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Scientific Notes Infestation of Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) inMangifera indica L. (Mangifera: Anacardiaceae) in Manzanillo, Colima Jesús E. Castrejón-Antonio1, Roberto Montesinos-Matías2,*, Patricia Tamez-Guerra1, Lucía T. Fuentes Guardiola2, Bruno Laureano-Ahuelican3, and Hugo C. Arredondo- Bernal2 Ambrosia beetles are a natural part of the wood decomposition ease. Among the secondary vectors, X. volvulus (Eichhoff) stands processes in ecosystems; however, some exotic species can cause seri- out because in laboratory tests it has been demonstrated that it ous problems in economically important crops, or seriously threaten can transmit R. lauricola to avocado. Thus, the possibility of this native plant species (Sobel et al. 2015). Outstanding examples con- occurring in the field cannot be discarded (Carrillo et al. 2014). Re- firming this are the introduction of Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Co- cently, the presence of X. volvulus was observed in avocado trees in leoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Euwallacea sp. (Coleoptera: Colima, Mexico (Castrejón-Antonio et al. 2017), and another report Curculionidae: Scolytinae) ambrosia beetles (Pisani et al. 2015), native indicates its ability to infest Mexican cedar trees (Cedrela odorata to Asia, but introduced into the USA near Savannah, Georgia. This has L.) and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) (Pérez-De la Cruz et al. 2009; resulted in the death of more than 500 million trees of the family Lau- Rangel et al. 2012). raceae (Peña et al. 2012), including avocado trees, Persea americana Since Apr 2015, periodic observations have been made in a man- Miller (Lauraceae). These beetles are characterized by their symbiotic go orchard (Mangifera indica L., var ‘Ataulfo’) (Anacardiaceae) in as- and nutritional relationship with fungi that grow on the walls of their sociation with avocado (var ‘Mendez’) in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico galleries, which are located in the xylem of host trees (Hughes et al. (19.02663°N, 104.09755°W, 23 m asl); the avocados were felled in Mar 2015). The fungal growth inside the vascular system of living trees hin- 2016 after being damaged by ambrosia beetles (Castrejón-Antonio et ders the flow of water and nutrients, resulting in injury or mortality al. 2017). In Apr 2017, during a survey in the same orchard, mango of many host plant species in a short period of time (Fraedrich et al. trees with leaf wilt throughout the canopy, ambrosia beetle galleries 2008). The X. glabratus beetle transmits the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and frass on the main trunk were observed (Fig. 1). Pieces of wood TC Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva (Ophiostomatales: Ophiostomataceae), were collected and placed in emergence chambers (26 °C, 60% RH, that causes an affliction known as laurel wilt disease (Harrington et 14:10 [L:D] photoperiod). The insects that emerged from the wood al. 2008). A second exotic species is the polyphagous shot hole borer were collected, assembled, labeled, and sent to the Departamento Euwallacea sp., an ambrosia beetle that transmits the fungi Fusarium de Entomología y Acarología del Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitos- euwallaceae (S. Freeman, Z. Mendel, T. Aoki & O’Donnell), Graphium anitaria (CNRF) de la Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal (SENASICA- euwallaceae (Twizeyimana, S.C. Lynch & Eskalen), and Acremonium SAGARPA) for identification. The beetles were identified using the taxo- pembeum (S. C. Lynch & Eskalen) that commonly cause “fusarium die- nomic keys described by Wood (1982), as Hypocryphalus mangiferae back” in many plant species. Stebbing and Xyleborus volvulus F. (Fig. 2). The presence of E. nr. fornicatus has been reported in host plants The mango tree is known to be a host of X. volvulus (Atkinson throughout the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico (García-Avila et 2017); however, damage by this beetle had not been reported previ- al. 2016). However, the presence of X. glabratus has not been reported ously in Mexico. The case described here demonstrates the susceptibil- in Mexico (SENASICA 2017). ity of the mango tree to X. volvulus. Furthermore, this particular case In relation to the X. glabratus symbiont, R. lauricola can be car- also demonstrates that ambrosia beetles can infest 1 host tree species ried by secondary vectors, thus facilitating the spread of the dis- and migrate to other host species trees in a 2-cultivar orchard. 1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Formulación de Biológicos, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico; E-mail: [email protected] (J. E. C. A.); [email protected] (P. T. G.) 2Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico (CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA) Tecomán, Colima, Mexico; E-mails: [email protected] (R. M. M.); [email protected] (L. T. F. G.); [email protected] (H. C. A. B.) 3Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria. Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA, Tecámac, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; E-mail: [email protected] (B. L. A.) *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] 676 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4 Scientific Notes 677 Fig. 1. Ambrosia beetle galleries on a mango tree trunk. 678 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4 Fig. 2. Xyleborus volvulus found infesting a mango tree: (a) dorsal; (b) lateral; (c) frontal; (d) posterolateral. Summary Palabras Clave: escarabajos ambrosiales; cultivos mixtos; Hypo- cryphalus mangiferae Xyleborus volvulus is a polyphagous beetle that can carry Raffaelea lauricola, a phytopathogenic fungus that causes laurel wilt disease. In Acknowledgments Mexico, the insect has been associated with damage to cedar, cacao, and avocado plantations. Here, we report mango trees infested by X. To “Comité Estatal de Sanidad Vegetal del Estado de Colima (CE- volvulus in a mango orchard with a history of having avocado trees SAVECOL)” for providing facilities and access to vegetable gardens; were removed due to infestation by X. volvulus. to Ing. Rigoberto González Gómez and Biol. Nallely Acevedo Reyes of Key Words: ambrosia beetles; mixed orchard; Hypocryphalus man- “Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria (Dirección General de giferae Sanidad Vegetal- SENASICA)” for their support identifying beetle sam- ples; and finally the authors also would like to thank Jr. Spec. Adrian Sumario Poloni for suggestions to improve the manuscript. Xylevorus volvulus es un escarabajo polífago con capacidad de References Cited transportar a Raffaelea lauricola, el hongo fitopatógeno causante de la Marchitez del Laurel Rojo. En México el insecto se ha asociado con Atkinson RT. 2017. Xyleborus volvulus (Eichhoff 1868). Bark and ambrosia daño en plantaciones de cedro, cacao y aguacate. En este trabajo se beetles of North and Central America. http://www.barkbeetles.info/re- reporta la presencia de árboles de mango infestados por X. volvulus, en gional_chklist_target_species.php?lookUp=2046 (last accessed 30 Oct una huerta de mango con antecedentes de haber estado combinado 2017). Carrillo D, Duncan RE, Ploetz JN, Campbell AF, Ploetz RC, Peña JE. 2014. Lat- con árboles de aguacate, los cuales fueron derrumbados por presentar eral transferer of a phytopathogenic symbiont among native and exotic infestación por la misma especie de escarabajo. ambrosia beetles. Plant Pathology 63: 54–62. Scientific Notes 679 Castrejón-Antonio JE, Montesinos-Matías R, Acevedo-Reyes N, Tamez-Guerra Pérez-De La Cruz M, Equihua-Martínez A, Romero-Nápoles J, Valdez-Carrasco P, Ayala-Zermeño MA, Berlanga-Padilla A, Arredondo-Bernal HC. 2017. J, De La Cruz Perez A. 2009. Claves para la identificación de escolítinos (Co- Especies de Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) asociados a leopteros: Curculionidae: Scolitinae) asociados al agroecosistema de cacao huertos de aguacate en Colima, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.) 33: en el sur de México. Boletín del Museo de Entomología la Universidad del 146–150. Valle 10: 14–29. Fraedrich SW, Harrington TC, Rabaglia RJ, Ulyshen MD, Mayfiel AE, Hanula JL, Pisani C, Ploetz RC, Stover E, Ritenour MA, Scully B. 2015. Laurel wilt in avocado: Eickwort JM, Miller DR, 2008. A fungal symbiont of the redbay ambrosia review of an emerging disease. International Journal of Plant Biology & Re- beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other Lauraceae in the southeast- search 3: 1043–1049. ern United States. Plant Diseases 92: 215–224. Rangel R, Pérez M, Sánchez S, Capello S. 2012. Fluctuación poblacional de Xy- García-Avila CJ, Trujillo-Arriaga FJ, Lopez-Buenfil JA, González-Gómez R, Carrillo leborus ferrugineus y X. affinis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en ecosistemas D, Cruz LF, Ruíz-Galvan I, Quezada-Salinas A, Acevedo-Reyes N. 2016. First de Tabasco, México. Revista de Biología Tropical 60: 1577–1588. report of Euwallaceae nr. fornicatus (Coleoptero:Curculionidae) in Mexico. SENASICA. 2017. Escarabajo ambrosia del Laurel rojo (Xyleborus glabratus). Ser- Florida Entomologist 99: 555–556. vicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria-Dirección Harrington T, Fraedrich S, Aghayeva D. 2008. Raffaelea lauricola a new ambrosia General de Sanidad Vegetal-Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitos- beetle symbiont and pathogen on the Lauraceae. Mycotaxon 104: 399–404. anitaria. Ciudad de México. Ficha Técnica No. 48, 1ra edición 2014. Hughes MA, Smith JA, Ploetz RC, Kendra PE, Mayfield AE III, Hanula JL, Hulcr J, Sobel L, Lucky A, Hulcr J. 2015. An ambrosia beetle
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  • A Synopsis of Hawaiian Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)1

