include Manchester and Birmingham, the division of this large central area into the three separate service areas of London, the Midlands and the North, and the creation offour companies to serve the three areas by dividing their responsibilities between weekdays and the weekend. All this is not to say that the arrangements for the exchange of programmes which have grown up with the system as it expanded, and have generally served well during the first decade, should be carried into the second decade, since the institutions of Independent Television have become so much more diverse and mature. Indeed, in the Authority's view, APPENDIX I: THE NATURE OF THE SYSTEM they should not. The Authority thinks that new arrangements arc required to permit the more flexible supply ofprogl'ammes of which the system has become capable. But in the first decade the arl'angements adopted made practicable the introduction of Independent Television, with less than a year's preparation, at a level ofprogramme output ;/I;/;al{y greater than that reached by the older service. They encouraged the growth ofproduction, and made possible the appointment of regional companies on a scale no one had thought possible, so adding regional television for the first time to the British television system, and creating substantial centres of regional production in Glasgow, Cardiff and Bristol, Southampton, Newcastle and NOlwich, where regional companies soon achieved an output practically equal to that of anyone of the foul' largest companies, as well as smaller centres elsewhere. In general, the al'l'angements formed the basis of the development of a large popular television service, relatively open and plural, consisting of fifteen broadcasting bodies of separate character, without anyone of which the system would be the poorer. II may well be that Independent Television's creation oftelevision centres in so many cities will in due course widen still further the source of national programmes. Certainly, the new arrangements for the next decade should aim at removing all obstaeles to the choice of a programme for a national audience on its merits. But it is equally impOl·tant to ensure that local companies continue to place first the development of those local programmes that reflect and stimulate regional life and encourage local interests. It was an essential feature of the original 'mosaic' that the production of programmes for the three large areas should be shared between the four companies appointed. This aim would have been frustrated ifone or two of the companies had produced all the programmes while the others 'rode the network', being content to be insignificant producers themselves. Hence the Authority provided in its contracts with these companies that each must produce not less than 15 per cent of the total of programmes transmitted in its area. Here, and not, as it is sometimes thought, in the Authority's arrangements with the later companies, lay the OI'igin of the requirements that companies should produce a minimum of 15 per cent of the programmes transmitted in their areas. In fact, the 15 per cent requirement is not always applied to the smaller companies, some of whom would find it beyond their resources. It was an essential part of the Authority's plan that the four companies should supply one another with programmes, and enter into arrangements to that end, thus giving the viewer in any area the opportunity fi'om the start of seeing programmes from four sources rather than one - and programmes more likely to excel in variety and originality than from any single company. The common sense of 'networking' is that all viewers see the programmes that are most likely to appeal to them; and the common sense of 'plural' networking is that four producing companies, as long as each is large enough to practise an all-round television competence, are likely to produce a better selection of programmes than one. Indeed, this combination of competitive talent is probably a main reason why Independent Television has succeeded in pleasing and interesting its audience. In assessing any criticism of present arrangements for the supply ofprogrammes, it must be remembered that Independent Television existed in London, the Midlands and the North for nearly two years before the fifth company, Scottish Television, came on the air. During those two years of extreme and, for a while, desperate financial strain, arrangements to maintain the service had to be made between the four companies. These arrangements had to be adequate to provide in the three areas the total number ofprogramme hours required, and to meet the Authority's standards of quality and balance. It was at this time that fairly fixed arrangements between companies were in some cases made for programmes during the weekdays. These arrangements, a mixture of the fixed and flexible, have perhaps not surprisingly endured through the contractual period. Their value has been substantial. The restrictions they have imposed can be exaggerated. At the weekends the arrangements J"emained flexible. Neither of the two weekend companies was committed to take agreed quantities over long periods from the other, and the arrangements so remain, with the fruitful 390 APPENDIX I: THE NATURE OF THE SYSTEM

consequence that the smaller companies have some choice of weekend programmes. Nevertheless, the general arrangements devised to meet the initlal needs, well enough as they may have served in the first decade, are not the best that can be made from the second. Nor is the formula by which the smaller companies have secured their programmes for the main companies. This formula tends .•. to limit the production oflocal programmes, whether for local usc or for exchange with other local companies. And the arrangements between the four main companies, devised at a time when they had to provide a full programme service from their own resources, have left them without much opportunity to test the merits of locally produced programmes on the network. The Authority explained to the Committee on Broadcasting how, in its view, new arrangements might best be devised. Broadly, they contemplate the encouragement offree competition and equal opportunity in the supply of programmes, the more open exchange ofprogrammes ofwhich the system is now capable and the removal of the rigidities in the system. This line of advance commends itself to the Authority, and it has reason to believe that such a development would commend itself to the programme companies. Appendix 2

SOME CONTEMPORARY PUBLICATIONS

Apart from transcripts of programmes, marketing reports and miscellaneous booklets published by the lTV companies (a good collection of which is held by the IDA library at 70 Brompton Road), these few years saw the publication ofonly a few works ofsubstance ('elevant to the early history of Independent Television. By contrast, as will be evident from the foregoing pages, the progress of lTV was extensively reported and commented upon in the Press, in the proceedings of Parliament and in specialised journals and periodicals. What follows is a list of some relevant publications of the period. A useful and wider ranging bibliography, covering a longer period, will be found in E. G. Wedell Broadcasting alld Public Policy (Michael Joseph, 1968), Appendix IV: Notes Towards a Bibliography on Broadcasting. lTV handbooks published annually by the ITA from 1963 onwards contain bibliographies which include publications about particular lTV programmes and series.

GENERAL

British Broadcasting:·Radio and Television in the United Kingdom, Burton Paulu, 457PP' (Oxford University Press, 1956). British Broadcasting in Transition, Burton Paulu, 250PP' (Macmillan, 1961). Broadcasting (Sound and Television), Mary Crozier, 236PP' (Oxford University Press, 1958). The Coming rif Independent Television, Sir Robert Fraser, 35PP. (ITA, 1955). Independent Television AuthorilJl: Annual Reports and Accounts 1954-62 (HMSO 1955--62). Independent Television Programmes: Facts and Figures 20pp. (ITA, 1962). Independent Television Programmes: More Facts and Figures 16pp. (ITA, 1962). New Channels. A Report on Radio and Television, Bow Group, 56PP' (Bow Publications, 1962). Power Behind Ihe Screen, C.Jenkins, (McGibbon and Kee, 1961). Pressure Group. The Campaign for Commercial Television, H. H. Wilson, 232 pp. (Seeker and Warburg, 1961). Prospeclsfor TelelJisioll (Planning Vol XXIV No. 427) 27PP' (Political and Economic Planning (P.E.P.), 1958). TV: From Monopoly 10 Competition-alld Back? Wilfred Altman, Denis Thomas and David Sawers (Hobart Paper 15) 120pp. (Institute of Economic Affairs, revised edition, July 1962). TV, A Persollal Report, R. Day, (Hutchinson, 1961). Televisioll in Britain (Planning, Vol. XXIV No. 420) 29PP' (Political and Economic Planning (P.E.P.) 1958).

39 t 392 APPENDIX 2: SOME CONTEMPORARY PUBLICATIONS

The Truth About Television, (Howard Thomas, 3111PP' (Weidenfcld and Nicolson, 19611). Two Years tif Independ"'t Televisioll, Sir Robert Fraser, 4I1PP' (ITA, 1957).

PERIODICALS

The following publications were devoted to television topics:

Commercial Televisioll News (later Audio Visual Selling) (weekly). Contrast. The Television QuarterlY (quarterly). International TV Technical Review (monthly). TV Mirror (weekly). TV Today (supplement to The Stage) (weekly). Television Mail (weekly).

PROGRAMME JOURNALS

In each region a weekly publication gave details of the available Independent Television programmes together with feature material, as follows:

TV Times (separate editions for London, The Midlands, The North of England, Southern England, East Anglia, The Borders, North-East Scotland). Channel Viewer (Channel Islands). Look Westward (South-West England). TV Guide (Central Scotland). TV Post (Northern Ireland). Televisioll WeeklY (South Wales and the West of England). TV World (The Midlands). The Viewer (North-East England and Central Scotland). Wales West alld North TV and Teledu Cymru (West and North Wales).

PROGRAMME COMPANY PUBLICATIONS

ATV: The Midlands 117PP' (Associated Television, 19611). Anglia Television 118pp. (Anglia Television, 1961). The Border Discovered 113PP' (Border Television, 1961). Both Sides tif the Camera: souvenir book tif television programmes and the people who make them ABC Television 11I8pp. (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960). Formation and Management of a Television Company, based on the Seminar on Problems of Industrial Administration at the London School of Economics in December 1959, by Sidney L. Bernstein, Chairman of the Granada Group. Paper 1151. 56 pp. (Granada TV Network, revised edition, 1961). Fusion. The house maga-tine oj Rediffusion Television (Associated-Rediffusion). Grampian Television-North-East Scotland's own TV station 6pp. (Grampian Television, 19611). The Local Television Service IIl1pp. (Anglia Television, 1961). The New Journalism 40PP. (Independent Television News, 1962). Southern Suetes! 12pp.(Southern Television, 1960). Souvenir 3I1PP' (Associated Television, 1958). Spotlight on TWW ('Servant of two tongues' a report on TWW, by Mary Crozier, reprinted. APPENDIX 2: SOME CONTEMPORARY PUBLICATIONS 393

from the Guardian, 12 October 1960; and 'What Cardiff does Today' by Alfred Francis, reprinted from Time and Tide, 24 September 1960}. The Thomson Organisation in Great Britain 33PP' (Scottish Television, 1960). Visual Journalism 12pp. (Assoeiated-Rediffusion, 1960). . Wales Today and Tomorrow A symposium of the views of members of the Welsh Board of Directors, TWW Ltd, 36PP. (TWW, 1960). We Cover the South 29PP' (Southern Television, 1961).

ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS

The programme companies for each lTV region, e.g. ABC Television for Midlands and North (Saturdays and Sundays), produced their own annual reports and accounts giving a summary of the year's programmes, technical developments and statement of accounts.

AUDIENCE RESEARCH AND ADVERTISING

A TV's Midlands majori!142pP' (Associated Television, 1960). Advertising in a Frtl Socie!)l Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon 216pp. (Institute of Economic Affairs, 1959). TIre First rear qfCommercial Television. A review 63PP' (F. C. Pritchard, Wood and Partners, 1956). Granada Viewership Surv9, January-March /gOO I 49PP' (Granada TV Network, 1960). Half Decade: an Inside Story Leonard Smith 134PP' (Associated-Rediffusion, 1961). The IAndoner-explanatory manual: a stutfy in ptTSonali!)l and media I 58pP' (Associated­ Rediffusion, 1962). The IAndoner. A psychological stutfy qf the IAndon population. Three volumes. (Associated­ Rediffusion, 1962). Marketing guide 10 Ihe TWW region 87PP. (TWW, 1961). Media and Marketing Surv9 of the Midlands Television Area. No. 5 April-June 1960 I 95PP. (Associated Television, 1960). Notes of Guidance on Television Advertising (Initial sections) (Independent Television Com­ panies Association, 1962). Principles for Television Advertising 16pp. (ITA, 4th Edition, 1961). A Surv9 qf IAndoners' Opinions on Television Advertising Maga(.ines 44PP. (Assoicated­ Rediffusion, 1962). Television and the Political Image. A stutfy qf the impact qf televisioll on the 1959 General Election. Joseph Trenaman and Denis McQuail 287PP' (Methuen, 1961). The United Kingdom: an economic stutfy George Murray 200pp. (Associated-Rediffusion, 1962). What Children Watch A report on a Granada survey of children's television viewing. 58PP' (Granada TV Network, 1961).

ASPECTS OF PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT

(i) CHILDREN, SCHOOLS, EDUCATION

Children and Television Programmes The report of a joint committee set up by the BBC and ITA (Committee chairman: Miss May O'Conor) 47PP' (ITA and BBC, Ig60). E. T. V. Confirence. Report on a Conference at Glasgow University. (Scottish Television, 1962). 394 APPENDIX 2: SOME CONTEMPORARY PUBLICATIONS

Educational Television. Some suggestions for afourth service 12pp. (ITA, 1961). Educational TV: 1962-and afler 14PP' (Television Mail, 1962). Midnight Oil A survey on a teaching-by-television experiment. 12pp. (Ulster Television, 1962). Parents, Teachers and Television 48PP. (ITA/UMSO, 1958). Record oj a Conference on Educational Television held at th, Royal Hotel, Norwich, on Saturday 6 January 196250PP' (ITA, 1962). School Report: the first four years 112pp. (Associated-Rediffusion, 1961). Television and the Child, Himmelweit, Oppenheim and Vince (Oxford Univenity Press, 1958). Television in Ed"cation Report of a conference held at Nottinghamshire County Training College on 21 November 1961. 50PP. (Associated Television, 1961).

(ii) POLITICAl. PROORAMMING

A First Report Oil Constitl/ency Television in a General Election. The Granada 'Election Marathon' 43PP' (Granada TV Network, 1959). Granada GOtS to Rochdale. TV coverage ohhe Rochdale by-election, 1958 48PP. (Granada TV Network, 1958).

(iii) TELEVISION DRAMA

Anato"!), oj a Television Play An inquiry by John Russell Taylor into the production of Alun Owen's 'The Rose Affair' and Robert Muller's 'Afternoon of a Nymph' (ABC Armchair Theatre) 223PP. (Wcidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962). The Armchair Theatre. How to write, design, act, direct, enjoy television plays. (ABC Television) 115PP' (Wcidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959)' Emergency Ward 10 A descriptive booklet on the occasion of the 500th episode. 16pp. (Associated Television, 1962). No Hiding Place: a programme platmedfor success. A research report 29PP. (Associated-Redilfusion, 1962).

(iv) RELIGIOUS TELEVISION

About Religion. Fiveyears oJreligiol/s broadcasting. 26pp. (Associated Television, 1961). Lal/des Evangelii A miracle play inspired by Byzantine mosaics, the paintings ofGiotto and the Canticles of thirteenth and fourteenth century Italy 26pp. (Associated-Rediffusion, 1961). A Man Dies A dramatisation for our times of the Passion and Crucifixion. Two booklets. JOpp., 4IPP" (ABC Television, 1961). Religiol/s programmes on Independent Television. 64PP' (ITA, 1962).

ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL

The AI/thority's stations (Independent Television papers III) 32PP' (ITA, 1962). Elstree Studio Centre 38PP' (Associated Television, 1961). 405:625 A plan for chatlging to 625 litles while retaining VHF transmission 19PP' (ITA, 1961). How TV Works. The technical story for no,,-technical people. 48PP' (Granada TV Network/ Methuen, 1960). Studio Five Description of proposed Wembley Rediffusion studio. 16pp. (Associated­ Rediffusion, 1960). What is a TV Cetltre? Description of the Granada TV centre, Manchester. 28pp. (Granada TV Network, 1960). INDEX

ABC Music Shop, 321 Advertising, television, xiii, 6-7, 33, 40-B, 98-103 ADC Television, controls, 33, 36, 40-3, 101-3, 371-2; company, 82-4, 119-21, 122-3, 311-13, 330, Advertising Advisory Committee, 44-5, 334, 345-6; composition, 82-4; establishes 47-B, 101-3; amount and length of ad­ Alpha Television with ATV, 119 vertising, 48, 99-100, 358; code of stan­ contract, lTV, Midlands and North weekend dards, '1.7, 47-B, 101-3; distinction be­ service, 68; application, 82-3, 84, 141; tween advertising and programmes to be appointment, 84, 226 preserved, 33,98,100,341; natural breaks, finance, 84, 141; ITN participation crisis 140-1, 33, 100-1; and religious programmes, 43, 145-7 4B, 100, 280, 282, 358; and royal occasions programmes, 122-3, 330, 334, 345-6, 349; coverage, 43, 48, 100; and schools pro­ advertising magazines, 330, 334; adult grammes, 100, 26g-70, 358; unacceptable education, 279, 359; arts, 336, 352; drama, products and services, 47-8, 10'1. 122-3,312-13,330,334,338:9,345,346; forms of: advertising magazines, 100, 13B, 330, first transmissions, preparations, 119-21, 334, 336; sponsorship, 7, 13-14, 15, '1.3, 33, 122-3, 195; local 248-9; music, popular, 98:9, 341; spot advertising, 7, '1.3, 40-1, 321,330; networking arrangements, 311, 98:9 312-13; quiz shows, 349; religious, 281-2, legislation and recommendation: Selsdon 330,362-3 Committee, 1934, 4; Beveridge Com­ staff appointments, 84, 121 mittee, 1949,7-8; White Paper on broad­ studios, 119-21, 122, 303; Alpha Studios, casting, 195'1., 13-15; Television Act, 1954, 119-21 3'1., 33, 36, 40- 1, 44-5, 47-8, 98-9 transmitting stations, 81, 92, 93, 94, 119, 122, products and services, 44, 47, 4B, 101-2; al­ t94-5 cohol,47, 10'1.; cigarettes and tobacco,4B, ADS Stt Association of Broadcasting Staff to'1.; football pools, 102; fortune tellers, AC1T ste Association of Cinematograph, 102; gambling, 47, 102; matrimonial agen­ Television and Allied Technicians cies, 102; medicines, 44, 47, 101-2; money AOD Research Ltd, 344 lenders, 48, 102 ATV see Associated Television Ltd revenue from, 6, 23, 37, 152, 164, 16B, 195-8, Abicair , Shirley, 319 200, 203; affected by serious program­ Aboul Religion, 248, 252-3, 254, 280, 281,336,360, ming, 164, 16B; for DDC, suggestion, 13-14, 362, 363 18; rates, t02-3, 195-6; tax on, 299-302 Adam, Kenneth, 322 Advertising Advisory Committee, 44-5, 47-B, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, 117 101-3 Addinsell, Richard, 230 Advertising agencies, t8, 101, 135 Adorian, Paul, 116, 177, 184, IB7; Advertising Association, 101 as Managing Director, Associated-Rediffusion, Advertising magazine programmes, 100, 13B, 330, 18B, 201, 274, 276 334. 336 Adult education programmes, 279, 358, 359-60 Advisory committees and councils, DOC, 7, 103-5 Adventures of Kit Carson, The, 332 Central Religious Advisory Committee (CRAC), Adventurts of Long John Silver, The, 331 24,45, 103-4, 21B, 279, 2BI Advertisements, television, xiii General Advisory Council, 30 on the Opening Night OfITY, 128 School Broadcasting Council, 7, 105, 26g, 270, United States, 19 272 395 INDEX

Advisory committees and councils, lTV, 38, 44-5, Associated Newspapers, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 125, 47-8,98- 105, ~70-I, ~79 184, 189, 19~-3 Advertising Advisory Committee, 44-5, 47-8, and Associated-Rediffusion, 73, 184, 185-8, 101-3 191, ~II~, ~~3, ~~6 Central Religious Advisory Committee (CRAC), and Southern Television, 187, 193, 2~1-6, 229 ~4, 45, 103-4,218,279,281 Associated-Rediffusion, Children's Advisory Committee, 44-5 104-5, company, 73, 116-18, 183-9; advisory commit­ ~70-I, 272, 383 tees, ~71, 1172, 278; composition of, 185, Educational Advisory Council, 271, 272, 278 187-8; evidence to Pilkington Committee, Northern Ireland, 38 187; origins of, 73, 116-17, 183-4; and TV Panel of Religious Advisers, 44-5, 47, 103-4, Times, 126 279-81,361,383 contract, lTV, London weekday service, 68; Schools Broadcasts Committee, 271, 272, 278 application, 184; appointment, 68, 69, 73 Scottish, 38, 1109 finance, 15~, 167, 183-8, 197, 19B, 1100, 300; Wales, 38 Associaled Newspapers' shares, 185-8, African Patrol, 334 223-6; crisis, 1955-6, 167, 185; and ITN Agar, Herbert, 11111 participation, 145, 380 Aide-mlmoire on Ministerial broadcasting (and the programmes, 128-9, 138-9, 3211-4, 335-7; Fourteen Day Rule), 1138, 1139, 1140, 1156, adult education, 279, 359; current affairs, 260 288, 352, 355; documentaries, 356-7; Alcohol advertising, 47, lOll drama, 3~2-3, 324, 337, 346-7; first trans­ Alexander, Ghislaine, 81 missions, preparations, 116-18, 319-25; Alfred Hitchcock Presents, 331 hours, 1151; lectures, 350-1; networking All My Sons, 333 arrangements, 252,310-12; Opening Night All Our resterdays, 352 of lTV , 1117-9; programme exchange agree­ Allen, Chesney, 324 ment with Granada, 196-200, 226, 251, Allen, Jack, 321 295; quiz shows, 3113, 348, 349; religious, Allen and Overy (Solicitors for the ITA), 90, 310 254, 1180; schedules, 138-9, 170; schools, Allenby, Bill, 280, 355, 360 lillO, 1168-79, 358, 359; sports, 323-4; Alpha Studios (ABC Television and ATV), 119-21 supply arrangements with TWW Ltd, Alpha Television, 119 21 4-5 Amalgamated Press, 221-2, 226, 228, 229 staff, 116-18, 1151, 360; appointments, 116, Ammon, Lord, 115 117-18, 185,1171; strike bYAClT members, Amser Te (Tea Time), 1117, 3311 1955, II I; trade union representation, Anderson, Daphne, 3111 110, ~51 Anderson, Gerry, 336 studios, 117, 251 Anglia Television, 346, 3511; see Volume 2: transmitting stations, 92 Chapter 2 for origins and development Associated Television Ltd (ATV), Animal Parade, 356 company, 73-9, 118-19, 119-20; composition, Annan Committee, xi-ii, 67 73-9, 118, 191-11; esiablishes Alpha Report (Cmnd. 6753) xii, 129, 339, 375 Television with ABC Television, 119 Antrim, Lord, 213 contract, lTV, London weekend and Midlands Appointment With ... , 338 weekday service, 68; application, 73-5; Are Husbands ReallY Necessary?, 3116 appointment, 68, 76 Argument (BBC), 25 finance, 73-7, 152, 167, 190, 19 1, 198, 204; Armchair Theatre, 123, 312, 324, 330, 338-9, 345, DailY Mirror investment, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 346, 385 189-92, 11116, 2~8 Army Game, The, 334 programmes, 3111-2, 335-6, 337-8, 348-9; Arnaz, Desi, 333 adult education, 1179, 359, 360; drama,· Arness, James, 333 3111,313,345-6; first transmissions, 118- Arts programmes, 253, 336, 338, 343, 350-1, 352 19,321-2; lectures, 1109, 350-1; light en­ Assheton, Ralph, 10 tertainment, 312, 321-2, 348-g; network­ Assignment Unknown, 253, 323, 326 ing arrangements, 251-2, 310-11, 312; Associated British Pathi, 82-3 quiz shows, 348, 349; religious, 248, 252-3, Associated British Picture Corporation, 18, 82-3 1154, 1179, 1180-1, 3611-3; schedules, 138, Associated Broadcasting Development Co. Ltd, 248-51; schools, 220, 275, ~76, 278, 279; 68, 70, 73-8, ag, 118 supply agreement with Scottish Tele- INDEX 397

vision, 204, 206-7, 214 Barbirolli, Sir John, 1118 staff, 79, 118-19; appointments, 79, 118, 119, Barclays Bank, 196 250 ,360 Barnes, George, 14 studios, 118-119; Outside Broadcast Unit, Barnetson, Lord, xv, 188-g, 204 118-19 Barnett, Sir Ben, 99, 166 transmitting stations, 92, 119 Barry, Sir Gerald, 61-2 Association of Broadcasting StafT (ADS), 110-11, Barry, Michael, 338, 339, 346 251, 255; see also BBC StafT Association Bass, Alfie, 334 Association of Cinematograph, Television and Bassey, Shirley, 216, 324 Allied Technicians (Ae'IT), 106, 110-11,251, Btnllht Clotk (Sul/llqy Nighl allhe London Palladium), 255,378 322,348-9 national agreement with lTV, 111,255 Beaverbrook, l.ord, 188, 203 Attlee, Clement, Becker, f'red, 120 as Prime Minister, 1945-51,9 Bedser, Alec, 20 as Leader of the Opposition, 1951-5, 38; on the Bell, Daniel, 357 Fourteen Day Rule, 238; threat to repeal Bell, Philip, 46, 244 Television Act, 1954,25,28 Benn, Anthony Wedgwood, 29, 37, 234-5, 322 Audience research, 133-6 Bennett, Alan, 336 BBC Audience Research Department, 133-4, Benson, Henry, 154 136 Benson, Robert, 190 findings: lTV popularity, 134-5, 249: for Benson, S. H., Ltd (Advertising agency), 18, 101 Ministerial broadcasts, 263-4, 268; for Bernal, John Desmond, 338 religious programmes, 281-2, 361-2 Bernstein, Cecil, xiv, 73, 193,309,3",312,315, Gallup Poll, 26, 133, 135, 249, 282 337 measurement methods, 134 Bernstein, Sidney (lot" Lord Bernstein), Nielsen, A. C., 133-5, 168, 268 as Chairman, Granada Group Ltd, 70, 73, 94, proposed joint BDC/ITV system, 135-~ 107,121,135,179,193-200,214,250,251, Television Audience Measurement (TAM), 354; and the programme exchange agree­ 133-4 ment with Associated-RedilTusion, IgG- television 'rating~', 133-7, 168 200, 251 Audiences, 41, 260 Berrows Newspapers of Worcester, 212 and the BBC, 133-5, 249, 268, 320 Bessborough, Lord, 20 and lTV, 133--7, t39, 144-5, 167-8, 172,249, Beulah Hill (lTV temporary transmitting station), 268, 281-2, 320, 325, 329, 330, 339, 342, 92 344,351,352,361; for the first transmis­ Bevan, P. A. '1'., 120 sions, 134, 320 Bevan, R. A., 101, 300 studio audiences in television programmes, 128, Beveridge, Lord. 9. 32 321 as Chairman, Broadcasting Commillee, 1949, Australia, television services, 64, 222 5. 6; character, 6 Australian Broadcasting Commission, 356-7 Beveridge Committee. 1949, 4-8 Avengers, The, 312, 313 Chairmanship, 5, 6 Aylestone, l.ord (formerly Herbert Bowden), xv evidence to. 6, 7. 17-18 meetings, 5. 6 BBC Charter, 3, 4, 9, 13, 16,367 members. 7,8 BBC Licence and Agreement, 3 Report (Cmd. 8116). 6-8, 9. 28, 29. 42, 375; DBC StalT Association (later Association of and adVertising, 7-8, 28, 98; and BBC Broadcasting StalT), 110-11 monopoly, 7, 8, 28; and commercial Baird television system, 120 broadcasting, 7-8, 14; and the Fourteen Baker, George, 330 Day Rule, 233, 236, 238 Baker, Richard, 286 Bevins. Reginald, as Postmaster-General, 195!}- Baker, Stanley, 216 64,368, 385 Balfour, Michael, xv Billy Graha,;" 253, 280-1 Balfour of Inchrye, Lord, 204 Binder, Hamlyn and Co., 154 Ball, I.ucille, 322, 333 Birk, Ellis, 191-2 Ballad Story, The, 275, 276 Birmingham Post and Mail, 76, 192 Banks, Lynne Reid, 124, 285 Black, Peter, xiii, 87, "7, 189, 193, 196, 198,200, Barber, Noel, 323 325, 346, 348, 349, 375 INDEX

