DOCSLIB.ORG

Tank, D.C., and Olmstead, R.G., 2009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tank, D.C., and Olmstead, R.G., 2009 American Journal of Botany 96(10): 1907–1921. 2009. T HE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF A SECOND RADIATION OF ANNUAL C ASTILLEJA (OROBANCHACEAE) SPECIES IN SOUTH AMERICA: THE ROLE OF LONG DISTANCE DISPERSAL AND ALLOPOLYPLOIDY 1 David C. Tank 2,3,4 and Richard G. Olmstead 3 2 Department of Forest Resources & Stillinger Herbarium, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 441133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 USA; and 3 Department of Biology & Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325 USA Considerable attention has been directed toward understanding the wide gaps in range that are common among many groups of closely related organisms. By placing their biology and geography in a phylogenetic context, we may gain a broader knowledge of the series of historical events that have led to present species distributions. In addition to the North American annuals, a second radiation of annual Castilleja species is in Andean Peru and central Chile. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast and nuclear DNA regions revealed a complex history for the origin and diversifi cation of annual Castilleja species in South America. In addition to at least three independent long-distance dispersal events from North America, allopolyploidy has played a signifi cant role in this disjunct radiation. Only C. attenuata occurs in both California and South America, and these results support its recent arrival to central Chile. Two Peruvian species are inferred to be allopolyploids; hybridization between annual lineages derived from inde- pendent long-distance dispersal events from North America gave rise to C. profunda , and hybridization between South American annual and perennial species gave rise to C. cerroana . The relative importance these events are discussed with reference to the observed morphological, ecological, and distributional patterns. Key words: amphitropical disjuncts; biogeography; Castilleja ; GBSSI; granule-bound starch synthase/invertase; Indian paintbrush; Orobanchaceae; Peru; waxy . Geographic disjunctions have intrigued biogeographers and disjunctions: “ The new data have, moreover, served to broaden evolutionary biologists and have often been the source of imag- the parameters of taxonomy, at the same time strengthening its inative explanations for the wide gaps in range that are common framework and providing new clues that help to untangle knotty among many groups of closely related organisms. Early work- evolutionary problems. ” ers in plant biogeography (e.g., Axelrod, 1958 ; Florin, 1963 ; Temperate plant groups that are distributed primarily in Raven, 1963 ; Good, 1964 ; Cruden, 1966 ; Thorne, 1972 ) recog- western North America, but are also represented in part in the nized the role that present distributional patterns play in our South American fl ora, are likely to be the result of two basic interpretations of the past history of organisms and the regions distributional pathways. First, there are those montane groups that they occupied. However, to correctly interpret the series of that are more or less continuously distributed at high elevation events that have led to present species distributions, we must across the American tropics and found in Andean South Amer- place the biology and geography of the group of interest in a ica, e.g., Lupinus ( Hughes and Eastwood, 2006 ), Viburnum phylogenetic context. Although he did not use the term phylo- ( Winkworth and Donoghue, 2005 ), Valerianaceae ( Bell and genetic, Wood (1972, pp. 107 – 108 ) recognized that new sources Donoghue, 2005 ), to name a few. This type of distribution is of data brought to plant taxonomy by the then emerging fi eld of likely the result of the continuous or “ stepping stone ” migration biosystematics would be essential to understanding biological and diversifi cation of these taxa through the western mountain systems that connect the two continents ( Thorne, 1972 ). In ad- dition, there are other groups that are disjunctly distributed in 1 Manuscript received 9 December 2008; revision accepted 27 May 2009. the temperate regions of both continents. Amphitropical tem- The authors thank J. Ammirati, T. Bradshaw, J. M. Egger, B. Moore, and two anonymous reviewers for critical comments on the manuscript, and J. perate disjunctions are well known between North and South M. Egger, M. Zapata, S. Leiva, A. Sagastegui, and M. Dillon for assistance America, and there are at least 65 genera representing ~130 facilitating fi eldwork in Peru. This research was supported by a Graduate species, species pairs, or species complexes in the Americas Fellowship in Molecular Systematics from the University of Washington that correspond to this distribution ( Raven, 1963 , 1972 ; Thorne, Department of Botany, the Research Award for Graduate Students from the 1972 ). Most species with this type of distribution are restricted American Society of Plant Taxonomists, the Karling Graduate Student to the mediterranean climates of the Pacifi c coast and are most Research Award from the Botanical Society of America, the Award for frequent between California and Chile ( Raven, 1963 ). Because Graduate Student Research from the Society of Systematic Biologists, the these temperate amphitropical disjuncts are mostly not montane Sigma Xi Grants in Aid of Research from the University of Washington in their distributions, migration via long-distance dispersal has Chapter, and the Giles Award for Graduate Student Field Research from been the preferred