Identification of Retinal Ganglion Cell Types and Brain Nuclei Expressing the Transcription Factor Brn3c/Pou4f3 Using a Cre Recombinase Knock-In Allele
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Photography and Photomontage in Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
Photography and Photomontage in Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Landscape Institute Technical Guidance Note Public ConsuDRAFTltation Draft 2018-06-01 To the recipient of this draft guidance The Landscape Institute is keen to hear the views of LI members and non-members alike. We are happy to receive your comments in any form (eg annotated PDF, email with paragraph references ) via email to [email protected] which will be forwarded to the Chair of the working group. Alternatively, members may make comments on Talking Landscape: Topic “Photography and Photomontage Update”. You may provide any comments you consider would be useful, but may wish to use the following as a guide. 1) Do you expect to be able to use this guidance? If not, why not? 2) Please identify anything you consider to be unclear, or needing further explanation or justification. 3) Please identify anything you disagree with and state why. 4) Could the information be better-organised? If so, how? 5) Are there any important points that should be added? 6) Is there anything in the guidance which is not required? 7) Is there any unnecessary duplication? 8) Any other suggeDRAFTstions? Responses to be returned by 29 June 2018. Incidentally, the ##’s are to aid a final check of cross-references before publication. Contents 1 Introduction Appendices 2 Background Methodology App 01 Site equipment 3 Photography App 02 Camera settings - equipment and approaches needed to capture App 03 Dealing with panoramas suitable images App 04 Technical methodology template -
Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Is Size Dependent in Experimental Glaucoma
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 32, No. 3, March 1991 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Is Size Dependent in Experimental Glaucoma Yoseph Glovinsky,* Harry A. Quigley,f and Gregory R. Dunkelbergerf Thirty-two areas located in the temporal midperipheral retina were evaluated in whole-mount prepara- tions from four monkeys with monocular experimental glaucoma. Diameter frequency distributions of remaining ganglion cells in the glaucomatous eye were compared with corresponding areas in the normal fellow eye. Large cells were significantly more vulnerable at each stage of cell damage as determined by linear-regression analysis. The magnitude of size-dependent loss was moderate at an early stage (20% loss), peaked at 50% total cell loss, and decreased in advanced damage (70% loss). In glaucomatous eyes, the lower retina had significantly more large cell loss than the corresponding areas of the upper retina. In optic nerve zones that matched the retinal areas studied, large axons selectively were damaged first. Psychophysical testing aimed at functions subserved by larger ganglion cells is recommended for detection and follow-up of early glaucoma; however, assessment of functions unique to small cells is more appropriate for detecting change in advanced glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:484-491, 1991 Current psychophysical tests do not detect glau- tage of ideal cellular preservation. Eyes with mild, comatous damage until a substantial minority of reti- moderate, and late damage were evaluated. In addi- nal ganglion cells have died.1'2 To develop more sen- tion, we correlated the damage patterns in the retinas sitive tests, a comprehensive understanding of the and optic nerves of the glaucomatous eyes. -
The Actions of Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists Activity of Brisk Ganglion Cells in the Rabbit Retina On
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1987, 7(12): 4054-4085 The Actions of Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists on the Activity of Brisk Ganglion Cells in the Rabbit Retina William J. Brunken and Nigel W. Daw Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Extracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained of the CNS. For example, inhibitory input from GABAergic from rabbit retinal ganglion cells in either a superfused eye- neurons is necessary to elaborate direction and orientation se- cup or an in vivo preparation. Selective antagonists or ag- lectivity in rabbit retinal ganglion cells (Wyatt and Daw, 1976; onists of serotonin at the 5-HT, or 5-HT,, receptors were Caldwell et al., 1978); similar results have been obtained in cat applied, and the changes in light-evoked and spontaneous visual cortex (Sillito, 1977; Sillito et al., 1980). activity were studied. Both 5-HT,, agonists and 5-HT, an- Biochemical and histochemical data suggest that serotonin or tagonists reduced the ON-components of the light-evoked a related indoleamine is a neurotransmitter in the mammalian responses of all classes of brisk ganglion cell; spontaneous retina (reviewed by Ehinger, 1982; Osborne, 1982; and Red- activity was reduced in these cells as well. These results burn, 1984). Specific mechanisms have been identified for the suggest that the indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells uptake (Ehinger and Floren, 1978; Osborne and Richardson, of the rabbit retina serve to facilitate the output of the de- 1980) and depolarization-dependent release (Osborne, 1980; polarizing rod bipolar cell and thereby increase the efficacy Thomas and Redbum, 1980; Mitchell and Redbum, 1985) of of transmission between this and other cells in the rabbit serotonin. -