Black and While Minislrel Show, The (nnc), 347 from government, 3, 4; Licencc and Black Hill transmitting station, 208 Agreement,3: monopoly, 3,4, 5,6, 12, 14, Blackpool Varie!>, Show, 312 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 29, 37, 63; and the Blair, Joyce, 230 Pilkington Committee, 347, 370 Blair, Lionel, 230 engineering, Band 1,92; radio, VIIF, 13; trans­ Board of Trade, 73 mitting stalions, 6, 13,92-4, 120, 195 Bob Cummings Show, The, 331 finance, 13-14, 18,28,42, 153, 160, 165,370; Bolshoi Ballet, 338 from advertising, proposal, 13-14, 18; Bonan~a, 336 from licencc fee revenue, 13, 28,42, 153, Bond, Ward, 331 160, 165, 370 Book Cnse, 320 programmes, 13Q, 321, 370; comedy, 347-8; Book Man, The, 330 Coronation coverage, 19; drama, 321, 339, Boothby, Robert (later Lord Boothby), 239-40, 345-7; current affairs, 25, 239, 262; hours, 322 95--6, 244-7, 304, 387; light entertain­ Border Television see Volume 2: Chapter 6 for ment, 232, 347-8; news, 123, 142, 283, origins and development 294; policy, 325; political, 255-{j8; Borders, lTV contract area, religious, 95, 103-4,279,280,282; schools, contract, 209 269-70, 272, 279; sports, 51-2, 324; vari­ map, 292; see also Volume 2: Chapter 6 ety, 320 Bosanquet, Reginald, 284 radio services, 10, 13, 14, 10,51,64, 133 Bovis Ltd, 117, 118 staff, 3, 53, 110-11; Opening Night of lTV Bowden, Herbert (Ialer Lord Aylestone), 262, 26'h attendance, 127; trade union represen­ 266 tation, 110-11 Boxing, 51 television services, 4, 5~, 14; competition with Boy Scouts Association, 105 lTV, xii, xiii, 29, 34, 49, 63, 67, 127; Boyd Q/J, 333 popUlation coverage, 15; second service Boyle, Edward (Ialer Lord Boyle), 299 prospects, 25, 69 Bracken, Brendan, 6, 10, 193-4,204 British Code of Standards, 102 Braddon, Russell, 202, 206, 381 Committee, 101 Braden, Bernard, 255, 332, 348 British Council of Churches, 45, 280 Brains Trust, The, (nBC) 83 British Dental Association, 101 Braithwaile-Exley, Gillian, xv British Electric Traction Company (BET), 116, Brand, Lord, 15, 19 183-7, 189, 224, 381 Bredin, James, xv British Film Producers Association, II I Bresslaw, Bernard, 334 Brilish Heritage, 253 Bridges, Lloyd, 334 British Institute of Practitioners in Advertising, 7 Briggs, Asa (Lord Briggs), 10,31,34,127-8,238, British Medical Association, 101 263, 375 Broadcast Relay Service, 12,68,69, 70, 73, 116, British Actors' Equity Association 106-7, 378 183-5 British Board of Film Censors, 23 Broadcasting, British Broadcasting Company, 3, 120 control, 3, 24 British Broadcasting Corporation, independence, 3, 24, 40, 42, 46, 179, 182 administration; Board of GOI'eruors, 3, 28, 31, monopoly, xii, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,12,13,14,16,17, 46-7, 52, 60, 242, 245 19,20,23,25,28,29,37,63,66,297,341, advisory committees and councils, 7, 103-5; 386 Central Religious Advisory Committee, 7, Broadeaslillg: MemoralldulII on Ihe Report of Ihe 24, 45, 103-4, 218, 279, 281; General Broadcastillg Commilltt, 1949 (Cmd. 8550) Advisory Council, 30; School Broad­ 1952, 13-16,31,62,375 casting Council, 7, 105, 269, 270, 272 Broadenslillg: MemoralldulII on Television Policy audiences, 41, 133, 135, 136, 249, 320; (Cmd.9005) 1953, 23-4, 25, 26, 27, 376 Audience Research Deparlment, 133-4, Broadcasting Act, 1980, xi, 145 136 Broadcns/ing Policy (Cmd. 6852) 1946, 5-6 Corporation, 3-4, 32; and the Beveridge Brockington, Leonard, 206 Committee, 7; Charter, 3, 4, 9, 13, 16,367; Bronowski, Jacob, 350, 351 and commercial telcvision, 6-7, 3t; crc­ Brooke, Henry, 170-1, I 73, 268 ation, 3; and the Fourtcen Day Rule Brown, .'rank, xv negotiations, 233-8, 240-3; independence Brown, W. J., 322 INDEX 399

Brownrigg, Tom, Channel Television, 126 as Gcneral Manager, Associatcd-Rcdiffusion, see also Volume 2: Chapter 5 for origins and 116-18, 185, 311, 312; background, 116; development character, It6-t7; and children's pro­ Channel Viewer, The, 126 grammes, 270; and ITN, as Chairman, 87, Chapman-Walker, Mark, xv, 20, 32, 49, 211,218, 143, 147-8; Opening Night of lTV prep­ 368 arations, 117-18, 127-8; trade union nego­ as Managing Director TWW Ltd, 181,213,215 tiations, 110-11 Chataway, Christopher, Bruce, Brenda, 230 as Newscaster, ITN, 123-4, 283, 284, 325 Buchan, James, 360 as Minister of I'osts and Telecommunications, Budget and broadcasting, 148, 163-4, 166, 256, 1970-4,95 257 Chelsea al Eighl, 332 Bull, Peter, 332 Children's Advisory Committee (ITA), 44-5, 104- Butler, R. A. (Ialer Lord Butler), 5, 270 - 1, 272, 383 as Chancellor of the Exchequer, t951-5, :11, Children's programmes, 43, 44-5, 104-5,268-72, 166 320, 33 1, 333, 343, 356, 358 as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the Commons, advisory committees, 44-5, 104-5 1955-9, 170-1, 173, 174; and political and advertising, 100, 269-70, 358 broadcasling, 258, 260, 262, 266 Chiller ton Down transmitting station, 221, 229 Chin Yu, 322 CRAC ue Central Religious Advisory Committee Christian Scientists, 280 Cabinet Broadcasting Policy Committee, 9, 12-13 Church of England, 104, 279, 280, 360, 361 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, as Chairman, DDC, Church of Scotland, 280 12 7-8,238,241 Church and Nation Committee, 207 Call Ox6ridge 2000, 335 General Assembly, 204 Campbell, George, 154 Churchill, Ben, 282, 283 Camrose, Lord, 188, 221 Churchill, Sir Winston, Canada, broadcasting in, 73, 222, 338 as Leader of the Opposition, 1945-51,4-5 Canadian Broadcasting Corporalion, 338, 357 as Prime Minister, 1951-5,21; Fourteen Day Canterbury, Archbishop of, set Fisher, Geoffrey Rule statement, 233-4 and Ramsey, Dr A. M. Cigarettes advertising, 102 Capital Issues Committee, 186, 191 Cilcennin, Lord, (formerly J. P. L. Thomas), 212, Carr, Robert (/aler Lord Carr), 5 21 3 Carr, Sir William, 210, 212, 213 Claim 10 Fame, 220 Carrol Ltvir DiscoveritJ, The, 333 Clark, Sir Kenneth (laler Lord Clark), xv Carter, Lady Violet Bonham, 19, 31 as broadcaster, 2og, 338, 350, 351, 381 'Carve up' (lTV network programming), 66-7, as Chairman, ITA, 59-60, 65~, 72,76,77,81, 30 3-16 82,113-14,209-10,351; appointment, 60; Cavalcade of Sport, 323 background; 59, 60, character, 60, 113, Censorship, 210; and finance of the ITA, 295; Fourteen and the Fourteen Day Rule, 235--8; of television Day Rule negotiations, 234, 237, 240, 241, programmes, 327, 353 242; Fraser, Sir Robert, relationship with, Central Office of Information, 61 65-6, 113-4; Grant-in-Aid of £750,000, Central Religious Advisory Committee (CRAC), 7, non-payment of, 150, 162-81; and hours of 24, 45, 103-4, 218, 279, 281 broadcasting, 245~; and ITN, 142-3, 144- Challenge, 220, 352 5; ITN interview with Robin Day, 144-5, Chance of a Lifel; me, 324 284; and networking arrangements, 310- Chancellor of the Exchequer, 21,148,166,256, I I; Opening Night of lTV, arrangements, 294, 299, 300 127-8, speech 129; and party political Change al Downing Sireet, 267 broadcasts, 264-6; Pilkington Committee, Channel Four, xii, 268, 353 evidence to, 113, 365; and Press interests in Channel Islands lTV contract area, lTV, 76; and programme control, 112-14; map, 292 and religious broadcasting, 103-4, 361; programme company, 126 resignalion, 150, 162, 173-5; and Southern ste aiJo Channel Television in Volume 2: Television, 222-3 Chapter 5 Clark, Petula, 216 Channel Nine, 319 Clifford, Arthur, xv, 124, 284-5 INDEX

Closed period, stt Hours of broadcasting Connell, Brian, 354, 355 Cockin, Right Revd F. A., 279, 383 Conservative Broadcasting and Communications Cogan, Alma, 337 Committee, 170 Collins, Norman, xiv, 14, 18, 19,20,32, 53, 61, Conservative Central Office, 20, 21, 49 120, 190,221 Conservative Party, as Controller of Television, BBC, 14, 118 attitudes to commercial television, 5, 10, 12-13, as Deputy Chairman, ATV, 73, 79, 118, 147-8, 16, 19,20-1,26 239,280 and the Beveridge Committee, 7, 9 Colston, Sir Charles, Conferences, 21 as Deputy Chairman, ITA, 61, 77-8; resig­ General Election broadcasts, 255 nation, 60, 77, 377 party political broadcasts, arrangements, 255- Coltart, James, xv, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 360, 68 380 pressure group for commercial television, 5, 9- Columbia Broadcasting System, 285 10 ComttfJ Playhoust (BBC), 347 and the Television Act, 1954, 32, 37, 44, 49- Comedy programmes, 321, 322, 332, 347-8 50 Coming ShortlY, 230 Conservative Party Broadcasting Study Group, Commercial television, 12, 15, 16,20,21 Annan Committee on, xii Consultations, ITA/lTV, 344, 347, 361 , 363, 385 BBC views, 6-7, 19,31 Contracts, lTV, 68, 88-g1 Beveridge Committee Report on, 7-8 Conway, Russ, 331 Campaign against, 17-18, 19,20,21, 25, 29, Cook, Peter, 336 31-2,70; for, 4, 9-10,18-19,20-1,211 Cool for Cals, 334 Conservative Party views, 10, 12-13, 16, 19, Cooper, George, xv, 199 20-1 Cooper Bros and Co., 154, 169 Labour Party views, 16, 19,21,371 Cooper-Key, Neill, 185 origins of, 4, 13-16 Copplestone, Frank, xv public'S views, 23, 26 Coronation of H. M. (bieen Elizabeth II, ste also Television Act, 1954; and Independent Pathe News film, 83 Tclevisionfor sllbstquent development television coverage (BBC), 19 Commercials Stt Advertisements, television Coronation Sireet, 336-7 Committee on Party Political Broadcasting, Court of Appeal, 55 258-63 passim Coven, Frank, xv, 150, 184, 192-3, 222-3 Committees and councils, advisory set Advisory Coward, Noel, 338 committees and councils Cox, Sir Geoffrey, xiv, Committees of Enquiry see Annan Committee; as Editor-in-Chief, ITN, 148, 283-4, 286, 287, Beveridge Committee; Crawford Com­ 353 mittee; Pilkington Committee; Selsdon Com­ Craigie, Jill, 322 mittee; and Ullswater Committee Crawford, Broderick, 334 Commons, House of, ste House of Commons Crawford Committee, 1926,3,6 Companies, lTV, set ABC Television; Anglia Crawley, Aidan, xv, Television; Associated-Rediffusion; Associ­ as Editor-in-Chief, ITN, 87, 123-4, 142, 143-4, ated Television; Border Television; Channel 145, 146, 147, 148, 235; resignation, 142, Television; Grampian Television; Granada 143-4, 283, 287 (TV Network) Ltd; Scottish Television; Criss Cross Qpi-t, 332 Southern Television; TWW Ltd; Tyne Tees Crookshank, Harry, 38, 72,86, 239 Television; Wales West and North; Crossroads (lTV talks programme), 324 Westward Television; Ulster Television Crows Ntsl, 356 Competition, 6, 12-13, 24, 25, 31, 63-7 Cruikshank, Stewart, 118 lTV: with the BBC, xii, xiii, 29, 34, 49, 63, 67, 12 7, Crystal Palace (London transmitting station), 92 335, 339, 340; 'competitive optional net­ Cuba Si!, 354 work' concept, 65-7, 252, 309, 310, 312-3; Cudlipp, Hugh, 192 programme supply, 32-3, 46, 49-50, 63-7, Cummings, Bob, 321, 331 90 ,308,314 Cultural programmes, 139, 176, 336, 338, 343, Composers' Guild of Great Britain, 106, 378 350 - 1, 352 Concert Artistes' Association, 106, 378 Cup Final (FA), 51 ConfidentiallY, 320 Curbishley, Anthony, xv INDEX 401

Current affairs programmes, 87, 252-3, 254, 267, Doncaster, Caryl, 355 288, 333, 353-3 Donlan, Yolande, 320 Dorte, Philip, 86 DailY Express, 76, 77, 191 Double rour Money, 323, 333, 337, 349 DailY Mail, 69, 136 Dougall, Robert, 286 DailY Mirror, Dragne/, 230, 320 and commercial broadcasting, 18, 69, 71- 2, 191 Drake, Charlie, 230 campaign against involvement of Associated Drama programmes, Newspapers in lTV, 69, 7t-2, 189 BBC, 321, 339, 345-7; policy, 346-7 investment in ATV, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 189-1)2, lTV, 122-3, 312-13, 326, 330, 338, 344-7; 228 classical plays, 322, 323, 329, 338, 346-7; DailY Telegraph, 221-2 commissioned works, 338-1), 346; filmed Darlc Pastures, 334 plays, development of, 321, 345; religious Darling, George ({a/er Lord Darling), 37, 49 plays, 36$ schools plays, 273; serials and Da/eline, 288, 353 series, 138, 230, 248, 320, 335; single plays, Davies, Bernard, xiv 123,231,321,322,324,330,333,334,344- Davies, Clement, 27 5,346; soap operas, 331-2, 335, 336-7; see Davies, Jenkin Alban, 217, 218 also under names rif individual programmes Davies, Rupert, 321 Drayton, Harley, 70, 183, 184-1), 204, 228, 355 Davis, Desmond, 251 Driberg, Tom (Ia/er Lord Bradwell), 250, 322 Davis, John, as Chairman, Southern Television, Drummond,J. A. I.., 189, 190 222, 226, 228, 229 Dulce Elling/on and His {bIar/eI, 333 Davis, Jr, Sammy, 336 Dundee Courier, 229 Day, Robih, 379 Dunnett, Alastair, 208 as Newscaster, ITN, 124, 284, 286, 288; inter­ views, 288, with Clark, Sir Kenneth, as ETV (Educational Television), 273, 358 Chairman, ITA, 144-5, 284, with Eades, Wilfred, 339 Macmillan, Harol~, as Prime Minister, Eagle Star Insurance Company, 189,228 288 East of England lTV contract area, 303, 387 Day by DIV, 231 map, 292; see also Volume 2: Chapler 2 De La Warr, Lord, 12, 15,22,24,32,50,52,60, Eastwood, Clint, 337 71,82,160,164,173,244,295,308-9,377 Eccles, David ({a/er Lord Eccles), 359 Dear Viewer, 19-20 Eden, Sir Anthony (Ia/er Lord Avon) Deas, Maxwell, 360 as Prime Minister, 1955-7, 170, 263-4, 286; Dea/h rif a Salesman, 333 and the Suez crisis, 263; resignation, 283 Debut, 253 Edge rif Success, The (BBC), 87 Decker, Diana, 333 Edinburgh, H. R. H. The Duke of, 335 Dekker, Albert, 333 Edinburgh Evening Dispa/ch, 204, 206 'Democratic aim but not the democratic method' Edinburgh Evening News, 204 (said of Lord Reith), 136 Educational Advisory Council (Associated­ Denis, Armand and Michaela, 321 Rediffusion), 271, 272, 278 Denison, Michael, 333 Educational broadcasting, 104-5,268-79,358-60 Denning, Lord, 54-5 advisory committees and councils, 7, 105,269, Derby, Lord, xv, 20, 210 270- 1,272, 279 as Chairman, Popular Television Association, programmes: adult education, 279, 358-60; 20,211 schoob, 105, 268-79, 359; Set also Schools as President, later Chairman, TWW Ltd, 210- broadcasting 13, 21 5, 21 7,222 Edwards, Huw T., 212 Desmond, Jerry, 349 Edwards, Sir Ifan ab Owen, 212, 217 Devlin, J. G., 337 Edwards, Ness, 27, 36, 38, 54 Dewch i Mewn, 220, 33 1, 333 Elte/ra, 346-7 Dimbleby, Richard, 355 Electrical Trades Union (nu), 106, 110,251,255, Dixon, Reg, 319, 320 378 Do rou Trus/ rour Wife?, 349 Elstree Studios, 82, 118 Documentary programmes, 99, 326-7, 342, 343, Elizabeth II, 100,210,335 352, 354, 356-7 Elliot, Walter, 21, 28-1), 49 Donachy, Frank, 209 Ellis, Jacqueline, 337 40 2 INDEX