hypothesis to explain their disjunct distribu- the University of Washington Department of Botany to D.C.T., the NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant DEB-0412653 to R.G.O. for tions (e.g., Raven, 1963 , 1972 ; Thorne, 1972 ). Furthermore, D.C.T., and the NSF grant DEB-0090313 to R.G.O. Raven (1963) concluded that the recurrent pattern of closely 4 Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) related disjunct species in western North and South America was the result of long-distance dispersal of seeds via migratory doi:10.3732/ajb.0800416 birds. However, disjunct distributions between the hemispheres 1907 1908 American Journal of Botany [Vol. 96 could also arise through a series of short dispersals over time history of this species is poorly understood. Our own observa- following the mostly continuous western American mountains tions suggest that this species may in fact be annual, but may be through the tropics, accompanied by extinction in the tropics able to persist given the right environmental conditions. Al- and diversifi cation in the temperate regions ( Cruden, 1966 ; though the root of this species is robust in some individuals, Thorne, 1972 ). In this paper, we examine a complex distribu- observation of plants in the fi eld, as well as numerous herbar- tional pattern among annual and perennial Castilleja species ium specimens, has revealed no conclusive evidence of peren- (the paintbrushes) in North and South America that includes niality (i.e., ± woody caudex or old stems from previous years). both widely disjunct annuals and continuously distributed mon- The corolla morphology of C. cerroana is very similar to the tane perennials, and we provide a framework for the origin of annual Castilleja species (i.e., well-developed lower corolla lip the present distributional patterns in the context of a robust phy- with a more or less infl ated pouch that is evidently toothed); logenetic hypothesis. however, the calyx of C. cerroana is more similar to many pe- rennial Castilleja species ( Fig. 1C ). Members of the Onco- Biology and distribution of South American Castilleja— Cas- rhynchus grade have a calyx that is cleft more or less equally on tilleja comprises approximately 180 mostly perennial species all sides (i.e., subequally cleft; Fig. 1A and 1B ), while the ma- found primarily in western North America and Mexico, but with jority of perennial Castilleja species have an unequally cleft about 20 species distributed in Central and South America, in- calyx (i.e., cleft deeper in the front and back than on the sides; cluding a small group of annual species distributed primarily in Fig. 1D ). The unequally cleft calyx of C. cerroana is unique Andean Peru. This large and taxonomically complex genus rep- among the group of closely related species in northern Peru; resents the majority of the hemiparasitic subtribe Castillejinae G. however, this feature is also seen in C. laciniata , one of two Don (tribe Pedicularideae Duby, Orobanchaceae Vent.). Within more southerly distributed South American annual species. Castillejinae, perenniality is restricted to Castilleja , where the The remaining South American species assigned to sect. On- large majority of species (~160 spp.) are perennial herbs. Con- corhynchus were all newly described by Chuang and Heckard trary to the commonly held view that annuals are derived from (1992) . These four species, C. alpicola , C. peruviana , C. pro- perennials (e.g., Stebbins, 1957 ), phylogenetic relationships in- funda , and C. vadosa , are primarily restricted to the open, high ferred from separate and combined analyses of chloroplast (cp) elevation Jalca habitat (i.e., semiarid Andean grasslands) that and nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA regions have revealed that the dominates the Peruvian highlands ( Fig. 1 ). Of these species, C. perennial Castilleja species evolved from a grade of annual lin- alpicola is the most restricted in its range and is only known eages in Castillejinae, including the majority of the annual Cas- from the type locality
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Castilleja Coccinea and C. Indivisa (Orobanchaceae)
    Nesom, G.L. and J.M. Egger. 2014. Castilleja coccinea and C. indivisa (Orobanchaceae). Phytoneuron 2014-14: 1–7. Published 6 January 2014. ISSN 2153 733X CASTILLEJA COCCINEA AND C. INDIVISA (OROBANCHACEAE) GUY L. NESOM 2925 Hartwood Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76109 www.guynesom.com J. M ARK EGGER Herbarium, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195-5325 [email protected] ABSTRACT Castilleja coccinea and C. indivisa are contrasted in morphology and their ranges mapped in detail in the southern USA, where they are natively sympatric in small areas of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Castilleja indivisa has recently been introduced and naturalized in the floras of Alabama and Florida. Castilleja ludoviciana , known only by the type collection from southwestern Louisiana, differs from C. coccinea in subentire leaves and relatively small flowers and is perhaps a population introgressed by C. indivisa . Castilleja coccinea and C. indivisa are allopatric except in small areas of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Lousiana, but assessments of their native distributions are not consistent among various accounts (e.g. Thomas & Allen 1997; Turner et al. 2003; OVPD 2012; USDA, NRCS 2013). Morphological contrasts between the two species, via keys in floristic treatments (e.g., Smith 1994; Wunderlin & Hansen 2003; Nelson 2009; Weakley 2012), have essentially repeated the differences outlined by Pennell (1935). The current study presents an evaluation and summary of the taxonomy of these two species. We have examined specimens at CAS, TEX-LL, SMU-BRIT-VDB, MO, NLU, NO, USF, WS, and WTU and viewed digital images available through Florida herbaria and databases.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Investigation of the Origin of Castilleja Crista-Galli by Sarah