Field of View - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Field of view - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The field of view (also field of vision, abbreviated FOV) is the extent of the observable world that is seen at any given moment. In case of optical instruments or sensors it is a solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation. 1 Humans and animals 2 Conversions Horizontal Field of View 3 Machine vision 4 Remote sensing 5 Astronomy 6 Photography 7 Video games 8 See also 9 References In the context of human vision, the term “field of view” is typically used in the sense of a restriction Vertical Field of View to what is visible by external apparatus, like spectacles[2] or virtual reality goggles. Note that eye movements do not change the field of view. If the analogy of the eye’s retina working as a sensor is drawn upon, the corresponding concept in human (and much of animal vision) is the visual field. [3] It is defined as “the number of degrees of visual angle during stable fixation of the eyes”.[4]. Note that eye movements are excluded in the definition. Different animals have different visual fields, depending, among others, on the placement of the eyes. Humans have an almost 180-degree forward-facing horizontal diameter of their visual field, while some birds have a complete or nearly complete 360-degree Angle of view can be measured visual field. The vertical range of the visual field in humans is typically horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. -
Investigation of Driver's FOV and Related Ergonomics Using Laser Shadowgraphy from Automotive Interior
of Ergo al no rn m u ic o s J Hussein et al., J Ergonomics 2017, 7:4 Journal of Ergonomics DOI: 10.4172/2165-7556.1000207 ISSN: 2165-7556 Research Article Open Access Investigation of Drivers FOV and Related Ergonomics Using Laser Shadowgraphy from Automotive Interior Wessam Hussein1*, Mohamed Nazeeh1 and Mahmoud MA Sayed2 1Military Technical College, KobryElkobbah, Cairo, Egypt 2Canadian International College, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt *Corresponding author: Wessam Hussein, Military Technical College, KobryElkobbah, 11766, Cairo, Egypt, Tel: + 20222621908; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: June 07, 2017; Accepted date: June 26, 2017; Publish date: June 30, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Hussein W, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract A new application of laser shadowgraphy in automotive design and driver’s ergonomics investigation is described. The technique is based on generating a characterizing plot for the vehicle’s Field of View (FOV). This plot is obtained by projecting a high divergence laser beam from the driver’s eyes cyclopean point, on a cylindrical screen installed around the tested vehicle. The resultant shadow-gram is photographed on several shots by a narrow field camera to form a complete panoramic seen for the screen. The panorama is then printed as a plane sheet FOV plot. The obtained plot is used to measure and to analyse the areal visual field, the eye and nick movement ranges in correlation with FOV, the horizontal visual blind zones, the visual maximum vertical angle and other related ergonomic parameters. -
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway
CHAPTER 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway Joseph F. Rizzo III RETINA Physiology Embryology of the Eye and Retina Blood Supply Basic Anatomy and Physiology POSTGENICULATE VISUAL SENSORY PATHWAYS Overview of Retinal Outflow: Parallel Pathways Embryology OPTIC NERVE Anatomy of the Optic Radiations Embryology Blood Supply General Anatomy CORTICAL VISUAL AREAS Optic Nerve Blood Supply Cortical Area V1 Optic Nerve Sheaths Cortical Area V2 Optic Nerve Axons Cortical Areas V3 and V3A OPTIC CHIASM Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams Embryology Cortical Area V5 Gross Anatomy of the Chiasm and Perichiasmal Region Cortical Area V4 Organization of Nerve Fibers within the Optic Chiasm Area TE Blood Supply Cortical Area V6 OPTIC TRACT OTHER CEREBRAL AREASCONTRIBUTING TO VISUAL LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUSPERCEPTION Anatomic and Functional Organization The brain devotes more cells and connections to vision lular, magnocellular, and koniocellular pathways—each of than any other sense or motor function. This chapter presents which contributes to visual processing at the primary visual an overview of the development, anatomy, and physiology cortex. Beyond the primary visual cortex, two streams of of this extremely complex but fascinating system. Of neces- information flow develop: the dorsal stream, primarily for sity, the subject matter is greatly abridged, although special detection of where objects are and for motion perception, attention is given to principles that relate to clinical neuro- and the ventral stream, primarily for detection of what ophthalmology. objects are (including their color, depth, and form). At Light initiates a cascade of cellular responses in the retina every level of the visual system, however, information that begins as a slow, graded response of the photoreceptors among these ‘‘parallel’’ pathways is shared by intercellular, and transforms into a volley of coordinated action potentials thalamic-cortical, and intercortical connections. -
