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Home , On the Origin of Species

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Charles ’s On the A stunning graphic

Darwin’s Origin of of one of the most famous, contested, ABOUT THE AUTHORS Thus, from the war of , from famine and , and important books of all time. Michael Keller, an award-winning the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, Few books have been as contro- journalist and , has a bachelor the production of the higher animals directly follows. There is A GRAPHIC ADAPTATION versial or as historically signifi cant of science degree in wildlife as Charles Darwin’s On a grandeur in this view of , with its several powers, having been

from the University of Florida and a On of Species by Means of Natural Selec- master’s degree from the Columbia originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms tion, or the Preservation of Favoured University Graduate School of Jour- or into one . . . and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on the COVER TK Races in the Struggle for Life. Since the nalism. according to the fi xed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning moment it was released on Novem-

Origin ber 24, 1859, Darwin’s masterwork endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, Nicolle Rager Fuller is a pro- has been heralded for changing the fessional illustrator, with a bachelor and are being, evolved. course of science and condemned for

of arts degree in biochemistry from —Charles Darwin, from On the Origin of Species its implied challenges to religion. Lewis and Clark College and a gradu- of In Charles Darwin’s On the Ori- ate certifi cate in science illustration gin of Species, author Michael Keller Species from the University of California- and illustrator Nicolle Rager Fuller Santa Cruz. She in Washington, introduce a new generation of read- DC, with her husband. ers to the original text. Including sec- tions about his pioneering research, the book’s initial public reception,

Illustrated his correspondence with other lead-

Michael ing scientists, as well as the most

by recent breakthroughs in - Nicolle

Keller ary theory, this riveting, beautifully

Rager rendered adaptation breathes new life

Fuller into Darwin’s seminal and still polar-

ISBN: 978-1-60529-697-5 51999 izing work. EAN

9 781605 296975 TCD 151611 Michael Keller

Cover design by Nicolle Rager Fuller ILLUSTRATED BY NICOLLE RAGER FULLER

OriginOfSpeciesDJ_spot.indd 1 8/20/09 11:19:22 AM March 1837 DARWIN’S APARTMENT AT NO. 41 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, LONDON

When on board H.M.S. Beagle, as naturalist, I was much struck with certain in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent.

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06192009101205 005-036_151611_intro.indd 20 6/19/09 9:46:40 AM To my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers,

ants making slaves,

the larvae of Ichneumonidae feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars,

not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely,

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06192009101217 005-036_151611_intro.indd 21 6/19/09 9:46:45 AM Many years ago, when comparing, and seeing others compare, the birds from the closely neighbour- ing islands of the Galápagos archipelago, one with another, and with those from the American mainland, I was much struck how entirely vague and arbitrary is the distinction between species and varieties.

I look at the term “species” as one arbitrarily given, for the sake of convenience, to a set of individu- als closely resembling each other, and that it does not essentially diff er from the term “,” which is given to less distinct and more fl u c t u a t i n g forms.…

The passage from one stage of diff erence to another may, in many cases, be the simple result of the nature of the organism and of the diff erent physical conditions to which it has long been exposed; but with respect to the more important and adaptive charac- ters, the passage from one stage of diff erence to another, may be safely attributed to the cumula- tive action of .…

Hence I look at individual diff erences…as of the highest importance for us, as being the fi rst steps towards such slight varieties as are barely thought worth recording in works on .

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06192009083721 047-050_151611_variation.indd 49 6/19/09 8:24:51 AM Can it…be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man have undoubtedly occurred, that other variations useful in some way to each being in the great and complex battle of life, should occur in the course of many successive generations?

If such do occur, can we doubt (remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly survive) that indi- viduals having any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and of procreating their kind?

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06192009085018 061-078_151611_natural.indd 62 6/19/09 8:27:07 AM On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed.

NATURAL SELECTION This preservation of favorable individual diff er- ences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the .

…It is diffi cult to avoid personifying the word Nature; but I mean by nature, only the aggregate action and product of many natural laws, and by laws the sequence of events as ascertained by us.

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06192009085034 061-078_151611_natural.indd 63 6/19/09 8:27:12 AM How fl e e t i n g are the wishes and eff orts of man! How short his time! And consequently how poor will be his results, compared with those accumulated by Nature during whole geological periods!