    Molecular investigation of the origin of Castilleja crista-galli by Sarah Youngberg Mathews A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences Montana State University © Copyright by Sarah Youngberg Mathews (1990) Abstract: An hypothesis of hybrid origin of Castilleja crista-galli (Scrophulariaceae) was studied. Hybridization and polyploidy are widespread in Castilleja and are often invoked as a cause of difficulty in defining species and as a speciation model. The putative allopolyploid origin of Castilleja crista-gralli from Castilleja miniata and Castilleja linariifolia was investigated using molecular, morphological and cytological techniques. Restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA revealed high homogeneity among the chloroplast genomes of species of Castilleja and two Orthocarpus. No species of Castilleia represented by more than one population in the analysis was characterized by a distinctive choroplast genome. Genetic distances estimated from restriction site mutations between any two species or between genera are comparable to distances reported from other plant groups, but both intraspecific and intrapopulational distances are high relative to other groups. Restriction site analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA revealed variable repeat types both within and among individuals. Qualitative species groupings based on restriction site mutations in the ribosomal DNA repeat units do not place Castilleja crista-galli with either putative parent in a consistent manner. A cladistic analysis of 11 taxa using 10 morphological characters places Castilleja crista-galli in an unresolved polytomy with both putative parents and Castilleja hispida. Cytological analyses indicate that Castilleja crista-gralli is not of simple allopolyploid origin. Both diploid and tetraploid chromosome counts are reported for this species, previously known only as an octoploid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Hemiparasitism by Castilleja Species on Community Structure in Alpine Ecosystems
    Pursuit - The Journal of Undergraduate Research at The University of Tennessee Volume 3 Issue 2 Spring 2012 Article 8 March 2012 The Effects of Hemiparasitism by Castilleja Species on Community Structure in Alpine Ecosystems Johannah Reed University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/pursuit Recommended Citation Reed, Johannah (2012) "The Effects of Hemiparasitism by Castilleja Species on Community Structure in Alpine Ecosystems," Pursuit - The Journal of Undergraduate Research at The University of Tennessee: Vol. 3 : Iss. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/pursuit/vol3/iss2/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Volunteer, Open Access, Library Journals (VOL Journals), published in partnership with The University of Tennessee (UT) University Libraries. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Pursuit - The Journal of Undergraduate Research at The University of Tennessee by an authorized editor. For more information, please visit https://trace.tennessee.edu/pursuit. Pursuit: The Journal of Undergraduate Research at the University of Tennessee Copyright © The University of Tennessee The Effects of Hemiparasitism by Castilleja Species on Community Structure in Alpine Ecosystems JOHANNAH REED Advisor: Nate Sanders Environmental Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville There is a long history in ecology of examining how interactions such as competition, predation, and mutualism influence the structure and dynamics of natural communities. However, few studies to date have experimentally as- sessed the role of hemiparasitic plants as a structuring force. Hemiparasitic plants have the potential to shape plant communities because of their ability to photosynthesize and parasitize and because of their abundance in a variety of natural and managed ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Benton County Prairie Species Habitat Conservation Plan
    BENTON COUNTY PRAIRIE SPECIES HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN DECEMBER 2010 For more information, please contact: Benton County Natural Areas & Parks Department 360 SW Avery Ave. Corvallis, Oregon 97333-1192 Phone: 541.766.6871 - Fax: 541.766.6891 http://www.co.benton.or.us/parks/hcp This document was prepared for Benton County by staff at the Institute for Applied Ecology: Tom Kaye Carolyn Menke Michelle Michaud Rachel Schwindt Lori Wisehart The Institute for Applied Ecology is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization whose mission is to conserve native ecosystems through restoration, research, and education. P.O. Box 2855 Corvallis, OR 97339-2855 (541) 753-3099 www.appliedeco.org Suggested Citation: Benton County. 2010. Prairie Species Habitat Conservation Plan. 160 pp plus appendices. www.co.benton.or.us/parks/hcp Front cover photos, top to bottom: Kincaid’s lupine, photo by Tom Kaye Nelson’s checkermallow, photo by Tom Kaye Fender’s blue butterfly, photo by Cheryl Schultz Peacock larkspur, photo by Lori Wisehart Bradshaw’s lomatium, photo by Tom Kaye Taylor’s checkerspot, photo by Dana Ross Willamette daisy, photo by Tom Kaye Benton County Prairie Species HCP Preamble The Benton County Prairie Species Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) was initiated to bring Benton County’s activities on its own lands into compliance with the Federal and State Endangered Species Acts. Federal law requires a non-federal landowner who wishes to conduct activities that may harm (“take”) threatened or endangered wildlife on their land to obtain an incidental take permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. State law requires a non-federal public landowner who wishes to conduct activities that may harm threatened or endangered plants to obtain a permit from the Oregon Department of Agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXONOMY Plant Family Species Scientific Name
