Plenary Speeches/Invited Papers, Conferences in 2009
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EPAA Vol. 8 No. 4 Warschauer: Technology and School Reform Di
Education Policy Analysis Archives Volume 8 Number 4 January 7, 2000 ISSN 1068-2341 A peer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal Editor: Gene V Glass, College of Education Arizona State University Copyright 2000, the EDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS ARCHIVES . Permission is hereby granted to copy any article if EPAA is credited and copies are not sold. Articles appearing in EPAA are abstracted in the Current Index to Journals in Education by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation and are permanently archived in Resources in Education . Technology and School Reform: A View from Both Sides of the Tracks Mark Warschauer America-Mideast Educational & Training Services Cairo, Egypt Abstract A discourse of reform claims that schools must be transformed to take full advantage of computers, while a competing discourse of inequality warns that technology-enhanced reform is taking place only in wealthy schools, dooming poor and minority students to the wrong side of a digital divide. A qualitative study at an elite private school and an impoverished public school explored the relationship between technology, reform, and equality. The reforms introduced at the two schools appeared similar, but underlying differences in resources and expectations served to reinforce patterns by which the two schools channel students into different social futures. As educators cope with the task of integrating information technology into the schools, two main discourses have appeared: the discourse of reform and the discourse of inequality. The discourse of reform suggests that schools must transform themselves in order to make effective use of computers. As an educator in Hawai'i (Note 1) commented, The analogy that I have to give is that there is television and there is radio 1 of 22 and there is in person. -
The Multilingual/Bilingual Dichotomy: an Exploration of Individual Differences
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PAPER UNDER REVIEW: PLEASE DO NOT DISTRIBUTE OR USE RESULTS WITHOUT THE EXPRESSED PERMISSION OF THE LEAD AUTHOR: MARK WARSCHAUER [email protected] Broadening our Concepts of Universal Access Mark Warschauer Professor of Education & Informatics Associate Dean, School of Education University of California, Irvine School of Education 3200 Education Irvine, CA 92697-5500 Email: [email protected] and Veronica Ahumada Newhart Graduate Student Researcher University of California, Irvine School of Education 3200 Education Irvine, CA 92697-5500 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The universal accessibility movement has focused on solutions for people with physical limitations. While this work has helped bring about positive initiatives for this population, physical disabilities are just one of the many life situations that can complicate people’s ability to fully participate in an information economy and society. Other factors affecting accessibility include poverty, illiteracy, and social isolation. This paper explores how the universal accessibility movement can expand its efforts to reach other diverse populations. We discuss four sets of resources -- physical, digital, human, and social -- that are critical for enabling people to use information and communication technology, and provide some examples of how these resources can help people access, adapt, and create knowledge. Keywords: universal access; accessibility; communication; education 1 PAPER UNDER REVIEW: PLEASE DO NOT DISTRIBUTE OR USE RESULTS WITHOUT THE EXPRESSED PERMISSION OF THE LEAD AUTHOR: MARK WARSCHAUER [email protected] Introduction As Manuel Castells (1998) notes, the ability to access, use, and adapt information and communication technologies is “the critical factor in generating and accessing wealth, power, and knowledge in our time” (p. -
117 Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. By
Reviews 117 Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. By Mark Warschauer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. 274 pp. ISBN 0262232243. Mark Warschauer provides a wide-ranging, provocative re-evaluation of the “digital divide,” which he prefers to describe as a complex, multi-layered “digital inequality.” His point of view and sympathies clearly bridge the two academic disciplines with which he is most closely associated—education and computer science—in which he has a cross appointment at the University of California, Irvine. Citing fascinating examples from his own and other international research, he points out that despite some well-laid plans for access to information and communication technology (ICT), much remains to be done to ensure that technological and information “literacy” are also guaranteed. Poorly designed implementation programs are largely to blame for digital inequality, as Warschauer points out in examples from Ireland (where in one case, more—not less— social disenfranchisement was encountered by unemployed, isolated ICT users after they stopped going to the unemployment office and instead used ICT at home to look for work); from India (where no instruction was provided after ICT was placed in public areas); and from Egypt (where a USAID project was so mishandled that computer hardware sat in storage for more than a year before anything tangible got under way). In what has become a remarkably effective political-economic method of evaluating technology adoption and diffusion, Warschauer refers to three “industrial revolutions” (in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries) that have had huge impacts on society, the economy, and the further development of technology. -
The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition
ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOKS The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Edited by Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition ‘The editors, Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey, have done a sterling job with this Handbook. The biggest names and rising stars in the fields of second language teaching and language learning have contributed to this “magnum opus”.’ Jean-Marc Dewaele, Birkbeck, University of London, UK The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition brings together fifty leading international figures in the field to produce a state-of-the-art overview of second language acquisition. The Handbook covers a wide range of topics related to Second Language Acquisition: language in context, linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic theories and perspectives, skill learning, individual differences, L2 learning settings, and language assessment. All chapters introduce the reader to the topic, outline the core issues, then explore the pedagogical application of research in the area and possible future development. The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition is an essential resource for all those studying and researching second language acquisition. Susan M. Gass is University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Languages at Michigan State University. She is the author of many titles and co-author of Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course, Third Edition (Routledge, 2008), with Larry Selinker. She co-edits the series, Second Language Acquisition Research (with Alison Mackey, for Routledge). Alison Mackey is Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She is the author of many titles, and co-author of Data Elicitation for Second and Foreign Language Research (Routledge 2007), with Susan M. -
The Effects of Captioning Videos Used for Foreign Language Listening Activities1
Language Learning & Technology February 2010, Volume 14, Number 1 http://llt.msu.edu/vol14num1/winkegasssydorenko.pdf pp. 65–86 THE EFFECTS OF CAPTIONING VIDEOS USED FOR FOREIGN 1 LANGUAGE LISTENING ACTIVITIES Paula Winke, Susan Gass, and Tetyana Sydorenko Michigan State University This study investigated the effects of captioning during video-based listening activities. Second- and fourth-year learners of Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, and Russian watched three short videos with and without captioning in randomized order. Spanish learners had two additional groups: one watched the videos twice with no captioning, and another watched them twice with captioning. After the second showing of the video, learners took comprehension and vocabulary tests based on the video. Twenty-six learners participated in interviews following the actual experiment. They were asked about their general reactions to the videos (captioned and noncaptioned). Results from t-tests and two-way ANOVAs indicated that captioning was more effective than no captioning. Captioning during the first showing of the videos was more effective for performance on aural vocabulary tests. For Spanish and Russian, captioning first was generally more effective than captioning second; while for Arabic and Chinese, there was a trend toward captioning second being more effective. The interview data revealed that learners used captions to increase their attention, improve processing, reinforce previous knowledge, and analyze language. Learners also reported using captions as a crutch. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to investigate L2 learners’ use of captions2 while watching videos in a foreign language. Audiovisual materials enhanced with captions are powerful pedagogical tools that are believed to help improve L2 listening and reading comprehension skills (Borras & Lafayette, 1994; Danan, 2004; Garza, 1991; Markham & Peter, 2003). -
Demystifying the Digital Divide Author(S): Mark Warschauer Source: Scientific American, Vol
