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Univerzitet U Nišu Prirodno-Matematički Fakultet Niš Departman Za Biologiju I Ekologiju Biodiverzitet Leptira (Larvalnih Stup

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Univerzitet U Nišu Prirodno-Matematički Fakultet Niš Departman Za Biologiju I Ekologiju Biodiverzitet Leptira (Larvalnih Stup Univerzitet u Nišu Prirodno-matematički fakultet Niš Departman za biologiju i ekologiju Biodiverzitet leptira (larvalnih stupnjeva) i njihovih prirodnih neprijatelja na području podnožja planine Bukovik Кandidat: Mentor: Veljković A. Nemanja Dr Vladimir Žikić Br. Indeksa: 240 Niš, 2020 1 University of Niš Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics Department of Biology and Ecology Biodiversity of lepidopterans (larval instars) and their natural enemies at the foot of Bukovik mountain Candidate: Mentor: Veljković A. Nemanja Dr Vladimir Žikić Student’s Reg. No.: 240 Niš, 2020 2 BIOGRAFIJA KANDIDATA Nemanja Veljković je rođen 6. marta 1993. godine u Paraćinu. Završio je osnovnu školu „Despot Stefan Lazarević“ u Despotovcu 2008. godine kao nosilac Vukove diplome, a 2012. godine završava Gimnaziju u Paraćinu, prirodno-matematiči smer, sa odličnim uspehom. Osnovne akademske sudije na Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu u Nišu, upisuje 2013. godine na Departmanu za Biologiju i ekologiju i završava 2016. godine, kada upisuje master akademske studije na istom departmanu, smer Biologija. 3 Zahvalnica Želeo bih da se zahvalim svom mentoru, prof. Vladimiru Žikiću, za pomoć i savetovanje koje mi je pružio pri pisanju master rada i identifikaciji jedinki. Takođe se za pomoć pri identifikaciji jedniki zahvaljujem prof. Marijani Ilić-Milošević. Takođe bih želeo da se zahvalim svojim roditeljima za pomoć koju su mi pružili pri sakupljanju jedinki na terenu, kao i za podršku pri pisanju samog rada. 4 Indeks 1. Uvod .................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.Larva ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2. Larve insekata .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Razviće ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.4. Gusenice leptira ............................................................................................................... 8 1.5. Larve lisnih zolja – Symphyta ......................................................................................... 9 1.6. PARAZITOIDI .............................................................................................................. 11 Hymenoptera ..................................................................................................................... 12 Diptera ............................................................................................................................... 13 Strepsiptera ....................................................................................................................... 13 Neuroptera ......................................................................................................................... 14 Lepidoptera ....................................................................................................................... 14 Trichoptera ........................................................................................................................ 14 Coleoptera ......................................................................................................................... 14 2. Ciljevi istraživanja ............................................................................................................................. 15 3. Materijal i metode ............................................................................................................................. 16 3.1. Opis lokaliteta ................................................................................................................ 16 3.2. Sakupljeni materijal ....................................................................................................... 17 4. Rezultati i diskusija ........................................................................................................................... 20 4.1. Rezultati ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.2. Diskusija ........................................................................................................................ 23 5. Zaključak ........................................................................................................................................... 24 6. Sažetak ............................................................................................................................................... 25 7. Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 26 8. Literatura ........................................................................................................................................... 27 5 1. Uvod 1.1. Larva Larva predstavlja juvenilni stadijum u razviću mnogih životinja pre njihove metamorfoze u adulte. Životinje sa indirekntnim razvićem, kao što je većina beskičmenjaka, kao i mnogi kičmenjaci (npr. ribe i vodozemci), poseduju larvalnu fazu tokom razvića. Izgled larve se generalno veoma razlikuje od izgleda adulta, uključujući razlike u spoljašnjoj morfologiji i organima koji se ne javljaju kod adulta. Takođe, postoje značajne razlike u ishrani, koje često isključuju kompeticiju larvi sa adultima za iste resurse. Hrana koju larve unose služi im kao izvor energije za prelazak u adultnu formu. Larve nekih vrsta (npr. neki daždevnjaci) mogu postati pubescentne, i ne razvijaju se dalje u adultnu formu. Ovo je vrsta neotenije. 1.2. Larve insekata Kod larvi insekata, jedino endopterigotna grupa poseduje različite tipove larvi. Postoji nekoliko klasifikacija, od kojih je jednu dao Berlese (1913). Na osnovu te klasifikacije postoje 4 tipa endopterigotnih larvi: 1) Apodne larve – bez nogu i sa slabom sklerotizacijom. Na osnovu sklerotizacije, postoje 3 podtipa apodnih larvi: • Eucefalne – sa veoma sklerotizovanom glavenom kapsulom. Tu pripadaju Buprestidae, Cerambycidae i podred Nematocera. • Hemicefalne – sa redukovanom glavenom kapsulom, koja se može uvući u toraks. Tu spadaju Tipulidae i podred Brachycera. • Acefalne – bez glavene kapsule,podred Cyclorrapha. 2) Protopodne larve – poseduju veliki broj različitih formi, koje često ne nalikuju normalnim formama insekata. Izležu se iz jaja koja poseduju veoma malo žumanceta. 3) Polipodne larve – poznate i kao eruciformne larve, uz torakalne noge poseduju dodatne abdominalne noge, mada su one slabo sklerotizovane i relativno neaktivne. Najbolji primer su gusenice Lepidoptera. 6 4) Oligopodne larve – imaju dobro razvijenu glavenu kapsulu i usni aparat sličan onom kod adultnih jedinki, mada bez facetovanih očiju. Poseduju 3 para nogu na toraksu, bez adbominalnih nogu. Dele se na dva podtipa: • Kampodeiformne – dobro sklerotizovane, sa dorzo-ventralno spljoštenim telom. Uglavnom dugonogi, predatori sa prognatnim tipom usnog aparata (Chrysopidae, Trichoptera, vodeni cvetovi, neke Coleoptera). • Scarabeiformne – slabo sklerotizovane, sa ravnim toraksom i abdomenom. Uglavnom kratkonoge i neaktivne ukopavajuće vrste (Scarabaeoidea i druge Coleoptera). 1.3. Razviće Insekti poseduju tri strategije razvića (Slika 1): • Ametabolno razviće • Hemimetabolno razviće • Holometabolno razviće Slika 1. A) ametabolno razviće, B) hemimetabolno razviće, C) holometabolno razviće (slike preuzete sa https://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/4h/unit2/metavari.htm) Ametabolno razviće je tip razvića kod insekata kod kojih dolazi do blage metamorfoze ili ona izostaje, a dolazi samo do postepenog povećanja u veličini. Prisutno je kod primitivnih beskrilnih insekata, kao što je red Thysanura (McGavin, 2001; Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005). Hemimetabolno razviće, poznato i kao nepotpuna metamorfoza i paurometabolija (McGavin, 2001), je tip razvića kod određenih insekata koji obuhvata tri stadijuma: jaje, nimfu i adultni stadijum, imago. Jedinke prolaze kroz postepene stadijume, i ne postoji 7 stadijum lutke. Nimfa poseduje tanak egzoskelet, koji je sličan egzoskeletu adulta, ali izostaju krila i reproduktivni organi (Baluch, 2011). ralika između hemimetabolnih i ametabolnih insekata je u tome što se hemimetabolni adulti ne presvlače (Gullan & Cranston, 2014). Redovi hemimetabolnih insekata su: • Hemiptera • Orthoptera • Mantodea • Blattodea • Dermaptera • Odonata • Phasmatodea • Phthiraptera • Ephemeroptera • Plecoptera • Grylloblattodea Holometabolno razviće je poznato kao razviće sa preobražajem, odnosno metamorfozom. Obuhvata četiri životna stadijuma: jaje, larva, lutka i adult, odnosno imago. Holometabolija je sinapomorfna karakteristika svih insekata nadreda Endopterygota. Juvenilni stadijum kod holometabolnih insekata veoma se razlikuje od adultnog stadijuma. Kod nekih vrsta holometabolno razviće sprečava kompeticiju između larvi i adulta, jer oni zauzimaju različite ekološke niše. Morfologija i ponašanje kod svakog stadijuma su specijalizovani za različite aktivnosti. Na primer, larvalne karakteristike maksimizuju hranjenje, rast i razvoj, dok adultne karakteristike omogućuju udvaranje, parenje, polaganje jaja i širenje areala. Neke vrste holometabolnih insekata štite i hrane svoje mlade. 1.4. Gusenice leptira Larve leptira su poznate kao gusenice. Nakon izleganja iz jajeta, gusenice su polipodne larve sa cilindričnim telima, kratkim
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