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Failure Mechanism of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Under Transient High Impact

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Failure Mechanism of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Under Transient High Impact applied sciences Article Failure Mechanism of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors under Transient High Impact Da Yu, Keren Dai * , Jinming Zhang, Benqiang Yang, He Zhang * and Shaojie Ma ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; [email protected] (D.Y.); [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (B.Y.); [email protected] (S.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (H.Z.) Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: In recent years, penetrating weapons have been used more and more to attack increasingly hard targets; therefore, the impact of such a penetrating process has increased to an extremely high level. As an important component of a fuze, the reliability of the ceramic capacitor in high-impact environments is key for the normal working of the fuze. In this paper, we found that a high-impact causes parameter drift of the multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC), which further causes the fuze to misfire. This paper mainly studies the internal mechanism of the MLCC’s parameter drift during high impact. Firstly, transient physical phenomena, such as capacitance fluctuation and the leakage current increase of the ceramic capacitor under a high acceleration impact, were studied experimentally by a Machete hammer, revealing the relationship between the capacitance change, leakage current change, and acceleration under different working conditions. Secondly, a mechanical model of the ceramic capacitor is established to simulate the change in capacitance value, which shows that the main factor of the capacitance change is the deformation-derived change in the facing area between the electrodes. Lastly, an equivalent circuit model is established to simulate the change in the leakage current, which shows that the main factor of the leakage current change is the piezoelectric resistance of the ceramic dielectric. Keywords: multilayer ceramic capacitor; high impact; failure mechanism; leakage current; mechanical model 1. Introduction A penetration weapon is a kind of high-value ammunition used for attacking strategic hard targets, such as weapon depots, missile launching sites, airport runways, and command centers. A penetration fuze is the “brain” of a penetrating weapon system, which precisely controls the burst point [1]. For the penetration fuze, a reliable power supply is the basis of its normal functioning. So, the multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC), which is the main energy-storage component of a penetration fuze, plays an important role in the reliability of the whole penetration weapon. Because the penetration fuze experiences an extreme impact, mechanical environment (acceleration up to hundreds of thousands of gravity g, lasting for a millisecond-wide pulse) [2,3], the reliability of the MLCC under high impact is very important. Previous studies on the reliability of an MLCC under high-acceleration impact mostly focused on structural failure [4–11]. Prume et al. established a finite element simulation model for electrical, mechanical, and thermal coupling of an MLCC [12]; Lee et al. used a multi-scale homogenization modeling method to characterize the structural characteristics of multilayer ceramic capacitors [13]; Zhang et al. used the equivalent mechanical model to describe the impact-driven deformation of an MLCC and reveals that the electric field distortion resulting from the deformation can easily cause Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8435; doi:10.3390/app10238435 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8435 2 of 14 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 ceramicceramic capacitor capacitor failure failure [14]; [14]; and and He He et et al. al. discu discussedssed the the failure failure of of an an MLCC MLCC through through a a high high overload overload impactimpact dynamic dynamic experiment experiment and and analyzed analyzed the the influenc influencee of ofsuch such a failure a failure on onthe thefuze fuze system system [15]. [ 15At]. present,At present, the thedynamic dynamic impact impact experiment experiment and and me mechanicalchanical failure failure modeling modeling are are the the most most common common waysways to to study study the the failure failure of an MLCC. However,However, even therethere is is no no structural structural failure, failure, it doesit does not not mean mean that that no functional no functional failure failure occurs occurs in the inMLCC the andMLCC other and electronic other devices.electronic Current devices. research Current hotspots research are focusedhotspots on stressare focused