Elton, Lord, 4 companies, 156; rentals to the Post Office, Elvin, George, III 151; Reserve Fund, 295, 296 Embassy Club, London, 321-2 lTV, 32, 40-4,149-59, 160-82,293; advertising Emergeng-Ward Ten, 331--2, 334, 337 revenue, 6, 23, 37, 40, 150, 164, 168, 195- Emley Moor transmilling station, 93, 122 8, 200, 203; companies' profits, 294-9, Enchanted Doll, The, 334 301 - 2; crisis, 1955~, 145, 149-59; Grant­ Engineering, television, in-Aid of £750,00, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, general: colour, 161,299; 405-line, 299, 367-8; J03, 112, 145, 150, 160-82, 281; Television 625-line, 299, 367-8; video recording, 345 Advertising Duty (TAD), 299-302; inde­ BBC: Band 1,92, 195; transmilling stations, 92-4 pendence of government finance, 41-2, lTV: Band III, 64, 92, 161, 195; Band IV, 161; 179,181-2 colour, 161; frequency allocations, 63, 64; Financial Times, 18 studios, 94, II 7, 118, I 19-21, 204, 207, Finigan, Tony, 360 219,220,221,227,230,251,303; Iransmit­ First Night, 220 ting stations, 47, 89, 92-4, 115, 119, 122, Fisher, Geoffrey (Archbishop of Canterbury, 194-5,208,210,216,221,229,327-8,382 1945~1), 25, 26, 32, 41, 42 Epilogues, 253, 254, 280-1, 334, 336, 362 Flanagan, Bud, 324 Equity, see British Actors' Equity Association Fletcher, Eric (later Lord Fletcher), 37, 83, 84, Essex, Francis, 347 140-1, 145-6, 147,206,360 European Broadcasting Union, 100 'Holsam' see Hilliam, B. C. Eurovision, 100, 377 Flotsam's Follies. 230 Evans, Lyn, xv, 219, 220 Foot, Michael, 239, 322 Ewing, Ian Orr-, see Orr-Ewing, Ian Football pools advertising, 102 Exchequer, see Treasury; Chancellor of the Ford, Boris, 271, 272 Exchequer Fords of Dagenham, 129 Eye Level, 362 Foreign filmed programmes on lTV, 51, 107, lOB Foreign Press Club, 253, 328 Forman, Sir Denis, xiv, 193,319,340,342,344 Fabian Society, 7 Forsyth, Bruce, 336 Facing Tomorrow, 282 Fortnight Rule, see Fourteen Day Rule Fairbanks, Jr, Douglas, 334 Four Star Tiitatre, 322 FamilY Solicitor, 337 Fourteen Day Rule on political broadcasting, Farm in the South, 230 233-43 Farming rear, The, 276, 277 House of Commons debate on, 233, 237-9 Farnborough Air Show, 231 Seleci Commillee on, 237, 239, 240-2 Farr, Tommy, 230 Fox, Uffa, 230 Farson, Daniel, 331, 338 Francis, Alfred, 212, 215, 217, 221 Farson's Choice, 338 Francis, Cyril, xv, Federal Communications Commission (USA), 156, Fran~ois, Jacqueline, 334 Fell, Anthony, 12,29 Franklyn, William, 321 Fennimore, Hilda, 321 Fraser, Bill, 334 Festival of Britain, 1951, 6~, 122 Jo'raser, Sir Robert, Festival of Stars, The, 334 as Director General, ITA, xiv-xv, 59-60; ap­ Ffitch, George, 284 pointment, 61-2, 66; background, 61; Fields, Gracie, 118, 230 beliefin 'people's television', 136,317,339, Film Artistes Association, 106, 378 340; and censorship, 327, 353; Clark, Sir Film industry, 17, 51, 212 Kenneth, relationship with, 65-6, 113-4; Films on lTV, and competition in programme supply, foreign, 51, 107, 108 64~; concern at high lTV profits, 1959-60, quota, J06, 108, 345 293, 29B; and the Fourteen Day Rule, 234, Finance, 240-3; and 'give-away' shows, 34B; and BBC: from advertising, proposal, 13, 14, 18; Grant-in-Aid of £750,000, 163, 166, 172- licence fee revenue, 13,28,42, 153, 160, 3, 177, 178, 179; and hours of broadcast­ 165, 370 ing, 95-7, 107-9, 244-5; and ITN forma­ ITA, 88-9, 149-59, 294-6: income from pro­ tion, 85-7; and lTV publications, 125~; gramme company rentals, 89, 150-9,205- and networking arrangements, 310, 312- 6, 294, 296, 302; independence from the IS; and party polilical broadcasts, 258-64; INDEX

and Pilkington Committee, 36B, 372, 373; 326,34B-50 and programme companies' appoint­ 'Give the public what it wants' (Roland Gillett), ments, 69--8.l, 205-9, 215-16, 222-B; and '39, 250, 328 programme contracts, BB-g I; and the Glamorgan County Council, 216 Public Accounts Committee, 293~; and 'God-slot', see Hours of broadcasting;Religious refusal of ABC Television to participate in broadcasting ITN, 140-1, 145-7; and Scottish Tele­ Good t!fiernoon Children, 331 vision/ATV programme supply arrange­ Goodman, Arnold (/aler Lord Goodman), 211, ments, 205, 206-7; and Southern Tele­ 21 3, 21 5,223 vision, 222, 227 Goold-Adams, Richard, 144 Frawley, William, 333 Gordon, Noele, 331 Free Church, 104, 2Bo Gordon-Walker, Patrick (laler Lord Gordon- Free SPeech, 237, 239, 248, 253, 254, 262, 322, 352 Walker), 239 'Free television to be put beside a free press' Goring, Marius, 324 (Sir Robert Fraser), 75 Gough, Michael, 321 Freedom of speech, 235-7, 239, 243 Gould, Sir Ronald, '1.71 Frequencies for lTV, 63, 64 Government, Friday's Girl, 326 and broadcasting, 9 Friday's Man, 326 relationship with the BBC, 3, 4 From Cover 10 Cover, 277 relationship with ITA/lTV, 24, 40, 42, 46, 179, f'ry, Somerset Plantagenet, 355 181-2 Fusion, tB5 Government (Coalition), 1940-5, 233 FyCe, Sir David Maxwell (laler Lord Kilmuir), Government (Labour), 1945-51,4-5,9, 183 as Home Secretary, 1951-4,9, 15-16, 27, 28, Government (Conservative), 1951-5, 9, 10, 20, 30, 32, 36, 37, 54, 60, 166, 174, 175 21,23-4,25-30,31,37,53,95, 181-2,367 as Lord Chancellor, 1954-62, 1,5,173,175 Government (Conservative), 1955-g, 162-7, 169- Fyfe, Lady Maxwell, 60 80, 234-5, 236-7, 242-3, 357 Government (Conservative), 1959~4, 130, 182, Gable, Jo, xiii-xiv, 375 300,357-8,367,371 Gaitskell, Hugh, 258, 260, 262, 263-4, 266, Government (Labour), 1974-g, xi, xii, 67 268 Government (Conservative), 1979- , 67 Gallup Poll, xvi, 26, 133,249,282 Gower, Raymond, 217 Gammans, David, 27,32,34,36, 38,42,43, 45,47, Grade, Leslie, 118 50, 54, 71, 99, 234, 244 Grade, Lew (/aler Lord Grade), Gander, Leonard Marsland, 372 as Deputy Managing Director, ATV, 79, 118, Garner, James, 334 209,309, 311 - 12, 313, 351 Gascoigne, Bamber, 352 Grade Organization, 78 Gaumont-British, 22B Grampian Television, 300, 360; see also Volume 2: General Election, 1950, 5 Chapter 7 for origins and development General Election, 1951,9, 10, 12 Granada (TV Network) Ltd, General Election, 1955, 72, 255 company, 73, II! 1-2, 193-200, 330-5; back­ General Election, 1959, 295, 343, 351, 37 1 ground, 73, 194; evidence to the Beveridge 'Gentleman's Agreement' about films on lTV, Committee, 17-18; evidence to the 106-g Pilkington Commiuee, 315 George, Gwilym Lloyd- see Lloyd-George, contract, lTV, North weekday service, 68, 1111, Gwilym 194; appointment, 6B, 73 George, Lady Megan Lloyd, see Lloyd George, finance, 194-200; affiliation with TWW Ltd, Lady Megan 215, 217, 218-g; advertising revenue, 195- Gel This, 336 6, 200; difficulties, 195; rentals to the ITA, Gibson, Patrick, 192 196 Gielgud, Sir John, 346 programmes, 249-50, 251, 303, 330-5, 342, Gillett, Roland, 351-2,388; current affairs, 352; documen­ as Programme Controller, Associated-Redif­ taries, 342,354-5; drama, 336-7, 33B, 346; fusion, 116, 139, 250, 329, 355; 'give the first transmissions, preparations, 94, 121- public what it wants' 139,250, 328 \I, 194; hours, 121; exchange agreement Giraudoux, Jean, 33B with Associated-Rediffusion, 196-200, 'Give-away' programmes, 123,320-1,322,323, 226,1151,1195; quizshow$,34B-g; religious, INDEX

Granada (TV Network) Ltd (Contd.) Hawn, The, 324 R80, 360; Rochdale By-election coverage, Hawke, Jeremy, 332 34R-3, 351; schools, RRO, R78 Heald, Sir Lionel, 240, 349 staff, 11I1I, 193 Heath, Edward, 5, R57, R62, 264, 266, 268 studios, 94, 11I1; Travelling Eye Units, Ilil Heath, Gordon, 332 transmitting stations, BI, 911, 93, 94, 122, 194-5, Heaton, Canon Eric, 104,280, 361 311 Heller, Robert, 311 transmittingstations,B2,92,93,94,122,194-5, Henry, Brian, xv 311 Herbert, Sir Edwin (Iat" Lord Tangley), 152, Granada Group Ltd, 194, 196, 198 154-9, 166, R05, 380 Granada Theatres (later Granada Group Ltd), 17, Herbison, Margaret, 38 73,194,196 Here Today, 220 Granadiers, 332 Hewat, Tim, 342, 353, 354 Grant-in-Aidof£75o,OOO,32,3B,40,42,103,1I2, High Definition fo'i1ms, 118, 120,221 145, 150, IGo-BlI, 1I81 Highbury Film Studios (ATV), 118, 120 Granuill, M,lodramas, Th" 31111 Highwl!Y Patrol, 334 Granville Theatre, Walham Green, 117, 251, 322 Hill, Charles, (later Lord Hill of Luton), XV, 380 Gray, Donald, 333 as Postmaster-General, 1955-7: Fourteen Day Green, Hughie, 319, 323, 349 Rule directive, 234, 235'-4$ and the Greene, Sir Hugh Carleton, 3B4 Grant-in-Aid of £750,000, 150, 162-7, as Director-General, BRC, 335, 372; attitude to IGg-7I, 173-9, 182; and hours of broad­ 1TV,335 casting, 96-7,243-7; Opening Night oflTV Greene, Richard, 322 speech, IR8-g Greenhead, Bernard, 120 as Chairman, ITA, 126, 129-30, 182, 316 'Gresham's Law' applied to lTV, 373 Hilliam, B. C. ('Flotsam'), 230 Grierson, John, 343 Himme1weit, Hilde, 356 Griffiths, James, 262 Hinchliffe, Sir Henry, 61, 89, 190 Griffiths, Joan, 20 Hitchcock, Alfred, 331 Grimond, Jo, 29, 233 Hobley, McDonald, 349 Grimston, Sir Robert, 45 Hogg, Quintin, see Hailsham, Lord Grisewood, Harman, 10, R57-8 Hollings, Revd Michael, R81 Groocock, Arthur, 116-17, 180, 185, 188, 196 Holme Moss transmitting station, 92, 94, 194 Groser, Father John, 2Bo Home Affairs Committee, 166, 169 Guildhall, City of London, Opening Night of lTV Home Secretary, '.17, 28, 30, 47 banquet, 127-9 Hom, with Joy Sh,lton, 321 Gun Law, 230, 333 Honeyman, Tom, R04, 1I05-ti Gunsmok" 139 Honourable Society of Cymmrodorian, 218 Gwlad y Gan (Land of Song), 217, 220 Hopalong Cassitly, 324 Horton, Robert, 331 Hailsham, Lord, (formerly Quintin Hogg), I, 15, Hotel Imperial, 332 25,26-7,37,49,371 Houghton, Douglas (later Lord Houghton), 54 Haley, Sir William, 14, 173, 194, 2gB Hours of broadcasting, 29, 33, 48, 95-7, 100, 13B, Halifax, Lord, 15, 19,25,37, 72 244-5,251,304-5,320,357-8,387 Hal1~ Orchestra, 128, 139, 168,253, R77, 328, 329 advertising, 48, 99-100, 35B Hamilton, Denis, 81 ehildren's programmes, 95, 270 Hamilton, Mary Agnes, 136 closed period rule, 95, 138,244,245; 'God-slot' Hamld,I6B on Sundays, 95, 217, 21B, 244, 279, 2BI; Hands about the Hous" 320 2B2; 'toddlers' truce' on weekdays, 95, 13B, Hanging Judg" 330 243-7, 288, 320; withdrawn, 95, 245 Harding, Gilbert, 230 educational programmes, 270, 358-9 Hardman, David, RO films, foreign and British, 107-9 Harewood, Lord, 336 informative programmes, 351-R Harris, R. T., 311 news programmes, 142-3, 286, 288 Harris, Robert, 324 'peak time', 34R Harrison, Rex, 20 religious programmes, 50, 95, 279-8$ epi­ Hartley, John, 284 logues, 220, 253,254, 2Bo-I, 326 Hartnell, William, 334 schools programmes, 270 , 357 INDEX