    CAEL7 1 Plant Propagation Protocol for Castilleja elmeri ESRM 412 – Native Plant Production Protocol URL: https://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/[USDASpeciesCode.pdf] Castilleja elmeri, Wenatchee Indian paintbrush (Source: Walter Siegmund1) TAXONOMY Plant Family Scientific Name Scrophulariaceae Common Name Figwort family Species Scientific Name Scientific Name Castilleja elmeri (Fernald) Varieties N/A Sub-species N/A Cultivar N/A Common Synonym(s) Castilleja angustifolia (G. Don) var. whitedii Piper2 Common Name(s) Wenatchee Indian paintbrush3, Elmer’s paintbrush2 Species Code (as per USDA CAEL7 Plants database) CAEL7 2 GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical range North America Distribution Washington State Distribution Source: USDA Plants Database3 Wenatchee Mountains and the east slope of the Cascades, Kittitas County, Washington; north into British Columbia2 Ecological distribution Moist, open slopes at mid-elevations in the mountains2 Climate and elevation range Mid-elevation4 Local habitat and abundance Found near sedges and fescues, commonly using them as hosts for hemi-parasitic roots5 Plant strategy type / Hemi-parasitic5 (capable of manufacturing their own food and successional stage obtaining water/ nutrients from soil, but also form specialized roots—haustoria roots—that attach to a host plant to take up additional water); herb3 CAEL7 3 Plant characteristics Perennial species; blooms June-August2; some reports that Castilleja seed is difficult to germinate and that chemical exudate from the roots of host species (Castilleja are parasitic) are needed to induce germination, however this pattern is not always observed6; pollinated by insects and hummingbirds5 PROPAGATION DETAILS Ecotype N/A Propagation Goal Plants Propagation Method Seed Product Type Container (plug) Stock Type N/A Time to Grow 16 weeks5 Target Specifications Hardened 16-wk-old plants Propagule Collection Seeds can be collected in midsummer for early spring flowering Instructions species and in late summer for mid-elevation species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Floras of China and Canada
    Núm. 24, pp. 25-51, ISSN 1405-2768; México, 2007 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FLORAS OF CHINA AND CANADA Zhiyao Su College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642 - P. R. China J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2 - Canada E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT at the generic and specific levels that are correlated with more recent geological and In this study, we investigated the floristic climatic variations and ecoenvironment relationships between China and Canada diversity, resulting in differences in floristic based on comparative analysis of their composition. Overall, western and eastern spermatophyte floras. Floristic lists were Canada have a similar number of shared compiled from standard floras and then genera, which suggests multiple migration subjected to cluster analysis using UPGMA events of floristic elements via the Atlantic and NMS ordination methods. Our data and Pacific connections and corridors that demonstrate that the Chinese spermatophyte existed in past geological times. flora is considerably more diverse than that of Canada and that the taxonomic richness Keywords: China, Canada, floristic rela- of seed plants in the floras of China and tionships, taxonomic richness, shared taxa, Canada shows significant variation at the intercontinental disjunction. specific and generic levels. China contains 272 families, 3 318 genera, and 27 078 RESUMEN species (after taxonomic standardization), whereas the spermatophyte flora of Canada En este estudio se investigaron la relaciones includes 145 families, 947 genera, and florísticas entre Canadá y China basados 4 616 species. The results indicate that out en análisis comparativos de las floras de of 553 genera shared by the Chinese and espermatofitas de ambos países.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Paintbrush CASTILLEJA SPECIES
    PROPAGATION PROTOCOL FOR Indian Paintbrush CASTILLEJA SPECIES | Tara Luna 62 NATIVEPLANTS | SPRING 2005 Indian paintbrush (Castilleja spp. Michx. [Scrophulariaceae]) is a vibrant, beautiful genus of annual, biennial, and perennial wildflowers that are found exclusively in North America. The majority of species grow in the West, but a few species occur in the central portion of the US. There are more than 150 species and many freely hybridize with one another in areas where their ranges overlap. They are found in a wide range of habitats, ranging from low elevation wetlands and riparian areas to dry grasslands, steppe-shrub communities, and rocky slopes to mid- to high eleva- tion mountain meadows and slopes. The inflorescence is a short or elongate terminal spike bearing tubular-shaped Iflowers that are subtended by numerous colorful bracts. Indian paintbrush is appro- priately named as the bracts graduate in color from green leafy stems to