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PNPI Scientific Highlights 2014 Scientific editors: Redactors: Victor L. Aksenov Alena M. Arkhipova Svetlana V. Sarantseva Elena Yu. Orobets Maria A. Kamenskaya Editors: Tatiana S. Zharova (translation) Vladimir V. Voronin Victor Т. Kim Technical editing and design: Andrey L. Konevega Tatiana A. Parfeeva Geliy F. Mikheev Victor Yu. Petrov Layout composition: Victor V. Sarantsev Kristina D. Kashkovskaya Sergey R. Friedmann Anastasiya B. Kudryavtseva Gleb V. Frolov Yury P. Chernenkov Publisher: Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute NRC “Kurchatov Institute” Publishing Office Orlova Roscha, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russian Federation PNPI Scientific Highlights 2014 (164 pages) contains a number of short overview reports of the main research results of PNPI NRC “Kurchatov Institute” achieved in 2014. The links for the leading Russian and foreign scientific journals containing the full versions of each paper are listed below each article. Printed on Konica Minolta bizhub PRO C1060L ISBN 978-5-86763-366-0 Copyright © 2015 PNPI NRC “Kurchatov Institute” Table of contents 5 Preface 9 Research Divisions 25 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 43 Research Вased on the Use of Neutrons, Synchrotron Radiation and Muons 59 Research Based on the Use of Protons and Ions. Neutrino Physics 77 Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Nuclear Medicine (Isotope Production, Beam Therapy, 95 Nano- and Biotechnologies for Medical Purposes) 103 Nuclear Reactor and Accelerator Physics 119 Applied Research and Developments 129 Basic Installations 149 Management and Research PNPI Scientific Highlights 2014 5 Preface B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics There are five research divisions sharing a common Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov infrastructure at PNPI: Institute” (PNPI) is a multidisciplinary research centre. – Theoretical Physics Division; It leads fundamental and applied research in fields – Neutron Research Division; of particle and high energy physics, nuclear physics, – High Energy Physics Division; condensed matter physics, molecular and radiation – Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division; biophysics. – Knowledge Transfer Division. Scientific works of PNPI researchers have been PNPI, as well as other NRC “Kurchatov Institute” awarded with Lenin and State Prizes, National Awards institutes, takes an active part in various international of the Russian Federation Government, Academic Pri- projects and collaborates actively within its main zes. Since the establishment of the Institute, three PNPI research areas with largest international research employees were elected as full members and seven centres: as corresponding members of the Russian Academy – The European Organization for Nuclear Research of Sciences. PNPI currently employs 1 912 employees, (CERN, Switzerland); including 511 researchers, 76 full Doctors of Science – The European Centre for Neutron Science, and 263 first degree Doctors of Science (Candidates The Institute Laue–Langevin (ILL, France); of Science). At the moment, one of its employees is – DESY Research Centre (Germany); a full member and two are corresponding members of – Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland); the Russian Academy of Sciences. – Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, In 2010, upon the initiative of Mikhail V. Kovalchuk, Russia) PNPI joined actions with several research institutions and others. participating in the pilot project on creation of the PNPI possesses two main operating installations: National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” (Joint WWR-M research reactor (first criticality reached Research Programme). In September 2011, control over in December 1959, power start-up in the end of 1961), PNPI transited from the Russian Academy of Sciences and 1 GeV proton synchrocyclotron (power start-up to National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”. in 1970). In the framework of the Joint Research Programme, Works on project development of a new reac- PNPI carries out research in the following areas: tor – the PIK reactor – have been launched in 1969. – Fundamental and applied research carried The construction started in 1976. After the Chernobyl out with the use of neutrons (this area of research is nuclear accident, the reactor project was subject coordinated by PNPI); to a detailed revision and was to be modified with – Theoretical and mathematical physics; regard to the new safety standards until 1991. The – Fundamental interdisciplinary research in nano- construction was resumed but the funds were not and biosciences based on X-ray, synchrotron and allocated regularly, interruptions took place and neutron radiation; the construction schedules were broken frequently. – Fundamental and applied research carried out Nevertheless, thanks to the hard work of PNPI with the use of protons and ions; neutrino physics; employees led by PNPI directors, academician – Nuclear reactor and accelerator physics; Vladimir A. Nazarenko (1934–2006) from 1994 to 2006 – Nuclear medicine (isotope production, beam and professor Vladimir M. Samsonov from 2006 to therapy, nano- and biotechnologies for medical 2012, the PIK reactor complex had survived, but the purposes). prospects of the project completion were clouded. 