serious programmes, 342 Incorporated Society of British Advertisers, 18, Welsh language programmes, 50, 217, 218, 22, 101, 136,299,300,302 Television Committee, 50 House of Commons, Incorporated Television Programme Company broadcasts from, 286 Ltd (Ialer loform Associated Television), 75, Committee on Party Political Broadcasting, 76, 78, 118, 191, 204 258-63 Independent Broadcasting Authority (formerlJ debates: on White Paper, 1946, 5; on the Independent Television Authority), xi, xii, Beveridge Committee Report, 1951,9; on 55,67 the White Paper, 1951,9; on the White Independent Television (lTV), Paper, 1952, 15-16; on the White Paper, advertising, 6-7, 27, 33, 36-7, 40-8, gO-103, 1953, 25, 27-30; on the Television Act 195-6, 269-70, 37 1-2; amount, 48, 99- 1954, 34-5, 36-54, 85; on the Fourteen 100, 358; controls, 33, 36, 40-3, 101-3, Day Rule, 1955, 233, 237:) 371-2; magazine programmes or 'shop­ Home Affairs Committee, 166, 169 pers' guides', 100, 138,330,334,336; 'spot' Select Committee on the Fourteen Day Rule, advertising u. sponsored programmes, 7, 237, 239, 240- 2 23, 40-1, 98:); types of products and Press interests in lTV, alarm over amount of, services, 44, 47, 48, 101-2; set also 69-70 Advertising, television pressure group for commercial television, 5, 9, advisory committees and councils, 38, 44-5, 20-1 47-8, gO-I 05, 27D-I, 279, 361, 383; stlOlso Public Accounts Committee, 159,293-8 individual commit/tts House of Lords attitudes to lTV: Annan Committee, xii, 129, debates: on monopoly, 1946, 5; on the 339; Pilkington Committee, xii, xiii, 41, Beveridge Committee Report, 1951,9; on 45, 104,369-70; the Press, 18,69-72,74- the White Paper, 1951,9; on the White 8,133,371;thepublic, 16,133-7,167,249, Paper, 1952, 15;on the White Paper, 1953, 329, 25-7; on the Television Act, 1954, 34-5, audiences, 41, 133-7, 139, 144-5, 167, 168,249, 37, 48-9, 52, 53; reviewing the 268,281-2,320,329,330,342,344,351-2; Government decision on the 'toddlers' population coverage, 63, 93, 122, 134-5, truce', 246 382; research, 133-6,329;sltalsoAudience Howe 10 ul, 268 Research Houston, Donald, 216 engineering: Band III, 64, 92,161,195; Band IV, Howard, Sir Seymour, 128 161; colour, 161; frequency allocations, 63, Howard and Wyndham Ltd, 78, 203, 204, 206, 64; studios, 94, "7, 118, 119-22, 16',204, 226, 207, 219, 220, 221, 227, 230, 25', 303; Hoyland, Tony, 360 trade test transmissions, 92, 115-16; trans­ Humanists, 29 mitting stations, 47, 89, 92-4, "5, "9, Hungary, Soviet invasion of, 263, 283, 285, 286 122, 382; see also Engineering, tele­ Hunt, Peter, xv, 355 vision Hyams, Philip, 118 finance, 32, 40-4, 149-59, 160-62, 293; com­ Hyams, Sid, 118 panies' profits, 293-9, 301; crisis, 1955-6, Hylton, Jack, 210, 211-12, 213, 324, 331, 381 145, 149-59; Grant-in-Aid .of £750,000, Hymns tif Praise, 220 32,38,40,42,43,44, 103, 112, 145. 150 , 160-82,281; income from advertising, 28, IPA, Sit Institute of Incorporated Practitioners in 32,37,152,164,168,181,195-8,200,20$ Advertising independence from government finance, ISBA, stt Incorporated Society of British Adver 41-2, 179, 181-2; stt also Finance, lTV tisers hours of broadcasting, 29, 33, 48, 95-7, 100, ITA, see Independent Television Authority 138, 243-7, 304-5, 320, 357-8, 387; ITN, see Independent Television News children's programmes, 95, 270; closed ITN Reports, 288 period,95, 138,217,218,243-7,279,281, lTV, see Independent Television 288, 320; educational programmes, 270, I Love Lucy, 230, 322, 333 358:); news bulletins, 142-3, 286, 288; I Remember, 253 religious programmes, 50, 95, 279-8$ see Imperial Tobacco Company, 212 also Hours of broadcasting In lilt NtWS (BBe), 25, 239, 262 Opening Night OflTY, 127-30,319 INDEX

Independent Television (lTv) (Con/d.) advisory committees and councils, 38, 44-8, programme companies, 68, 73-4, 85-7, 116- 98- 105, 270- 1, 1179; advertising, 44-5, 47- ~4, 140- 8• 183-~00. ~01-3~. 283-9. 29~. 8, 98-loS; children's programmes. 44-5, ~93-316; appointments, 68. 73. 76. 181. 104-5.1170-1,272, 38S; education, 104-5, 201. 21~. 2~~-5. 226; contracts. 68. 88-91. 1170-1, 1172, 1179; national, 38; religious 296; control. 89-90. 248; Consultations. programmes, 44-5, 47, 103-4, 1179-81 , 344.347,361,363.385; monopoly. 63. 66. 361, 38S; st, also Advisory committees and 297. 386; network structure. 25 1, ~5~, councils 303-16,330-5.335-9,387-90; Press inter­ Authority. xiii, 32-4. 36-55, 59-6~, 63-7, 88- ests in, 69-72, 74-8; Standing Consul­ gl, 98-105, 112-14, 1~7-30, and passim; tative Committee, 90. 91. 104, 115, 252, accommodation, 59; accountability, 47. 264, 305, 368; Weekday Network 5S; Chairman. 59, 60, 65, 169-70. 180. SIt Committee. 311-1~; see also Network, lTV also Clark, Sir Kenneth; control by and und" individual eompanies, e.g. ABC Parliament, 411, 46; Director General. 59, Television 61-~, see also Fraser, Sir Robert; Elizabeth programmes: balance in subject malter. 33, 36, II, visit of, 335; Fourteen Day Rule negoti­ 43, 50, 136-7, 167-8, 169-70, 1711,3116, ations, 1134-5. 1137, 1141-S; Members, 117-8, 328,33$ competition in supply, 32-3, 46, 3~, 54. 60-1. 63,65. 86• 87. 89. 14~. 157, 49-50, 63-7, 90, 308. 310; competition 16g-70, 173-4. ~og, ~17, ~18, 310, 335, with the BBC. xii. xiii, 29, 34, 49, 63, 67, 368; name, origin and discussions about, 127,335,339-40; films on lTV, quota. 106, 32. 38; origins of the concept of the 108,345; first transmissions, preparations, Authority, ~~, ~4, 117, 3~; Pilkington 115-~4;schedules, 138, 139, 170, 176, 180, Committee, evidence, 189, ~97-8, 299. 1148, 3~5, 3116; standards, 23,33, 36, 136-7, 300,367-8,390; political impartiality, 69- 169-70, 17~, 174-5, 180; see also individual 70; programme provision possibility. 161 programme ealegorits, e.g. Drama pro­ engineering: frequency allocation. 63. 64; trans­ grammes mitting stations, 47, 8g, 9~-4, 115, 119, publications, 125-6: programme journals, 91, I~~, 155, Ig4-5, ~08, 210. 1116, 2~t, ~29, 125-6 3~7-8. 382 regions: Borders, 209, 11911; Channel Islands, finance, 88-9, 149-59, ~94-6; Grant-in-Aid of I ~6, ~911; East of England, 292, 303, 387; £750,000, 3~. 38• 40, 4~, 43. 44, 103. II~. London.64.65,66,68,73:9.90,gll,116- 145, 150. 160-82. 1181; income from pro­ 19, 134-5, 183-9, 189-93, 1192, 387-9; gramme company rentals, 89, 150-9, 1105- Midlands, 64, 65, 66, 68, 73-9, 79-82, 8~- 6, 1194. 296, 302; independence from the 4,go,92,119-21,189-93,248-9,312,328. companies. 156; independence from the 387-9; North (Lancashire and Yorkshire), government, 42; payment to the Treasury, 64,65,66,68,73,79-811,82-4,90,92,93, ~98-9; rentals to the Post Office. 151; 94,121-3,193-1100,311,327,3118,330-5, Reserve Fund, ~95, ~96 387-9; North-East England, 292, 300. 308, Opening Night of lTV. 1~7-30 387; North-East Scotland, 20g, 2g~; programme companies: appointments. 68. 73. Northern Ireland, 119~; Scotland, Central, 76. 181, ~Ol, ~I~, ~211-5, ~1I6, policy, ~93- 181, 201-10, 11911, 387; South West 5i attitude to foreign shareholdings in, ~ 13, England, 2911; Southern England, 11111, ~~8; and competition in programme 11113-32, 11911, 306, 308, 31111, 387; Wales, supply. 63-7, 90, 115~; Consultations. 344, South and the West of England. 181,210- 347.361, 36S; control of, 89-90, 1111-14, 111,1192,387; Wales, West and North, 1192; 1~9-30, u6, 387-90; and ITN, 73, 85-7, see also "ndtr individual Ttgions jor eomplel, 140-8; relationship with the companies, rtftrenees 3~7; Standing Consultative Committee, staft', 79,84, 116-18, 1111, lilli, 181, 193,1107, 90, gl, 104, 115, 115~, ~64, 305, 368; see also 11116, 230. 251, 1171, 360; British citizens' Independent Television, programme employment, 106; trade union represen­ companies; alld und,r individual tom­ tation, 110-11 pani,s, ,.g. ABC Television Television Act 1954, provisions, 31-55 programme control, 1111-14: balance in subject Independent Television Authority (ITA), matter, 33, 36,43,50, 136-7. 139, 167-8, advertising control, 117, 33, 36, 44-8, 98- 103, 169-70, 17~, 176, 178, 180r3~6, 3~8, 335; 371-2; code of advertising standards, 27, educational, 268-79. 358-9; censorship, 47, 101-3; Stt also Advertising, television 3~7, 35S; films, quota on lTV, 106-9,345; INDEX

hours of broadcasting 95-7, 244-7; news, Jack Hyltoll Presents, 324 33, 36, 43, 44, 73, 14S, 380; networking Jack Jackson Show, The, 334 arrangements, 310-11, 312-13; political jackson, Jack, 128, 322, 334 broadcasts, 25S~8; quiz shows, 348- Jacob, Sir lan, So; religious, 44-5, 361, 383; scheduling, as Director-General, DDC, 31, 127-8, 135, 163, 248; standards, 23, 33, 36, 136--7, 169- 240, 2S8~0; critical of lTV, 160 70 jacobs, David, 331, 348 staff, 61-2, 104; trade union representation Jeans, A. G., 213 negotiations, 110-11 jelly, Anthony, 207 Television Act 19S4, provisions, 32-4, 36-SS, Jenkins, Clive, 184, 188, 189, 372 63, 112, 161,294 Jenkins, Megs, 333 Independent Television Companies Association, Jewel, jimmy, 333 xi; stt also Television Programme Jews and religious broadcasting, 281 Contractors Association Johns, Mervyn, 334 Independent Television for South Wales and the johns, Stratford, 321 West of England, see TWW Ltd Joke Over, 336 Independent Television News (ITN), Jones, Penry, xv, 282, 360, 362, 383 company, 44, 73, 8S-7, 123-4, 140-8, 283--9, Jones, Percy, 212 343, 388; ABC Television participation Jowilt, Lord, 49, 52, 244, 367 crisis, 140--1, '4S-7; formation, 8S-7, Joy, Bernard, 323 140; function, 8S~, /06, '47; incorpor­ Judge for rourselves, 277 ated,87 Junior Criss Cross Qpi~, 332 finance, 140--1, 146,286-7; expenditure, 140--1, 286-7 Kavanagh, Ted, 20 news bulletins and programmes, 123-4, 141-3, Kaye, Gerry, 120 283-9; coverage of the Soviet invasion of Kemp, Walter, 120,221 Hungary, 283, 28S, 286, of the Suez crisis, Kemp-Welch, Joan, xv, 346, 362 283,285,286,287; filmed reports, 141-2, Kemsley, Lord, 70, 80-2, 201 285, 286; interviews with, Sir Kenneth Kemsley Newspapers, 69,70,71,77, 79-8!l, 189, Clark, 144-5, 284, President Nasser of 201 Egypt, 287, 288; first transmissions, pre­ Kemsley-Winnick Group, parations, liS, 123-4; style of presen­ contract, lTV, Midlands and North weekends, tation, 87, 123-4, 141; timing, 142, 13, 68; application, 69, 79-80, 141; appoint­ 146,286,288-9; in Wales, 217 ment, 68, 80; company composition, 80--1; staff,86-7, 124, 148,286-7; appointments, 87, failure to continue, 82, 83, 89, 226 123-4, 148, 284, 287; Chairman, 147-8; Kennedy, Ludovic, !l21, 284,322,333 Editor-in-Chief, 86, 87,142,143,148,283, Kent, Jean, 335 286-7, see also Crawley, Aidan; Cox, Sir Kester, Simon, 330 Geoffrey; 'personality newsreaders', 86, Key, Neill Cooper, set Cooper-Key, Neill 123, 283, 284 Kilmuir, Lord, set Fyfe, Sir David Maxwell studios, 117, 123-4, 287 King, Alan, 332 India's Challenge (DDC), 87 King, Sir Alexander, 204 Ingersoll House (ITN), 123-4 King, Cecil, Ingrams, Michael, 338 as Chairman, Dai[y Mirror, 71-2; and IlIquesl al Golgolha, 336 Associated Television investment, 150, Institute of Incorporated Practitioners 189--93; and Southern Television, 228--9 in Advertising (IPA), 18,22,50, 101, 136,300, King, Diana, 330 302 Kirkpatrick, Sir I vone, Intertel, 356-7 as Chairman, ITA, 189, 196, 197,219, !l24, !l!l5, Illternational Theatre, 168, 323 227, 301-2, 368, 369, 386; and the Into Ihe Net, 331 Television Advertising Duty, 301-2 Invitation to Ihe Dance, 277 Knight, Peter, 332 Ilwin, John, 350-1 Knowles, Penny, 322 Isaacs, Jeremy, 353 Kotcheff, Ted, 339 II's Wi~ard, 356 Iturbi, Jose, 332 Labour Party, Ivallhoe, 333 altitude to commercial television, 16, 19,!l1, !l5, 408 INDEX