The Effect of Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury on Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration
The Effect of Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury on Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration Robert J. Casson,1 Glyn Chidlow,1 John P. M. Wood,1 Manuel Vidal-Sanz,2 and Neville N. Osborne1 PURPOSE. To determine the effect of optic nerve transection photoreceptors against light-induced injury. An unusual aspect (ONT) and excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury on of the ONT-induced photoreceptor protection is that it specif- light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. ically affects the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), yet subsequently METHODS. Age- and sex-matched rats underwent unilateral ONT protects the outer retina. This phenomenon implies the exis- D tence of retrograde communication systems within the retina, or received intravitreal injections of N-methyl- -aspartate 5,6 (NMDA). The fellow eye received sham treatment, and 7 or 21 possibly involving Mu¨ller cells and FGF-2, but does not days later each eye was subjected to an intense photic injury. exclude the possibility that the effect is specific to ONT. A Maximum a- and b-wave amplitudes of the flash electroretino- nonspecific effect would suggest that similar responses might gram (ERG) were measured at baseline, after the RGC insult, be occurring in a wide range of optic neuropathies. We hy- and 5 days after the photic injury. Semiquantitative reverse pothesized that the protective effect of ONT may be a gener- transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immuno- alizable effect and that other forms of inner retinal injury such blot analysis were used to assess rod opsin mRNA and rhodop- as excitotoxic injury may also protect against LIPD. Further- sin kinase protein levels and to measure defined trophic factors more, although FGF-2 has been implicated as the agent respon- 7 or 21 days after ONT or injection of NMDA. -
Anatomy and Physiology of the Afferent Visual System
Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 102 (3rd series) Neuro-ophthalmology C. Kennard and R.J. Leigh, Editors # 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of the afferent visual system SASHANK PRASAD 1* AND STEVEN L. GALETTA 2 1Division of Neuro-ophthalmology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 2Neuro-ophthalmology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA INTRODUCTION light without distortion (Maurice, 1970). The tear–air interface and cornea contribute more to the focusing Visual processing poses an enormous computational of light than the lens does; unlike the lens, however, the challenge for the brain, which has evolved highly focusing power of the cornea is fixed. The ciliary mus- organized and efficient neural systems to meet these cles dynamically adjust the shape of the lens in order demands. In primates, approximately 55% of the cortex to focus light optimally from varying distances upon is specialized for visual processing (compared to 3% for the retina (accommodation). The total amount of light auditory processing and 11% for somatosensory pro- reaching the retina is controlled by regulation of the cessing) (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). Over the past pupil aperture. Ultimately, the visual image becomes several decades there has been an explosion in scientific projected upside-down and backwards on to the retina understanding of these complex pathways and net- (Fishman, 1973). works. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the visual The majority of the blood supply to structures of the system, in combination with skilled examination, allows eye arrives via the ophthalmic artery, which is the first precise localization of neuropathological processes. -
12 Considerations for Thermal Infrared Camera Lens Selection Overview
12 CONSIDERATIONS FOR THERMAL INFRARED CAMERA LENS SELECTION OVERVIEW When developing a solution that requires a thermal imager, or infrared (IR) camera, engineers, procurement agents, and program managers must consider many factors. Application, waveband, minimum resolution, pixel size, protective housing, and ability to scale production are just a few. One element that will impact many of these decisions is the IR camera lens. USE THIS GUIDE AS A REFRESHER ON HOW TO GO ABOUT SELECTING THE OPTIMAL LENS FOR YOUR THERMAL IMAGING SOLUTION. 1 Waveband determines lens materials. 8 The transmission value of an IR camera lens is the level of energy that passes through the lens over the designed waveband. 2 The image size must have a diameter equal to, or larger than, the diagonal of the array. 9 Passive athermalization is most desirable for small systems where size and weight are a factor while active 3 The lens should be mounted to account for the back athermalization makes more sense for larger systems working distance and to create an image at the focal where a motor will weigh and cost less than adding the plane array location. optical elements for passive athermalization. 4 As the Effective Focal Length or EFL increases, the field 10 Proper mounting is critical to ensure that the lens is of view (FOV) narrows. in position for optimal performance. 5 The lower the f-number of a lens, the larger the optics 11 There are three primary phases of production— will be, which means more energy is transferred to engineering, manufacturing, and testing—that can the array. -