Demystifying the Digital Divide Author(s): Mark Warschauer Source: Scientific American, Vol. 289, No. 2 (AUGUST 2003), pp. 42-47 Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26060401 Accessed: 05-06-2018 13:38 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26060401?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Scientific American This content downloaded from 129.252.86.83 on Tue, 05 Jun 2018 13:38:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms By Mark Warschauer Demystifying Digitalthe Divide The simple binary notion of technology haves and have-nots doesn’t quite compute For much of the past decade, policy leaders and social scientists have grown increasingly concerned about a so- cietal split between those with and those without access to computers and the In- ternet. The U.S. National Telecommuni- cations and Information Ad- ministration popularized a term for this situation in the mid-1990s: the “digital di- vide.” The phrase soon became used in an international context as well, to describe the status of information technology from country to country. -
Group Work, Interlaoouage Talk and Second Language Acquisition *
GROUP WORK, INTERLAOOUAGE TALK AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION * Michael B. Long University of Hawaii at Manoa and Patricia A. Porter San Francisco State University ABSTRACT The use of group work in classroom second language learning has long been supported by sound pedagogical arguments. Recently, however, a psycholinguistic rationale for group work has emerged from second language acquisition research on non native speaker/non-native speaker conversation, or interlanguage talk. Provided careful attention is paid to the structure of tasks students work on together, the negotiation work possible in group work makes it an attractive alternative to the teacher-led, "lockstep" mode, and a viable classroom substitute for individual conversations with native speakers. * Revised version of a paper presented at the 18th annual TESOL Convention, Houston, Texas, March 6-11, 1984. Submitted to ~QL ~~~~l~· 103 GROUP WORK, INTERLAroUAGE TALK AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 1 • ll),t,Ig_g_y~,tj.QD For some years now, methodologists have recommended small group work (including pair work) in the second language classroom. In doing so, they have used arguments which, for the most part, are ~g~.Qgj~. While those arguments are compelling enough, group work has recently taken on increased ~~h2ling~jR.t.i~ significance due to new research findings on two related topics: (i) the role of comprehensible input in second language acquisitionm (SLA), and (ii) the negotiation work possible in interlanguage talk (non-native;non-native conversation). Thus, in addition to strong pedagogical arguments, there now exists a psycholinguistic rationale for group work in second language learning. 2 • .f.e.D~gg.i~9l .USWI~l§D.t.a i~ SI.2~9 lf.QJ:.k There are at least five pedagogical arguments for the use of group work in SL learning. -
Theories of Second Language Acquisition: Three Sides, Three Angles, Three Points Margaret Thomas
Theories of second language acquisition: three sides, three angles, three points Margaret Thomas To cite this version: Margaret Thomas. Theories of second language acquisition: three sides, three angles, three points. Second Language Research, SAGE Publications, 2005, 21 (4), pp.393-414. 10.1191/0267658305sr258ra. hal-00572091 HAL Id: hal-00572091 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572091 Submitted on 1 Mar 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Second Language Research 21,4 (2005); pp. 393–414 Review article Theories of second language acquisition: three sides, three angles, three points Margaret Thomas Boston College Three recent books take up different positions in the on-going debate about how, and out of what, to construct a theory of second language (L2) acquisition. Johnson (2004) advocates a ‘dialogically based approach’, inspired by Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bakhtin’s ‘dialogized heteroglossia’, with which she would replace what she views as a prevailing ‘cognitive bias’ in the field. Block (2003) similarly supports a ‘more interdisciplinary and socially informed orientation’ to second language acquisition. But Block wants to reform rather than replace certain assumptions of what he represents as the best existing theory of second language acquisi- tion, namely, Susan Gass’ Input–Interaction–Output model (IIO model). -
459150 1 En Bookbackmatter 95..110