Labour Party (Contd.) Living Your Life, 281, 362 28, 37-8, and to lTV, 72, 371 Llewellyn, Harry, 212 and the Beveridge Committee, 7 Lloyd, Geoffrey, 10 Conference, 196I, lTV coverage, 337 Lloyd, Selwyn, (later Lord Sclwyn Lloyd), 10,118, and the Fourteen Day Rule debates, 234-5 32 General Election broadcasts, 255 as Member, Beveridge Committee, 7, 28 and the Open Broadcasting Authority pro­ as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1960-2, 299, posal, xi 301 party political broadcaslS, 255-68 Lloyd-George, Gwilym, as Home Secretary, and the Television Act 1954,37-8,39,43,45, 1955-7, 169, 170 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 72 Lloyd George, Lady Megan, 8, 28, 217 Labour relations in lTV, 110-11, 255, 287; Stt also Local or regional programmes, 51, 181, 207-8, Trade unions 217,227,230-1,248-9,292,303,304,305, Lacey, Catherine, 337 306, 308, 387 Lang, Revd Gordon, 220 Loftus, Gerry, 333 Laski, Harold, 61 London lTV contract area, 64, 65, 66, 387-9 Last Word, The, 33' contract, 68, 90, Late Show, The, 332, 333 map, 1192 Latta, C. J., 84 programme companies, 68, 73-9, I 16-19, 133- Laudes Evangelii, 362 7, 183-9, 189-93,319 I,aunder and Gilliat Productions, 212 transmitting stations, 92; population coverage, Lawrence, D. H., 338 134-5 Layton, Lord, 26, 61, 89, 142,380 ste also Associated-Rediffusion; Associated League of Dramatists, 106,378 Television Lectures on television, 338, 350-1 London Coliseum, I 18 Let's Get Together, 356 London Hippodrome, 118 Let's Go Shopping, 334 London Palladium, 118,3112 Levis, Carrol, 333 London Playhouse, 3114 Levy, Mervyn, 322 Longland, Jack, 331 Lewis, Bruce, 1117 Lonsdale and Company, 190 Lewis, Cecil, 251 Look Ahead, 288 Lcwis, D. V. P. (later Lord Brecon), 212 Look Back in Anger, 338 Liberace, 322 Look in on London, 253 Liberal Party, Looking and Seeing, 275, 276 attitude to commercial television, 7, 19, 26, Lords, House of, Stt House of Lords and the Beveridge Committee, 7 Love, Enid, 278 General Election broadcasts, 255 Low, David, ii party political broadcasts, 255 Luclfy Dip, 331, 356 and the Television Act, 1954,37 Lucky Spot Qpi.r" 349 Licence fcc, broadcasting, Lunch Box, 255 revenue, 42, 153, 370; proportion to the ITA Lynn, Vera, 83 proposal, 42, 160, 165, 181-2, 281 'Licence to print your own money' (Roy Thomson), 150,340 McClean, Stuart (,Donald'), 126, 166, 184, 185, Lichfield transmitting station, 93, 119 191,222-4 Light entertainment programmes, 29, 128,216- McDowell, Betty, 321 17,230,232,319,320,321,322,323, 324, McGoohan, Patrick, 333 345, 347-50 McKinnon, Colin, 202 Lilley, Peter, 360 Macleod, lain, 5 Listowcl, Lord, 25, 53 Macmillan, Harold, Littler, Prince, 76, 77, 78 as Prime Minister, 1957-63, 283, 355; inter­ as Chairman, Associated Television, 75, 79, viewed on ITN'S Tell the People, 288 118,178,179,180,190,191,192,204,248, McMillan,John, xv, 80, 86,250-1,309,310,311, 310,311 346, 355, 356 Littlewood, Leslie, III McMurray, Fred, 334, 337 Liverpool Post and Echo Ltd, 212-13 Macnamara, Terence, 120 Living Sea, The, 356 McQueen, Charles, 204 INDEX

McWhirter v. Independent Broadcasting Miller, Arthur, 333, 346 Authority Court of Appeal case, 55 Miller, Gary, 337 Magazine programmes, 321, 322, 332, 356, 362 Miller, joan, 324 Mair, Alex, xv Miller, jonathan, 336 Make Up rour Mind, 348 Minister for Housing and Local Government, 216, A Man Dies, 363 268 Manchesler Guardian, 18, 70, 71 Minister of Education, 359 Mandell, Barbara, 124, 285 Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, Maps of lTV coverage, 1954-62, 292 95 Maralhon, 343 Ministerial broadcasts, 33, 48, 256, 260, 263-4 Marconi Ltd, 94, 120,208, lu6 Ministry of Education, 274 Mark tif '?',orro, The, 334 Ministry of Health, 101 Mark Saber, 333 Ministry of Information, 6, 60, 61, 193 Marks, Alfred, 333 Mirror Group, 18, 191-2; see also Dai{)l Mirror Marples, Ernest, 243 Mitchell, Denis, 357 Marsh, Revd Dr john, 104, 280,362 Mitchell, Leslie, 324, 355 Marsh, Reginald, 337 Mitchinson, G. R., 54 Marlin Kane, Privale /rlUtsligalor, 330 Moir, Guthrie, 360 Mary Brit/en M. D., 230, 231-2 Money-lenders advertising, 102 Massey, Daniel, 337 Monk house, Bob, 349 Massey, Raymond, 330 Monopoly, 3, 5, 13, 25, 28 Massine, Leonid, 362 DBC, 3, 4, 5, 6,12,14,16, 17, 19,20,23,26,29, Master of the Rolls, 54-5 37,63,341 Masters, Valerie, 334 Beveridge Commiuee views, 7 Mather, Berkeley, 321 Conservative Party views, 16, 26 Matrimonial agencies advertising, 102 in lTV, xii, 63, 66, 297, 386 Mauhews, Sir Ronald, Labour Party views, 37 as Acting Chairman, ITA, 227 and Pilkington Commillee, 297 as Deputy Chairman, ITA, 60, 61, 190,225 Monlh in Ihe Counlry, A, 323 Maude, Angus, 5 Moon, George, 331 Maugham, William Somerset, 20, 338 Moore, Dudley, 336 Maverick, 334 Moore, Roger, 333 Maxwell, Sir Alexander, 212 Moral Rearmament, 281, 360 Mayhew, Christopher, 19-20,29,32,41,43 More Power, 277 Meadows, Stanley, 337 Morgan, Charles, 338 Medicines advertising, 44, 47, 101-2 Morgan, Diana, 335 Medwin, Michael, 334 Morgan, Terence, 335 Melody Ranch, 332 Morley, Peter, 355, 357 Mellvillail!y, 232 Mormons, 280 Melville, Alan, 230, 232, 332 Morris, Dave, 334 Members' Mail, 254, 267 Morris, Ken, 330 Memorandum on Ihe Reporl tif Ihe Broadcasling Morrison, Herbert, 16,27,28,30,32,36,37,38, Commit/ee, '949 (Cmd. 8291) 195 1,9 46, 69, 70, 72, 74, 83, 17 1, 239 Metropolis and Bradford Trust, 228 Moss Empires Ltd, 78, 192 Meyer, Richard, 119, 135, 348 Mothers' Union, 105, 246 Michell, Keith, 332 Moxey, john, 339 Mid uvel, 321 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 20, 338 Midland Bank, 228 Muggs, j. Fred (Chimpanzee), 19 Midlands lTV contract area, 64, 65, 66, 387--9 Munster, Lord, 246 contract, 68, 90 Murrow, F.

My Three SO/IS, 337 News agencies, 85, 86, 222 Myers, Bob, 214 News at Ten, 288 News Chrollicle, 71, 75, 76, 77, 148 NATKF., see National Association of Theatrical and News '!Jlhe World, 74, 76, 77, 210-11, 212, 213 Kine Employees News programmes, NBC, Stt National Broadcasting Company DDC, 123, 142,283,284 Napier, Barbara, 209 ITA control, 33, 36, 43, 44, 73, 85-7, 145, 380 Nasser, Gamal Abdcl, as President of Egypt, 285, ITN, 73, 85-6, 140-8, 283-g, 343; see also 287, 288 Independent Television News Nathan, Lord, 80 Television Act 1954, provisions, 33, 36, 43, 44 National Association of Theatrical and Kine Newspaper industry and publishers, see Press, The Employees (NATKE), 19, 106, 110, 25 1, 255, Newton, Robert, 331 378 Nichols, Dandy, 337 National Broadcasting Company of America Nicolson, Harold, 338 (NBC), 213-14 Nielsen, A. C., and Company, xvi, 133-5, 168, National Council for Civil Liberties, 235 268 National Council for Wales, 212 1922 Committee, 12,21 National Council of Women, 105 North (of England) lTV contract area, 64, 65, 66, National Educational and Radio Centre, 356 330 ,387-9 National Eisteddfod of Wales, 218, 219-20, contract, 68, 90 Council, 218 map, 292 National Institute of Adult Education, 359 programme companies, 68, 73, 79-82, 82-4, National Telcvision Council, 19,20,21,25,29,31, 121-3, 193-200,330-5 70 transmitting stations, 81,92,93,94, 122, 194-5, National Union of Gencral and Municipal 311 ,328 Workers, 110 see also ADC Television; Granada (TV Network) National Union of Tcachers, 246, 270, 271 Ltd Nationalization, 183 North-East England lTV contract, 308, 387 Natural breaks in programmes for advertising, 33, map, 292 100-1 programme company, 300, 360 Nettlefold Studios (ATV), 118 see also Tyne Tees Television; and in Volume 2; Network, lTV, 65-7, 251, 252, 303-16, 335-g, Chapter I 387-90 North-East Scotland lTV contract area, 'carve up', 66-7, 303-16 contract, 209 commillees,90, 91,104,115,252,264,279,305, map, 292 311-13, 368 programme company, 300, 360 companies: appointments, 68-9, 69-84; con­ see also Grampian Television; and in Volume 2: tracts, 68-g, 88-gl Chapter 7 'competitive optional network' concept, 65-7, Northclilfe, Lord, 136, 188, 189 252,309,310,312-13 Northern Ireland lTV contract area, creation, 64, 65-7, 25 1, 303-4 map, 292 function, 3Q3 programme company, 359, 360, 362 'network itch', 315-16 see also Ulster Television; alld in Volume 2: planning, 279, 304, 309 Chapter 3 programming arrangements, 196-200, 206-7, Northern Ireland Advisory Committee (ITA) 38 214-15, 226, 251, 252, 295, 304--6, 311, Northern Newscast, 33 1, 333 312- 13 Nuffic\d, Lord, 20 programming supply, competition in, 32-3, 46, 49-50, 63-7, 90, 308, 310 O'Brian, Hugh, 332 regional companies' programme quota, 315 O'Brien, Tom, 19 structure, 64, 66-7, 231, 252, 305, 315 Observer, 18 'Network itch', 315-16 O'Casey, Sean, 338 Network Planning Committee (lTV), 279 O'Connor, James, xv New AdvellIliTts I!f Charlie Chall, The, 333 O'Conor, May, 356 New Hori~OIl, 351 Odhams Press, 71, 74, 76, 77 New Wales Union (Undeb Cymru Fydd), 218 O'Ferrall, George More, 346 Newman, Sydney, 338-g, 346 Ogilvie, Sir Frederick, 6 INDEX 411

Ogmore, Lord, 48, 211 People Are Fun,!>" 321, 31111 Oliver, Vic, 332 People Are Talking, 267 Olivier, Laurence, 336, 346 'People's television' (Sir Robert Fraser), 136,317, 0" having School, 275, 276 339,340 0" Trial, 338 Personal Call, 253 One Nation Group, 5, 10, 13, 194 Pharmaceutical Socie!>" 101 £1,000 Word, 217 Philip, Prince, 335 OnlY resterday, 334 Philipps, Sir Grismond, 212 Opening Night ofrrv, 127-30,319 Phipps, Revd Simon (later Bishop of Lincoln), 281 Orr, Captain L P. S., 12,44,49-50,85 Pickthorn, Kenneth, 10, 12 Orr-Ewing, Ian (later Lord Orr-Ewing), 9, 12, 18, Pilger, John, 357 37,53 Pilkington, Sir Harry, Orson Welles, 253 as Chairman, Committee on Broadcasting, Osborne, John, 338, 346 t960, 340, 368-9, 386; views on com­ Osmond, Lesley, 324 petition, 369 Our Kind oj Girl, 337 Pilkington Committee, II, 192, 1188, 300, 301, Out of Town, 253, 352 303, 313, 319, 335, 342, 358, 359, 367-70, Outlook, 254 37 1,373 Outside broadcasts, 230-1, 251 aims and terms of reference, 368, 369 from the London Palladium, 118-19 Chairmanship, 340, 368 Owen, Prebendary Douglas, 280 and advertising, 99, 100, 370 Oxford Union, 19 and educational programmes, 279 established by the Postmaster-General, 368 Pad more, Sir Thomas, 298 evidence submissions, xiii, 99, 113, 187, 189, Paine, Peter, xv, 300 291,297,299,315,340,365,368,372,373, Palau Par!>" 333 386, 390; number of, 373 Panel games programmes, 168, 220, 325 Report (Cmnd. 1753),30,316,341,370; on rrv, Panel of Religious Advisers (ITA), 44, 45, 47, 103- xii, 41,45, 104,370; and drama program­ 4,279-81,361,383 mes, 347; see also Volume 2: Partn Panorama (BBC), 355 Pinter, Harold, 337 Paper Talk, 254 Plateau of Fear, 335-6 Parish, James, 330 Pll!)I of the Week, 333, 337, 339 Parker, Laurence, xv Plays, see Drama programmes Parliamentary debates on broadcasting, Poi"ts of View, 253, 324 Beveridge Committee Report, 1951,9 Political broadcasting, 255---68 White Paper, 1951,9 Fourteen Day Rule, 233-44 White Paper, 1952, 15-16 General Elections, 255, 256, 351 White Paper, 1953, 25-30 Ministerial broadcasts, 33, 48, 256, 260, 263-4 Television Act, 1954, 34-5, 36-54, 85, 21 7, Party Conferences, coverage, 148, 337 5,360,367 Party Political Broadcasts arrangements, 255- Fourteen Day Rule, 1955, 233, 237"1), 24()--2 68 set also Commons, House of; Lords, House of; programmes, 237,239, 253,254,267,268,342- Television Act, 1954 3, 351, 353-6 Parnell, Val, as Managing Director, ATV, 79,118, Pools Promoters' Association, 102 119, 192,209,250,312,313,351 Popeye, 33 1, 333 Party Conferences, 21, 148, 337 Popular music, see Music programmes, popular Party Political Broadcasts, 255-68, 382 Popular Television Association, 20, 21, 211 Committee on, 258 Portman, Eric, 230 Paul, John, 337 Post Omce, 27, 28, 50, 64, 96, 99, 160, 162, 167. Paulu, Burton, xiii, 339, 340- 1, 347, 348, 360, 375 176, 244, 295, 298, 300, 301 , 313, 359, Pavant, Lee, 3311 368 Peaceful Atom, 1153 Broadcasting Division, 62 'Peak time', 342 Engineering Department, 92, 115 Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company, 154 Postmaster-General, 12, 18,22,23,24,33,34,40, Peers, Victor, 86, 104, 193, 354 47,48,52,77,82,95,96,97, 101, 106, 112, Pentecostal Church, 280 115-6, 128"1), 163, 166, 180,299,300, 302, People Among Us, 275, 276 367,368 412 INDEX

