Invasive of Concern to Georgia Page 1 Why are these insects of concern to Georgia?

These insects are invasive species and have the potential to create significant damage through direct losses to agronomic crops, forests, our landscape, structures, aquatic environments or environmental damage through wide-spread plant mortality. The presence of these pests may also result in quarantines that restrict the import and export of commodities.

What is an invasive species?

An invasive species is any species (including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other propagative material) that is not native to an ecosystem, and lives free from natural predators, parasites, or competitors. As a result, they can develop large populations very rapidly, and their introduction does or is likely to cause harm to the economy, environment or human health. Native insects can be pests, but the introduction of exotic species has the potential to cause greater damage due to a lack of effective biological control agents and a lack of resistance in our native plants. Invasive species can out-compete, displace or kill native species and disrupt vital ecosystem functions such as wildlife food and habitat, water flow, nutrient cycling or soil decomposition. This brochure provides information about non-native insect species that are thought to be of concern to GA: some are already causing significant damage, others are established but not widely distributed, and some are potential serious pests not yet established in GA.

Where do these invasive insects come from?

Most are native to other continents but a few are native to the Southwestern U.S., Mexico or Central America and have become established in the Southeast. Invasive insects are frequently introduced accidentally as “hitch-hikers” in contaminated freight or the movement of contaminated wood products (including shipping pallets and firewood), host plants or food products.

Why don’t our native plants have resistance to these exotic insects?

Front Cover: Asian longhorned (Anoplophora Plants develop resistance to native insects through interaction glabripennis). Photo credit Melody Keena, USDA Forest over many generations. Plants with resistance survive to pass Service, Bugwood.org. their resistive characteristics on to the next generation. Over time the plant species develops a set of effective defenses that allows it to survive attack. When a new insect is introduced, Citation: the defenses of the plant species are not prepared to counter its attacks and significant losses often occur. Moss, E.J., G.K. Douce, J.H. LaForest, D.J. Moorhead, C.T. Bargeron, M.D. Toews, 2016. Invasive Species of Concern to What type of damage do these invasive insects cause? Georgia. The University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, Tifton, GA. BW-2016-01. 36 p. Different insects cause different types of damage which can stress or even kill plants by either directly damaging them or by All images can be found in the Bugwood Image Database System weakening them, making them susceptible to other stress factors. at http://images.bugwood.org. Page 2 Page 3 The type of damage inflicted is an important identification tool. How do we know an insect will be a problem here if it isn’t Leaf-feeding insects may defoliate plants once or many times. currently? Wood-boring insects kill by disabling the plant’s ability to take up or transport water and nutrients, or can structurally damage We don’t, however, with our favorable climate and an abundance the plant. Many insects damage the fruit or seeds of plants or are of potential hosts, many non-native organisms could become noxious to humans or domestic or wild . Many times, established and thrive in Georgia. Since it is difficult to predict the only recourse in the face of infestation is whole tree removal, the extent of potential damage until after an introduction has as in the case of Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) eradication occurred, caution is advocated to prevent an introduction programs. in the first place, if possible. Additionally, if a population of exotic organisms becomes established, we encourage the implementation of management plans to limit the spread and impact of that organism while the population is small and limited in geographical scope.

What can I do to fight these invasive insects?

The most important thing we can do to help fight invasive species is to prevent introduction and establishment in the first place! There are some very basic measures one can follow to prevent the spread of invasive pests locally. BEFORE If you engage in recreational activities such as hunting, fishing, camping and boating, you could be inadvertently transporting invasive species. Invasive organisms often hide in or on items needed for outdoor activities, such as firewood, waders, boats,

T. B. Denholm, NJ Dept. of Agriculture, Bugwood.org of Agriculture, B. Denholm, NJ Dept. T. ATVs and camping equipment. Cleaning your equipment before visiting another area, and purchasing local firewood (from the same county or within fifty miles from where you will burn it) helps to minimize transport. Many parks, camps and boat ramps sell firewood and/or have wader wash stations. If you do not burn all of your locally-purchased firewood, leave it behind for the next camper or angler. Don’t take it home, as you could be AFTER taking home unwanted pests. Even if firewood looks “clean” ALB eradication measures in New Jersey and healthy and is properly dried, it can still have tiny invasive Are all exotic species invasive? insect eggs, microscopic fungal spores, or even larvae living in the wood. No, actually only a small percentage of introduced species ever become invasive. However, it is nearly impossible to predict which species will become invasive and new species are being introduced every day. Some species can be present for many years before they exhibit invasive characteristics, perhaps going through a “lag phase” in which their populations grow slowly or adapt to the environment. At some point the population may reach a size where it is able to explode and become invasive.

Are all of these invasive insects here now?

A number of the species listed in this publication are not known to be established in the U.S. To date, 13 of the species listed APHIS PPQ,USDA APHIS PPQ, USDA Bugwood.org Removing gypsy moth egg mass from trailer hitch here have been detected in Georgia. Invasive organisms can be easily transported on other forest products including living plants or fresh fruit or recently-killed plant material including lumber and wooden packing material. These products should be treated with the same precautions as Page 4 Order: Coleoptera Family: Buprestidae Page 5 firewood, and their long-range movement should be avoided. It is recommended that you purchase only local, certified pest-free nursery stock. A. Battisti, Universita di Padova, Bugwood.org Padova, di Universita A. Battisti, USDA Forest Service Forest USDA L. Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, Bugwood.org des Forêts, de la Santé Département L. Nageleisen, It is important to educate yourself and keep up-to-date on the status of the pests listed in this publication, among others.

Resources with information on what to look for and how to Bugwood.org des Forêts, de la Santé Département L. Nageleisen, control exotic species are available through your local extension office and many websites: Oak splendor beetle - Agrilus biguttatus

http://www.bugwood.org Oak splendor beetle is native to Asia and it has not yet been http://www.invasive.org found in North America. The beetle is a strong flier, able to travel http://www.forestpests.org several miles in search of a suitable host. It is readily moved http://www.pestalert.org in wood products such as firewood and other materials with http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health attached bark. Oak is the primary host but chestnut and beech http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/ are also susceptible. This beetle may have one generation a year http://www.dontmovefirewood.org/ in warm climates, but a two-year cycle is more common. Adult females feed on oak foliage before depositing clusters of 5 to 6 Rapidly identifying new introductions and reporting any eggs in bark crevices. The south side of large oaks (diameter at occurrences to your local County Extension Agent or Forestry breast height of 11 to 15 inches) is preferred. Larvae feed in Commission Office may help to minimize the introduction, the cambium, creating frass-filled “zig-zag” galleries. Mature spread and impact of invasive species. So spread the word: tell larvae are creamy white, legless grubs around 1 to 1¾ inches in your neighbors if you see invasive species on their property. length. The firstthoracic segment is wider than the other body Volunteer with natural resources agencies to control invasive segments. Two hornlike projections (urogomphi) are found on species. It is more effective and economical to control small the last abdominal segment. Pupation occurs in the bark, and infestations than well-established, rapidly spreading infestations. over-wintering can occur in both the larval and pupal stages. Adult oak splendor emerge from May to June, leaving D-shaped exit holes. Adults are attractive, metallic green, slender insects about ⅓ to ½ inch in length. The end third of each wing cover has a distinct white mark on the interior edge. Damage Throughout this publication, there are words in bold. These typically results in dieback, epicormic branching, crown thinning terms are defined in a glossary on the last page. and tree mortality. Page 6 Order: Coleoptera Family: Buprestidae Order: Coleoptera Family: Buprestidae Page 7 D. Cappaert, MSU, Bugwood.org Cappaert, MSU, D. D. Cappaert, MSU, Bugwood.org Cappaert, MSU, D. M. Zubrik, Forest Research Institute - Slovakia, Bugwood.org - Slovakia, Institute Research M. Zubrik, Forest PA DCNR - Forestry, Bugwood.org DCNR - Forestry, PA PA DCNR - Forestry, Bugwood.org DCNR - Forestry, PA Emerald ash borer (EAB) - Agrilus planipennis European Oak Borer - Agrilus sulcicollis