6 Research Divisions The situation changed dramatically after the tran- in order to comply with increased safety require- sition of control over PNPI from the Russian Academy ments for nuclear installations; and preparation of Sciences to National Research Centre “Kurchatov of the complex for exploitation. As a result, Institute”. PNPI funding was stabilized through the the power start-up of the reactor should take place provision of regular funds from the government in 2018 followed by it being put into operation with of the Russian Federation allocated for the reactor 12 operation experiential stations in 2019. Two stations facility construction and doubled by the programme of will be transferred from the WWR-M reactor, seven joined actions of institutions participating in the pilot stations were provided by Helmholtz Research Centre project on creation of the National Research Centre Geesthacht, Germany, in 2012 and now are in the “Kurchatov Institute”. The construction of the second stage of adjustment and adaptation. Three stations and the third PIK reactor start-up complexes was will be transferred from the European Centre for completed in December 2013. Works on adjustment, Neutron Science, Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL, Gre- testing and accreditation of systems in accordance noble, France). The latter stations belong to PNPI NRC with atomic energy use standards will begin in 2015, “Kurchatov Institute” and currently are being used to as well as processing of a clearance for different conduct experiments at the ILL reactor. stages of reactor power start-up and its launch into Furthermore, the project on equipping the PIK operation. reactor complex with advanced research experimental In November 2014, the RF State Expert Evaluation stations started to be developed in 2014. 11 working Department has approved two projects on moder- groups consisting of NRC “Kurchatov Institute” nization and reconstruction of engineering sys- employees and our colleagues from research tems planned to be put into operation in 2014–2019. centres of Russia and Europe were established in Within these projects, following actions are to be the framework of this project. More than 50 scientists conducted: construction of a facility for isotope took part in the conceptualization work. The topic purification of heavy-water in the reflector, which of concept formation was discussed at 12 national is essential for the PIK reactor start-up; upgrading and international workshops. In accordance with of constructed facilities, technological systems and the general concept, working groups have provided engineering infrastructure of the PIK reactor complex conceptual and engineering recommendations PNPI Scientific Highlights 2014 7 essential for the project work implementation, The International Advisory Committee on Photon construction and creation of 20 experimental stations and Neutron Research of NRC “Kurchatov Institute” within the framework of investment project “Creation will act as an international expert council, co-chaired of the PIK reactor instrumentation”. by Professor H. Dosh (DESY, Germany), and the The International Centre for Neutron Research corresponding member of the Russian Academy (ICNR) is planned to be established on basis of of Sciences Mikhail V. Kovalchuk (NRC “Kurchatov the PIK reactor facility. Germany is PNPI strategic Institute”). Professor S. Shmidt (FZ Jülich, Germany) partner in establishment of ICNR. An agreement with was elected to be the Chairman of the Subcommittee Forschungszentrum Juelich, the research centre that on Neutron Sciences. The first meeting of the Sub- coordinates the involvement of German research committee on Neutron Sciences is planned to be held centres in ICNR establishment in Gatchina, was signed in the beginning of March 2015. in 2014. The PIK reactor, as well as the ILL reactor and Joint meeting of PNPI NRC “Kurchatov Institute” the ESS neutron spallation source being constructed and “NIIEFA” JSC (“D.V. Efremov Institute of Electro- at the moment in Sweden, is included as a research physical Apparatus” JSC) top management was base in Strategic Plans for Development of Neutron held on December 23rd, 2014. The head of the PNPI Sciences in Europe. The PIK reactor research and Accelerator Department, Evgeny M. Ivanov, announced instrumentation programmes are being built in that
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