concentration on stress and concentrationstructural damage and duestructural to high damage impact. due In actual to high working impact. conditions, In actualthe working MLCC conditions, did not have the structural MLCC diddamage, not have but thestructural penetration damage, fuze but still the misfired penetration due to fuze the parameterstill misfired drift. due This to paperthe parameter focuses ondrift. the Thisfailure paper mechanism focuses ofon an the MLCC failure under mechanism high-impact of an conditions.MLCC under In high-impact addition, it has conditions. been revealed In addition, that the ittantalum has been capacitors revealed andthat supercapacitors, the tantalum capacitors two other and kinds supercapacitors, of energy-storage two devices other kinds for a penetrationof energy- storagefuze, still devices have capacitancefor a penetration parameter fuze, fluctuationstill have ca withoutpacitance structural parameter damage fluctuation under without a high-acceleration structural damageimpact [under16]. Gao a high-acceleration et al. studied a fuze impact misfire [16]. caused Gao et by al. thestudied sudden a fuze increase misfire in caused leakage by current the sudden of the increasetantalum in capacitor leakage current under aof high- the tantalumg impact capacitor load [17]. under Therefore, a high- forg animpact MLCC load subjected [17]. Therefore, to a strong for animpact, MLCC besides subjected the structuralto a strong failure, impact, the besides functional the st failureructural problem failure, ofthe the functional parameter failure fluctuation problem is ofalso the important parameter for fluctuation practical is application. also important However, for practical the research application. in this However, area is still the relatively research in scarce. this areaIn this is paper,still relatively the changes scarce. in MLCCIn this capacitance paper, the andchanges leakage in MLCC current capacitance upon subjection and leakage to a high current impact uponare presented subjection in to real a high time, impact and the are internal presented mechanism in real time, causing and the the internal electrical mechanism parameter causing changes the is electricalstudied by parameter physical fieldchanges modeling is studied and equivalent by physical circuit field modeling, modeling whichand equivalent provides significantcircuit modeling, guiding whichtowards provides the reliable significant use of guiding an MLCC towards in a penetration the reliable fuze. use of an MLCC in a penetration fuze. 2. Experimental Study on MLCC Parameter Fluctuation Failure 2. Experimental Study on MLCC Parameter Fluctuation Failure 2.1. Structure and Principle of an MLCC 2.1. Structure and Principle of an MLCC A multilayer ceramic capacitor is mainly composed of an inner electrode, outer electrode, A multilayer ceramic capacitor is mainly composed of an inner electrode, outer electrode, and and ceramic dielectric material. A multilayer ceramic capacitor is composed of ceramic dielectric ceramic dielectric material. A multilayer ceramic capacitor is composed of ceramic dielectric membranes printed with internal electrodes (mainly made of nickel, silver, palladium, and other metal membranes printed with internal electrodes (mainly made of nickel, silver, palladium, and other materials) in a staggered manner. After one-time high-temperature sintering, the ceramic plates are metal materials) in a staggered manner. After one-time high-temperature sintering, the ceramic plates formed, and the outer electrodes are sealed at both ends of the ceramic plates to form a monolith-like are formed, and the outer electrodes are sealed at both ends of the ceramic plates to form a monolith- structure, as shown in Figure1[18,19]. like structure, as shown in Figure 1 [18,19]. Fuze Energy storage module MLCC Bomb! Inter electrode (a) (b) (c) Outer electrode Impact Dielectric FigureFigure 1. ApplicationApplication ofof a a multilayer multilayer ceramic ceramic capacitor capacitor (MLCC) (MLCC) in a penetrationin a penetration weapon. weapon. (a) The penetration (a) The penetrationprocess in a militaryprocess application. in a military (b )application. The MLCC is (b the) The energy-storage MLCC is the element energy-storage of a penetration element fuze. of(c) a Internal penetration structure fuze. diagram (c) Internal of the MLCC.structure diagram of the MLCC. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8435 3 of 14 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15 2.2.2.2. MLCC MLCC High-Impact High-Impact Test Test System System AnAn MLCC MLCC is often used asas thethe mainmain energy-storageenergy-storage element element of of a a penetration penetration fuze, fuze, which which needs needs to towithstand withstand extreme extreme environments, environments, such such as as long long pulse pulse and andhigh-g high-g impactimpact acceleration
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