EAB is known to be established in 25 states (including Georgia) The European oak borer targets oaks (Quercus spp.), but has also and two Canadian provinces. It probably arrived in the U.S. on been found in species of hornbeams (Carpinus spp.), chestnuts solid wood packing material from its native Asia. Introduction (Castanea spp.) and beaches (Fagus spp.) in its native Europe. pathways include movement of infested live ash trees, limbs, Its range covers nearly all of Europe, from Scandinavia to Italy and Spain to Russia. It was first reported in North America from firewood, logs, and untreated ash lumber. Hosts include all Ontario, Canada, in 2008. Further surveys in 2009 revealed its ash species, but green ash, white ash, and black ash are more presence in parts of Michigan and New York. Adult beetles are susceptible than Asian varieties. This pest has also been found approximately ¼ inch in length and variable in color (metallic attacking fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus). Females lay eggs bronze, green, violet or blue). Only blue adults have been found two weeks after emergence. During this time, adults feed on in the U.S. Females lay eggs singly on the bark surface or in ash leaves, creating irregular notches. Eggs are initially light bark cracks on the trunk and branches of host trees, commonly yellow, turning to brownish-yellow before hatching. Eggs hatch on sun-exposed portions. Larva(e) feed on and overwinter in in 1 to 2 weeks, and the tiny, cream-colored larvae chew through the cambium layers, pupating in May and June. Adults emerge the bark into the cambium and sapwood where they grow to and fly from May to July, leaving small D-shaped emergence holes in host bark and feeding on host foliage. The species has 1 to 1¼ inches long with flat, broad, segmented bodies as they a one-year life cycle in central Europe, but may take two years feed, creating S-shaped frass-packed tunnels. Adults begin further north in Scandinavia. Oak trees stressed by drought are emerging in mid-June, leaving D- shaped emergence holes 0.1 particularly susceptible to this pest. Oak-dominated stands in to 0.2 inch in diameter. Adults are small, brassy-green, metallic the southern Appalachian Mountains are at considerable risk for wood-boring beetles measuring ⅓ to ½ inch in length. Symptoms establishment. include vertical splits in the bark resulting from the host forming callus tissue in response to larval feeding, general yellowing and thinning of foliage, crown dieback, epicormic branching and woodpecker activity. After 1 to 2 years of infestation, the bark often falls off in pieces, exposing the insect galleries as the host dies. The life cycle of EAB in North America takes between 1 and 2 years depending on the climate. Page 8 Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Order: Coleoptera Family: Page 9 Male CLHB Larva ALB

Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org

Female Bugwood.org ORDA, S. Valley,

G. J. Lenhard, LSU, Bugwood.org LSU, Lenhard, G. J. ALB D. Herms, OSU, Bugwood.org Herms, OSU, D. W. M. Ciesla, Forest Health Managment International, Bugwood.org International, Health Managment M. Ciesla, Forest W.

ALB Larva CLHB J. Boggs, OSU, Bugwood.org Boggs,J. OSU, - APHIS, Bugwood.org USDA A. Wagner, Asian (ALB) & Citrus (CLHB) Longhorned Beetle - Anoplophora glabripennis & A. chinensis

Both ALB and CLHB are native to Asia. ALB was introduced to the U.S. by solid wood packing material and live plant

material from China, while CLHB found its way in nursery Bugwood.org International, Health Managment M. Ciesla, Forest W. Bugwood.org ORDA, S. Valley, stock. Domestic movement of infested tree-based materials like live trees, logs and firewood can easily spread these insects. Mediterranean pine engraver - Orthotomicus erosus These are especially dangerous invasive species because they are polyphagus. ALB is known to attack and kill healthy and This beetle is native to Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa stressed maple (Acer spp.), birch (Betula spp.), buckeye and and China, and has been introduced to southern Africa and South horsechestnut (Aesculus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.) and willow America. In 2004 it was discovered that it had established (Salix spp.) trees. Although CLHB is primarily a pest of citrus in California. Like other wood-boring beetles, this beetle is in China, its potential U.S. host species list is similar to that of associated with wood packaging. Adults are approximately � ⁄ � � ALB. Adult ALB females chew round oviposition holes in host inch in length and reddish-brown. They can be distinguished bark; those of CLHB are T-shaped and located at the base of from other small bark beetles by their sloped, slightly curved the host tree. ALB larvae hatch in 1 to 2 weeks, while CLHB inward hind end that is surrounded by four pairs of spines on larvae may take 1 to 3 weeks. Larvae of both species are pale both sides. The second spine is the broadest, and male spines yellow to white legless grubs that can grow 2 inches in length. are more pronounced. Parent beetles create nuptial and egg They develop amber heads and black mouthparts as they mature, galleries beneath host bark and females lay between 26 and feeding by chewing galleries first in the inner bark and then the 75 eggs in one or more galleries. Larvae are white to cream- sapwood of the host tree, where they pupate. Adults emerge colored legless grubs up to � ⁄ � inch long. In California, the from spring to late summer through many large oval to round species has been observed overwintering as larvae, pupae holes all over the host tree. ALB adults usually emerge later and adults beneath bark. Overwintered adults emerge in late in the summer. Exit holes, along with larval galleries, disrupt February, leaving a small round exit hole � ⁄� � inch in diameter, a host tree’s ability to transport water and nutrients, causing flying until October or November. In Israel, adults may require yellowing or drooping leaves. Other signs of infestation includes a period of feeding before breeding, and may re-infest the same sawdust-like frass and sap oozing around exit holes. Adults host from which they emerged. The species has two generations are 1 to 1½ inches long, shiny-black with white spots, bluish- per year in Turkey, France and Morocco; 3 to 4 in South Africa; white legs and black-and-white banded antennae that are 1 to 2 and 3 to 5 in Israel. In California, the number of generations times body length. Males are typically smaller than females in per year is still unknown. Although it is generally considered both species and have longer antennae relative to body length. a secondary pests of pines that are stressed by other factors, Also, the elytra of females does not cover the entire abdomen. this beetle may be especially detrimental to at least 11 North ALB and CLHB are very similar in appearance, but CLHB has American pine species, since it has already been found infesting bumps (granulae) at the base of its elytra. Both species have eastern white, Scots, shortleaf and slash; potential hosts include one generation per year. pitch, longleaf, loblolly and Virginia pines. Page 10 Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae Page 11 W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org CSU, Cranshaw, W. T. Kimoto, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Inspection Agency, Canadian Food Kimoto, T. Bugwood.org R. Dzwonkowski, Bugwood.org R. Dzwonkowski, Bugwood.org R. Dzwonkowski, W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org CSU, Cranshaw, W. W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org CSU, Cranshaw, W. S. Passoa, USDA APHIS PPQ, USDA S. Passoa, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Cornell University, E.R. Hoebeke, Pine shoot beetles - Tomicus spp. S. Valley, ORDA, Bugwood.org ORDA, S. Valley, W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org CSU, Cranshaw, W.