As man can produce, and certainly has produced, a great result by his methodical and unconscious means of selection, what may not natural selection eff ect?

Man can act only on external and visible characters;

Nature, if I may be She can act on every internal allowed to personify , on every shade of consti- the natural preser- tutional diff erence, on the whole vation or survival of machinery of life. Man selects only the fi ttest, cares noth- for his own good; Nature only for ing for appearances, that of the being which she tends. except in so far as they are useful to any being.

Can we wonder, then, that Nature’s productions should be far “truer” in character than man’s productions; that they should be infi nitely better adapted to the most complex conditions of life, and should plainly bear the stamp of far higher workmanship?

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06192009085037 061-078_151611_natural.indd 64 6/19/09 8:27:17 AM We see nothing of these slow changes in progress, until the hand of time has marked the lapse of ages,

and then so imperfect is our view into long-past geologi- cal ages, that we see only that the forms of life are now diff erent from what they formerly were.

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06192009085044 061-078_151611_natural.indd 65 6/19/09 8:27:22 AM Isolation also is an important ISOLATION AND NATURAL SELECTION element in the modifi c a t i o n of species through natural selection. For within a confi ned area, with some place in the natural polity not perfectly occupied, all the individuals varying in the right direction, though in diff erent degrees, will tend to be preserved.

But if the area be large, its several districts will almost certainly present diff erent conditions of life.

NORTH AMERICA PINE TREE DISTRIBUTION

Throughout a great and open area, not only will there be a better chance of favourable variations, arising from the large number of individuals of the same species there supported,

but the conditions of life are much more complex from the large number of already existing species; and if some of these many species become modifi e d and improved, others will have to be improved in a corresponding degree, or they will be exterminated.

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06192009085158 061-078_151611_natural.indd 75 6/19/09 8:28:20 AM And what of the complexities of the human eye? How can that possibly have evolved through gradual changes when any missing component to the system prevents the entire thing from working?

We may…fi nd aggregates of pigment-cells, apparently serving as organs of vision, without any nerves. (These) are not capable of distinct vision, and serve only to distinguish light from darkness.

The simplest organ which can be called an eye consists of an optic nerve, surrounded by pigment-cells and covered by translucent skin, but without any lens or other refractive body. In this concentration of the rays we gain the fi rst and by far the most important step towards the formation of a true, picture-forming eye; for we have only to place the naked extremity of the optic nerve…at the right distance from the concentrating apparatus, and an image will be formed on it.

We must suppose that there is a power, represented by natural selection or the survival of the fi ttest, always intently watching each slight alteration in the transparent layers; and carefully preserving each which, under varied circumstances, in any way or in any degree, tends to produce a distincter image.

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06192009085628 087-104_151611_difficulties.indd96 96 6/19/09 8:32:06 AM LAW OF THE SUCCESSION OF TYPES

…on this “law of the succession of types”—on “this wonderful relationship I was so much impressed with these in the same continent between the facts that I strongly insisted… dead and the living.”

The inhabitants of the world at each successive period in its history have beaten their predecessors in the for life.

The succession of the same types of structure within the same areas during the later geological periods ceases to be mysterious, and is intelligible on the principle of inheritance.

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06192009090826 125-132_151611_Geoadapt.indd 131 6/19/09 8:37:27 AM ANATOMICAL SIMILARITIES Professor Häckel…has recently brought his great knowledge and abilities to bear on what he calls phylogeny, or the lines of descent of all organic beings. In drawing up the several series he trusts chiefl y to embryological characters, but receives aid from homologous and rudimentary organs, as well as from the successive periods at which the various forms of life are believed to have fi rst appeared in our geological formations....

We have seen that the members of the same class, independently of their habits of life, resemble each other in the general plan of their organisation. This resemblance is often expressed by the term “unity of type”; or by saying that the several parts and organs in the diff erent species of the class are homologous.... This is one of the most interesting departments of natural history, and may almost be said to be its very .

MOLE HUMAN ORCA BAT

What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include similar bones, in the same relative positions?...

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06192009101932 151-164_151611_embryo.indd 158 6/19/09 10:00:51 AM