MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVI EW.

CONTENTS

Dueharme's Invasion of Missouri An Incident in the Anglo-Spanish Rivalry for the Indian Trade of Upper Louisiana Abraham P. Nasatir Letters from Alexander W. Doniphan William B. McGroarty The True Character of Mark Twain's Wife Cyril Clemens Early Springfield Edward M. Shepard George Engelmann, Man of Science, Part IV William G. Bek Missouri Politics During the Civil War, Third Article Sceva Bright Laughlin Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI voi* xxr? OCTOBER, 1929 NO. I OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1928-1931 GEORGE A. MAHAN, Hannibal, President. LOUIS T. GOLDING, St. Joseph, First Vice-President. WALTER B. STEVENS, St. Louis, Second Vice-President. WALTER S. DICKEY, Kansas City, Third Vice-President. CORNELIUS ROACH, Kansas City, Fourth Vice-President. E. N. HO .exington, Fifth Vice-President. ALLEN McREYNOLDS, Carthage, Sixth Vice-President. R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer. FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1929 PHIL A. BENNETT, Springfield. J. F. HULL, Maryville. JOSEPH A. CORBY, St. Joseph. ELMER O. JONES, LaPlata. W. E. CROWE, DeSoto. WM. SOUTHERN, JR., FORREST C. DONNELL, Independence. St. Louis. CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla, BOYD DUDLEY, Gallatin.

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1930 C. P. DQRSEY, Cameron. H. S. STURGIS, Neosho. EUGENE FAIR, Kirksville. JONAS VILES, Columbia. THEODORE GARY, Kansas City. R. M. WHITE. Mexico. GEORGE A. MAHAN, Hannibal. WALTER WILLIAMS, Columbia. WM. R. PAINTER, CarroUton.

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1931 ROLLIN J. BRITTON, Kansas ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. City. C. H. McCLURE, Kirksville. T. H. B. DUNNEGAN, Bolivar. JOHN ROTHENSTEINER, BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles. St. Louis. STEPHEN B. HUNTER, CHAS. H. WHITAKER, Cape Girardeau. Clinton.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the president and secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Uni­ versity of Missouri, constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE R. M. WHITE, Chairman, Mexico. ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. WALTER WILLIAMS, Columbia. THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOL. XXIV OCTOBER, 1929 NO. i

CONTENTS Ducharme's Invasion of Missouri An Incident in the Anglo- Spanish Rivalry for the Indian Trade of Upper Louisiana 3 ABRAHAM P. NASATIR Letters From Alexander W. Doniphan 26 WILLIAM B. MCGROARTY The True Character of Mark Twain's Wife 40 CYRIL CLEMENS Early Springfield 50 EDWARD M. SHEPARD George Engelmann, Man of Science, Part IV 66 WILLIAM G. BEK Missouri Politics During the Civil Way, Third Article 87 SCEVA BRIGHT LATJGHLIN Historical Notes and Comments 114 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 135

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The subscription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the Review is still obtainable—Vols. 1-23, bound, $7^.00; unbound, $87.00. Prices of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri. "Entered as second-class matter at the postofflce at Columbia, Missouri, under Act of Congress, October S, 1917, Sec. 442." CONTRIBUTORS NASATIR, ABRAHAM P., received his Ph. D. from the University of Cali­ fornia. He has taught in the University of Iowa and the State Teachers Col­ lege at San Diego. He spent one year in Spain translating documents relating to the Anglo-Spanish frontier in the Missouri-Mississippi valley. His mono­ graphs, published in standard historical magazines, are distinct contributions. His home is in San Diego. MCGROARTY, WILLIAM B., is a lawyer in Falls Church, Virginia. His avo­ cation is American history and genealogy. He is a frequent contributor to historical magazines. CLEMENS, CYRIL, lecturer, is related to Mark Twain and has been head of the Mark Twain Society since 1923. He is now visiting in California to obtain material for a "Life of Mark Twain in the West: 1861-1867." His home is in Webster Groves, Missouri. SHEPARD, EDWIN, M., is a geologist residing in Springfield, Missouri. He was state geologist of Missouri in 1901 and later field assistant in the depart­ ment of hydrology, U. S. Geological Survey. He is a member of various prominent clubs and societies, a contributor to geological bulletins and county histories. He is at present secretary of the Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. BEK, WILLIAM G., a native Missourian, is head of the department of Germanic languages in the University of North Dakota. His contributions and translations relating to German settlements in the United States, place him among the highest authorities in this line of historical research. His translations of "Duden's Report" and "The Followers of Duden," published in the Retiew several years ago, are regarded by scholars as among the most important contributions to western history that have appeared in recent years. LAUGHLIN, SCEVA BRIGHT, did his doctorate work in the Iowa State University, His dissertation is herein presented. He is head of the depart­ ment of economics and sociology in Willamette University, Salem, Oregon. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI AN INCIDENT IN THE ANGLO-SPANISH RI­ VALRY FOR THE INDIAN TRADE OF UPPER LOUISIANA BY ABRAHAM P. NASATIR

For a long time the name of Jean Marie Ducharme has caused confusion to all interested in the field of Missouri history. His invasion of Spanish territory has often been confused with the British attack upon St. Louis. It is the purpose of this article to portray in its true light and proper perspective the "Ducharme Invasion." It is not our purpose here to give a complete biography of the man himself. To introduce the subject, it is indispensable that one should trace the course of the activities of the Spaniards in the Missouri country prior to Ducharme's invasion. Trade with the Indians residing in Upper Louisiana or Spanish Illinois (the region west of the Mississippi and north of the Arkansas) began in the 17th century while that region was still imder French domination, but organized commerce was not established until the beginning of Spanish rule. The center of the Indian trade in Spanish Illinois was St. Louis. This post was founded just at the end of the French regime by Pierre Laclede, once a prosperous merchant of New Orleans who had been ruined by his patriotism to the losing cause in the French and Indian war. He was granted, in partial satisfaction for the services he had rendered the French government, the exclusive privilege of trade with the savages residing in the territory lying to the north of the mouth of the Missouri river for a term of eight years.* Associating himself with Messieurs Maxent and Dee, who advanced the requisite means, Laclede led an expedition to establish a village

*See article on "The Founding of St. Louis," by Alexander N. DeMenil in the St. Louis Star, Sept. 8, 1926, reprinted in The Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 22, pp. 570-574, for presentation of the viewpoint that the grant was made to Maxent individually, who associated with himself Laclede et al.—Editor's Note. (3) 4 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW which was to be used as the "interior" capital for the opera­ tions of the company. During the interval between the issuance of the grant and the founding of the post, the jurisdiction over the Mis­ sissippi valley passed from France to Spain and England. Despite the change of ownership Laclede went ahead with his plan, and chose a site at the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi, selecting the western bank of the Mississippi rather than be subject to the jurisdiction of His Britannic Majesty. To found the post he sent Auguste Chouteau, a French Creole. The formal founding took place on February 14, 1764. The post remained under French laws until 1770, when Piernas assumed control and Spanish domination of the Illinois country was effected, though under the rule of Spain it continued to be governed by Frenchmen most of the time. St. Louis became the capital of the district called Spanish Illinois or Upper Louisiana, under the immediate command of a lieutenant governor, responsible to the governor at New Orleans. Two problems confronted the officials throughout the Spanish regime: First, to gain the confidence, loyalty, and trade of the Indians in the territory; second, to keep the territory under the exclusive control of His Catholic Majesty, or, in other words, to keep out all foreign intruders, official or unauthorized. In solving the first of these problems, the Spaniards took advantage of French influence over the Indians already established, and retained French methods. Presents were liberally distributed and traders were regularly sent to the Indian nations. Though nominally open to all Spanish citizens, this trade was in fact restricted by the requirement of a license obtained from the lieutenant governor, who generally favored the highest bidder. The traders were also government agents. Such men as Laclede, the Chouteaus, the Cerres, the Vasquez family, and others, for the most part French or French Creoles, not only made their own fortunes in the Indian trade, but won the natives' loyalty to Spain and promoted the prosperity of the settlement. In her efforts to hold the allegiance of the In­ dians Spain was on the whole successful. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 5

One of the chief obstacles to Spanish success was British rivalry, in the Mississippi valley. From the time of the Treaty of Paris (1763) Great Britain had been interested in the district, but had been prevented from taking advantage of Spain's early reluctance to assume control of the Trans- Mississippi West because of her own Indian difficulties, notably by Pontiac's conspiracy. By the end of 1765, however, England had crushed Indian resistance and had occupied the Illinois country. It was not long before love of adventure and hope of gain led the Briton, in particular the enterprising Scotchman, across the international boundary, the Mississippi river. Almost immediately after the peace was signed, England gave evidence of her desire to acquire Spanish Illi­ nois by preparing for the offensive in case of renewed war. Her objective was the lucrative trade of the west bank of the Mississippi. British traders now frequented the Iowa country and attempted to arouse the Indians, especially the Osages, against the Spaniards. Such activities were at least encouraged by the British government. The British were not alone in their violation of interna­ tional law. Spanish traders invaded English territory and Indians residing near the shores of Lake Michigan, as well as those from the Ohio country, went annually to receive their presents from the Spaniards in St. Louis. Spanish and British officials alike issued warnings and decrees, but the enterprising frontiersman unconcernedly sought his profit where it best suited him, regardless of decrees or of the arguments of diplo­ mats. Important strategic points had to be defended, and both sides were active in this work. Spain built a post at the mouth of the Missouri river and proposed the establishment of others in the Iowa country. England increased her troops in British Illinois. Spain's hardest problem was the control of the Osages. These Indians were the Ishmaelites of the savages. Their hand was against everyone and most of the other tribes were 6 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW hostile to them.1 Time and time again the Spaniards com­ plained of the continual hostility of the Osage Indians towards the Spanish traders and of their interference with the trading activities of the latter. Indeed war upon them was several times threatened by the Spaniards and welcomed by the other Indian nations. Due to the withholding of the traders and supplies from the Osage Indians by the Spaniards, the former were openly defying the Spaniards while drawing traders from the British Illinois, that region lying directly east of the Mississippi River.2 Among those traders was one, Ducharme by name, who traded with the Little Osages during the winter of 1772-1773. Jean Marie Ducharme was born at Lachine, Canada in 1723. Coming early to Mackinac he traded thence into the Illinois country.3 It may have been that Ducharme took part in the French and Indian war and in the fall of 1763 was at La Baye.4 It appears that in August of the following year, Ducharme got into difficulties with the governing officials. In violation of General Gage's Proclamation, it seems that Ducharme stole by the post at Vaudreil at night and proceeded up Grand

irrhis is a summary based upon the documents reposing in the Bancroft Library of the University of California, and that veritable mine of information relating to the history of Spanish rule in the Mississippi Valley to be found in the Archivo General de Indias (Seville), Seccion, Papeles de Cuba, hereinafter cited as BL. and P. de C. respectively. For a full account of the Indian trade and diplomacy of the Missouri valley see A. P. Nasatir, Indian Trade and Diplo­ macy of the Spanish Illinois. Ms. University of California Library. This is now being prepared for publication. 2See the letters of Pedro Piernas, Lieutenant-Governor of the Spanish Illinois to Governor-General Unzaga 1771, 1772, 1773. P. de C. legajo 81; letters to and from De Mezieres, especially, Unzaga to De Mezieres September 20, 1771. P. de C. 2357 (?). For accounts of the Osage Indians in the Arkansas river region and of the activities of Athanase de Mezieres see Herbert E. Bolton, Athanese de Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier 1768-1780. (2 vols. Cleveland, 1914) passim. For the activities of the Osage in the Spanish Illinois see Nasatir, op. cit. 37 et. seq. (passim). ^Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin XVIII, 161. See also "Investigation concerning Ducharme," P. de C. 2357. Testimony of three of Ducharme's engages, St. Louis, March 15, 1773, enclosed in Piernas to Unzaga, St. Louis, April 11, 1773. Ibid. These are translated below. See the documents appended. *Dumas to McCarty, commanding the Illinois Country. Wise. Hist. Soc. Colls. XVIII, 161-162. Testimony of Garrit Rosepoom, merchant at la Baye (taken at Detroit) July 4, 1764. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections XXVII, 668, 669; Wise. Hist. Soc. Colls., XVIII, 265. DUCHARME S INVASION OF MISSOURI 7