Walnut Twig Beetle – Pityophthorus juglandis There are several Tomicus species that feed on various conifers. Many are familiar with Tomicus piniperda, the common pine The walnut twig beetle does not cause significant branch mortality shoot beetle that was initially found near Cleveland, Ohio, in by itself, but rather by association with a newly identified fungal 1992. Two other species, T. minor and T. destruens, are not pathogen (Geosmithia morbida) that causes thousand cankers known to be present in the U.S. Probable introduction pathways disease (TCD). The beetle is thought to be native to Arizona, include unprocessed logs, firewood, tree trimmings, and lumber California and New Mexico, but has invaded Colorado, Idaho, with the bark still attached. Pines are the most common host Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington where eastern black for T. piniperda, although fir, larch or Douglas-fir are also walnut has been widely planted. In 2010, the beetle and TCD was susceptible. T. minor has also been reported on larch. Both found in Knoxville, Tennessee. Since then, TCD has been found T. piniperda and T. minor have only one generation per year. in other eastern states where black walnut is native, including For T. destruens, 2 to 3 overlapping generations per year are Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Maryland and North Carolina. suspected, however, current theories suggest that multiple broods Adult beetles are very small ( � ⁄� � inch), reddish-brown, typical- may result from mated females attacking multiple trees. After looking bark beetles with 4 to 6 concentric ridges on the upper mating, females construct galleries within the inner bark and surface of the pronotum (the shield-like cover behind and over outer sapwood, where they lay pearly white eggs. After hatching, the head). Larvae are white, C-shaped, and inhabit the sapwood, larvae construct feeding galleries. Larvae are white, C-shaped, creating galleries. Adult beetles carry the fungal spores into the legless grubs with an amber colored head capsule which may be host when boring to construct egg galleries. Once established, as long as ⅛ inch when mature. Pupation can occur in cells at the fungus creates small cankers that spread and gradually come the end of the larval galleries or in the bark. Pupae are white together or merge to cut through the bark all the way around entire with some adult features including immature wings. Adults branches or even the stem. Since the beetle attacks all over are dark brown, elongate ( � ⁄� � inch in length), and the species is the tree, the fungus also has multiple entry points, allowing for distinguishable by features on the ends of the wing covers. The many cankers to develop. Hence the name “thousand cankers head is visible when viewed from above and has six-segmented disease.” The host, unable to conduct water and nutrients, red-yellow antennal clubs. Adults feed by boring into tender gradually dies. Three major symptoms are branch mortality, pine shoots. Attacks may be substantial on susceptible trees. numerous small cankers on branches and the bole, and evidence Signs include reddish brown boring dust on the bark surface of of the beetles. The earliest symptom is yellowing foliage, rapidly trees and conspicuous pitch (sap or resin) tubes on relatively turning brown as branches die. Cankers are generally not visible vigorous trees. Host symptoms commonly involve reddening on the outside of the bark, but there may be a dark amber to black or browning of shoots. Blue stain fungi or other vascular wilts stain or cracking of the bark above a canker. are commonly associated with these beetles. Page 12 Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae Order: Diptera Family: Culicidae Page 13 S. Ellis, Bugwood.org J. Johnson, GA Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org Johnson, GA Forestry J. J. Johnson, GA Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org Johnson, GA Forestry J. A. Farajollahi, Bugwood.org A. Farajollahi,

S. Ellis, Bugwood.org A. Farajollahi, Bugwood.org A. Farajollahi,

M.C. Thomas, FL Dept. of Agriculture and consumer Services, and consumer Bugwood.org of Agriculture Thomas, FL Dept. M.C. Commission, Bugwood.org Johnson, GA Forestry J. Asian tiger mosquito - Aedes albopictus Redbay - glabratus A native to Southeastern Asia, this mosquito was first documented This beetle is native to Asia and was first discovered in the U.S. in Texas in 1985 and has since spread throughout the southern in 2002. It was most likely introduced in solid wood packing and southeastern U.S. It breeds in standing water that collects materials. By 2005, it was found to be consistently associated in outdoor containers such as water barrels, leaves, flowerpot with redbay mortality in an expanded area of coastal South saucers and tires. Georgia was the first state to report it in Carolina and Georgia, and continues to expand in Florida and every county during the 1990s. This mosquito is the number- coastal areas across the Southeast. Female ambrosia beetles carry one pest species in Georgia outside of coastal areas, because it and introduce fungal spores (species-specific) that they store in a is a potential vector of more than 30 viruses, including eastern specialized sac above the mandibles (mouthparts) into sapwood equine encephalitis and LaCrosse encephalitis viruses. It has also wood as they bore through it. This fungus is “farmed” by the been implicated in the transmission of dengue and Chikungunya beetles and is used by the developing larvae as a food source. viruses. Adult mosquitoes are medium-sized and have distinctive As the introduced fungus spreads through the tree it can clog shiny black scales with silver white scales on the mouthparts and the water and nutrient conducting tissues and lead to branch, legs. The back is black with a white stripe down the center and limb or tree mortality. Native U.S. ambrosia beetles normally the abdomen narrows into a point. Males are 20% smaller than attack dying or weakened trees. The introduced redbay ambrosia females, on average, and feed on nectar. A. albopictus is active beetle attacks healthy trees in the (laurel) family, throughout the year in tropical and subtropical regions, but can which in the southeastern U.S. includes redbay, Asian spicebush, overwinter in the egg stage in temperate climates. Black, oval- sassafras, threatened and endangered pondspice and pondberry, shaped 0.5 mm eggs are laid singly in water-holding containers and . The fungus carried by and associated with the such as those described above. They can remain viable for up redbay ambrosia beetle was identified as lauricola, a to one year under dry conditions. Larvae emerge after rainfall virulent plant pathogen new to the U.S. that causes raises the water level in the containers, submerging the eggs one disease and tree mortality. Larvae are white, C-shaped, legless or more times. Larval development is temperature dependent, grubs with an amber colored head capsule. Adults are minute ( � ⁄� � and larvae develop through 4 instars, pupating after 5 to 10 inch long), slender, and brown-black in color. Upon emergence, days. Each pupal stage lasts 2 days. The life cycle from egg to only the females seek a new host. Attacks are made evident by adult requires as little as 8 to 10 days and adult mosquitoes live pinhole-sized holes in the bark associated with either sap flow for another 2 to 4 weeks. or light-colored boring dust. Laurel wilt has killed thousands of redbays and is a threat to the U.S. industry. Page 14 Order: Diptera Family: Drosophilidae Order: Diptera Family: Muscidae Page 15