the brightly colored tops of the inflorescence, thus giving the appearance that the tops of the plants have been dipped in paint. Both insects and hummingbirds are attracted to these plants and serve as pollinators. The flower and bract color, even within a single species, can range wildly across the color palette from rich reds, scarlet, and fuchsia to orange, salmon, pink, yellow, and cream. It is not unusual to find a single flower with up to 3 contrasting colors on the showy bracts. Because the floral bracts make up most of the color, they tend to remain showy for several weeks through the growing season. The rich, brilliant, pro- longed color of these species is one reason why they are some of the most desired native species for the home landscape, yet they are not widely available for sale as container plants because of their interesting biology.
    [Show full text]
  • COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Victoria Owl-Clover In
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Victoria’s Owl-clover Castilleja victoriae in Canada ENDANGERED 2010 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Victoria’s Owl-clover Castilleja victoriae in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. ix + 20 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Matt Fairbarns for writing the status report on the Victoria’s Owl- clover, Castilleja victoriae, in Canada. COSEWIC also gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the BC Conservation Data Centre and Parks Canada for the preparation of this report. The COSEWIC report review was overseen by Erich Haber, Co-chair, COSEWIC Vascular Plants Species Specialist Subcommittee, with input from members of COSEWIC. That review may have resulted in changes and additions to the initial version of the report. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le castilléjie de Victoria (Castilleja victoriae) au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Victoria’s Owl-clover — Photo by Matt Fairbarns. ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010. Catalogue CW69-14/610-2010E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-16058-0 Recycled paper COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – April 2010 Common name Victoria’s Owl-clover Scientific name Castilleja victoriae Status Endangered Reason for designation This small annual herb is confined to a very small area of British Columbia and one site in adjacent Washington State.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Landowners
    Draft Benton County Prairie Species HCP Appendix A Appendix A. Draft Certificate of Inclusion Template – Private Landowners 1 Draft Benton County Prairie Species HCP Appendix A BENTON COUNTY PRAIRIE SPECIES HCP CERTIFICATE OF INCLUSION for Private Landowners BENTON COUNTY COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, 360 SW Avery Avenue, Corvallis, OR The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“Service”) issued to Benton County (“County”) an Incidental Take Permit (“Permit”) No. _______, on [[[Date]]], for a period of 50 years, pursuant to Section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1539(a)(1)(B). Such Permit authorizes the "Take" of Fender’s blue butterfly and its habitat in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Permit, the Benton County Prairie Species Habitat Conservation Plan ("HCP"), and the associated Implementing Agreement. Under the Permit, [[[insert name of party seeking the certificate of inclusion]]] (“Participating Landowner”) is authorized to perform certain activities covered in the Permit resulting in the "Take" of Fender’s blue butterfly and its habitat, provided all applicable terms and conditions of the Permit, the HCP, and the associated Implementing Agreement are met. As the owner of the property depicted on Exhibit "A", attached hereto and incorporated herein by this reference, you are entitled to the protection of the Permit for the activities authorized by the County in the [[[name of County permit]]], with respect to any Take of Fender’s blue butterfly and its habitat as identified in the HCP. In the event the property depicted on Exhibit "A" is used for other purposes without the express consent of Benton County, Take Authorization under the Permit will automatically cease and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cliff Paintbrush (Castilleja Rupicola) in Canada
    PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Adopted under Section 44 of SARA Recovery Strategy for the Cliff Paintbrush (Castilleja rupicola) in Canada Cliff Paintbrush 2016 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2016. Recovery Strategy for the Cliff Paintbrush (Castilleja rupicola) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 20 pp. + Annex. For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry1. Cover illustration: © Ross Vennesland Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement de la castilléjie des rochers (Castilleja rupicola) au Canada [Proposition] » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2016. All rights reserved. ISBN Catalogue no. Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. 1 http://sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=24F7211B-1 RECOVERY STRATEGY FOR THE CLIFF PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja rupicola) IN CANADA 2016 Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada. In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of British Columbia has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Strategy for Cliff Paintbrush (Castilleja rupicola) in British Columbia (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA).