River to Michilimackinac and La Baye, and according to the testimony of his hirelings, he engaged in trade with the In­ dians, giving ammunition and goods to some of those "per­ fidious and barbarous" nations, allies of whom were, at the time, besieging Detroit. General Gage would not allow so traitorous an insult upon the government of His Majesty to go unpunished. He therefore dispatched General Burton to seize the "traitor" upon his return. The following summer Ducharme arrived at Carillon. Burton wanted to seize Du­ charme and his goods, but Ducharme passed Carillon post a few hours before the arrival of the orders for his detainment. There­ fore Lieutenant Evans was sent in pursuit of Ducharme. Daniel Claus and Mr. Edward Chin were also in pursuit of Ducharme. They reached Ducharme's house, where, Duch­ arme, hearing that he was being pursued, escaped, leaving his canoes and effects at Mr. Ignace Cheniers. After searching Ducharme's house, and placing a guard about it as well as a guard about Chenier's house, and acting under the military governor's orders, they brought the Canadians to town. Just what resulted to Ducharme is unknown to the writer. From a letter of Welles and Wade to Sir William Johnson, it may be inferred that he met with but a light punishment.6 In 1769 he obtained a license from Guy Carleton to en­ gage in trade with the Indians in the Illinois country. This

5Affidavit of Daniel Claus in A. C. Flick, (ed) Sir William Johnson Papers (Albany) V, 377-380. The letter of Welles and Wade referred to in the text is calendared in Richard E. Day's, Calendar of the Sir William Johnson Manu­ scripts in the New York State Library (Albany, 1909), 236. For additional references to this affair consult Ibid., 233, 234, 236, 241, and Daniel Claus to Sir Wm. Johnson, La Chine, July 3, 1773, Johnson MSS. in New York State Library, XXV, 209. This is a badly burned letter, as are most of the letters calendared in Day's Calendar, op. cit. A copy of the above referred to Claus letter was obtained by the present writer from the New York State Library. In it, Claus states, "The Spaniards Seized one Du Charm

^Abstracts of Indian Trade Licenses in Canadian Archives, 1767-1776. Ms. typed copy. Iowa State Historical Society p. 75. Hereafter cited as Abstracts of Indian Trade Licenses. It is quite probable that Ducharme had been previously licensed to engage in trade in the La Baye region. See Ibid. p. 7. Ubid. D. 216. »The names of the men as given in the summary of the license (Ibid.) do not correspond to the names of the men with Ducharme as derived from the Spanish Documents. The names as derived from the latter source (three of the thirteen, all told, of Ducharme's engages) include Juan Baptiste Bernard, Pedro Bissonet (there may have been with Ducharme two or more of the Bissonet brothers who were really subjects of His Catholic Majesty. See testimony and letters translated below) Joseph Baudouin, Pablo Campau, etc. The testimony of these men (exclusive of the Bissonet brothers) show that Du­ charme's party included thirteen engages excluding (?) Ducharme. Piernas to Unzaga, St. Louis, April 11, 1773. P. de C. 2357, translated below. The summary, above alluded to, enumerates the names of seventeen men excluding Ducharme and Jac. Bernard. A comparison points to but two similar names: "Jos. Campac" and "Jos. Baudouize (?)." It may be that Ducharme was acting under a different license taken out by and for himself. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 9 activities on the part of those tribes resulted in Piernas issuing orders to the effect that "no accustomed trader should go up to trade with the Little Osages and the Missouris until there is certain proof of their tranquility and their submission,"9 to quote his words. "Since," he continued, "this is the only means at present suitable to reduce them to reason and oblige them to implore the assistance of our friendship, I had recourse to this means for the purpose, (reducing the Indians to obedience) as well as for the purpose of avoiding the damage which their ill will was threatening—robberies and deaths; since it was their intention to pillage and kill the traders who go up to the other nations on the Missouri. It appears to me that it was very appropriate to deprive them of arms and munition in order to hold down the said nations. For this reason I prohibited commerce with them.10 It is certain that the desired effect would have been achieved by this procedure, if a trader from the English side had not stealthily introduced himself (into this country). Knowing the prohibition in this region, but egged on by his greed and without thinking of the damage he was causing the settlers of these Establishments, he (this trader) committed the black crime of entering by night the Missouri River and going up, with two canoes ladened with trading goods and munitions of war, to the Little Osages and Missouri Nations,11 at a time when these nations found themselves in need of asking our aid, since they feared an attack by the other nations, our allies, who are preparing to check them. But the arrival of the above mentioned trader made them change their minds and go back on the road on which they already found themselves ready to go down and make the necessary amends for their insults. Since they (the Indians) were provided with all that was necessary and with arms and munitions to protect themselves and to continue

»Piernas to Unzaga, April 12, 1773. Ms. Bancroft Library. This letter is quoted in the tezt practically in its entirety. It was written in consequence and probably in reply to Unzaga's letter to Piernas of Aug. 21, 1772. The present writer has not found the original of that letter but he has seen a letter which he conjectures is a draft of that letter. "Minuta sin flrma ni dirreccion—" New Orleans, Aug. 21, 1772. P. de C. 72. See the documents appended. "•Concerning this problem see Nasatir, Indian Trade and Diplomacy in the Spanish Illinois, op. cit. Chapter II. "gee the details contained in the documents appended to this article. 10 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

their forays, they returned with the aforementioned trader to the village in order to barter for his goods. In this way they put themselves in a position to resist the invasions of their enemies and frustrate the effect of the measures taken; (they) being convinced that without our aid and assistance they could get along very well. This fact, according to declar­ ations received (which I send you under separate cover),12 the aforesaid trader made them thoroughly believe. The said trader inspired in them sentiments totally opposed to the maxims of Christianity and of good conduct. I atten­ tively observed in this situation (because of the delay) that the effects which ought to be relative, did not correspond to the measures taken, and taking advantages of some indica­ tions which gave room for inferring the cause, although re­ motely, I made up my mind, in order to assure myself of its certainty, to organize and to arm a detachment of men, volunteers of this country, with the purpose of finding it (the cause) out, and to arrest the aforementioned transgressor and his followers in case that the suspicions against him should be proven true, as his disposition and well known ambition, announced him to me, as being capable of still greater crimes. "As the measure indicated was expedient and as the suc­ cess of the enterprise depended upon its quick execution, and not losing from sight the object of Your Excellency's warnings regarding expenses, shortage of men and equipment, I put it (the measure) into operation and (I) brought about its pre­ meditated favorable outcome, without costing the King or anyone in particular a maravedi. Therefore I offered the uncertain profit of the capture of the goods and furs from the aforementioned trader, to (whom I should like) who would at his own cost and risk, pay the expenses and supply the pro­ visions, munitions of war, canoes, and other necessary and indispenable things for the expedition and maintenance of a detachment composed of forty volunteer settlers from this post—intended for the purpose which I have stated. There were two persons, citizens of it (this post) who volunteered and understood to make ready and to pay at their own expense

"Translated in the appended documents. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 11 and risk—without claim to reimbursement from the royal treasury—all that should be necessary for the carrying out of the enterprise, accepting duly my declared suggestion. With this assurance I had armed at once (a detachment) in canoes, and in them I shipped (the detachment?)13 well munitioned, well supplied with provisions for two months; (a detachment)14 capable because of its number and strength of overcoming all opposition—in charge and under the com­ mand of Don Pedro Laclede,15 whom I chose because he was the principal and first founder of this settlement. I chose him for this commission (because of) the confidence I put in his zeal and his exact punctuality in the fulfilment of the instruc­ tions connected with this purpose (and which I sent to you for your knowledge) and (because of) the knowledge which (I) have acquired concerning his capacity and judgment; (these are the reasons for my choosing him), and also, in order to ex­ cite, by his example, the other inhabitants to prefer service and public welfare to their own interests. Moreover in their seeing him ready at the head of a detachment at such a stren­ uous and critical time—ready (for the performance) to take up his new work to which his assistance was urgent—(for it)—no one could excuse himself with this or any other pretext —all of which had the desired effect. Indeed all those in­ tended for his command presented themselves voluntarily and with the ready disposition to follow him—which (dis­ position) was increased and strengthened by the offering of half of the goods of the capture; compensation which was offered them with the agreement and consent of the two (outfitters )16 In order to move them to the performance of their duty—a stimulus which produced all the success claimed and which, in more detailed, the verbal process will inform you excellency. This (verbal process) a copy of

"Ms torn. "Ms. torn. 15On Laclede see Nasatir, op. cit., Nasatir, The Chouteaus and the Indian Trade of the West. Ms. University of California Library; W. B. Stevens, Laclede the Founder of St. Louis (St. Louis, 1910); J. T. Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883); Louis Houck, History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908) and Spanish Regime in Missouri (Chicago, 1909); H. de Coincy, Jean de Laclede (Tarbes, 1926). See also infra, and the documents appended. "Ms. torn. 12 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW which I enclose, contains all that was done by this detachment on the Missouri River. I enclose a copy of this verbal Process17 for the purpose of informing Your Lordship of all that occurred at the Missouri River and also for the purpose of making evident (constatar) the capture made of the goods of Juan Maria Ducharme, chief head and instigator of the in­ truders—sole proprietor of all the goods, and furs (peleteria) which he had, arising out of the illegitimate trade which he carried on with the aforementioned tribes during his stay (which was contrary to all law) among them. "I (likewise) send to Your Lordship the general and de­ tailed inventory 18 (which was made at this village—on the return of the detachment) of all that was captured (all of which belonged to the aforementioned contrabandista [smuggler]) and (of) the distribution or division which has been made of it between the two outfitters (armadores) and the individual men of the detachment, as had been promised and agreed with them. By this means (both the outfitters and the men) were compensated to the fullest extent without incurring the slightest expenses to the King—and what is more—with this lesson all the other traders from the English side will be checked (repremidos), for, without this lesson they might perhaps try to imitate the boldness of the aforesaid Ducharme. The pernicious continuation of this would have prevented the reducing to submission of these tribes and would have made us a target of their perfidy. Being aided and munitioned by them, (the English Traders) would be making them independ­ ent and give greater encouragement to the insolence of their injury—los que en el—contenidos 19 (Indians) being (might be) restrained through seeing themselves deprived of the unexpected recourse—to which they had been accustomed. An Indian from the Little Osage tribes came down with Ducharme and found himself in his company at the time of the attack and the discharge of the musketry and swivel- guns which the detachment (carried) (from this post). Such