Male H. Burrack, NCSU, Bugwood.org NCSU, H. Burrack, Bugwood.org NCSU, H. Burrack, W. Hudson, UGA, Bugwood.org W. S. Carlson, UGA, Bugwood.org H. Burrack, NCSU, Bugwood.org NCSU, H. Burrack, Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) – Drosophila suzukii W. Hudson, UGA, Bugwood.org W. Hudson, UGA, Bugwood.org W. SWD is native to Southeast Asia. It was first detected in the western U.S. in 2008 and by 2011 it had been detected in Bermudagrass stem maggot - Atherigona reversura the northeastern U.S. It has since been detected in several southeastern states, including Georgia. Unlike other fruit flies The Bermudagrass stem maggot is native to south Asia, extending that colonize overripe or rotten fruit, SWD can lay eggs in from Japan westward to Pakistan and Oman. It was first immature, ripe and otherwise marketable fruit. SWD seems discovered in the U.S. in Georgia in 2010, and since has become to prefer blackberries and fall raspberries, late blueberries and a pest for cattlemen and hay producers across the Southeast. Its day-neutral strawberries, peaches, nectarines and hardy kiwi. main hosts are bermudagrass and stargrass (Cynodon spp.), but Wild hosts include raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, elderberry, there still remains much research to be conducted on the biology pokeberry, dogwood, viburnum, bush honeysuckle and common and life cycle of this pest. The adult fly is small and yellow with buckthorn; it has also been found in cull (unmarketable) dark eyes. It lays its eggs on the bermudagrass stem near a node. muskmelons and cantaloupes. In its native range, SWD has After hatching, the ⅛-inch long, yellowish maggot larvae burrow been observed feeding on oak sap and depositing eggs in certain into the shoots and feed, causing the top 2 to 3 leaves above the species of flowers; adults may subsist onhoneydew excreted by feeding site to wither and die. The chlorotic (yellowing) dead piercing/sucking insects. Not only does SWD do direct damage leaves give affected fields a frosted appearance. By the time the to fruit, it also allows entry for fungal fruit rot organisms. SWD plant shows symptoms, the maggots have often pupated. The prefers a moderate climate with high humidity, and adults live plant may grow a new shoot from a lower node, which may be for up to two months during the growing season. Females lay attacked by later generations of Bermudagrass stem maggot. 100 to 600 eggs during this time, and larval development is very Depending on plant vigor and site characteristics (e.g., soil and dependent upon temperature. Larvae feed in fruit for 3 to 13 days moisture conditions), yield may be minimally impacted. With and pupation lasts 3 to 15 days, either inside the fruit or on the heavy infestations, regrowth after cutting damaged tops can be ground. Females can lay eggs within two days of emergence. slowed considerably, and damage in finer-stemmed cultivars of Adult males have a spot on each wing (hence “spotted wing”), Bermudagrass can decrease yield by 50%. Livestock grazing but it can be faint or missing; a better identifying feature of can help keep fly eggs and maggot populations controlled. The males is the presence of two black patches of hairs (called fly has a life cycle that usually lasts about three weeks, but it can sex combs) on each front leg. Females have a larger saw-like be as short as 12 days. ovipositor than other fruit fly species. One generation can be completed in 10 to 20 days, but populations decrease markedly during colder weather months. This allows early season crops to escape damage. It is estimated that 8 or 9 generations per year is plausible in the Mid-Atlantic region. Page 16 Order: Hemiptera Family: Adelgidae Order: Hemiptera Family: Aphididae Page 17 P. Porter, Texas Cooperative Extension, Bugwood.org Extension, Cooperative Texas Porter, P. W. M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org International, Health Management M. Ciesla, Forest W. W. M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org International, Health Management M. Ciesla, Forest W. PA DCNR - Forestry, Bugwood.org DCNR - Forestry, PA M. Montgomery, USFS, Bugwood.org USFS, M. Montgomery, P. Porter, Texas Cooperative Extension, Bugwood.org Extension, Cooperative Texas Porter, P. Bugwood.org Division of Agriculture, of Arkansas University N. Seiter, Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) - Adelges tsugae Sugarcane aphid - Melanaphis sacchari

HWA is native to Japan and possibly China. It was first observed The sugarcane aphid has been a pest of sugarcane and sorghum in the eastern U.S. in 1951 near Richmond, Virginia. Now it in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Far East, and parts of Central and is found in the east from northern Georgia to southern New South America. Infestations in the U.S. appear to have originated England, following the backbone of the Appalachian Mountains. in Hawaii, with the aphid being a sporadic pest of sugarcane in Movement of live infested hemlocks as well as wind, birds, Louisiana since 1999. It was first discovered that the pest was and mammals disperse it on a local scale. HWA is an aphidlike making a shift to plants in the genus Sorghum in Texas in 2013. insect that poses a serious threat to all Tsuga species including By the end of 2014, it had spread throughout the southeastern U.S. eastern hemlock and Carolina hemlock, as well as ornamental Adults are light yellow to gray with black cornicles (backward- hemlocks. Adult size varies from � ⁄� � to ⅛ inch in length with pointing tubes, or “tailpipes,” or “stove pipes,” on the hind end), piercing/sucking mouthparts. HWA is parthenogenetic, feet and antennae; they may or may not be winged, depending meaning all are female, with each adult producing 50 to 300 eggs on environmental conditions. Females give birth to 30 to 60 in a lifetime. Adults produce white woolly wax to protect eggs, live young each. Nymphs mature in about five days and live for which is the foremost sign of infestation‒ white cottony tufts on four weeks. As aphids, these insects suck sap from their hosts the undersides of needles. There are two generations a year, the starting at the bottom and working their way to the top, expelling winter generation going dormant for hot summer months and sticky honeydew, which supports sooty mold development. the spring generation overlapping with it in mid to late spring. Host symptoms include reddening or purple leaf discoloration, The unique feeding behavior of HWA is especially detrimental chlorosis (yellowing), dead tissue, stunting, delay in flowering, to its hosts in that it does not feed on nutrients in sap, but rather and poor grain fill. Symptoms are exacerbated by drought. on stored starches which the tree needs to survive the winter. Injury to seedlings results in inconsistent heading, which Needle loss and twig desiccation (excessive drying) caused by allows sorghum midge populations to finish the job. Population feeding hinders shoot growth; twig dieback, defoliation, and explosion of sugarcane aphid is dependent upon temperature and host death usually follow within 4 to 6 years of infestation. plant development stage. As many as 30,000 aphids can attack Severe infestations can eliminate the hemlock component from a single plant at peak infestation. However, these populations forest stands. decline quickly in 2 to 3 weeks as the host declines. Page 18 Order: Hemiptera Family: Eriococcidae Order: Hemiptera Family: Coccidae & Diaspididae Page 19

Male Male shield shield Female Female shield Female Female shield Arrowhead scale Ministry of Agriculture and Food Production, MAFP, Bugwood.org

Crape myrtle bark scale J. Robbins, Univ. of Ark. CES, Bugwood.org CES, of Ark. Univ. Robbins, J.

