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Urban Surface Water System in Coastal Areas: a Comparative Study Between Almere and Tianjin Eco-City

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Urban Surface Water System in Coastal Areas: a Comparative Study Between Almere and Tianjin Eco-City Vol.3, No.6, 407-416 (2013) Open Journal of Ecology http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2013.36046 Urban surface water system in coastal areas: A comparative study between Almere and Tianjin Eco-city Tao Zou1*, Zhengnan Zhou2 1Beijing Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning and Design Institute, Beijing, China; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Received 12 August 2013; revised 10 September 2013; accepted 17 September 2013 Copyright © 2013 Tao Zou, Zhengnan Zhou. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Li- cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT system returns more added values to urban development. The study is corresponding well In the purpose of defining typical urban water with the theory of water sensitive city. As a con- management challenges in coastal lowlands in clusion, urban water system should always in- the context of global climate change, a com- corporate methods to achieve higher system parative study was conducted between two coa- resilience based on multiple functioning pat- stal new towns respectively located in the Neth- terns. erlands and Northern China. Comparative me- thod is applied to define main functioning pat- Keywords: Urban Surface Water System; Urban terns of urban water systems in the two cases, Water Management; Coastal Areas; SWMM then computer simulations were used to further compare drainage capacity in order to reveal the trends of urban water management. Major 1. INTRODUCTION result has shown that Almere in the Netherlands 1.1. Vulnerability of Coastal New Towns generally more advanced in urban water man- agement as multiple functioning patterns are Coastal zones are highly vulnerable to sea level rise in available. Strong dykes maintain competence for the context of global climate change. Stronger and higher land subsidence and sea level rise. Open water frequency of storm surges poses an increasing threat to system decreases local runoff and increases coastal urban area, and especially to the infrastructure water retention level. Systematic control of sluices systems. The main issues include flooding, water re- sources, land loss and water quality as well. Sea level and locks which serve for shipping and water- rise may cause immense economic loss due to the direct front landscaping are simultaneously isolating or indirect damage to the urban areas, sewers, ports and contaminants from outer water body. Tianjin other infrastructure. In China, many coastal lowlands Eco-city in China has shown both strengths and have limited or no human-built protection against im- weaknesses. It takes large amount of reclaimed pacts from sea level rise or storms. Simultaneously the water as main landscaping water source, which quality of water is likely to decrease, with the fluctuation adapts to local water pollution and shortage of runoff that either increased sediments and pollutants while requires highly centralized facilities. Large or decreased flushing that leads to higher salinity levels. water body is reserved and huge scale under- In north China coastal cities, increased salinity is vastly ground drainage system built, but it is still vul- threatening water quality for residential users, and af- nerable to heavy storms due to the lack of effi- fecting crops as well. cient surface water drainage system. Coastal Cities located in coastal regions are very vulnerable to line control does not adequately prevent from in- extreme weather events. While in recent years, large creasing storm surge risks in the future. SWMM number of new commercial and residential development simulations have supported the viewpoint of dis- in China accelerates the concentrations in coastal areas. tributed surface water with a higher efficiency In megacities like Shanghai and Tianjin, or city clusters for storm drainage. Meanwhile, surface water located around them, dozens of new-towns with a Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS 408 T. Zou, Z. N. Zhou / Open Journal of Ecology 3 (2013) 407-416 planned population from 100,000 to 500,000 emerges dam, Almere is located in Flevoland of the Netherlands, along coastal low-lying belts, among which Sino-Sin- 20 km away from Amsterdam. The city covers 248.77 gapore Tianjin Eco-city is one of the most known pro- km2 in total, including water area of 118.29 km2. As the jects in China. largest city of Flevoland, Almere has become the seventh Without adequate consideration on the rising risks, the largest city in the Netherlands with the population over vulnerable costal lowland area has been developed into 180,000 by July 2008. Owing to the expansion plan of new settlements. The phrase “Wrong location” is com- Almere, its population is expected to reach 350,000 by monly used when arguing on coastal new towns’ plan- 2030. ning. But decision maker’s faithful submission to the rule Almere is a typical polder city. The sea reclamation of urban concentration has led to the adaption of these project in Flevoland is initially planned for agricultural “wrong places” unavoidable. purpose. After the end of World War II, two new polder Looking back into the near history, European cities cities were planned because of the rapid population had also experienced such fast growing period decades growth and the increasing house demand. One is Lelys- before. Almere is one of them. As an extension of Am- tad, and the other one is Almere. As one of the latest built sterdam city, Almere is still considered to be located cities in the Netherlands, with the first building emerged wrongly due to geological reason [1]. But fortunately in 1976, Almere was formally established as a munici- enough, Dutch seems far more experienced in coping pality until 1984. with coastal risks. 2.1.2. Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City 1.2. Introduction on the Study Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (SSTEC, or Tianjin Eco-city) is an international cooperated new town de- A comparative study was conducted between two velopment started from 2008. The 34.2 km2 of coastal coastal new towns respectively located in China and the salinized lowland was chosen in consideration of pre- Netherlands (Figure 1). The purpose is to define typical venting from taking up farmlands in the region. The first challenges and the differences between these urban de- phase covers 7.8 km2 of development capable of ac- velopments in coastal lowlands. Local strategies for commodating 105,000 residents in 2015, then 350,000 planning the urban surface water system and their func- residents or 110,000 families by 2030 when fully built. tioning patterns differ greatly according to local climate Aiming at a demonstration project of sustainable urban and other social-economic situations. In order to further development in China, Tianjin Eco-city is seeking for discuss on possible future adaption to extreme weather environmental friendly and low-impact development. events, a brief SWMM simulation was applied to each Work-life balance and compact-mixed land-use structure, case, so as to compare the two methodologies coping as well as sustainable mass transit system has been with the same water issues. The comparison intentionally largely considered. Water recycling due to regional water implicates the better orientation of urban water manage- shortage is also taken as one of the most important ment in different phases of urban planning. strategies. Large scale reclaimed water plant has been built, and storm water drained through huge scale under- 2. PRELIMINARY STUDIES AND ground piping system. METHODS APPLIED In the past years, a few families moved into the new 2.1. Cases General Information eco-city, while national level economic policy has low- ering down the pace. 2.1.1. Almere of the Netherlands Initially built as a satellite town of the capital Amster- 2.2. Climate and Topographical Backgrounds Both located in the temperate zone in northern sphere, Almere has higher latitude of 52.37N, while Tianjin Eco-city locates 39.15N. Although much to the south, Tianjin has an annual average temperature not much higher than Almere. The major difference is a colder winter and a much hotter summer in Tianjin. Annual precipitation in Almere is a bit higher than Tianjin. With a lower annual actual evaporation, Almere shows a wet climate in general. In Tianjin, more than Figure 1. Same scale satellite images of Tianjin Eco-city 70% precipitation is received during the hot summer and Almere. period, and throughout remaining months of the year it Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS T. Zou, Z. N. Zhou / Open Journal of Ecology 3 (2013) 407-416 409 appears very dry. Tianjin is now facing severe water This process is even intensified by drainage and con- shortage due to high population density and general dry struction, and can only be stopped by the construction of climate as in other northern cities in China (Table 1). large water storage facilities. In Tianjin, as part of the Topographically, Almere is a polder city lying several most densely populated area in Northern China, deep meters lower than sea-level. The polder is prevented ground water over-exploitation has led to severe land from flooding by strong dykes along the periphery of subsidence. This problem overlaps with sea level rise, inside lowlands. Tianjin Eco-city was historically con- and has enormously downturn capability of dams origi- sisting of salt fields and a large contaminated reservoir. nally built for 100 years return period to a much lower Dykes for defensing storm surges lie near its border. The level. whole area is quite flat and mostly around 1 m above sea-level, which will be raised to around 3 m according 2.3.3. Water Shortage to its master planning. Freshwater resource might not be an issue for Almere due to abundant and evenly distributed precipitation, 2.3.
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