"Translated below. See document. "These inventories are included in the documents but they are omitted in the translations given below. They are in P. de C. 2357. 19Ms. torn. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 13

was the fright that the Indian experienced that without waiting for the end of the encounter he deserted the spot turning back in haste to his village, taking with him his fright and terror which he communicated to his (own) tribe and their allies— convincing them (the Indians) that an armada was coming up to destroy them—an item of news which his fear exaggerated. I have been notified by one of our traders (who passed by it and who just arrived from the village of the Kansas tribe— ignorant of what had happened in these establishments) that the tribe of the Missouri Indians was scared, and that their Chief and others were ready to come down to beg mercy and (to) give satisfaction for the stealing of horses (which they had already gathered up to return). That they did not do so—promptly—was On account of fear of bands of the other tribes—our friends—who were seeking to persecute them. As soon as they should be withdrawn they will come to beg for the liberty of the two prisoners which I hold— and to cement our friendship by means of (a) submission and permanent tranquility. I understand this disposition on the part of the Indians to be real because of the good reception which they gave to a trader—since that nation indicated that it would seek to get possession of two of our followers in order to keep them as hostages and oblige us to restore their two (hostages) to them. Not only did they not do so, when they could easily have done it with the trader who presented himself (amongst them), but they (supported) and enter­ tained him for three (?) days. During bis (the trader's) voluntary stay in the Indian village, he did not experience the slightest harm to his person or to the peleteria which he was carrying. All of these facts, (the trader) himself corroborated to me on the eighth of the present month when he reached this post—adding that they had also escorted him a certain dis­ tance until they left him safe and passed the town of the Little Osages—in order to avoid being insulted or robbed (if the latter still persist in their evil intention). Which the expedition and capture of the trader (Ducharme) which they were not ignorant of, with the submission of the Missouris and Big Osages who came to deliver to me the chief of the party (or band of In­ dians) who had committed the murders on the banks of the 14 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Arkansas River, who I hold as prisoner, and of whom I have notified Your Excellency,—and with the frequent attacks of the other nations who have volunteered to harass (the Little Osage) Indians in our behalf and who are trying to de­ stroy them, I am convinced that the Little Osage Nation will be reduced to submission and that they, like the others, will likewise come submissively and peacefully to ask for mercy and the indispensable aid of our protection.20 I therefore expect that everything will wind up favorably and without bloodshed or expenditures to the Royal Treasury.—The tranquility and course of trade which safeguards the mainte­ nance of these establishments, will be re-established." As the details concerning this invasion are fully treated in the accompanying documents we shall not attempt here to summarize them. Suffice it to say that Ducharme suc­ ceeded in making good his escape. Just where he went is not definitely known.21 On May 13, 1773, however, a license was granted at Montreal to a "Juan Marie Ducharme" under which he was entitled to trade at "La Baye or to the Mississippi." The license, the declaration to which was signed by Jean Bernard, stated that he had eight men, one canoe, and merchandise amounting to 16,000 shillings.22 Details concerning Ducharme's trading activities are lacking. Evi­ dently he remained a trader, for in 1775 he renewed a license entitling him to trade at La Baye, and according to which he

sosee Nasatir, Indian Trade and Diplomacy, op. cit. 37 et. seq.; and especially "Consejo Formado por Pedro Piernas, St. Ange, Volsey, Laclede y otros sobre Osages", St. Louis, Aug. 21, 1773. P. de C. 81 and 2357. "According to an extract copied from Rivington's New York Gazette by Lyman C. Draper, Ducharme was wounded in the thigh but succeeded in escaping with his life to the British side of the Mississippi, after which he made his way to Montreal. In 1779 he had completely recovered from the wound inflicted on him by the Spaniards. Clark. Mss., Draper Collection, (Wisconsin State Historical Society) 25J15. The author is indebted to Doctor Joseph Schafer, Superintendent of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, for a copy of this material. Brief British reports of this "Ducharme Affair" may be found in the fol­ lowing letters: Captain John Vattas to General Frederick Haldimand, Michilimackinac, June 16, 1773, Mich. P. and H. Colls., XIX, 302-304; (303); Wise. Hist. Soc. Colls., XVIII, 310-312; Same to Same, July 1, 1773, Mich. P. and H. Colls. XIX, 305-306 (305); Wise. Hist. Soc. Colls., XVIII, 312-314; a letter to Capt. Vattas (unsigned—probably from Gage), New York Aug. 27, 1773. Ibid. X, 254. 22Abstract of Indian Trading Licenses, p. 283. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 15 had eight men, one canoe and merchandise amounting to "£350 of the province."23 On May 20, 1777, he obtained a license to trade at Michilimackinac, according to which he had in his employ eighteen men, two canoes and £1100 of merchandise.24 Again in 1778, he was granted a license, valid to trade at Prairie du Chien.25 On the 10th day of July, 1779, he obtained permission to trade at the same place (Michili­ mackinac). This time he employed eight men, one canoe and £626 of merchandise.26 He may have been then connected with the "General Store" stationed at Michilimackinac.27 Further details concerning Ducharme's life are confusing, and we shall not here trouble the reader with the evidence, which at the present time the writer does not possess.28 It is most likely that Ducharme remained in the Indian trade until his death, which according to Houck, occurred at Sault St. Louis in 1791, at the age of eighty-one.29

DOCUMENTS RELATING TO DUCHARME* S INVASION OF MISSOURI

Translated and Edited by ABRAHAM P. NASATIR It is unnecessary to supply any extended comment con­ cerning the documents which follow. Suffice it to say that

nibid., p. 394. ^Account of Licenses to Trade with the Indians (1777). Originals in Can­ adian Archives. Photostatic Copy, Iowa State Historical Society. In con­ nection with this license, De Peyster's letter to Guy Carleton, June 6, 1777, is of interest, Report of Canadian Archives, 1890, State papers, 85. **Mich. P. and H. Colls., IX, 650; Wise. Hist. Colls., XI, 99. ^Account of Licenses to Trade with the Indians (1779), op. cit. "Mich. P. and H. Colls., X, 305-307. See also 442-443; and IX, 658. For an account of the "General Store" see Wayne E. Stevens, The Northwest Fur Trade (Urbana, 1928). "See Wise. Hist. Soc. Colls., XI, 154-157, 161, 162; Mich. P. and H. Colls. IX, 559-560, 568, 586; X, 442-443, 585; Rept. Canad. Arch., 1890, State Papers 85; J. T. Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883) I, 206-207; John Reynolds, Pioneer History of Illinois (Belleville, 111., 1852), 98-99. An extended account of the "Attack upon St. Louis" based upon the materials in the Archivo General de Indias (Seville), Seccion, Papeles de Cuba and the Bancroft Library is to be found in the pjresent writer's "The Anglo-Span­ ish Frontier in the Illinois Country during the American Revolution 1779- 1783," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, October, 1928. *9Houck, Hist, of Mo. II, 35. For some further details concerning Ducharme the reader is referred to Wise. Hist. Soc. Colls., Ill, 231-234; VII, 176, 193; XIII, 280; XVIII, 161-162, 265; Mich. P. and H. Colls. XXVII, 668, 669. 16 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW they have all been drawn from the Archivo General de Indias (Seville), Seccion, Papeles de Cuba. So far as the translator knows, none have ever been published heretofore and neither have they been cited in any printed work. The translations follow closely the original text, and no attempt has here been made to present a smooth or polished version. The translator has not attempted in all cases to identify all the places and names mentioned in the text of the documents.

DOCUMENT I Translation of the letter written to Mr. Lord,1 English Com­ mander, concerning the traders of his district that enter the Missouri river.2 My dear Sir: For a long time, because of not wishing to denounce to Your Excellency anything uncertain (I have always been con­ sistent in my information to you) in regard to the one called Baptista Leduc3 having engaged in trade (treta) last summer among the Big Osages,4 a tribe in the Spanish district, I have maintained myself in silence; but now that the affair is evident and that by trying to imitate it the one so called Juan Maria Ducharme, also a trader from Canada and a resident of the same city of Kaos,5 is at present coasting down the Missouri with two boats loaded with merchandise and ammunition of war, I make a counter complaint against these two persons in order to impress to you the seriousness of their transgression of the law.

iHugh Lord was the last British officer commanding in the Illinois. He was appointed June 11, 1772, and withdrew with his troops in May, 1776. For some material bearing upon Hugh Lord, see C. W. Alvord (ed.), Kaskaskia Records 1778-1790 (Illinois Historical Collections Volume V. Springfield, 1909) consult index; and C. W. Alvord (ed.), The Illinois Country (Springfield, 1920) chapters xiv-xv, passim. 2This letter was enclosed in Piernas' letter to Unzaga, April 11, 1773. Translated below, see Document IV. It is in Archivo General de Indias, Seccion, Papeles de Cuba, legajo 2357. •Baptiste Leduc's name appears in the licenses granted at Quebec and Montreal. Abstracts of Indian Licenses in Canadian Archives Ms., typewritten copy, in Library of the State Historical Society of Iowa, e. g„ 139, 202. Concerning the Osage Indians see the article which precedes the transla­ tions of these documents and the references there cited. 6Cahokia, almost opposite St. Louis in the British Illinois. DUCHARME's INVASION OF MISSOURI 17

It is advisable to inform you that, since certain tribes of the Missouri district (among others, those of the Little Osages and the Missouris) having committed repeated attacks, even murders among the inhabitants of my jurisdiction, I decided to deprive them of every sort of supplies by not sending them a single trader so that I might bring them to conciliation. The prohibition published as a consequence of this and not unknown to those who caused my complaint seemed to me ought to serve as a barrier to any trader so that they should not take undue liberties. With this (the prohibition) I almost assured my success, but the ambition of those two fearless persons to pass the limits prescribed by their own rulers, themselves, rendered my measures useless. Moreover, as such conduct is in itself contrary to the privileges of the State, it becomes even more criminal to attempt to supply (its) enemies with arms, the deprivation of which contributed so much to the security as it did to the tranquility of this country. It breaks away from the spirit of the Treaty of Peace6 as it is the contention of the two Governments that their sub­ jects, instead of harming each other, should live, on the con­ trary, with the same good harmony and union as they (the Government). Such conduct is conducive to the renewal of discord, and all the evil does not end here; those violators of the most reserved rights, having to be distrustful of every­ thing after such an action, have spread defamatory speeches against us, and consequently they have added renewed strength to the (our) hatred by the Indians. In order to gain the good will of those tribes they have sacrificed even their own inter­ ests selling their merchandise at lower prices than the traders of this side could sell them (another reason for encouraging the real enmity in the spirit of those Barbarians), they have begun by invading the Commerce of the inhabitants of this shore, they have multiplied our anxieties and put our lives in greater perils. Such is the wrong that concerns me and of which I ask satisfaction of you in the name of my Sovereign. An example

«The definitive treaty of Paris, 1763. 18 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW deliberately made in this connection would make me hope for a diminution of the evil that afflicts this district, just as the inactivity of Your Lordship would make me fear its lapse in time. In order to assure you that in a similar occasion Your Lordship may be promised the same consideration on my part, everyone is a witness to the manner in which the detach­ ment (impressing) of Captain Shec, commander at Kaos, proceeded against Mr. Hanson7 who is at present at the afore­ said Kaos and who, because he had retired to my post believ­ ing that he could misbehave with the greater impunity on the Mississippi River, has had his mistake corrected. Thus you will see me behave always as the honor of my employment and the general welfare demands. I also hope that Your Lordship will pay attention to my petition, inasmuch as I am entirely persuaded that the con­ duct is opposed to the intentions of Your Lordship and that the Government (which Your Lordship represents) seems to me should not serve as an asylum for such evildoers, nor authorize them through impunity to relapse back into vice. If for any reason, which I do not foresee, Your Lordship takes the attitude of indifference, I beg of Your Lordship to answer me so that, having my complaints directed to my superiors (Superioridad) will result in convincing me of my right or of my wrong. Meanwhile I have the honor to re­ main, with most perfect consideration, the greatest and most faithful servant of Your Lordship.—Pedro Piernas,8 St. Louis, February 21, 1773.