    A Synopsis of Hawaiian Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)1

    Pacific Insects Vol. 23, no. 1-2: 50-92 23 June 1981 © 1981 by the Bishop Museum A SYNOPSIS OF HAWAIIAN XYLEBORINI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)1 By G. A. Samuelson2 Abstract. The first post Fauna Hawaiiensis synopsis of Hawaiian Xyleborini is presented, with all of the species of the tribe known from the islands keyed and treated in text. Most species are illustrated. Twenty-four species of Xyleborus are recognized and of these, 18 species are thought to be endemic to Hawaiian islands and 6 species adventive. Not counted are 3 names applied to male-described endemics which are likely to be associated with known females later. Five species of Xyleborus are described as new and lectotypes are designated for 11 additional species. Males are described for 7 species of Xyleborus hitherto known only from females. One adventive species of Xyleborinus and 3 adventive species of Xylosandrus are known to the islands, but 1 of the latter may not have established. The Xyleborini make up a large and interesting part of the Hawaiian scolytid fauna. This tribe contains both endemic and recently adventive species in the Hawai­ ian Is, with 3 genera represented. The endemic xyleborines all belong to Xyleborus Eichhoff and they seem to be the only members of the Scolytidae to have evolved to any extent in the islands, though not a great number of species has been produced. Presently treated are 18 species, of which most are certainly endemic, and 6 adventive species. Xyleborinus Reitter is represented by 1 adventive species in the Hawaiian Is. Xylosandrus Reitter is represented by 3 adventive species, but 1 appears not to have established in Hawaii.
  • Temperature-Dependent Development of Xyleborus Glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Gurpreet S

    Temperature-Dependent Development of Xyleborus Glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Gurpreet S

    Temperature-dependent development of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Gurpreet S. Brar1,*, John L. Capinera2, Paul E. Kendra3, Jason A. Smith4, and Jorge E. Peña5 Abstract Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a nonnative pest that transmits the pathogenic fungus Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva (Ophiostomatales: Ophiostomataceae), which causes laurel wilt disease in trees of the family Lauraceae. Laurel wilt is present in the commercial avocado (Persea americana Mill.; Laurales: Lauraceae) growing areas of Florida and poses a potential threat to the avocado industries of California and Mexico. The life cycle of X. glabratus was studied in avocado logs at 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C. Xyleborus glabratus successfully completed its life cycle at 24, 28, and 32 °C, with the greatest oviposition and development rate at 28 °C. Development of the egg and pupal stages was studied at 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 °C. One linear and 7 nonlinear developmental models were used to estimate the temperature-dependent development of both stages. The linear model estimated the lower threshold temperatures for egg and pupal development to be 13.8 °C and 11.1 °C, respectively, and the degree-days (DD) for egg and pupal development to be 55.1 DD and 68.2 DD, respectively. The Brier-2, Ratkowsky, Logan, and polynomial models gave the best estimates for the temperature-dependent development of the egg stages, whereas the Brier-1, Logan, and polynomial models gave the best estimates of temperature-dependent development of the pupal stages. Our results suggested that the optimal temperature for development of X.
  • Halona2021r.Pdf

    Halona2021r.Pdf

    Terrestrial Arthropod Survey of Hālona Valley, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Naval Magazine Lualualei Annex, August 2020–November 2020 Neal L. Evenhuis, Keith T. Arakaki, Clyde T. Imada Hawaii Biological Survey Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817, USA Final Report prepared for the U.S. Navy Contribution No. 2021-003 to the Hawaii Biological Survey EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Bishop Museum was contracted by the U.S. Navy to conduct surveys of terrestrial arthropods in Hālona Valley, Naval Magazine Lualualei Annex, in order to assess the status of populations of three groups of insects, including species at risk in those groups: picture-winged Drosophila (Diptera; flies), Hylaeus spp. (Hymenoptera; bees), and Rhyncogonus welchii (Coleoptera; weevils). The first complete survey of Lualualei for terrestrial arthropods was made by Bishop Museum in 1997. Since then, the Bishop Museum has conducted surveys in Hālona Valley in 2015, 2016–2017, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. The current survey was conducted from August 2020 through November 2020, comprising a total of 12 trips; using yellow water pan traps, pitfall traps, hand collecting, aerial net collecting, observations, vegetation beating, and a Malaise trap. The area chosen for study was a Sapindus oahuensis grove on a southeastern slope of mid-Hālona Valley. The area had potential for all three groups of arthropods to be present, especially the Rhyncogonus weevil, which has previously been found in association with Sapindus trees. Trapped and collected insects were taken back to the Bishop Museum for sorting, identification, data entry, and storage and preservation. The results of the surveys proved negative for any of the target groups.