Japanese wax scale G. Pellizzari, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. Entomology, Bugwood.org Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture, Faculty G. Pellizzari, Azalea bark scale Arrowhead scale

US National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Research Agricultural USDA Scale Insects Photographs, Collection of US National F. Bertaux, GRISP, Antibes, Bugwood.org Azalea bark scale - Eriococcus azalea This honeydew-exuding scale is primarily a pest of azaleas Crape myrtle bark scale nymph Japanese wax scale nymph and rhododendrons in Georgia, although it has been reported J. Robbins, Univ. of Ark. CES, Bugwood.org CES, of Ark. Univ. Robbins, J. on hawthorn, poplar, willow, and ornamental cherry trees. Scale insects Adult females are bright red and covered in crystalline rods. They produce a tough, pear-shaped egg sac containing Scale insects are typically overlooked until tree or shrub reddish-purple eggs. First and second instars are purple or branches begin to thin, yellow and die. Upon closer red. This species has one generation in the north U.S. and two inspection, branches and stems will exhibit a coating of scales. in the south U.S. Crawlers settle in branch or leaf axils. The insects may or may not produce honeydew, which is a distinguishing characteristic that can aid in identification. Japanese wax scale - Ceroplastes japonicus After going through a crawler phase, when the insects are Japanese wax scale is a honeydew-exuding Asian soft scale that most transferrable by wind, scales typically spend most has been found in Europe, but is not known to occur in the U.S. of their lives on the same part of the plant, feeding in an Hosts include maple, boxwood, citrus, hawthorn, euonymus, fig, immobile state. Armored scales develop a waxy covering out holly, apple, stone fruits, pear, willow, and elm. Males are not of which the adult male crawls to mate; females produce 100+ known to exist for this species. The female lays eggs starting eggs each. Soft scales lack a waxy shell and typically their in May, each laying up to 1,700 eggs. Only one generation per crawlers move directly to leaves where they settle to feed for year has been observed. the summer, secreting honeydew. This often causes sooty mold to develop on host stem and branches, giving them a Arrowhead scale - Unaspis yanonensis black tinge. Soft scales overwinter on twigs and bark where Arrowhead scale is native to China but has spread to Japan, they remain as they mature, the males flying to mate with France and Italy. It is not known to occur in the U.S. Hosts wingless females, which can produce 1,000+ eggs. Besides include all citrus, especially oranges, but also a wide range crawlers being transported locally by wind, these insects can of other crops, including bananas, coconuts, guavas, hibiscus, be moved long distances inadvertently by birds and by moving jackfruits, kumquats, and pineapples. Eggs are orange-yellow, infested plant material. oval and smooth. In citrus producing areas of the U.S., egg laying occurs from February to March. Crawlers are oval, flat Crape myrtle bark scale - Eriococcus lagerstroemia and pale-yellow with purple eyes. Pupae are orange-yellow with A native to Japan and China, this scale was mistaken for azalea dark purple-brown eyes, with visible immature antennae, legs, bark scale when first discovered in the U.S. A honeydew- and wings. Winged males are � ⁄� � inch long, orange-yellow, and secreting scale, it is only found on crape myrtle and pomegranate. have deep dark brownish-purple eyes with a light brown band Adult females are felt-like white to grey encrustations that when across the thorax. The abdomen narrows at the end with a sharp crushed, exude pinkish “blood.” This is a defining characteristic style. Female scale covers are mussel-shaped, slightly convex, that can help distinguish the crape myrtle bark scale from the and blackish-brown with a paler margin. Male scale covers are common crape myrtle aphid. These insects have been identified smaller, oval and white. There are 2 to 4 annual generations, and in Georgia. development is strongly influenced by air temperature. Page 20 Order: Hemiptera Family: Pentatomidae Order: Hemiptera Family: Pentatomidae Page 21 D.R. Lance, USDA APHIS PPQ, Lance, USDA D.R. Bugwood.org J. Eger, Dow AgroSciences, Bugwood.org AgroSciences, Dow Eger, J. Y. Cardoza, NCSU, Bugwood.org NCSU, Cardoza, Y. G. Bernon, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org G. Bernon, USDA G. Bernon, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org G. Bernon, USDA Y. Cardoza, NCSU, Bugwood.org NCSU, Cardoza, Y. UGA, Bugwood.org Suiter, D.R.

D.R. Lance, USDA APHIS PPQ, Lance, USDA D.R. Bugwood.org APHIS PPQ, Lance, USDA D.R. Bugwood.org Kudzu bug - Megacopta cribraria Brown marmorated stinkbug - Halyomorpha halys Kudzu bugs, also referred to as bean plataspids, lablab bugs, or globular stink bugs, are native to Australia, China, India, BMSB is native to Asia. It was first positively identified in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Pennsylvania in 2010, and has since been found in 37 other Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Kudzu states in both western and the eastern states, including Georgia. bug was first discovered in Georgia in 2009. It has now spread Hosts include maple, serviceberry, birch, butterfly bush, pepper, through 13 southeastern states. Adults are nuisance pests, seeking pecan, catalpa, hackberry, redbud, citrus, dogwood, cucumber, out shelter in colder months in homes and other structures. The fig, sunflower, honeysuckle, tomato, apple, plum, pear, rose, lilac, bugs feed on kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), but can be linden, viburnum and grape. Adults emerge from overwintering destructive to legumes (Fabaceae), especially soybean plants, in April, breed and the female lays egg masses with about 25 � feeding on leaves, stems and flowers. Adults are ⅛ to ¼ inch eggs each. Eggs are ⁄� � inch, pale green and laid from June to long, light brown to olive color with numerous dark punctations August. Nymphs do not have developed wings. All instars and live 23 to 77 days. The scutellum (shieldlike end plate on have deep red eyes. Size ranges from ⅛ to ¾ inch as the insect the back side of the thorax) is characteristic of other shield-back grows and molts. Nymphs are first red, turning almost black, bugs and covers the forewings and most of the abdomen. This and then finally become brown as adults. Adults have the typical plataspid is unique in that it has a flattened hind end while more “shield” shape of other stink bugs, almost as wide as they are common shield-back bugs have a triangular-shaped scutellum. long. Injuries caused by feeding produce small dead areas on The female can lay anywhere from 20 to 40 pale salmon-colored the outer surface of fruits and leaves. Cat-facing (scarring and/ eggs in a horizontal fashion. The eggs rest upon dark capsules full or cavities near the blossom end of the fruit) is common on fruits of bacteria that the immature insects consume while developing. such as apple and peach, while other plants may have roughly- Nymphs go through five instars, each taking 2 to 56 days to circular stippled areas about ⅛ inch wide. Only one annual develop. They are hairy and tend to be pale orange, olive green generation has been observed in the Mid-Atlantic; however, there or light brown. In its native habitat, the kudzu bug has up to three are likely multiple generations as it spreads south. Adults begin generations. Insects colonize from April to July, forming large seeking overwintering sites at the end of September and become mating aggregations, and are present until October; in warmer a nuisance as large numbers congregate and invade buildings. climates, they may be active all year. Page 22 Order: Hemiptera Family: Pseudococcidae Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Page 23