7If Mr. Hanson be John Henson references to him may be found in C. W. Alvord (ed.), Cahokia Records (Illinois Historical Collections Volume II, Springfield, 1907;. He may have been a representative of the firm of Bay ton, Wharton and Morgan. There is a Richard Hanson mentioned in Alvord's Kaskaskia Records 43-44, and in C. W. Alvord and C. E. Carter (editors), Trade and Politics (Illinois Historical Collections Volume XVI, Springfield, 1921,564). *Pedro Piernas was the first Spanish Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Louis­ iana (The Spanish Illinois) 1770-1775. Concerning Piernas consult Louis Houck, History of Missouri (Three volumes, Chicago, 1908) and Louis Houck, Spanish Regime in Missouri (Two volumes, Chicago, 1909). For an account of Piernas in relation to the problems of the Anglo-Spanish Frontier and the Indians, see A. P. Nasatir, Indian Trade and Diplomacy in the Spanish Illinois, 1763-1792, Ms. in the Library of the University of California, Chapter II, passim. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 19

This is a copy of the original which is in my possession and to which I certify. St. Louis, Illinois, April 11, 1773.

DOCUMENT II Translation of the letter from Mr. Lord, British com­ mander, written in reply to the preceding one.1 My dear Sir: I had the honor to receive the letter from Your Lordship dated the 21st of the past month and in which Your Lordship complains of the ones called Leduc and Du­ charme, vassals of His Britannic Majesty who have engaged in commerce with the tribes in your district (partido). Allow me to assure Your Lordship, that their conduct was just as bad without my knowing it, as it is completely opposed to my intentions; but since the Laws of Great Britain do not provide any punishment for the irregularities committed in domains belonging to Foreign Princes, it is out of my power to make the example that you desire. However, in order to discourage anyone else following in his steps I shall prohibit him, by a public ordinance and on all occasions the honor of my employment. Public safety will serve to rule my conduct. I could have given Your Lordship a complaint almost iden­ tical this winter against a certain person named Hubardeau,2 trader from Santa Genoveva, who accompanied the tribes of the Kaskaskias in their hunting in this district, and who has sold his merchandise cheaper than our merchants could, just as was practised by those against whom Your Lordship com­ plains. I did all that I could to seize him, but without suc­ cess; and Your Lordship may rest assured that I desire that you have a better success against Ducharme. I have the honor of being the greatest and most faithful servant of Your Lordship.—Hugh Lord. At Fort Gage, March 20, 1773.

iThis letter, which is a reply to the letter translated as Document I, was enclosed in Piernas' letter to Unzaga, April 11, 1773. Translated below, Docu­ ment III. It is in Archivo General de Indias, Seccion, Papeles de Cuba, legajo 2357. 2Hubardeau. There is a reference to a Huberdeau in Alvord, Cahokia Records, 357-359. See, also, Alvord and Carter, Trade and Politics 1767-1769, 474; and James Altjon James, George Rogers Clark Papers 1771-1781, (Illinois Historical Collections, Volume VIII, Springfield, 1912) 56, 449. 20 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

This is in comformity with the original that is in my pos­ session and which I certify. St. Louis, Illinois, April 11, 1773. Pedro Piernas (rubric)

DOCUMENT III Instructions1 to be observed by Don Pedro Laclede, commander of the Detachment of Military Volunteers from the City of St. Louis and sent to the Missouri River for the arrest of the traders from the British district who have in­ troduced themselves amongst the tribes of this district and with whom they are trading clandestinely, a thing which is prohibited by the law as detrimental to the lawful (trade), and of the peacefulness of these settlements, etc. 1. The well known benefit that the arrest of the afore­ said traders will bring to the Public and the favorable con­ sequences that the Government derives from it, demands a greater efficiency on the part of the one in charge of the order to attend to his duty with the vigilance and zeal that the ob­ ject of his care requires. 2. You should make use of the greatest care to maintain the subordination and exactness of the service of every­ body, because on both of these qualities depends in the major­ ity of times the success of the undertakings. You shall punish the one who will not fulfill these two important quali­ ties with a punishment proportional to the distance and place as well as with consideration of the quality of the Volunteers that you command; since the latter (the Volunteers) are not instructed (like the Veterans) according to the Military Rules, (in) their punishments you must make use of the utmost prudence and kindness, transferring the execution of serious punishment until your return to this post, to which you will conduct the delinquent guarded, and where you will inform me of his offense so that, after this has been substantiated, he will be administered the punishment that best fits him. 3. You shall sail up the Missouri River to the place that you deem most favorable for your purpose, observing, that

1 Archivo General de Indias, Seccion, Papeles de Cuba, legajo 2357. DUCHAFME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 21 placing yourself at the place where the river is least wide, and (where it) forms a point—is—dangerous, because of diffi­ culties, and that its crossing is difficult because of the rapidity of the current; (observing all these things) may contribute to making your attainment an easier task. 4. You shall not permit during the trip or in the en­ campment, any gun to be fired during the journey or at the camps, not so much in order to obviate the useless waste of gunpowder, but also in order to prevent the objections which shootings produce, one of the principal ones (objections) being that it might frustrate the plan, which should be followed, of not being discovered. 5. You shall forbid anyone to go away from the camp and (you shall) also see that during resting-periods no one goes astray for any reason whatever; since the repeated ex­ perience of past accidents have proven how detrimental this practice is. 6. You shall order the Guard to be mounted day and night, posting the exact number of sentinels that you deem convenient on the country roads or lanes for the security of the Camp, and in order to prevent any surprise. 7. At nights you shall give the pass-word so that those on Guard will know whether those who are approaching belong to the camp; you shall appoint for the sentry-boxes reliable subjects in order to witness the relieves of sentinels as well as to visit them frequently in order to see whether or not they are on the alert; the most rigorous silence should be observed at all events. 8. You shall inspect all the canoes that you discover on the Missouri and those, which you meet that do not belong to our traders, you shall stop and seize, together with all their belongings (of which you shall make an inventory) because of clandestine intrusion; but, if you find out that they belong only to Savages that sail up or down (the river) you shall see that no one insults or stops them, but rather have all our men en­ tertain and treat them with good conduct which is our manner of behavior, which is notoriously beneficent and human—as opposed to theirs—which has been experienced, which is bar­ barian, crude and vindictive behavior. 22 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

If the aforesaid Ducharme, chief of the intruders, happens to come down in any of them (canoes) he shall be immediately informed of the order to surrender to the King without any resistance, warning him that at the slightest demonstration he makes of any resistance he shall be fired upon, a thing which shall be executed only in realizing that there is any danger of his escaping in his boat by taking flight with an accelerated speed or any other manoeuver that could favor his escape. 9. In order to facilitate his imprisonment and in order to prevent the consequences of a desperate resistance, the engages that accompany him shall be informed before hand, that they shall be granted grace in the name of the King if there is no resistance and if they surrender themselves of their own accord unconditionally; (and that) otherwise the same lot as that of their fellow countryman will fall to their share. 10. If the aforesaid person comes escorted by some Savage Indians you must make use of all your skill and prac­ tice wisdom, in order to persuade them to indifference or in­ activity by means of the interpreters you are taking with you, making them know that you do not intend to do anything to them, but, that you are trying to get only the one whom they accompany, and that, if they deliver him of their own accord they shall be told, that, besides being admitted to our friend­ ship and pact, they shall be rewarded with a magnificent present but if they resist and fire, they shall be fired upon also. 11. If it happens that you are seen by Ducharme and his men from a distance which can give them time to jump ashore and save their persons by entering into the woods (before you can board) his canoe, you will take the precau­ tions conductive of getting possession of their property and making an inventory of it; immediately after which, you should examine the territory and its surroundings in order to assure yourself of the country roads; and if you notice that the fugitives are far away and that it would be difficult to overtake them, you shall not pursue them in order not to risk the lives of those under your command. You shall have the fugitives called and yelled at many times, in order that they might surrender if they wish to expect clemency, and after having done thus and allowed sufficient time for their DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 23 decision, you shall give legal proof of all that has happened and its circumstances to which you will attest with your signa­ ture and those of the other officers of the detachment for the purposes that it may be fit; and after this you shall retreat in good order avoiding as much as possible landing or camp­ ing on the shore where the fugitives have taken refuge. 12. If any of them delivers himself up of his own accord or is seized (like the aforesaid Ducharme), he shall be kept in safety and conducted with a guard to this post. 13. If on account of any delay in descending the river, or on account of any other sign of news, you conjecture that the aforesaid Ducharme remains among the tribes because he has been warned or in order to finish his (trade), you may (if you deem it advisable) send one of the interpreters that will volunteer to go en parole to the Missouri (nation) tribe (for the purpose of which he shall be given two porcelain necklaces and two "columetes de paz" [sic] in case they are necessary) in order to announce to this nation that media­ tion is sought of them in order to stimulate and induce the tribes of Little Osages to deliver up the aforesaid Ducharme and his belongings, if he is living in their village, assuring and persuading the Missouri nation that by this means they will become worthy of the mercy that they expect of their Father; that they shall free their two prisoners and that, after having come down to this Post submissive and disposed to preserve the good relations, giving their word to behave peacefully and with no other insult in the future, they shall be granted the usual help of traders which they ask, and a good present besides as a reward which shall be offered to them in the name of the Great Chief. 14. You shall act the same way towards the Little Osage nation if it becomes necessary, and if you understand that it may bring the desired result; for although this measure may have the semblance of a request it harms in no way the opinions formed about the Spanish Nation, since every one knows the magnanimity of her nature and whose Monarch wishes her to excell and be known rather through the results of her clemency and liberality (rather) than through those of her harshness and might. Not to make use of the latter in 24 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the actual case with the aforesaid tribes would be to give them a prior testimony of his (the Spanish Monarch's) Royal Benignity and the due fulfillment of the proper expedients of his Royal Spirit. By means of these and other similar sentiments you shall try to persuade them to conciliation and to inspire them with the Spirit of peacefulness and union which so concerns the public peace and with which will be insured (to them) the enlargement of their restricted commerce. 15. As the occasion is opportune, you should take advantage of it (in a quiet and skillful way making as an excuse the purpose which produces it, in order to start the negotiation which is proposed) (as this is) the only gentle means at present of reducing these tribes and of attracting them to the friendship and obedience which is suitable to use. You shall maintain with them the greatest mistrust without having them understand it, observing all their move­ ments, and actions with the most accurate vigilance so as not to be victims of their usually natural treachery by means of a surprise. 16. You shall provide the distribution of provisions daily in a methodical fashion, with equity and economy endeavoring to preserve these and the ammunitions of war, and taking the necessary precautions for their safety and in order to avoid any fatal accident. 17. Since it is not practicable to prevent all the accidents that may happen, the Commander of this Detachment is left the power to take the expedient that his prudence dictates to him as being more advantageous for the success of his mission, more useful to the service and more favorable for the country, keeping always in mind that by observing a good conduct, trust and courage are the most solid foundations that insure the success of all operations. San Luis de Ylinois, February 18th, 1773—Pedro Piernas. Remark. If while ascending or descending you find on the Mississippi (Missouri?) the canoe belonging to the DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 25

Bisonet Brothers,2 subjects of His Catholic Majesty and guides (conductores) of the aforesaid Ducharme, you shall have it stopped and conducted in safety with all its belong­ ings, because of having left this post without a permit from the Government whose defence, as residents in it, they can not and ought not ignore. The same date as above, etc. This is a copy of the original that is in my hand and which I certify. St. Louis, Illinois, April 11, 1773. PEDRO PIERNAS (Rubriqu6) (To be continued.)

Concerning the Bissonet family, see Billon, Annals of St. Louis (St. Louis, 1886) and Houck, Spanish Regime in Missouri. 26 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN

Edited by WILLIAM B. MCGROARTY The letters here reproduced were copied from the originals in possession of Miss Emma Doniphan of Washington, D. C, to whom they were addressed.