References Achiba, Machiko. 2003. Learning to request in a second language: A study of child interlanguage pragmatics. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto, Sydney: Multilingual Matters. Aijmer, Karin, and Christoph Rühlemann. 2015. Corpus pragmatics: A handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Alcón-Soler, Eva. 2015. Pragmatic learning and study abroad: Effects of instruction and length of stay. System 48: 62–74. Allen, Heather. 2010. Interactive contact as linguistic affordance during short-term study abroad: Myth or reality? Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 19: 1–26. Austin, John. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Bacelar da Silva, Antonio José. 2003. The effects of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusals in English. Second Language Studies 22 (1): 55–106. Bachman, Lyle F. 1990. Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 1996. Pragmatics and language teaching: Bringing pragmatics and pedagogy together. In Pragmatics and language learning (Monograph series volume 7), ed. Lawrence F. Bouton, 21–39. USA: University of Illinois. Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 2001. Evaluating the empirical evidence: Grounds for instruction in pragmatics? In Pragmatics in language teaching, ed. Kenneth R. Rose, and Gabriele Kasper, 13–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 2012a. Variation in the pragmatic use of conventional expressions. In Pragmatic variation in first and second language contexts, ed. J. César Félix-Brasdefer, and Dale April Koike, 141–173. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 2012b. Pragmatics in second language acquisition. In The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition, ed. Susan M. Gass, and Mackey Alison, Chapter 9. -
From Telecollaboration to Virtual Exchange: State-Of-The‑Art and the Role of Unicollaboration in Moving Forward1
From telecollaboration to virtual exchange: state-of-the-art and the role of UNICollaboration in moving forward1 Robert O’Dowd2 Abstract elecollaboration, or ‘virtual exchange’, are terms used to refer to the engagement of groups of learners in online intercultural interactions and collaboration projects with partners from other cultural contexts or geographical locations as an integrated Tpart of their educational programmes. In recent years, approaches to virtual exchange have evolved in different contexts and different areas of education, and these approaches have had, at times, very diverse organisational structures and pedagogical objectives. This article provides an overview of the different models and approaches to virtual exchange which are currently being used in higher education contexts. It also provides a short historical review of the major developments and trends in virtual exchange to date and describes the origins of the UNICollaboration organisation and the rationale behind this journal. Keywords: virtual exchange; telecollaboration; online intercultural exchange; computer mediated communication; intercultural communication; internationalisation. 1. Parts of this article were previously published in an article by the same author (O’Dowd, 2017) which appeared in the TLC Journal - Training Language & Culture, 4(2). They have been reproduced with permission. 2. University of León, León, Spain; [email protected] Robert O’Dowd has published widely on the application of collaborative online learning in university education. His most recent publication is the co-edited volume Online Intercultural Exchange Policy, Pedagogy, Practice, for Routledge. He is currently the lead researcher on the Erasmus+ KA3 project, Evaluating and Upscaling Telecollaborative Teacher Education (EVALUATE) (http://www.evaluateproject.eu/). -
Dissecting the “Digital Divide”: a Case Study in Egypt
The Information Society, 19: 297–304, 2003 Copyright c Taylor & Francis Inc. ISSN: 0197-2243 print / 1087-6537 online DOI: 10.1080/01972240390227877 Dissecting the “Digital Divide”: A Case Study in Egypt Mark Warschauer Department of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA tion (NGO) download information for her. The notion of a For the last decade, the concept of a “digital divide” has framed binary divide is thus inaccurate and can be patronizing, as it people’s understanding of technology’s relationship to equity and fails to value the social resources that diverse groups bring development. This article critiques theoretically the digital divide to the table. For example, in the United States, African- concept and supports this critique by examining a case study of Americans are often portrayed as being on the wrong end technology and education in Egypt. The study illustrates the social of a digital divide (e.g., Walton, 1999), when in fact In- embeddedness of technology and the intertwining of computer ac- ternet access among Blacks and other minorities varies cess with broader issues of political power, thus refuting simplistic tremendously by income group, with divisions between notions of divides to be overcome through provision of equipment. Blacks and Whites decreasing as income increases (Na- tional Telecommunications and Information Administra- Keywords digital divide, education, Egypt, international tion, 2000). Second, and even more significantly, the stratification that does exist regarding access to online information has very little to do with the Internet per se, but has everything Since first emerging nearly a decade ago, the concept of to do with political, economic, institutional, cultural, and a “digital divide” has captured the attention of policy mak- linguistic contexts that shape the meaning of the Internet ers and social activities.