J. MacGown, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org F. Graham, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Auburn University, Graham, F. J. W. Lotz, FL Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org of Agriculture Lotz, FL Department W. J. and Consumer Services,Bugwood.org of Agriculture FL Department Industry, FL Division of Plant J. MacGown, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org University, Mississippi State MacGown, J. J. MacGown, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org University, Mississippi State MacGown, J. Pink hibiscus mealybug - Maconellicoccus hirsutus Tawny crazy ant - Nylanderia fulva The pink hibiscus mealybug is established in most tropical areas of the world including Africa, India, Australia and Asia. Formerly called the Raspberry crazy ant, little is known about It is a serious pest in Hawaii and the Caribbean, and has been the biology of this pest, which is native to South America. It found on mainland U.S. in southern California, Georgia and is part of a group of so-called “crazy” ants due to its quick Florida. Movement of infested plants and fruits as well as and erratic movements. This ant is a serious pest to residents, dispersal by wind, birds, and wildlife are major pathways for businesses, companion animals and livestock in Georgia and this pest. More than 200 species of trees, plants, and shrubs are other states. It does not have a stinger, but worker ants have an known hosts; including beans, chrysanthemum, citrus, coconut, acidopore (conical structure with a small terminal opening) at coffee, cotton, corn, croton, cucumber, grape, guava, hibiscus, the end of the abdomen that excretes defense chemicals. When peanut, pumpkin, rose and mulberry. Eggs are pink, minute and the tawny crazy ant bites, it causes a minute, short-lasting pain. contained in an egg sack of white wax, visible in clusters on the In Colombia, where this ant is a serious pest and has ousted all twigs, branches or bark. Newly-hatched nymphs are called other ant species, it has been known to cause small livestock such crawlers. Both males and females have active nymph stages as chickens to die of asphyxia (suffocation), as well as causing in which they are wingless. The males go through an inactive native grasslands to dry out by aggravating sucking insect pests stage in which they develop wing buds within a cocoon of mealy which they farm for their honeydew. This ant has even been wax. Adults are approximately ⅛ inch long; when squished, the reported to accumulate in electrical equipment, causing short bodily fluid is reddish. Female bodies are pink, wingless, and circuits and clogging switching mechanisms. N. fulva has been covered by a mass of white mealy wax just like the nymphs, known to kill honey bee larvae and use the hives as their nest. while males have a pair of wings, two long waxy tails and can fly. Adult ants are approximately ⅛ inch long and reddish-brown, Reproduction continues through parthenogenesis if there are no with smooth, glossy bodies covered with short fuzzy hairs. They males. Although the pink hibiscus mealybug usually completes may have loosely-defined foraging trails extending hundreds of its entire cycle in 23 to 30 days, under optimum conditions, 15 meters from several interconnected nests, which are found in generations a year are possible. While nymphs feed, they inject leaf litter, soil and rotten logs, as well as under potted plants and a toxic saliva that results in malformed leaf and shoot growth, along underground electrical conduits. shriveled fruit, poor fruit set and occasionally death. Infested fruits may be entirely covered with the white waxy coating of the mealybug. Sooty mold may develop on honeydew secretions of the mealybug. Page 24 Order: Hymenoptera Family: Siricidae Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lasiocampidae Page 25

Female D. R. Lance, USDA APHIS PPQ, R. Lance, USDA D. Bugwood.org

D. Haugen, Bugwood.org Haugen, D. Male R. Dzwonkowski, Bugwood.org R. Dzwonkowski, Bugwood.org International, Health Management M. Ciesla, Forest W. D. Haugen, Bugwood.org Haugen, D. Bugwood.org USFS, Haugen, D. Sirex woodwasp - Sirex noctilio

Sirex woodwasp is native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Uruguay,

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and South Africa as well as Indiana and AgricultureBugwood.org for Center Research State H. Lemme, Bavarian S. Kinelski, Bugwood.org New York. The most common method of introduction to the U.S. Pine-tree lappet - Dendrolimus pini has been solid wood packing material as well as untreated, dried logs and saw timber. It attacks a wide variety of pines including Monterey, loblolly, slash and shortleaf. The female drills into This pine moth is a European native, but is also established in the the wood to deposit white, soft, smooth, elongate eggs as well western part of Asia. It has not been detected in North America. as a toxic mucous and fungal Amylostereum areolatum spores, The most likely method of introduction would be eggs and pupae which causes white rot. The mucus prevents formation of anti- hidden in the bark crevasses of unprocessed logs. Hosts are a fungal toxins, allowing the fungus to proliferate and causing the wide range of conifers including fir, cedar, juniper, spruce, pine, host’s wood to dry out, killing the tree in a few months. Larvae Douglas-fir and larch. From late-June through August, female moths lay eggs in groups of about 100. Females do not fly until are creamy white and legless with a distinctive dark spine at the � rear of the abdomen. The frass-filled larval galleries become after they have laid some of their eggs. The pinhead-sized ( ⁄� � “horseshoe”-shaped (or U-shaped) as the larvae tunnel toward inch) eggs are blue-green when first deposited and later turn gray. the heartwood, then turn back toward the sapwood. Larvae Eggs hatch in about 14 days. Caterpillars first feed on egg shells, feed on the fungus, which converts wood cellulose into a more then on needles. First instar larvae can be dispersed by wind or easily digestible form. Pupae formed in the outer layers of the crawl significant distances to reach new host trees. One larva sapwood are initially creamy-white, gradually assuming the may consume up to 1,000 needles. When no needles are present, color of the adults. Robust, 1 to 1½ inch long adults emerge in the bark of young shoots is attacked. Mature larvae are 2 to 3 July, leaving large round holes. Females have dark metallic blue/ inches long with soft gray to brownish hairs. Identifying features black bodies with orange legs; male head and thorax are metallic of the caterpillar include thick bands of steel blue and black hairs blue, with an orange and black abdomen. Sirex woodwasp on the thorax and a black mark flanked by irregular white lines on is expected to complete one annual generation in most of the the abdominal segments. After the first frost, caterpillars move to U.S. The most important host symptom is the progressive and the litter on the forest floor to overwinter. The following spring, irreversible chlorosis (yellowing) in the crown, followed by a they return to the canopy to resume feeding. Yellow-brown to sudden wilting of foliage, heavy needle fall, and finally death black cocoons marked with steel blue hairs are formed in bark and decay. Initially, it is important to inspect the surface of the crevices as well as on needles and branches starting in June. stem for resin drops released after eggs are laid. Narrow bands Adults emerge in roughly 4 weeks. Identifying features of the of brownish fungal stain in the outer sapwood can be noted in 2 to 3½ inch-long moth include gray-brown to brown forewings infested trees. In general, Sirex woodwasp attacks living pines, with a reddish brown lateral band and an irregular dark brown to while native woodwasps attack only dead, weakened, or dying black stripe along the edges. Hind wings are reddish brown to trees. gray brown. Males are usually darker than females. Page 26 Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lasiocampidae Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lymantriidae Page 27