A. W. Doniphan, Pres. H. C. Garner, Cashr. THE RAY COUNTY SAVINGS BANK S. E. Cor. College and Main Sts. CAPITAL $100,000.00 Richmond, Mo., May 3d 1876. My dear Cousin Emma: Your letter of the 30th ultimo, also one from my dis­ tinguished and excellent friend Genl. Cockrell of the Senate— by the way the Genl. is polite as well as chivalrous—he knows how to compliment one delicately, he says you are not only very pleasant and intelligent, but very handsome and that you bear a strong family likeness—which of course he intended for my comfort—not realizing the fact that whatever esti­ mate I might in early life have placed on good looks—that such a compliment could only be a matter of amusement to me now. But I am delighted that the Genl. deems you hand­ some—he is a good critic—in such matters of taste and he is candid. I love my relations anyhow, love them for their blood, but I admit I have the weakness to be more gratified when they are handsome—ladies, I mean; I love the grand and beautiful in nature, mountains, valleys, lakes, and water falls—the grand old Niagara—but I almost worship the deep blue sea—old ocean—. It was my joy to sit at the Cliff- house and gaze upon the Pacific and see the huge waves that may have once lashed the shores of Japan or China, and let my fancy roam away to the millions of old Asia where the human race was planted—you will naturally laugh at that— what a digression to make from the contemplation of female beauty when I might have said curtly and without waste of words—how incomparably more beautiful and lovely was an LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 27 elegant, charming woman: but enough of this—I hope that Genl. Clark may succeed—he is a working, earnest friend— has not written to me—probably he will not until he thinks success is pretty certain—unless he may say something inci­ dentally in some political letter as he writes to me pretty often on such subjects—he is true friend of mine and will be yours. Let me know at all events constantly how you are getting on—I may be at the Centenial—if so, I will be in Washington and would not hesitate to urge upon any radical your appoint­ ment—perhaps as a personal favor I might obtain what a mere letter could not effect. Some of these officials (I regret to own) were once Whigs and to most men of that party, I was favorably known when I worshiped Clay as no man but him was ever worshiped by his followers, and they might grant me a favor for "Auld Lang Syne." But I have not deter­ mined to go—old men dislike such monster crowds, such pull­ ing and hauling, and then if vanity—the love of display,' sparkling diamonds, shoddyism in general were subtracte & there would not be residuum of patriotism sufficient to float a boy's kite. Perhaps some old fogy and his unsophisticated Vrow from the Dutch Settlement in rural Pennsylvania may go up—impelled by the hope and expectation of seeing Genl. Washington in shorts and knee buckles, with his cocked hat— there are many districts in which true Democrates believe that Genl. Jackson is still alive and why not Washington. Methuseala lived longer. Many of my friends desire me to go and I may—what propelling power may put me in notion, I cannot s^y now—but really fear that it will not be more ennobling than old mother Eve when she accepted the for­ bidden fruit— idle curiosity and recklessness of consequences. I had a letter today—the first from our Cousin Mr. J. S. Doniphan—who is a son of Cousin Alexander Doniphan, formerly and perhaps now of Lynchburg, Va. He is a young man living in St. Louis doing business for Wickham and Pendleton—Commission Merchants. I know the firm, they are Virginians and stand well. I formed the acquaintance of his father when I visited the White Sulphur and other springs in Va. in 1853, and corresponded with him until the interruptions incident to the war. This is the first I have 28 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW heard from them since. I will call and see him when I am in St. Louis—which is often. His father was a preacher in the Protestant Methodist Church and favored Slaughter some, though not so fine looking. Suppose I say something of my­ self. I am very well, despite a rainy, chilling inclement month generally—a few bright days and some delicate, over confident flowers braving the rigors of the season. But I take as good care of myself, as a gentleman can at a country tavern. How different from home comforts, cheered by the smiles and assiduities of a loving wife. Our spring is back­ ward—fruit much injured—especially peaches and pears. Small fruits, grapes included, fair crop. I employ my time in business, reading, writing, etc. could employ much of it in talking, but of how I dread the idea of growing garrulous, it impairs the courtliness of old people and I guard against it. My kindest to your Pa and Ma and the family and the love of your Cousin to yourself. Write. Send me your photo— I have none now, but will get one soon. A. W. DONIPHAN

A. W. Doniphan, Pres. H. C. Garner, Cash'r. THE RAY COUNTY SAVINGS BANK S. E. Cor. College & Main Sts. CAPITAL $100,000.00 Richmond, Mo., September 12, 1876. Mrs. H. Emma Doniphan, Washington City, D. C. My dear Cousin Emma: Your beautiful and interesting letter of the 24th ultimo awaited my arrival here from a tour to Colorado to escape the intense heat of the summer. I was a week at the National Convention and as Chairman of the Missouri Delegation, I was kept up until midnight or later every night; had much talking, writing, thinking and acting, as it was 100 Fahrenheit, I came home rather the worse of wear—intended to recuperate by rest, but had unanticipated call to Kansas City which kept me a full week—that place being warmer than even St. Louis. LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 29

Lest my health should fail, I determined to avoid the heat by running to the mountains—about the middle of July I left—I selected the southern route—up the valley of the Arkansas for two reasons—first I had twice traveled by the Kansas Pacific—2d, I desired to travel over the route of my march in 1846—for four hundred miles they are almost identical—the railroad crossing the old trail many times— and although the progressing column of civilization has changed the physique of the country greatly, towns, villages and cities having taken the place of the wigwam, yet the highlands and water courses are much unchanged and easily recognizable. Each trip was in July, thirty years apart and at one point— Bents Old Fort just thirty years to a day, there is only one marked difference, then we wended our slow march on horse­ back at twenty miles per day, encumbered by several hundred waggons, now in a palace sleeping car, gliding over the smooth­ est grade on the Continent at twenty miles per hour at least; yet as I hold pleasure to be active not passive affirmative, not negative freedom from trouble is nothing more than the hybernating of old bruin annually—Mesequiers Curse— pleasure is exhileration, a mental sensation—if this theory is correct, then the pleasure was in the first trip with its fatigue, labor and vexation. I was then young, hopeful and ambitious—my position novel and exciting—everything was before me—great responsibility, a wide field for notoriety if successful—to say nothing of fame. All these I fully realized—I had the ambition of most young men, had children to inherit my fortunes, great or small—now Alas! I was only seeking an asylum. I had a most pleasant sojourn of seven weeks—am just back to my home and at work as usual—the climate is chang­ ing, nights cool enough for two blankets, atmosphere clear and bright, tonic and aromatics, I improved very much—my health is excellent. I may come on to the Centenial if so I will come to your city and see you. I have lost so much time I cannot say positively until a few days of labor develops, more than I have been enabled to find out yet. I thank you most sincerely for your excellent letter abounding with thought and beauty. I thank you for writing when I had 30 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW been apparently negligent, but I was enervated before I left and had many things to do to enable me to leave so long a time. I will be a more punctual correspondent in future. I wrote three or four letters to the Plattsburg Lever, but I have seen but the last—which I send you—the others I will hunt up and forward—You will find some typographical errors. Give my kind regards to the family and much love to yourself from your Cousin. WILL

GENERAL DONIPHAN'S LETTER FROM COLORADO* Editor Lever: Manitou, Col. Sept. 1, 1876. I intended long ere this to have written you something more of this Centennial State, but I have been prevented by a most annoying rising on my right hand, which I feared for a time would result in erysipelas, yet with my general health perfect, blood rich and pure, it seemed improbable. It finally proved to be an old friend of my boyhood, a most villainous blood boil. It has prevented me from writing for two weeks, and now with some pain and trouble. I left here and spent two weeks in Denver and places contiguous of interest, and only returned here in time to witness the deliberations of the first Democratic convention ever held in the new State. Before you receive this, you will have seen the most excellent ticket they have presented, combining, as it does, great intellectual attainments and popu­ larity. It is headed by Gen. Bela M. Hughes, a well known citizen of Missouri in former years and some years of Platts­ burg. To West men nothing can be said that would increase their respect for or confidence in Gen. Hughes. He is well and favorably known from Missouri to San Francisco. His brilliant intellect, thrilling oratory, varied attainments, and above all, his manliness and high sense of honor place him in the front rank of statesmen, and we congratulate the people on the opportunity afforded of having their first Governor of

•Copied from a newspaper clipping which General Doniphan had enclosed to his Washington, D. C, correspondent. The Plattsburg (Mo.) Lever was founded by John M. McMichael in 1873. It was a Democratic newspaper. LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 31 that old type of patriots, alas, becoming "few and far be­ tween" in these degenerate days of fast and foul officials. The ticket is composed exclusively of old citizens, old fifty niners well known and thoroughly tested presenting a strik­ ing and refreshing contrast to the Radical ticket, headed as it is by one of Grant's recent importations who made his advent here only a few months since, carpet bag in hand and nothing besides, but Grant's commission as Governor and Grant's order to perpetuate his power at any sacrifice. Of course, the edict was obeyed. The Republicans here, as everywhere, rely on the office holders of whom they have, of course, all in the State, Grant's appointees, and the national banks, here as elsewhere, the cess-pools of corruption, on railroads and rings generally, the monied power against the people, the producers. They have every daily paper in the State fed and fattened on government plunder. The Democrats enter upon this unequal contest with the sling and pebbles, with an honest and patriotic determination to free their country from the most corrupt and oppressive dynasty that ever disgraced a civilized nation. Despite all these appalling disadvantages, they will succeed; the virgin State will cast its first vote in the quiverying scales on the side of honesty and reform. But this political digression has grown on my hands far beyond my intention; one word more as to the materials of which this convention was composed: There were one hundred as noble specimens of true manhood as I have seen for many years—active energetic and intellectual men, whom Providence formed, and fashion and false taste have not corrupted, men who are nobly fighting the battle of life, developing the riches of this young state, teeming, as it does with every valuable and precious metal—forcing the mountains glens and gulches to yield up their rich treasures for the use of man—such men as we knew and loved in former days on the frontier of our own great State; and if we had not known them, such men as Gen. Atchison and myself could not have loved and venerated our race with such ardor. 32 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