17-2021 CAMI Pilot Vision Brochure
Visual Scanning with regular eye examinations and post surgically with phoria results. A pilot who has such a condition could progress considered for medical certification through special issuance with Some images used from The Federal Aviation Administration. monofocal lenses when they meet vision standards without to seeing double (tropia) should they be exposed to hypoxia or a satisfactory adaption period, complete evaluation by an eye Helicopter Flying Handbook. Oklahoma City, Ok: US Department The probability of spotting a potential collision threat complications. Multifocal lenses require a brief waiting certain medications. specialist, satisfactory visual acuity corrected to 20/20 or better by of Transportation; 2012; 13-1. Publication FAA-H-8083. Available increases with the time spent looking outside, but certain period. The visual effects of cataracts can be successfully lenses of no greater power than ±3.5 diopters spherical equivalent, at: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/ techniques may be used to increase the effectiveness of treated with a 90% improvement in visual function for most One prism diopter of hyperphoria, six prism diopters of and by passing an FAA medical flight test (MFT). aviation/helicopter_flying_handbook/. Accessed September 28, 2017. the scan time. Effective scanning is accomplished with a patients. Regardless of vision correction to 20/20, cataracts esophoria, and six prism diopters of exophoria represent series of short, regularly-spaced eye movements that bring pose a significant risk to flight safety. FAA phoria (deviation of the eye) standards that may not be A Word about Contact Lenses successive areas of the sky into the central visual field. Each exceeded. -
Nikon Binocular Handbook
THE COMPLETE BINOCULAR HANDBOOK While Nikon engineers of semiconductor-manufactur- FINDING THE ing equipment employ our optics to create the world’s CONTENTS PERFECT BINOCULAR most precise instrumentation. For Nikon, delivering a peerless vision is second nature, strengthened over 4 BINOCULAR OPTICS 101 ZOOM BINOCULARS the decades through constant application. At Nikon WHAT “WATERPROOF” REALLY MEANS FOR YOUR NEEDS 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POWER, Sport Optics, our mission is not just to meet your THE DESIGN EYE RELIEF, AND FIELD OF VIEW The old adage “the better you understand some- PORRO PRISM BINOCULARS demands, but to exceed your expectations. ROOF PRISM BINOCULARS thing—the more you’ll appreciate it” is especially true 12-14 WHERE QUALITY AND with optics. Nikon’s goal in producing this guide is to 6-11 THE NUMBERS COUNT QUANTITY COUNT not only help you understand optics, but also the EYE RELIEF/EYECUP USAGE LENS COATINGS EXIT PUPIL ABERRATIONS difference a quality optic can make in your appre- REAL FIELD OF VIEW ED GLASS AND SECONDARY SPECTRUMS ciation and intensity of every rare, special and daily APPARENT FIELD OF VIEW viewing experience. FIELD OF VIEW AT 1000 METERS 15-17 HOW TO CHOOSE FIELD FLATTENING (SUPER-WIDE) SELECTING A BINOCULAR BASED Nikon’s WX BINOCULAR UPON INTENDED APPLICATION LIGHT DELIVERY RESOLUTION 18-19 BINOCULAR OPTICS INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE GLOSSARY DIOPTER ADJUSTMENT FOCUSING MECHANISMS INTERNAL ANTIREFLECTION OPTICS FIRST The guiding principle behind every Nikon since 1917 product has always been to engineer it from the inside out. By creating an optical system specific to the function of each product, Nikon can better match the product attri- butes specifically to the needs of the user. -
Imaging and Quantifying Ganglion Cells and Other Transparent Neurons in the Living Human Retina
Imaging and quantifying ganglion cells and other transparent neurons in the living human retina Zhuolin Liua,1, Kazuhiro Kurokawaa, Furu Zhanga, John J. Leeb, and Donald T. Millera aSchool of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405; and bPurdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Edited by David R. Williams, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, and approved October 18, 2017 (received for review June 30, 2017) Ganglion cells (GCs) are fundamental to retinal neural circuitry, apoptotic GCs tagged with an intravenously administered fluores- processing photoreceptor signals for transmission to the brain via cent marker (14), thus providing direct monitoring of GC loss. The their axons. However, much remains unknown about their role in second incorporated adaptive optics (AO)—which corrects ocular vision and their vulnerability to disease leading to blindness. A aberrations—into SLO sensitive to multiply-scattered light (12). major bottleneck has been our inability to observe GCs and their This clever combination permitted imaging of a monolayer of GC degeneration in the living human eye. Despite two decades of layer (GCL) somas in areas with little or no overlying nerve fiber development of optical technologies to image cells in the living layer (NFL) (see figure 5, human result of Rossi et al.; ref. 12). By human retina, GCs remain elusive due to their high optical trans- contrast, our approach uses singly scattered light and produces lucency. Failure of conventional imaging—using predominately sin- images of unprecedented clarity of translucent retinal tissue. This gly scattered light—to reveal GCs has led to a focus on multiply- permits morphometry of GCL somas across the living human ret- scattered, fluorescence, two-photon, and phase imaging techniques ina.