Female

Male T. Tigner, VA Departmet of Forestry, Bugwood.org of Forestry, Departmet VA Tigner, T. J. H. Ghent, USFS, Bugwood.org USFS, H. Ghent, J. H. Ovidiu, University of Oradea, Bugwood.org of Oradea, H. Ovidiu, University DCNR - Forestry, PA Bugwood.org European gypsy moth - Lymantria dispar

This insect, native to Europe, was accidentally introduced into New England in the late 1800s during an attempt to rear an alternative silk producing insect. Its current U.S. range extends from Maine in New England, south along the eastern seaboard to North Carolina and west across Pennsylvania and West Virginia into Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Spread occurs as a result of both natural flight of the moth and J. H. Ghent, USFS, Bugwood.org USFS, H. Ghent, J. Bugwood.org USFS, H. Ghent, J. the attachment and transport of egg masses on vehicles and Siberian silk moth - Dendrolimus sibiricus firewood. Gypsy moth is known to feed on over 300 trees and shrubs. Its favored hosts include oak, apple, alder, basswood, The Siberian silk moth is a major pest of more than 20 species birch, poplar, sweetgum, willow, and hawthorn. Less favored of firs, pines, larch and hemlocks. It is native to Northern host species include hickory, maple, cherry, cottonwood, elm, Asia, and is not known to be in North America. Eggs and blackgum, larch, sassafras, and hornbeam. Some mortality larvae may be especially problematic as hitchhikers in packing even occurs in white pine. Many other plants may be fed upon. material, although any life stage can be found in plant material. The gypsy moth has one generation per year. From June to Development usually lasts two years but it may vary from 1 to 3 mid-July, the female attaches velvety buff-colored egg masses years depending on temperature. Adults fly from the end of May to sheltered places on outdoor objects. These tough, cemented to the middle of July. Immediately after mating, females lay eggs masses may contain up to 1,000 eggs and are embedded with on the needles, mainly in the lower crown, but also on the ground. female abdominal hairs that may act as an allergen. The eggs Newly-laid eggs are light green, becoming creamy white and then hatch in April or May. Young larvae chew small holes in darker and spotted over their 13 to 15 day development period. leaves, while older larvae consume entire leaves except for the The black to dark brown caterpillar has numerous spots and long larger veins and the midribs. The whole tree may be defoliated, hairs with the second and third segments crossed by blue-black resulting in reduced growth and loss of vigor, as well as reduced stripes. Larvae feed until late autumn and spend the first winter aesthetic, recreational, and wildlife values. If total defoliation is in forest litter. In spring, after snow melt, caterpillars climb up experienced over several years, mortality may result. The older to the crown and feed for the entire summer before returning to caterpillars are 1½ to 2½ inches long and easy to identify by the the forest litter for their second winter. In spring they begin to tufts of hair on each segment with a pattern of blue and red dots feed intensively. Pupation occurs between May and June in on their backs. The gypsy moth pupates in dark brown pupal cases located in sheltered locations. Male gypsy moths have cocoons made from crude webbing which are located in crowns, a 1½ inch wingspread with light tan to brown wings marked on branches, or stems. The pupa is brown and 1¼ inches long. with wavy dark bands across the forewing. Females are white, Adult moths vary in color from light yellowish-brown or light flightless and larger than males, with a wingspread of 2½ inches. grey to dark brown or almost black, with a wingspan ranging There is also an Asian strain of the gypsy moth that was identified from 1½ to 3 inches and a body length of 1¼ inches. Front wings in 1991. The Asian gypsy moth has a much broader host range are distinctively marked with two characteristic zig-zagging dark and the females are active fliers, factors that would allow this stripes and a white spot in the center. moth to spread much faster than the European strain and be even more damaging. Page 28 Order: Lepidoptera Family: Noctuidae Order: Lepidoptera Family: Noctuidae Page 29 B. Fransen, Bugwood.org B. Fransen, J. Brambila, USDA APHIS PPQ, USDA Brambila, J. Bugwood.org P. Mazzei, Bugwood.org Mazzei, P. Bugwood.org Mazzei, P. E.M. Hegazi, University of Alexandria, Bugwood.org of Alexandria, University E.M. Hegazi, E.M. Hegazi, University of Alexandria, Bugwood.org of Alexandria, University E.M. Hegazi, Old world bollworm - Helicoverpa armigera

Old world bollworm is a native of Europe and Asia. Although it was detected in Florida in 2015, it is not known to be established in North America. Possible routes for introduction include Egyptian cottonworm - Spodoptera littoralis imported cuttings, fruits, vegetables, and flowers as well as hitchhiking on aircraft. This species is a general feeder and is Egyptian cottonworm is a native of Africa. It has been intercepted highly resistant to pesticides. Hosts include a wide variety of at U.S. ports, but is not known to be established in North fruits, vegetables, weeds, ornamental plants, and flowers. A America. Host plants include okra, onion, pigweed, peanut, partial list includes pine, larch, crab apple, artichoke, barley, cabbage, cauliflower, pepper, citrus, taro, tea, cucurbits, carrot, carrot, coffee, mango, alfalfa, cotton, tobacco, tomatoes, okra, fig, geranium, soybean, cotton, sunflower, tomato, lettuce, apple, onion, peppers, leek, clover, potatoes, wheat, maize, flax, alfalfa, tobacco, avocado, pine, pea, poplar, plum, pear, oak, soybean, sorghum, rice, millet, strawberry, chickpeas, crucifers, potato, eggplant, spinach, clover, wheat, and corn. Adult females legumes, cucurbits, Prunus spp., citrus, Amaranthus spp., and lay their whitish-yellow eggs in masses on the lower surfaces of sow thistle. In summer, a life cycle can be completed in 5 to 7 young leaves with hair scales from their abdomen. The hairless weeks. Subsequent generations feed on other plantings of the larvae are blackish-grey to dark green, eventually becoming same crop or on other hosts. One female moth may lay up to reddish-brown or whitish-yellow as they mature. Dark and 1,500 eggs in her life span. The dome-like eggs have a ribbed light longitudinal bands and two dark semi-lunar spots on their surface and are pearly white when laid, but change to brown as back help to identify this caterpillar. Larvae begin feeding on they develop. The young caterpillars are predominantly green the underside of leaves, but move to the upper surface as they but the colors vary through development. When mature, larvae mature. Feeding may also occur on fruits, pods, and stems of may be up to 2 inches long and usually have striped patterns over plants such as corn. When fully grown, they can be 1½ to 1¾ a base color ranging from light green to brown to black. Distinct inches in length. It pupates a half inch below the surface of hairs are visible when held up to the light. Larval development the soil in a clay cocoon. When the pupae form, they are green takes 2 to 3 weeks before pupation occurs in the soil. The with a reddish color on the abdomen but they rapidly turn dark reddish- brown pupa stays in the soil for 10 to 14 days when not reddish-brown. The gray-brown adult is marked by grey to overwintering. Adults have light fawn forewings with a kidney- reddish-brown forewings with paler lines along the veins. The shaped spot in the middle. Hindwings are grey to grey-brown. hindwings are an iridescent grayish-white with grey margins and Both wings have a broad dark band on the outer third of the wing usually lack darker veins. The adults generally fly a few hours but the band on the hindwing has a pale patch in the middle of before midnight. In Egypt, seven overlapping generations have it. When resting, the wings are held roof-like over the body. been observed on cotton. Page 30 Order: Lepidoptera Family: Torticidae Order: Lepidoptera Family: Tortricidae Page 31 DPIW, Tasmania, Bugwood.org Tasmania, DPIW,