But I intended to say something of Denver and her people. As you approach it over sparsely settled plains, it bursts upon you bright and beautiful like a vision of loveli­ ness. It is located on the south Platte, at the mouth of Cherry Creek, which divides into East and West Denver, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. This is no "pent-up Utica." The plain extends from the Rocky Mountains, fifteen miles west, to the middle of Kansas, east, and from the Pacific railroad, a hundred miles north, to Pueblo, a hundred miles south, quite a liberal town-site, with the snowy range as a beautiful background to the picture. In Western phraseology, this is a "live town," active, energetic, get-up- and-go-ahead people. The city is built up mainly with brick. In this dry, clear atmosphere colors do not fade; they even seem to grow brighter; hence the town looks new and fresh. There are some business houses that would do credit to St. Louis. There are some large dry goods and grocery houses, and what was strange to me, in dry goods and light groceries, they will duplicate any Kansas City, St. Joseph or St. Louis bill; heavy articles, of course, have freight added. The suburban residences are tasteful and elegant, and will com­ pare favorably with any city of like population. Much credit is due to the citizens for their public spirit and liberality in advancing the material development and improvement of the city; the extended systems of irrigation, bringing water through every street and to every door; the water works for the fire department, equal to any small city; academic structures, numerous, and of a quality equal to St. Louis. For many years the plain looked sterile and repulsive, but since the inauguration of their extended system of irriga­ tion, water is carried into every street, garden and yard, and a forest of trees set out. The rich, umbrageous green softens and beautifies the whole city and its environs, affording a most delightful shade. There is said, and upon good authority, to have been 250,000 trees transplanted in and around the city and it has improved greatly since I was here two years since. The city is well supplied with California fruits of mam­ moth size and delicious flavor. Pears, peaches, plums, grapes, LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 33 etc., and apples and some other fruits from Missouri, all at reasonable prices, all things considered. I met many old and valued friends there, mainly from Missouri, some from other States. Gen. Hughes, whom I have known from boy­ hood, is comfortably situated and Providence has blessed him with a model family, now all grown, well educated and doing well. Gov. Gilpin, the first Governor of the Territory, was a major in the regiment with me in 1846; a brilliant thinker, has read everything and can tell elegantly all he knows, is a delightful companion. Major Bob. Bradford, (formerly of Lexington) always and everywhere the prince of good fellows. I failed to see my old friend, Col. Boone, who, I am glad to see, the Government has appointed one of the Commissioners to treat with the Indians, for more is to be expected from him than all the rest, who, indeed, are only in his way. But if I were to enumerate all the brilliant, hospitable and refined persons here, I could fill a Patent Office Report. For Julia and Dora, I shall attempt what can but result in failure. When I visited this State two years ago in Company with our mutual friend, Moses Shoemaker, we made a tour up the Narrow Gauge R. R. through Clear Creek Canon (canyon) to Central City, Black Hawk, Idaho Springs and George­ town. I was then unable not only to describe it, but even to realize in my mind anything tangible; the only feeling was surprise and delight. The only result I arrived at was that a Yankee could con­ struct and operate a narrow gauge railroad wherever a cat could climb. Last week I made the ascent and return in an open car, affording me the means of examining the road and surroundings deliberately and critically. And yet with these advantages, I feel how vain is any attempt to give any ap­ preciable description of this wonderful canon and road. It would baffle the descriptive talent of our friend Moses E. Lard, who has few equals and no superior in word painting. The road is only eighteen miles long; the fissure in the mountain through which passes this entire district is, at no point, more than half the width of a Plattsburg Street. It looks as if some spasmodic convulsion had torn the mountains asunder, and if it was pressed together, the rough and ragged edges 34 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW would again fit into each other. The walls of this chasm are more than 2,000 feet high, nearly perpendicular, composed of variegated granite of almost every hue and shade of color. Through this chasm rushes the bright and sparkling waters of Clear Creek, from which it takes its name. This creek is a whirling, rushing cascade the entire distance, broken into gems and spray ever and anon, by the constantly intervening boulders. The grade is an average of 236 feet to the mile, the curves are so abrupt and numerous that one shrinks at the apparent danger of dashing headlong against the walls of the canon, as you can preceive no outlet. The descent is made without steam, and the breaks down. No accident, I believe, has ever happened on the road, resulting from constant vigilance. No one visiting Colorado should fail to enjoy this trip. No adequate conception can be obtained of it otherwise. I am in perfect health, and shall return when I learn that the hot nights are over. Till then adieu, unless something of interest occurs. A. W. D.

A. W. Doniphan, Pres. H. C. Garner, Cash. THE RAY COUNTY SAVINGS BANK S. E. Cor. College and Main Sts. CAPITAL $100,000.00 Richmond, Mo., Feb. 13, 1877. My dear Cousin Emma, 623 Mo. Ave., D. C. Your kind and excellent letter of the 29th ult. has been here sometime. When it came I was not well enough to reply and my business correspondence had so accumulated I have postponed my friends as the world generally does. I was at Court in St. Joseph from the 15th to the 24th of January, attending court and exposed myself too much for one of my habits, contracted a cold and after my return culminated in a chill, the first one for twenty-five years. How I abominate chills, one not only feels sick, nauseated, but feels disgusted with himself and everybody and everything. LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 35

By the free use of Quinine, there was no return, but I was confined to my room a week, lungs sore and painful, but I emerged all right, and have kept well since, but feeble, of course. December and January were intensely cold, the the mercury hovering around zero all the time, often ten degrees below, yet it was clear and dry and by wrapping up well, kept perfectly well, but was more careless at St. Joseph, in court, at the hotel and attending the opera, a luxury denied me at home. For the last two weeks or more the weather has been warm enough, but sometimes damp with light snows. Let this suffice as to my ailments—a subject on which old folks are always eloquent, but always tiresome to their hearers. I sympathise with you in your misfortune and intense suffering and I appreciate your letter doubly from the pain and inconvenience you experienced in writing it, not but I always appreciate your correspondence. I receive few letters that delight me so much. I have few relations of whom I am so proud and am exceedingly anxicuo to meet you, and see if distance lends enchantment to the view, or if I know I shall love you better and appreciate you most highly. Some things in your letter have a sombre hue; never in youth look on the dark side of life. Early life is the time for enjoyment—in age neither fortune or fame can bring happi­ ness—the aroma of life ebbs away, perhaps slowly, but cer­ tainly. You say you have done so little; what stores of happiness have the oldest of us bestowed on our fellows? We are made selfish, we could not meet all the trials and difficulties in the battle of life if we were not eminently so; yet we are not wholly so—but we do not estimate the bless­ ings we bring to the unfortunate as they do—they are small to us and we soon forget them as we should, but we know not the good that may have resulted, our advice, our example, our instructions are much; let us do our best and thank Providence we were enabled to do it, even if it is the Widow's Mite. I had intended visiting Washington at Tilden's inaugu­ ration, but that is now a myth. I have read nothing since the first note of the Tribunal, a purely party vote, having been a lawyer nearly fifty years, I always entertained an exalted opinion of the purity of judges of our highest courts,— 36 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

I have known for many years that the other two departments were steeped in the seething cauldrons of political corruption, but I had clung to the judiciary with great tenacity as the best hope of the republic; but that delusion has passed—the government is as rotten as a pear; this has only brought the disease to the surface. It is well one Centennial has passed before the apple of the Dead Sea had been pressed hard enough to show that only bitter ashes were concealed under a bloom­ ing surface; but enough of this, I do not like to contemplate dark and horrid pictures. I am amusing myself reading many things this winter, bought some current literature at St. Joseph, and I take several English and Scotch Reviews. Kindest regards to your father and mother love from your Cousin, WILL

A. W. Doniphan, Pres. H. C. Garner, Cash'r.

RAY COUNTY SAVINGS BANK Richmond, Mo. Sept. 17th, 1877. My dear Cousin Emma: I have been again in the mountains for two months and have just returned and hasten to let you know of my where­ abouts. I found your note to our Cashier, Dr. Garner, he handed it to me this morning, and to relieve your anxiety, I briefly reply as you may well imagine; the calls of friends, answering the letters that have accumulated, &c, render this quite a busy day. I wrote to you shortly before I left home, perhaps in June, but the breaking of our most reputable banks in St. Louis and the lame condition of many others induced me to send my Cashier to St. Louis a full week or more, and then the strike and the uprising of mobs rendered our interests in St. Louis still more precarious for a time. So that my time was fully engaged as no one could attend to the interests of the bank, but myself, and, constant labor and vigilance rendered it absolutely necessary for me to go to the mountains and recuperate. LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 37

I soon regained my strength, my health is now excellent, had a delightful trip and find all things correct in my business, as but little is done in the heated season. I will write you more fully of my trip and my fall and winter programme as soon as I have more leisure. I send you two of my letters written at my leisure in the mountains when I had no more valuable occupation. The scenery of the Rocky mountains is the most grand, varied and beautiful in North America; perhaps in every aspect equal to any in the world; there are higher mountains, but I cannot imagine a greater combination of the picturesque and lovely. I learned to love handsome things from my wife, and I always miss the delicate percep­ tions of female taste and vision when I travel in a charmed land. Last year the travel was to the Centennial and since not so much western touring as usual. This year much more than in any former year, at least five times as many as last season, more persons of high political and social position, more fashion and extravagance, these grow spontaneously wherever Americans go. Kind regards to all the family, much love from your Cousin Will

RAY COUNTY SAVINGS BANK Richmond, Mo., Feb. 22, 1878. Mrs. Emma Doniphan, 625 Mo. Ave., S. W., D. C. My Very Dear Cousin: I admit I have been guilty of great negligence in not writing to you—the negligence is more apparent than real— I have not written to any of my relations or friends for many months—I have not been able to write without great in­ convenience and pain since the 9th of last October and can only write necessary business letters and even then against the protest of my surgeon. About the first of October, I left here for my native County in Kentucky, taking in the St. Louis Fair a few days, where I knew I would meet hosts of valued friends of all the Western States. My health was 38 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW then perfect—better than it had been for ten years. I had lately returned from summering in Colorado. I had not been in Kentucky for thirty years, all my brothers and sisters there being long dead. A day or two after my arrival, having visited many old familiar spots and especially the schoolboy spots; we ne'er forget though there we are forgot. I hired a carriage and driver and accompanied by a friend, I started on the search of the graves of my father and mother on the farm on which I was born, some fifteen miles distant. I had no knowledge of the condition in which the graves were, as my brother who had been dead many years had always superintended the matter. I had not been there since I was quite a lad and of course the country and especially the roads and passways had wholly changed. Without piving the de­ tails, which would only distress you, the carriage was over­ turned on a steep hillside by the awkwardness of the driver; falling on the lower side, my friends' whole weight came on me, the concussion was so severe that for an hour I thought the chances of life and death were greatly against me. Upon recovering, I found my left arm greatly injured, not fractured, however. I had to return fifteen miles to obtain a reliable surgeon before I could know the nature and extent of the injury. If I had acted prudently as other persons do and returned at once, I would doubtless have been saved much pain and suffering, but I have never known what the word fail was intended for. My life has been one of indomnitable energy and preserverance; as soon as I could walk, I started on; found the graves of my loved and revered parents in excellent repair, having in my brothers lifetime been walled in with a heavy stone fence,—the old house in which I was born,—eat pears off the trees my father had planted from Virginia seed 90 years ago nearly and off which I had eaten fruit more than sixty years ago, spent an hour looking over well remembered localities; all the time suffering extreme pain. After an hour I started and drove back, obtained a first-rate surgeon, found there were no fractures, but a severe sprain in the joints of both elbow and wrist. For two or three weeks the arm was greatly swollen and much of the time black, gradually assuming a copper hue, LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN 39

and as soon as the swelling began to subside, I left for my sisters sixty miles this side of Cincinnati, remained a few days and came home. Of course, I have suffered much since for I have had to drag my lame arm twice to St. Joseph, twice to Liberty and three times to Kansas City, in the first forty days after I came home; these exposures in inclement weather, for it has rained almost daily all winter, has prevented rapid improvement. Indeed, old age prevents changes for the better with the rapidity that the vigor of youth insures. For the last six weeks, I have taken more care, am improving, but cannot use my arm in some directions at all, and it is weak and often painful. My general health with all this has remained good, except being nervous from intense pain and often sleepless for parts of the night. When ... (The remainder of the letter is missing.)