Postmaster-General (Conld.) Television Act, 1954, proposals, 33, 37, 46, 40, see also Bevins, Reginald; De La Warr, Lord; 53, 21 3 Edwards, Ness; Hill, Charles; Marples, Programme contractors, Stt Programme com­ Ernest panies, lTV Potter, Gillie, 20 Programme journals, lTV, 91, 11I5--6 Powell, Dilys, 6o, 70, 173 Programmes, lTV, Powell, Enoch, 5 advisory committees for, 38, 44-8, 98-1°5, Pragncll, Anthony, xv, 180 1I7O--I, 279 Preager, Lou, 333 balance in subject matter, 33, 36,43, 50, 136-7, Press, The, 167-8, IGg-70, 172, 3116, 328, 335 attitude to commercial television, 18, 70, 72, censorship, 235-8, 327, 353 189, 191, and lTV, 371 competition in supply, 32-3, 36, 37, 46, 49-50, shareholdings in lTV, 69-72, 74-8 63-7,90,308,310,314 Press Association, 85, 86, 2211 controls, 1I3, 112-14, 139 Press Conftrenee (BBC), 239, 1I611 foreign or non-British quotas, 50--1, 106--g Pressure groups for commercial television, 4, 5, g- Grant-in-Aid of£750,000 for, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43, 10, 20--1, 73, 211 44, 103, 145, 150, 160--82 Consetyative Party, in the, 5, 9-10, 20--1 hours of, 95-7, 142-3,1117, lillO, 1I70, 1I79-83, House! of Commons back-benchers, 5, 9, 1I0--I, 286,288,342,351- 11 ,358-9 37 local or regional, 51,181,207-8,217,2117,231, Popular Television Association, 20, 21, 211 248,2911,3°3,304,305,306,308,387 Priestley, J. B., 1I30 networking arrangements, 196-1100, 206-7, PrinciplesJor Television Advertising (ITA Code), 101- 1114- 15, 1126, 251, 252, 295, 304-6, 311, 3 3 111- 13 Prizes programmes, see 'Give-away' program- policy, 3116-9, 346-7, mes schedules, 138, 139, 170, 176, 180,325,326 Probation Officer, 337 standards, 23, 33, 36, 136-7, 16g-70, 1711 , Probe, 231 174-5,180 Producing Macbelll, 277 Welsh language, 50, 181,217-19, !IlIO, 331, 332, Profumo,John, 12, 16,204 333,358 Programme companies, lTV, Sit also indiuidual programme categories, e.g. Drama companies: affiliation, 215, 217, 218-19; atti­ programmes tudes to ITN, 140--8; control by the ITA, 89- Public Accounts Committee, 159, 293-8 90,226; independence of each other,lIl5, 'Public Service Broadcasting', 3,42 295; Press shareholdings in, Gg-72, 74-8; and lTV, 34, 45, 329, 339 relationship with the ITA, 327; see also Publications, lTV, 125--6 individual programme companies; and policy, 125 Companies, lTV programme journals, 91, 125 contract areas, 64--6, 68, 181, 209, 307, 308, Purdom, Edmund, 331 330, 382, 387; appointments, 68, 73, 76, Purdy, Rai, 207 84, 181,201, 1I22, 1I113-4, 1I25, 226; con­ Purser, Philip, 373 tracts, 68, 88-91, 296 Pursuit oj lIappiness, ne, 338 finance: advertising revenue, 6, 1I3, 37,40, 150, Pye Radio, 12, 18,74, 191, 192,207 164, 168, 195-8, 200, 20$ competitive tender for contracts, 293-4, 295, 1I96; Quakers and religious broadcasting, 281 crisis, 1955--6, 145, 149-59; rentals to the Quiz programmes, 123,217,220,320--1,323,326, ITA,88-9, 150-9,1105--6,1194,1196; Stt also 332 ,333,348-5° Finance, lTV Network, lTV: programme exchange arrange­ RCA, Stt Radio Corporation of America ments, 196--lIOO, 1I04, 206--7, 1I14-15, 1I116, Radcliffe, Lord, 6, 15, 193-4 1I51, 295; regional companies' programme Radio and Television Committee, 21, 49 quota, 315; Stt also Network, lTV Radio Corporation of America, 21 II programmes: competition in supply 311-3, 36, Radio Industry Council, 18 37, 46, 49-50, 63-7, 90, 308, 314; first Radio Luxembourg, 18, 133 transmissions, preparations, 115-1I4; ache­ Radio Normandy, 18, 119 dules, 138, 139, 170,176, 180,3115,3116;Stt Radio services, BBC, 10, 13, 14, 16,51, 133,1156, also Programmes, lTV Radio services, commercial, 18, 119, 133 INDEX

Radio Timts, 125 Robertson, E. J., 203 Radio Writers' Association, 106, 378 Robin Hood, 230, 322, 330, 334 Radley, Sir Gordon, 295, 298 Robinson, John, 330 Ramsey, Dr A. M. (Archbishop of Cantcrbury, Robinson,John (Bishop of Woolwich, 1959-62), 1961 --74),231,363, 363 Randell, Ron, 325 Robson, Tom, 208 Rank, Lord, 222, 360 Rochdale By-election, 1958,3411-3,351 Rank Organization, 221--3, 226, 228-9, 281 Rodgers, Sir John, xv,S, 9, 111,119,41 Ralings, television see Audience research, televi- Rogers, Doris, 330 sion ratings Roman Catholic Church, 104,1180 Rawhide, 337 Ronane, John, 337 Ray, Cyril, 230 Room, The, 337 Reader, Ralph, 324 Rosen, Rabbi Kopul, 333 Redgrave, Sir Michael, 346 Ross, Alan, 331 Redhead, R. A., 225, 229 Rothermere, Lord, Rediffusion Ltd, 12, 183-9 as Chairman, Associated Newspapers, 70, 184, see also Associated-Redilrusion 191 199, 221-2, 225, 266; sells shares in Redington, Michael, 281, 351, 360 Associated-Rediffusion, 150, 186-8, 193 Reece, Gordon, 360 Round Peg, 254 Regional or local programmes, 51, 181, 207-8, Round Ihe World wilh Orson Welles, 326-7 11I7, 227, 230-1, 247-9, 292, 303, 304, 305, Roving Reporl, 254, 1188, 333, 353, 354 306, 308, 387 Royal Bank of Canada, 203 Regions, lTV see Independent Television, regions Royal Commission on the Press, 1949,70-1,377 Reith, Lord, 3, 5, 15,27,29, 136 Royal occasions and broadcasting, 43, 219 Religion and broadcasting, advertising, prohibition, 23, 43, 48, 100 church attendances, effect on, 279-80, 361-2 Ryan, Marion, 333 Gallup Poll on religious belief, 282 Ryland, Sir William, xv survey on viewing of lTV religious programmes, 361 St. Hilary Down transmitting station, 216 Religious broadcasting, 44-5, 103-4, 279-83, SI. John, Bella, 333 330, 360-3, 383 Salisbury, Lord, 9, t2, t3, 25, 26 advisory committees, 24, 44-5, 47-8, 103-4, Salvation Army, 281 218,279-81 ,383 Sammons, Geoffrey, 310 see also individual bodies, e.g. Panel of Religious Sampson, Anthony, 136, 188,213,379 Advisers Samuel, Lord, 15,25,37 DBC, 95, 103--4, 279, 280, 282 Sandison, Gordon, 106, 107 ITA responsibility, 33, 36, 43, 44-5, 103-4,280, Sandys, Duncan, 10 361 ,383 Sanger, Gerald, 86 programmes, 36, 50, 220, 258, 279-83, 343, Sansom, Stuart, 120 360; and advertisements, 43, 48, 100,280, Stllurdlfl in Seplember, 342 282,358; 'elosed period' or 'God-slot', 95, Salurdlfl Show, The, 334 217, 218, 244-7, 279, 280, 281, 1182; de­ Salltrdl!! Showlime, 321 nominational balance, 280-1, 360; epi­ Savage, Joan, 330 logues, 253, 254, 280--1, 334, 336, 3611; Saville, Philip, 339, 346 religious services, 95, 100, 1180, 1181, 330; Scarlel Pim/Jtrnel, The, 250, 324 Sunday evening programming, 279-81; School Broadcasting Council (BDC), 105,269,270, 'Sunday School of the Air' proposal, 282; 272 'television church' proposal, 281 Schools broadcasting, 268-72, 259-60 Renaud, Line, 230 advisory committees and councils, 44-5, 104-5, Renwick, Sir Robert, 18,20,70,73,75,77,78,79 269, 270-1, 272, 278; see nlso individual Retail Trading Standards Association, 101 bodies, e.g. Children's Advisory Commillee Reuters, 61, 85, 86, 222 programmes, 275-6, 277, 358-60; and adverlis­ Rich, Roy, 230 ing, 100, 269-70, 358; closed-circuit televi­ Richardson, Sir Ralph, 216 sion experiment, 232, 272; first transmis­ Rickman, John, 323 sions, 27!); statistics, 343; teachers' alti­ Rin- Tin- Tin, 333 tudes to, 270, 272-3, 274; use in schools, Ring and Brymer, 128 232, 273-4, 275 INDEX

Schools Broadcasts Committee (Associated­ statistics, 342, 343 Redilfusion), 271,272,278 Services, religious, 95, 281, 330 Scientist Replits, 253 and advertising, 48, 100 Scotland, Central, lTV contract area, 387 Seven Whole DllYs, 362 contract, 20 I, 203 Seventh Day Adventists, 280 map, 292 77 Sunset Strip, 336 programme company, 201-10 Shackleton, Edward, 46 Scottish Committee (ITA), 38, 209 Shadow Squad, 33 1, 333 transmitting stations, 208; population co- Shape in rOllr Hands, 277 verage, 202, 203, ',loB Shelton, Anne, 230, 330 see also Scottish Television Shelton, joy, 321 Scotsman, The, 202-3, 206, ',loB Shepperton Studios, t II Scott, Michael, 332 'Shoppers' guides', ste Advertising, magazine pro- Scottish Committee (ITA), 3B, ',log grammes; Advertising, television Scottish Nationalists, 29 Silkin, Lord, 4B Scottish Television, Simms, Ronald, 20 company, 201-10, 334; composition, 203-5; ITN Simon, j. E., 45, 46 negotiations, 201-2, 206-7 Simon ofWythcnshawc,.Lord, 28, 244, 246, 376 contract, lTV, Central Scotland, 201, 203; appli­ as Chairman, DOC, 14, 19 cation, 201, 202, 203; appointment, IBI, Simonds, Lord, as Lord Chancellor, 1951-4,26-7 201 Sinctrtry rours (DOC Radio), 83 finance, 203-7; advertising rates, 207; rentals to Sinclair, Hugh, 332 the ITA, 205-6; re~enue, 203 Singleton, Tom, 360 programmes, 203, 209-10, 276, 27B-9, 343 Sir Francis Drake, 335 documentary, 34$ educational, 276, Sitwell, Dame Edith, 322 Educational Advisory Committee, 276; Sixpen,!), Corner, 320 first transmissions, 203, 209-10; supply 164,000 Qpestion, 349 agreement with Associated Television, Smith, Berkeley, 230-1 204, 206-7, 214; Sunday programming, Soap operas, 331-2, 334, 335, 336-7 207-B Social Surveys (Gallup Poll) Ltd, see Gallup staff, 207 Poll studios, 204, 207 Society of Authors, 106, 378 transmitting stations, ',loB; population co- Society of Friends, 281 verage, 202, 205, 208 Songwriters' Guild, 106, 378 Screen Writers' Association, 106, 378 Soustelle, jacques, 338 Sta Hunt, 334 South West England lTV contract area, Sea War, 338 map, 292 Starch/ight, 342, 353, 354, 356 Stt Westward Television in Volume 2: Chapter Secombe, Harry, 216, 321 4 Suing Sport, 356 Southern 4ffairs, 230, 231 Seglow, Peter, 111,378 Southern and South East England lTV contract Seldon, Anthony, XV, ',II, 376 area, 308, 382, 387 Selkirk, Lord, 174 contract, 221, 229, 231 Selsdon Committee, 1934, 4 map, 292 Sendall, Bernard, xi programme company, 221, 223-32, 306 as Deputy Director General, ITA, 62; and transmitting stations, 221, 229, 382; population Associated Newspapers' shares in coverage, 221 Associated-Reditfusion and Southern ste also Southern Television Television, 225; and Associated­ Soulhern Heritage, 230, 356 Reditfusion/ATv networking negotiations, Southern Rhapsody, 230 310; and Granada's Cuba Si/, 354; and Southern Television, party political broadcasts, 257-8, 264-5; company, 221-32; composition, 221, 223, 229; and religious programming, 104, 2B2; and decision on name, 223 Scottish Television, 201 contract, lTV, Southern England, 221,229, 231; Serious programmes, 165 .. 6, 172, 252-3, 326-9, application, 222-3, 226, 231, 232; ap­ 340-4, 350-7 pointment, 222, 223-4, 225 defined, 176, 343-4 finance, 229, 306; Associated Newspapers INDEX