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging the Physiology and Ecology of Root Hemiparasitic Plants
    Bridging the physiology and ecology of root hemiparasitic plants Jasna Hodžić A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Jonathan D. Bakker, Chair Soo-Hyung Kim Ian S. Pearse Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences © Copyright 2021 Jasna Hodžić University of Washington Abstract Bridging the physiology and ecology of root hemiparasitic plants Jasna Hodžić Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Dr. Jonathan D. Bakker School of Environmental and Forest Sciences Metabolism based on photosynthesis is a defining feature of plants. However, some flowering plant lineages have adopted a heterotrophic lifestyle based on parasitism, either reducing or completely abandoning their ability to photosynthesize. Approximately 1-2% of angiosperms directly parasitize other plants, attaching to the vascular tissue of one or more host plants using specialized structures called haustoria. All lineages that have evolved away from autotrophy display profound changes in morphological, biochemical, and molecular traits. In addition, the adoption of a parasitic lifestyle necessitates physiological adaptations that allow the parasite to locate, attach to, and effectively siphon resources away from the host. As a consequence of the expression of these physiological traits, parasitic plants can occupy unique ecological roles in their natural communities. Hemiparasites, parasitic plants that can photosynthesize, both compete with and parasitize host plants, simultaneously acting as producers and consumers. Hemiparasites often disproportionately parasitize certain species in a community, changing the competitive dynamics between host and non-host species and affecting vegetation structure and diversity within a plant community. However, while research into the role of hemiparasites in their communities is growing, it is still largely based on only a few genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Castilleja Publication of the Wyoming Native Plant Society Oct 2014, Volume 33(3) Posted at Castilleja Linariifolia
    Castilleja Publication of the Wyoming Native Plant Society Oct 2014, Volume 33(3) Posted at www.wynps.org Castilleja linariifolia Plunging Into Yellowstone Aquatics There was a splash that rippled across the state with publication of a recent article about the aquatic vascular plants of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) by Hellquist et al. (2014). It makes major strides in understanding the rare and under-collected aquatic vascular plants of YNP, the first work to be printed from among the researchers’ breadth of objectives in floristics, genetics and ecology. The authors, Barre Hellquist, Eric Hellquist and Jennifer Whipple, combined Flora of North America expertise with Park flora expertise in daunting fieldwork, herbarium work and lab work. The father- son pair of aquatic experts teamed with Whipple, long- time Park Botanist, to report three species new to the Wyoming flora, including Spiny-spore quillwort (Isoetes echinospora), Nodding water nymph (Najas flexilis) and Yellowishwhite bladderwort (Utricularia ochroleuca; see Additions to the Flora – p. 7), plus five species new to Montana or to YNP. Two species new to YNP are rare pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) that Above: Barre Hellquist, North American pondweed hadn’t been collected in Wyoming for decades. expert, examines a rare species imposter in the In total, 26 species were rare or under-documented Firehole River, Upper Geyser Basin with Riverside by some standard among the 102 aquatic species that Geyser in the background. By Eric Hellquist. comprise the YNP aquatic flora, sampled at over 224 collecting stations. Of the 26 species, two proved to be Why care about aquatic plants? so frequent that results of this work supported their removal from the Wyoming species of concern list.
    [Show full text]