A. W. Doniphan, Pres. H. C. Garner, Cash. THE RAY COUNTY SAVINGS BANK S. E. Corner College & Main Sts. Capital $100,000.00 Richmond, Mo. I am glad to see from the tone of your letter you are a Christian—at least you think as one should. But for my unchanging and undoubting faith, I should be the most miserable of men, but I have the most implicit confidence of again meeting my loved and lost ones in a brighter world. I would be so glad to meet you and your family; before the War I was often in Washington on business—never since. If I come again, I will hunt you up. My kind regards to your Pa and Ma and Mr. Rea, if you see him, he is my excellent friend. Your Cousin, in haste, A. W. DONIPHAN. Write and my answer will not be so long.*

*This is the concluding page of a letter the first part of which is missing, and date unknown. It is probably the last and concluding portion of the first of the series published in the Review. See p. 203, Vol. XXII, January, 1928. 40 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE TRUE CHARACTER OF MARK TWAIN'S WIFE

BY CYRIL CLEMENS My father, Dr. James R. Clemens was ill in London in 1897. The papers confused him with his cousin, Samuel L. Clemens, who was also stopping in London, and the report somehow got out that Mark Twain was dead. A group of reporters called at the Clemens residence, and much to their surprise found the door opened by Mark Twain himself. When they confessed to Mark Twain their purpose in coming, he said: "You find a pretty lively corpse, don't you?" The reporters then told Mark Twain that their papers all wanted news about his "death," and what were they going to do. The humorist replied right off:— "Tell them that the report of my death is greatly exag­ gerated." Soon after my father first arrived in London, he read in the newspapers that Mark Twain was stranded in the city without any money. My father immediately wrote to the author, offering assistance. Hearing nothing for a few days, he forgot all about it. One day while my father was reading in his rooms in Lambeth Palace Road, the maid brought up a card which announced that "S. L. Clemens" was calling. My father went down and there was Samuel L. Clemens, having come in person to thank my father for offering him assistance. As in the case of his "death" this report was totally unfounded, but the incident started a close friend­ ship between Mark Twain and my father, which lasted until the former's death in April, 1910. My father would see Clemens and his family very often after this. Hardly a week passed but what they had tea, supped, or went to the theatre or opera together. Mark Twain knew, and was very fond of, the American actor, William Gillette, who was performing in London at this time. Not long ago, a book was published by Miss Mary Law- ton, entitled "A Lifetime with Mark Twain." It gives the THE TRUE CHARACTER OF MARK TWAIN's WIFE 41 recollections of Katie Leary, an old maid who was with the Clemens household for almost thirty years. Here follows Katie Leary's account of my father's meetinp- with Mark Twain:— "There was another funny thing happened in Lon­ don. Mr. Clemens had a nephew there. [Katie has the relationship wrong.] He was a doctor, I think, and when he heard about Mr. Clemens losing all his money (that came out in the papers the time he went around the world), there was a story that his family had deserted him, and he was living alone in some garret in London. I don't know whether he was the man that sent the letter addressed, "Mark Twain, 'God knows where' "—but there was such a letter sent him, and he got it, too! Well, this nephew wrote Mr. Clemens and said he had plenty of money himself, and he'd love to help him any way he could, and not to worry and that he could have recourse to his bank book, because he didn't want him living alone in a garret in London; then he asked if he could see him. So Mr. Clemens thought this was a great joke, and wrote and told him to come to 23 Tad worth Square. He came, of course, and when he seen Mr. Clemens and the lovely house he was living in, and all his beautiful family sur­ rounding him, why, he almost fainted, and no wonder! And we had creamed potatoes that night, too, I remember. So you see we always had creamed potatoes on great occasions!"

In 1902 Mark Twain went to the University of Missouri where he received the degree of Doctor of Laws. On his way home from Columbia, he stopped off in St. Louis, and visited my father. The following letters from Mrs. Clemens are interesting in connection with that trip. They were written to my mother from New York: My dear Mrs. Clemens:— Your kind letter of invitation to Mr. Clemens has reached me. He thanks you very much for it. In going to the University he will not make a stop in St. Louis, but on his way back, if it is convenient for you, he will 42 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

be most happy to stop a day or two with you. He thinks he shall get back to St. Louis the 5th or 6th of June. ****************** I want so very much to go with him as I greatly desire to see you and meet the other Clemens cousins. But my Mr. C. thinks it is too long a trip for this season of year for me to go. If you think about it you will remember that I have taken as long trips even in the summer. With affectionate greetings to "Dr. Jim." Your loving kinswoman, Olivia L. Clemens. May 17th, 1902.

The following letter was written shortly before the above, and is dated from Mark Twain's residence "Riverdale-on- the-Hudson." May 4, 1902. My dear Mrs. Clemens:— It was indeed good to get your letter, I had lost your last letter so I had not your address. It is pleasant to think of you as on this side of the water and we must surely meet before you return to England. I wish we could see you now. Mr. Clemens makes a flying trip to the University of Missouri for the 4th of June. We are tearing up the 1st of July, and ex­ pect to go to York Harbor for the summer. I wish our home there were going to be larger, then I would ask you and Dr. Jim and Muriel to come to us. If you cannot come in June then I am going to hope for a visit from you all next winter. We have bought a house in Tarry town on the Hudson. We are going to give up our Hartford home. We do this partly because we want Jean to be where she can have more out-door pursuits. Where we have bought we have nineteen acres. We have got to build an addition so we shall not get into the house before mid winter. I hope you can come to us there before you return to London. THE TRUE CHARACTER OF MARK TWAIN's WIFE 43

Indeed we should delight to visit you in St. Louis, we greatly desire to know the St. Louis Clemens. We hope also some day to know those in Virginia. Affectionately yours, Olivia L. Clemens.

The following letter was addressed to my mother after Mark Twain had left for Missouri from Riverdale-on-the- Hudson. Dear Cousin Katherine:— How I wish I were starting away W7est with my good man today. I do detest letting him go without me, but it seems to be best this time. I was greatly tempted to go and make the visit to you and see the other cousins. You must not let him be the least tax to you. If Dr. Jim is busy, you must put "Cousin Sam" down with a book and he will take care of himself. Don't let him stay long for I find life very lonely when he is away. So after he has had a little time with you send him back to me. ****************** We get good news from Clara. She is getting on well with her work in Paris, but she has been very home­ sick. Your affectionate Cousin, Olivia L. Clemens. May 27th, 1902.

My father was frequently getting such notes as the follow­ ing from Mrs. Clemens. It shows in what regard he was held by Mark Twain. Dear Mr. Clemens: Will you come in and take a pot luck family dinner with us on Saturday evening? We dine at half past seven. Very sincerely yours, Olivia L. Clemens. April 1st, 1897. 44 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The above letter and the following ones were written when Mark Twain with his family and my father and mother were all in London. Dollis Hill House

Dear Mrs. Clemens: Can you and your husband come and take a family dinner with us on Wednesday next week?

We expect to return to America in October, that makes our time here very short. I do hope you will be able to come as we want to see you. Come early so that we can have a little time in the grounds before dinner. If it is a nice evening you could have a game of tennis with the girls before dinner. My Mr. Clemens sent your Mr. Clemens a ridiculous sum of money for . . . .the cigars ... so there is now 6/9 to pay which will be duly handed your husband when you arrive at Dollis Hill. So you will have to come in order to secure your rights. With cordial greetings, Sincerely yours, Olivia L. Clemens.

The following letter was written from 30 Wellington Court, Albert Gate, London:

Dear Mrs. Clemens: I was so sorry to find you out when I called today. I am very sorry to say that I am unable to accept your kind invitation for the 13th. I should so much like to meet your cousin, but I have seats for the Theatre and have promised the girls to take them. If you do not mind having an uneven number at your table Mr. Clemens will accept with pleasure. He is not going to the theatre with us as he has already seen the play. I take this rather unheard of liberty of proposing one THE TRUE CHARACTER OF MARK TWAIN's WIFE 45

person when you have asked two for a dinner, because I have a feeling that perhaps you will be glad to have one. With love to you all Affectionately yours, Olivia L. Clemens. P. S. If you do want my better half will you tell me once more the hour of the dinner as I have mislaid your note.

There follows another letter sent without date from 30 Wellington Court: Dear Mr. Clemens:— My Mr. Clemens is laid up with gout: confined to the sofa and chair. He worries about the fact that the check has not been sent you. So I send it herewith. This is hot weather to be ill in: it is hard even to be well in, but my man is always patient. Very sincerely, Olivia L. Clemens. P. S. I hope you will all come out again soon. Mr. Clemens says again he has lost the bill but this is his re­ collection of it.

The following is likewise undated: Dear Mr. Clemens: Miss MacGreggor is going to play on her Concerto here on Thursday evening. It occurred to me that you might like to hear it: if so and you have no other plan, come in at half past seven and take dinner with us and we will listen to the music afterward. Unfortunately Mr. Clemens is to be out for dinner that evening and also we cannot give you the Orchestra with the violin as it will be given at the Crystal Palace but we will make the piano do as well as it can as a substitute. Cordially yours, Olivia L. Clemens. P. S. Like a woman the most important part of this note is in the P. S.: Please bring your auto harp. 46 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The bill and check referred to in the second but last letter concerned some cigars which my father had bought at Mark Twain's request. Often in calling upon my father, Mark Twain would be given some cigar that pleased him immensely. Thereupon he would beg my father to order him a box. The auto harp in the last letter was a somewhat mythical instrument. My father said he had one and could play upon it. Naturally all his friends were anxious to hear him play, but he would never gratify them. After a while the friends began to have suspicions whether such an instrument really existed. This will enable us to understand the postscript to the card: May 6, 1897. Dear Mr. Clemens:— I was told to ask you if Mrs. Clemens could do any­ thing for you and to say that she would be glad to serve you: but we talked so much about other things that it slipped out of my mind but not off my tongue. We are sorry you're having this ill turn, and if there is anything we can do, please let us know. But if there isn't, you must not trouble to answer— Mrs. Clemens insists upon this. Sincerely yours, S. L. Clemens. P. S. The existence of the autoharp is endorsed and established.

About the time the letter below was written my father was studying at the Royal College of Surgeons in London: June 25, 1897. Dear Junior:— I find that my gout is causing me a great deal of pain. If no harm, I want to do nothing by way of cure, till we reach Vienna in September. Give me your medical advice now, and in return you shall have all the literary advice you want. THE TRUE CHARACTER OF MARK TWAIN'S WIFE 47

With affectionate regards and hoping you got home all right last night. S. L. C.

Not infrequently, especially if he were in a hurry, Mark Twain simply signed his initials on a letter. From time to time Mark Twain would ask my father to go with him to the theatre. "The Bigelows" referred to were the writer Poultney Bigelow and his wife. July 3, 1897. Dear Mr. Clemens: All right, I shall be waiting at the Adelphi this evening. We should all greatly like to make the Richmond excursion Sunday, but Clara has had a fall at the gym­ nasium and we are afraid to have her go, and so the rest of us will have to stay at home and keep her company. Won't you come Sunday and remain to supper? The Bige­ lows are coming, I will get your answer this evening. Sincerely yours, S. L. Clemens.

Mark Twain had many quaint ways of addressing his relatives. Note the "Mrs. Jim:"— 30 Wellington Court Albert Gate Wednesday Dear Mrs. Jim: I am very very sorry to have to report that Mrs. Clemens is shut up in her room with a cold. And so I shall bring her regrets in place of bringing her this eve­ ning. Sincerely yours, S. L. Clemens.

The Clemens Family spent a good deal of their time in Vienna after Mark Twain became bankrupt, because the climate was mild and living was inexpensive. The months of rest always put Mark Twain in excellent humor. This 48 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW letter was written from near Vienna. Previous to this Mark Twain had planned a row-boat ride. My father was to row his father [Bryan Mullanphy Clemens] was to steer, and Mark Twain was to "supervise!" So there is a hidden significance in the mention of the "row-boat":— Kaltenleutgeben June 29, . Dear JRC: When you and your father start summering around, don't pass us by, but look in on us. This is a very nice village 10 miles from town, and we shall stay till fall. Mrs. Clemens is taking the water cure. There is no lake here, but there is one nearby—and a row-boat. With best regards to both, from all Yours sincerely, S. L. C.

When my father's engagement was announced to Miss Boland, Mrs. Clemens wrote him the following letter: Dear Mr. Clemens: I cannot tell why but the news which your letter brought was a surprise. Your bachelor quarters looked to me as if you would long occupy them. I should have known the world better. Now I want to send you and Miss Boland my very warm congratulations. I feel entirely with Browning when he says "Love is best." Surely it is far and away the best, there is nothing that in the very least approaches it. I rejoice with you and Miss Boland that you have found it.