shareholdings, 187, 193, 223~, 229; struc­ Sundqy Pidorial, 192, 228 ture, 223, 228, 229 'Sunday School of Ihe Air' proposal, 282 programmes, 230-2, 338, 352, 356; children's, Sundqy Serial, The, 330 232; first transmissions, 229-30; local, 230, Sundqy Times, 82 231; policy, 231, 232; religious, 360 Supercar, 336 staff, 226, 230 Surviual, 352 studios, 227, 230-1 Sul.ton Coldficld transmitting station, 92, 93 transmitting stations, 22 I, 229; population co- Swallow, Norman, xiii, 350-1, 354, 357, 375 verage, 22 I, 229, 23 I Swinton, Lord, 53 Southwood, David, 360 Sword of Fretdom, 33 I Spencer, Jessica, 337 Sykes Committee, 1923, 3, 6 Sponsored broadcasling, 7, 13-14, 15, 16,22,24, 29,33,4°,98"1),341 TAM, Set Television Audience Measurement ste also Advertising, television TUC, Sll Trades Union Congress Sport and broadcasting, TV Times, 125~ attendances, effect on, 5 1-2 TV World (Midlands lTV programme journal) 126 prescribed events, 52, 324 TWW Ltd, Television Act, 1954, provisions, 33, 36, 51-2 company, 210-21, 334, 352; composition of the Sporls Form"ook, 323 'consortium', 211-13 Sporls Oullook, 333 contract, tTV, South Wales and the West of Sports programmes, 51-2,230-1,323-4,333 England: application, 210, III I, 217; ap­ Sporlsclub, 230 pointment, 181, 2HZ Spol Ihe Tune, 333, 349 finance, 211-12, 221; shareholdings, 211-12, Staff, lTV, II 7-I 8 2111 British citizens' employment, 106 programmes, 216-21, 352; affiliation with ITA, 61-2, 104 Granada, 215; first transmissions, 1115, programme companies, 79, 82, 116, 117-18, 216-17; local, 217, 219; schools, 220; ser­ 119,1111,122,181,185, t93, 207, 226, 232, vice agreement with HBC, 213-14; Webh 271, 360 language, 50, 181,217-19,220,331,332, trade union representation, 110-1 I 333,358 Staffer, Maureen, 221 staff, 181,360 Standing Consultative Committee, 90, 91, 104, studios, 214, 219. 220, 221; Bristol. !1I9. 220. 115,252,264,305,368 221; Cardiff. 214. ilIO Stanley, C. 0., 18, 20, 73, 207 transmitting station•• IUO, 216 Stanley, John, SIt Derby, Lord TWW Reports, 2111 Slars Rise in Ihe Wesl, Th" 216-17 Tak, Your Pick, 320-1, 323. 334, 349 State occasions and broadcasting, 23, 43, 100 Talent spotting programmes, 324. 333 Siale Your Case, 349 Talks programmes, 1153-4, 343 Steele, Howard, 120-1 Tann, Bert, 217 Slepioe and Son (BBC), 347-8 Taylor, A. J. P., 20, 3112. 338. 350-1 Stevenson, Sir Edward, 204 Television Act. 1954.3,31-55.59. 711 Stevenson, Noel, 209 Bill published, 32; introduced into Parliament, Stewart, Sir lain, 204 36 Stockwood, Revd Mervyn, 282, 383 House of Commohs: debates. 34-5. 36-8, 41. Stocks, Mary, 8, 28 53-4. 367; Committee stage. 38"1). 43. 45. Street, A. G., 230 46,51• 85,1234-5; Report. 45 Stuart, James, 9, 23 House of Lords: debates, 34-5, 37. 48"1), 53. Studios, lTV, 94,117,118,119-21,122204,207, 360; Committee stage, 512; Royal Assent. 214,219,220,221,227,230,251 34.54 Suez crisis, 150, 178,242-3,263, provisions, 312-5; advertisements, 33. 36. 40-1, tTH coverage, 283, 285~, 287 44-5. 47~, gB"1); advisory committees Summerskill, Edith, 355 and councib. 38. 44-$ finance, 311, 40-4, Sundqy Afternoon, 253, 322, 325, 326 88, 150, 1294; Grant-in-Aid of{,750.000 312, Sundqy Break, The, 282-3, 330, 336, 360, 362, 363 38.40.42,43,44,103.1111,145,15°,160- Sunday Nighl at Ihe London Palladium, 123, 3 I 2, 322, 82; hours of broadcasting, 33. 48. 95. 1244; 330, 336, 345, 349 Independent Broadcasting Authority. 312. first transmission, I 18 34. 36-55 passim. 63. 1112. t45. t6t. 163. INDEX

Television Act. 1954 (Coli/d.) as Producer. DOC. 83 294; Ministerial broadcasts. 33. 48; news as Producer-in-Chief, Associatcd British Pathe, service. 33. 36• 43. 44. 85; Party Political 82-3 Broadcasts. 33. 256. 262-3; political im­ as Managing Director, ADC Television, 83-4, partiality of the ITA. 69-70; programme 119, 122, 141, 147,282,309,312,345,359, companies. 33. 37. 43. 46• 48• 53. 21$ 360 programmes. 32-3. balance of subject Thomas, Huw. 217. 287 matter. 33. 36• 43. 50. 112. 137. 139. Thomas. James. 145 children '5. 43. 44-5. 104. controls. 48. 1 12- Thompson. J. Walter. 18 14. 341. 353, foreign or non-British, quota Thompson, Kenneth, 386 of, 50, 106--g, local, 51, 217, offensive Thomson, D. C .• and Coml?any. 22 representation, 232, religious, 33, 36, 43, Thomson. Kenneth (Ialer second Lord Thomson 44-5. 50, 103, safeguards, 37, sports, 33, of Fleet), 203 36.51- 2, standards, 33. 47. 54,137; trans­ Thomson. Roy (later Lord Thomson of Fleet). mitting stations operation, 4 7 as Chairman. The Scotsman latcr Thomson Television Act, 1963.71, 104,316,358 Organization. 201; background. 202-3 Television Advertising Duty (TAD), 299-302 as Chairman, Scottish Television, 212. 279; Television Advisory Committee, 367. 368 Central Scotland lTV contract application. Television Audience Measurement (TAM), xvi, 201.202.222; 'licence to print your own 133 money'. 150. 340; programme supply Televisioll PlqyhoUJe, 324, 334, 337, 339 agreement with ATV, 204, 206-7. 214 Television Programme Contractors Association Thomson Organization. 201, 203 (/a/er Independent Television Companies Thorn Electrical Industries. 18 Association (ITCA)), liS, 128, 135, 154 Thornby. Leslie T., xv, 311 Fourteen Day Rule letter to ITA, 235 Thorpe. Jeremy. 324 proposed joint television rcsearch company Till Dea/h Do Us Pari (DOC). 348 (DOC/lTV), t35-6 Times, The, 6, 18, 70 Television receivers, I IS, 167 'Toddlers' trucc'. see Hours of broadcasting statistics, 134, 217 Tomlinson. Monsignor G. A., 104. 362 trade test transmissions, 92, 115-16 Tonight (~oc). 254 Television services, 'Top ten' television ratings, 134, 135, 168 ascendancy over radio, 14 set also Audience research Beveridge Committee recommendations, 6-8, Top Tune Tillie. 330 14, 17-18 Towers, Harry Alan, 118-19. 250. 280, 312 colour, 161,299 Townshend of Raynham. Lord, 213 compctition between the DOC and lTV, xii, xiii, Trade test transmissions, 92. 115-16 29. 34, 49. 63, 67, 12 7. 335. 339. 340 Trade unions. extension of channels, 25, 69, 368 attitude to commercial television, I 10 frequency allocation, 63, 64 negotiations with the ITA. 106-7, 110-11 population coverage, 15,93, 122, 134-5, 195, recognition by the DOC. 110 202, 205, 208, 221, 229, 292, 330 repr~sentatiori in lTV. 110-11. 255. 287 Selsdon Committec recommendations, 4 see also individual Irade unions Ullswatcr Committee recommendations. 4. 6 Trades Union Congress, 7. 111,337 see also British Broadcasting Corporation; Train. Jack. 216 Independent Television Tranficld, Raymond, 337 Television sets, see Television reccivers Transfer. The, 334 Ttll /ht Ptople, 288, 330 Transmitting stations, DOC, 6, 13.92-4,120, 195 Tempo, 336, 352 Transmitting stations. lTV. 47. 119. 92-4. 115, 119, Test Matches, 52 122.194-5,208,210,216.221.229,327-8 Thai Was The Week Thai Was (~oc), 232 population coverage, IS, 93, 122, 134-5, 202, Theatre Royal, Glasgow. 204 203, 208, 221, 229, 292, 330 Thinking of My Darling, 337 see also IInder no liltS of lTV conlracl areas, t.g. This is Sco/land, 209-10 Borders; East of England; London; tic. This Week, 252, 253, 254, 267, 288, 333, 352, 354, Travelling Eye Units, 121 355-6 Treasury. 24, 28, 32, 42, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, This Wonderful World, 343 170, 171-3, 293, 294, 295. 297, 298, 300 Thomas, Howard, xiv. 82-4, 210, 312, 379 and tax on advertising, 299-302 INDEX

Trench, Peter, 118 transmilling stations, 210, 216; population Trcthowan, lan, 287, 337 coverage, 211, 217, 219 Trindcr, Tommy, 118, 322, 330, 348 Wales Advisory Commillee, 38 Trooping the Colour, 100 Welsh language programmes, 50,181,1117-19, Trulh Aboul Melandrinos, 1°he, 330 220, 331, 332, 333, 358 Tubbs, Ralph, 122 see also TWW Ltd Turgenev, Ivan, 323 Wales (West and North) (WWN), 302; see also Turner, Sir Mark, 189 Volume 2: Chapter 8 for origins and Twentieth Century Fox, 228 development Twm!>, One, 349 Wales (West and North) lTV contract area Two for the Money, 348 map, 292 Tynan, Kenneth, 336 programme company, 302 Tyne Tees Television, 300, 360 see also Wales (West and North) in Volume 2: see also Volume 2: Chapter I for origins and Chapter 8 development Walker, Mark Chapman- see Chapman-Walker, Tyrrell, Robert, 333 Mark Walker, Patrick Gordon- see Gordon-Walker, Ullswater Commillee, 1935, 4, 6 Patrick Ulster Television, 359, 360, 362 Walton, Kent, 334 see also Volume 2: Chapter 3 for origins and Warburg, S. G. and Company Ltd, 78, 190 development Ward, Bill, 128, 319, 338 Under Fire, 254, 267, 342, 352 Warhol,55 Union of Soviet Socialists Republics, first tele- Waring, Eddie, 324 vision pictures from Moscow, 338 Warner, Suzanne, 191 Unitarian Church, 280 Warner Brothers, 84 United Newspapers, 188-9 Warris, Ben, 333 United States of America, Warter, Sir Philip, 82-4, 140, 179 television, 15,49,64, 123, 138, 156,208,214, Warth, Douglas, 320 222, 273; advertising, 22, 98, 99; Warton, Joe, 193, 196 Coronation of Elizabeth II, presentation Waverley, Lord, 15, 19,26,31,37 of, 19; programmes shown on lTV, 51, 207, We Think, 253 230,320,321,322,331,332,333,334,336, We Want an Answer, 332-3 337, 347 Webb, jack, 320 Universi!>, Challenge, 352 Wedell, George, xv, 361 Weekday Network Commillee, 311-13 VIIF Radio, 13 Weekend, 32 I Val Parnell's Slar Time, 333 Welch, Joan Kemp- see Kemp-Welch, Joan Vance, Dennis, 339, 345, 346 Welch, Leslie, 319, 322 Vance, Vivian, 333 Welles, Orson, 326-7 Variety Artistes' Association, 106, 378 Welsh Language programmes, 50, 181,217-19, Variety programmes, 118,230,248,319,320,321, 220, 331, 332, 333, 358 322, 324, 326, 334, 336, 347 Welsh League of Youth, 212, 218 Vaughan, Frankie, 230 Welsh Nationalists, 29 Vaughan, Norman, 321 Welsh Office, 212 View Finder (BBC), 87 Weltman, joseph, xiv, 383 Viking Film Studios, 117 Wembley Studios, 117 West Indies, Wadsworth, janet, 360 broadcasting in, 29 Wagon Train, 331, 336 Westinghouse Broadcasting Company of Waight, Leonard, 154 America, 356 Wakefield, Sir Wavell, 12 Westminster Press Provincial Newspapers Wales Advisory Commillee (ITA), 38 Group, 77, 192 Wales, South, and the West of England lTV Westward Television see Volume 2: Chapter 4for contract area, 181,210-21,387 origins and development contract, 210 What The Papers Say, 254, 332, 352 map, 292 What's In Siore, 330 programme company, 181, 211}-21 What's My Line (BBC), 168, 325 INDEX

Wheeler, Mortimer, 351 2116,227 White Paper on broadcaating (Cmd. 685~), 1946, Wilson, Hugh H., 4, 5, 10, 372, 375 5~ Wilson, Keppel and Belty, 321 White Paper on broadcaating (Cmd. 8~91), 1951, Wilson, Sandy, 332 9 Windleaham, Lord, xiii, xiv, 375 White Paper on broadcaating (Cmd. 8550 ), 195~, Winnick, Maurice, 20, 80, 811 13, 15-16,31,62, 375 Winter Hill transmitting station, 93, I~II White paper on broadcaating (Cmnd. 7~94), 1978, Wimers, Mike and Bernie, 337 xi, xii Wise, Herbert, 339 White Paper on television policy (Cmd. 9005), Wolfenden, Sir John, 1171, ~78, 383 1953, ~3-4, 39. 367, 385 Wolfson, Isaac, 80 House of Commons debates on, ~5, ~7-30 Wolstencroft, Alan, xv House of Lords debates on, ~5-7 as Secretary, ITA, 611, 161 Whitelaw, Billie, 330 Wood Green Empire, 118, 1118 Whitton, James, ~02-3 Woolton, Lord, 9, 10, 12, 18,20, III, 113, 32 , 4~, Wid, WorM, ~53 211 Wiggin, Maurice, 133,343 Workers' Educational Association, 340 Wilder, Thornton, 346 WorM ;/1 A";o/l, 353-4 Williams, Peter, 331 WorM oj Figures, ~77 Willis, Ted (law Lord Willis), 344, 346 Wyall Earp, 33~ Wills, John Spencer, xv, 73, 116, 149, 183, aa Chairman, Associated-Redifrusion, 86, 164, Year oj Observal;oll, A, ~75, ~76 166, 177, 179, 181, 183-9. 193, ~14-15, Yorkshire lTV contract area (1968- ); 94; stt also ~24, ~51, ~5~, ~69, ~7~, 310, 31 I, 3~7; North lTV contract area programme exchange agreement with Yorkshire POIt Newspapers, 189 Granada, 196-~oo, 251; purchaaes Young, Sir Brian, as Director General, IBA, xiv Associated Newspapers' shares in Your Killd oj Mus;c, 168 Associated-Redill'usion, 185-8 Youth WalliS 10 Kllow, ~17, ~54 Wilmot, Gerry, 321 Wilson, C. David, xv, Zimbalist, Jr, Efrem, 336 aa General Manager, Southern Television, 223. ~oo Jrim~ 333, 356