Male T. Gilligan, Screening Aids, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org APHIS ITP, Aids, USDA Screening Gilligan, T. T. Grove, Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Bugwood.org Crops, and Subtropical Tropical for Institute Grove, T. T.M. Gilligan & M.E. Epstein, TortAl: Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org APHIS ITP, USDA Importance, of Agricultural Tortricids TortAl: & M.E. Epstein, Gilligan T.M.

T.M. Gilligan & M.E. Epstein, TortAl: Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org International, Citrus Research Hofmeyr, J.H. Light brown apple moth (LBAM) – Epiphyas postvittana Bugwood.org International, Citrus Research Hofmeyr, J.H. False codling moth - Thaumatotibia leucotreta LBAM is a leafroller native to Australia. It has been intercepted in Hawaii and California ports, primarily in international False codling moth is a native of Ethiopia and sub-Saharan Africa. strawberry shipments. In 2007 it was found in California, It is not known to be established in North America. The main but was subsequently eradicated. An infestation in Oregon is currently under an eradication program. LBAM is considered method of introduction is larvae on fruits, pods, or flowers. There a serious threat because it has a broad range of plant hosts, are more than 70 potential U.S. hosts including: okra, mallow, including landscape trees, ornamental shrubs, fruit and certain acacia, pineapple, pepper, tea, pecan, citrus, coffee, persimmon, vegetable crops. It is known to feed on 250 plant species in over fig, cotton, hibiscus, walnut, macadamia, mango, banana, olive, 50 families, preferring plants in the aster (Asteraceae), legume avocado, bean, yellowwood, apricot, plum, guava, pomegranate, (Fabaceae), knotweed (Polygonaceae), and rose (Rosaceae) oak, sorghum, and grape. Complete life cycle may take 30 to families. It has been reported as a pest on many fruit crops and 174 days, with development time being highly temperature- may also infest oak, willow, poplar, cottonwood, alder, pine, dependent. In the warmer climates of South Africa, it can have eucalyptus, rose, camellia, jasmine, chrysanthemum, clover, up to five generations per year. A female moth can lay up to plantain, and many other plants. It is unknown what new hosts 400 flattened, oval, pinhead-sized eggs, usually placed singly. it may find in California. Moths are approximately � ⁄ � � to � ⁄ � Young caterpillars are yellowish-white with dark spots. Larvae inches long and generally pale yellowish-brown with darker can grow to be ½ inch in length and are bright red or pink with brown markings on the forewings, although coloring may vary. a yellow-brown head. On citrus, young larvae mine into the Larvae are green caterpillars just over ½ inch long, and may fruit, causing premature ripening. External indications may be be confused with other species, so testing is needed to confirm seen as scarring on the fruit. On cotton it first mines the boll if a caterpillar is LBAM (adult moths are more distinguishable wall, but later moves to the seeds, where few feeding indications from other species). Young larvae form webbed shelters near can be seen. When mature, the larva descends to the ground on the midrib beneath leaves, where they feed. Older larvae web a silken thread and spins a tough silken cocoon in the soil and leaves or fruits together, feeding within them. Damage results duff. Males and female adults have distinctly different wing from defoliation or direct feeding on fruits and vegetables. patterns. The wingspan ranges from ½ to ¾ inch. Both genders Damaged fruit is also susceptible to mold pathogens. LBAM have patterns on the forewing of grey, brown, black and orange- thrives in warmer climates and colder temperatures slow larval brown markings, but the male’s hindwing is slightly reduced development (which may take from 3 to 8 weeks), so it may with a circular pocket of fine hair-like black scales overlaid with experience anywhere from 2 to 4 generations a year. broad whitish scales in the anal angle (see red arrow in image). Page 32 Page 33 Glossary Selected References

Callus tissue - Special tissue produced by a tree to cover and Invasive.org protect wounds University of Georgia Cambium - Layer of cells beneath the bark that give rise to Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health xylem (tissue that conduct water and nutrients up from roots) http://www.invasive.org/ - January 2016 and phloem (tissue that conducts sugars downward from leaves) Phytosanitary Alert System Canker - Defined area of diseased plant tissue (lesion) North American Plant Protection Organization http://www.pestalert.org/ - January 2016 Emergence/Emerging/Emerge/Emerged - Refers to adults coming out of their pupation site USDA APHIS PPQ Epicormic - Branches sprouting from the trunk or base of a http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/ - January 2016 tree. Also called suckers or water sprouts Pest Tracker Frass - Insect “poop.” Wood borer frass resembles sawdust. Foliage feeding insect frass often looks like dark brown pellets National Agricultural Pest Information System http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/ - January 2016 Honeydew - Sticky secretions from sap-sucking insects Instar - Developmental stage of insects between each molt, until sexual maturity is reached Larva(e)/Larval - Immature form of an insect (e.g., caterpillars, maggots and grubs) that does not resemble the adult Molt - The process that an insect goes through to move from one life stage to the next Node - Part of a plant stem from which leaves or buds originate Nymph - Immature form of an insect that resembles the adult Oviposition - Egg-laying. Ovipositor refers to the structure of the insect that lays eggs Parthenogenesis/Parthenogenetic - Asexual reproduction from unfertilized eggs, or the ability to reproduce asexually from unfertilized eggs Pathogen - Infectious agent that causes disease or illness Punctation - Studded with or denoting tiny holes Pupa(e)/Pupal/Pupation - A stage that some insects go through as they transition from larva to adult, or referring to this stage Sapwood - Soft outer layers of recently-formed wood in trees containing functioning vascular tissue Scutellum - Shieldlike end plate on the back side of the thorax of an insect Shoots - New seasonal growth that includes leaves and buds Thorax/Thoracic - Area between an insect’s head and abdomen, or referring to this area Vascular - Referring to conducting tissues www.gainvasives.org

June 2016