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English-Full (1.2 OCCASIONAL PAPER The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo Drivers, agents and institutions 2nd edition Félicien Kengoum Pham Thu Thuy Moira Moeliono Bimo Dwisatrio Denis Jean Sonwa Occasional Paper 207 The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo Drivers, agents and institutions 2nd edition Félicien Kengoum Brightway Consult Pham Thu Thuy CIFOR Moira Moeliono CIFOR Bimo Dwisatrio CIFOR Denis Jean Sonwa CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Occasional Paper 207 © 2020 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-602-387-137-7 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/007793 Kengoum F, Pham TT, Moeliono M, Dwisatrio B, Sonwa DJ. 2020. The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Drivers, agents and institutions. 2nd edition. Occasional Paper 207. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Axel Fassio/CIFOR CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all donors who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a list of Fund donors please see: http://www.cgiar.org/about-us/our-funders/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents Abbreviations vi Acknowledgments viii Executive summary ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Analysis around the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 2 2.1 Forest cover and historical background 2 2.2 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 7 3 Institutional environment and revenue sharing 13 3.1 Governance in the forestry sector 13 3.2 Decentralization and revenue sharing 20 3.3 Land governance, carbon rights and indigenous rights 24 3.4 Social forestry: Policy processes, institutions and their relevance for REDD+ 27 4 The political economy of deforestation and forest degradation 30 4.1 The political context behind current corruption, its impact on forest governance and prospects for REDD+ 30 4.2 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation – the context and impact on the REDD+ process 31 4.3 A forest policy driven by economics 32 4.4 Sectoral policies leading to deforestation 33 4.5 Pressure from international demand 37 4.6 Forest companies and corporate social responsibility 38 5 The REDD+ policy environment: Actors, events and political processes 40 5.1 REDD+ actors, events and political processes 40 5.2 Participation in and access to REDD+ information 47 5.3 Future options for REDD+ policies and processes 48 6 3Es (effectiveness, efficiency, equity) and co-benefits of REDD+ 55 6.1 Effectiveness 55 6.2 Efficiency 56 6.3 Equity 57 7 Conclusion 58 References 59 List of figures, tables and boxes Figures 1 Map of WWF’s ‘ecoregions’ in the DRC 3 2 Deforestation hot spots in the DRC 6 3 Annual deforestation loss in the DRC between 2001 and 2014 6 4 Direct and indirect causes of forest cover loss in the DRC in 2018 9 5 REDD+ and related institutional development in the DRC between 2008 and 2019 16 6 Distribution of MEDD structures at different levels of governance 23 7 Decentralized structure of national REDD+ coordination in the DRC 41 8 The management and governance structure on the National REDD+ Fund 42 9 Calendar for the REDD+ process in DRC 44 10 Five pillars of the DRC’s national forest monitoring system 51 Tables 1 Forest cover in the DRC as estimated by different authors 2 2 Approximate correlation between current and historical provinces 4 3 Types of forest in the DRC, their characteristics and related titles 5 4 Estimated deforestation rates in the DRC between 1990 and 2015 5 5 Changes to the classification of direct and indirect causes of deforestation and forest degradation in the DRC 8 6 Actual and anticipated forest CO2 emissions reduction in the DRC 12 7 Decentralized administrative organization in the DRC according to the 2006 Constitution 20 8 Breakdown of responsibilities according to the Constitution and laws on decentralization 22 9 Breakdown of responsibilities across the three levels of forest governance according to the Forest Code and its implementation texts 22 10 Types of land in the DRC and their main characteristics 25 11 Forest categories according to the 2002 Forest Code 25 12 Evolution and performances of the DRC’s strategy for development 32 13 Population growth between 2010 and 2015 33 14 Distribution of the DRC’s energy capacity across former provinces, by source 35 15 Volumes of mine production between 2005 and 2015 (1st semester) 36 16 Value of mineral exports (million USD) from the DRC between 2005 and 2015 37 17 Ministries involved in REDD+ 43 18 Events in the REDD+ initialization phase 45 19 Events in the REDD+ readiness phase 45 20 Events in the investment phase 46 21 REDD+ strategy pillars and their objectives 48 22 Funding portfolio already planned by the Central African Forest Initiative (CAFI) 49 23 Programs approved by the REDD+ National Steering Committee as of June 2017 50 v Boxes 1 Moratorium on the attribution of new forest titles: Issues and implications for forest governance in the DRC 14 2 International environmental conventions that have been ratified by the DRC 19 3 Indigenous peoples’ rights to customary ownership of land and forests 26 vi Abbreviations AFD Agence Française de Développement/French Development Agency AfDB African Development Bank CAFI Central African Forest Initiative CBFF Congo Basin Forest Forum CBFP Congo Basin Forest Partnership CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale/Central African Forest Commission CONAREF La Commission Nationale de la Réforme Foncière/National Land Reform Commission CSO civil society organization DDD Direction du Développement Durable /Sustainable Management Division of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development DFID Department for International Development, United Kingdom DIAF Direction d’Inventaires et d’Aménagement Forestiers/Directorate of Inventory and Forest Management DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FEC Fédération des Entreprises du Congo FIB Fédération des Industriels du Bois FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent FREL Forest Reference Emission Levels FIP Forest Investment Program FONAREDD Fonds National REDD+/National REDD+ Fund GCS-REDD+ CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Fund GHG greenhouse gas HIPC highly indebted poor countries ICCN Institut Congolais de Conservation de la Nature/Congolese Nature Conservation Institute IFN Inventaire Forestier National/National Forest Inventory INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution INERA Institut National pour l’Étude et la Recherche Agronomique/National Institute for Agricultural Research IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LiDAR light detection and ranging MECNT Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme/Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Tourism vii MEDD Ministère de l’environnement et du développement durable/Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development MRV monitoring, reporting and verification MtCO2e metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NFMS National Forest Monitoring System NGO non-governmental organization NRF Niveaux de Référence pour les Forêts/Forest Reference Level OSFAC Observatoire Satellital des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale/Central Africa Forest Satellite Observatory PNIA Plan National D’Investissement Agricole/National Agriculture Investment Plan PNSD Plan National Strategique de Developpement/National Strategic Development Plan RCWG REDD Climate Working Group REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REPALEF Réseau des Populations Autochtones et Locales pour la Gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers en RDC R-PIN Readiness Plan Idea Note R-PP Readiness Preparation Proposal TWG Thematic Working Groups UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests UN-REDD United Nations-REDD Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resource Institute WWF World Wildlife Fund viii Acknowledgments This research is part of CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (www.cifor.org/gcs). Funding partners that have supported this research include the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA) with financial support from the CGIAR Fund Donors. We would like to express our special thanks to all REDD+ experts in the DRC who participated in our national workshop, giving us valuable comments and feedback. ix Executive summary For participating countries, many questions reasons underlying these direct causes, including remain on how to effectively, efficiently and economic factors, proximity to transport routes, equitably
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