If a member of the clan wished to send a trifle to "the only gill in the world" as a token of welcome into the ranks of the Clemens family, where could one find Miss Boland? You will send me a reply to these questions without delay, won't you? It would be cruelty to leave ones curiosity unsatisfied. THE TRUE CHARACTER OF MARK TWAIN's WIFE 49

I hope soon after May we may have the pleasure of knowing Mrs. James Ross Clemens. We expect to be in England in the summer and in America in the autumn so wherever you both are I hope we shall manage a meeting. Sincerely yours, Olivia L. Clemens. Vienna

I hope that these letters have given the reader a glimpse into the happy family life of the Clemenses. Such men as Van Wyck Brooks in his "Ordeal of Mark Twain" would have us believe that Mrs. Clemens was a perfect nincompoop— good for nothing except to spoil by her awkward and insistent suggestions, the otherwise perfect masterpieces of her husband. But I think that these letters show her to have been a sane and sensible woman with true human love for her family and friends. She was as far as two poles away from any mawkish sentimentality of which she has more than once been accused by ignorant critics. A wife's influence is always considerable upon her husband's writings, and because Mark Twain was so devoted to his wife, hers was even greater than usual. And I think these few letters will help us to realize that Mrs. Clemens exerted a salutary influence of the more quiet sort. In dedicating "Joan of Arc" to his wife, Clemens declared that she had been his critic for more than a quarter of a century— and an unusually good one, we may add. 50 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

EARLY SPRINGFIELD

BY EDWARD M. SHEPARD Long before Columbus discovered America, the site of what is now the city of Springfield was known and used by many tribes of Indians as a camping ground. In fact, the whole Ozark region was noted, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, and even down into Mexico, for its famous hunt­ ing and fishing and for its equable climate. This locality was on what was known as the famous "Virginia Warriors Trail," a route traversed for centuries by the Indians on their journeys from Virginia and North Carolina to the Rocky Mountain regions. Further, it was the route used by the Louisiana and Arkansas Indians on the way to their favorite hunting grounds on the Niangua River. The name "Niangua" comes from the Nehungar tribe of Indians. The site of the present Springfield was also regularly used by the Osage tribes as a camping ground when on their hunting trips to the White River region. Within a radius of one mile from the Public Square of Springfield, twelve beautiful springs may be counted. Wilson Creek (the Jordan) was, in those early days, a sparkling, springfed stream, with oak groves and prairies along its course, affording ideal camp­ ing sites for the Indians. For those who came after the aborigines, the location is no less advantageous. Situated on the crest of the axis of the Ozarks, where the water on the north side of Commercial street and Benton avenue flows into the Sac, Osage and Mis­ souri rivers, and that from the south side through Wilson Creek, the James and the White into the Mississippi, it has the outstanding advantage of perfect drainage. Lying near the parallel of latitude that passes through Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia, Springfield has an elevation of 1345 feet, which modifies the heat of those southern cities and gives relatively cool summers, with milder winters than those experienced in some of the neighboring states. With an EARLY SPRINGFIELD 51 average annual rainfall of 44 inches, and an atmosphere rich in ozone; with such an abundance of large and beautiful springs and streams that Missouri has been called the land of springs; with diversified surface structures of forest and farm land; and with the great abundance of mineral wealth, the environ­ ment of Springfield in the Ozark region is no less esteemed by her thoughtful people of today than it was by the aboriginal inhabitants who flourished here in greater physical perfection than was seen in any other tribe of North America, and who found, in the various resources at their command, the founda­ tion for long, prosperous and happy lives. In the early fall of 1829, John Polk Campbell and his brother, Madison Campbell, started from Maury county, Tennessee, in search of the runaway son of one of their neighbors, and also to verify reports in regard to the wonder­ ful land on the Ozarks. The boy was located near what is now Fayetteville, Arkansas, and there Campbell heard further reports of the great beauty and fertility of the Kickapoo prairie and the land farther north. As he traveled in that direction, he stopped at a Delaware Indian village (Delaware town, on Wilson Creek and the James), where he cured a sick Indian, who became his devoted friend and who took him to a famous camping ground which had a natural well supposed to be bottomless. Campbell was so impressed with the great beauty of the site of this well, which lay just to the north of what is now the Public Square of Springfield, that he blazed some trees, deciding to return to Tennessee and bring his family to settle here. This is believed to have been in early November of the year 1829. He returned south by way of what is now Arlington and Rolla, at which point he turned east to the Mississippi, and southeast to his home. When near Arlington, he stopped over night at the cabin of William Fulbright, a pioneer who had just come with his family from Tennessee, to whom he gave a vivid description of the region he had just left. When Campbell returned with his family to this part of the country on the 4th of March, 1830, he found the Fulbrights had preceded him and built three cabins— one by William Fulbright at what was called Fulbright Spring, at the west end of the present College street, near where 52 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

a brewery was afterward located; the second, by his brother John, near what is now called Jones' Spring, to the east of the present wagon factory; and the third, a small pole cabin near the site of the natural well, built by A. J. Burnett, son- in-law of William Fulbright. When Campbell returned and showed Burnett the evidence of his previous claim, Burnett at once relinquished his cabin and moved several miles to the east. Evidence of the friendly spirit existing between these early settlers, we find in the records, in the planting of crops on an old Indian field,—the first ever put in by the whites in this region. It was Junius Campbell, a younger brother of John, who built the first store in the settlement. The little colony grew rapidly, and its development, for a considerable time, was guided by these two families and that of the Roundtrees, who came a year later. Springfield was fortunate in the type of men who became her founders. Campbell, with education and splendid business qualifications, laid the foundations for culture and business development. The Fulbrights were farmers, earnest Christian people, generous, and with the highest integrity. William Fulbright brought the first Christian service to the community through meetings held in his cabin^ and the organization, in his home, of the first community church. Joseph Rountree, who brought his family a year later than the others, realized the need of education for the children of the settlers. He started and taught the first school in the community, and thus planted the seed which afterward grew into the founding of higher schools of learning and the colleges which distinguished the early history of this part of Missouri. In 1845, Stephens College was founded here, giving a course of study that would be a credit to any modern school. The settlement made by these early families was first known by the name of "Campbell and Fulbright Springs." In July of this year, commissioners appointed by the Legis­ lature met and selected Springfield as the county seat. There was great rivalry for this honor between this place, the Kickapoo settlement farther south, in what is now Phelps Grove Park, and the Danforth place east of Springfield. John Polk Campbell generously gave 50 acres of land for EARLY SPRINGFIELD 53 county purposes, and the county seat of Springfield was laid off with streets and alleys around a center which was the Public Square. The generosity of Campbell in this case is emphasized by the fact that the sale of lots from the tract of land given by him helped to build the county court house. In 1837, the first newspaper of the little community was established, "The Ozark Standard." On February 19, 1838, the town of Springfield was incorporated, with a popula­ tion of about 300. In 1845, the first bank, known as the "Springfield Branch Bank," was organized. The following year, a company was raised for the Mexican war. The first railroad excitement came in 1854, when $50,000 was voted for the Pacific railroad. One of the greatest events of the decade was the arrival of the first outwardbound Butterfield Overland Mail, which passed through Springfield for Cali­ fornia, September 15, 1858, which was greeted with high enthusiasm and a display of fireworks. On October 22, the eastern-bound mail arrived, 28 days from San Francisco. The first telegraph line came into town from Jefferson City in 1860, and was later extended to Ft. Smith, Arkansas, along what became known as "the old wire road." The unrest preceding the breaking out of the Civil war had been growing for a number of years, and from May, 1861, the situation became intense. In June of this year, Sigel entered Springfield from the east. The same year, Colonel John S. Phelps organized the Home Guards which he later turned over to General Lyon. Events followed rapidly. On August 2, 1861, General Lyon left Springfield and sur­ prised General Rain's advanced guard at Dug Spring, from which point the Confederates retreated. Later in the same month, August 10, one of the great strategic battles of the whole war was fought at Wilson Creek, 15 miles south of Springfield, when General Lyon met Generals Price and Mc- Culloch, of the Southern Army. This was really a draw battle, though after the death of General Lyon the Federal forces retreated. Efforts are now being made to have this famous battlefield set aside as a national park. For a couple of years, Springfield was alternately held by the Federal and Confederate forces. On October 25, 1861, Major Zagonyi, 54 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW in command of Fremont's body-guard, made his famous charge into Springfield and drove the large force of Con­ federates out, and immediately retreated before the latter could recover from their surprise and return the attack. Two days after, on October 27, Fremont entered Springfield. The battle of Springfield was fought in the southwest part of the town, January 8, 1863, when the Federal troops de­ feated those of General Marmaduke. Springfield suffered severely during the war but rapidly recuperated after its close. Many soldiers of both armies, attracted by the beauty of the country and the climate, returned to settle here when the war was ended. Numerous business enterprises sprang up, several banks were organized and Drury College was opened on September 25, 1873. After the completion of the St. Louis and San Francisco railroad to Springfield, on May 3, 1870, an outlet to Kansas City was desired and the citizens of Springfield built a short- line, going as far as the town of Ash Grove. This short- line attracted the attention of the mangers of the Kansas City and Ft. Scott railroad, who had already commenced building from Kansas City toward Memphis, and who, within the next three years, advanced their work to such an extent that on May 25, 1881, the first train from Kansas City entered Springfield. This line was soon pushed on to Memphis, Tennessee, and Birmingham, Alabama. In 1881, the first horse-car line was built between the old Frisco station, on Benton and Commercial streets, and the Public Square, and this line was extended and electrified in 1885. In 1901 the St. Louis and San Francisco and the Kansas City and Memphis railroads were united under one manage­ ment. In 1905 Springfield was chosen as the site for the Southwest Missouri State Teachers College. In 1909 the new shops of the Frisco railroad were built on the northwest edge of the city. Springfield has never had a "boom." Its growth has been steady and more or less continuous, due to a conservative spirit which has wisely discouraged spasmodic efforts to in­ crease values. It is a city of homes to which many families from other states have come, attracted by the climate and EARLY SPRINGFIELD 55 the opportunity of giving their children the advantage of the exceptionally fine educational facilities offered by the State Teachers College, Drury College, Elfindale Academy, and the fine public school system. Taking the year round, there is not a better climate found in the United States than that enjoyed by Springfield. With the constantly increasing interest in the picturesque section of country known as the Ozarks, the region which forms the environment of Springfield is being rapidly dis­ covered by the modern tourists who come yearly in increas­ ing numbers to enjoy its beauties and to profit by its climate, its abundance of sparkling springs and streams, and its many natural products which make it a veritable wonderland to those who have heretofore never guessed its remarkable resources.

SYNOPSIS OF EARLY EVENTS IN SPRINGFIELD AND GREENE COUNTY HISTORY

BY EDWARD M. SHEPARD 1541-2—The first white man, according to Bancroft, Shea, Sparks and other historians, penetrated into what is now Greene county, when one of DeSoto's exploring bands probably reached this northern point. DeSoto and Coronado, Spanish explorers, claimed for Spain, by right of discovery, the vast territory which included Missouri. 1673—First mention of Osage Indians in what is now Mis­ souri found on Marquette's autograph map of 1673, outlining what is, no doubt, the Osage river where this tribe remained until 1818,—the first Indians known to have occupied this region. Greene county was a part of their hunting grounds. 1674—The map of Joliet also records the Osages in what is now Missouri, calling them "Oachages." 1682—Near the mouth of the Mississippi, on April 9, Robert Cavalier LaSalle took formal possession of the country in the name of the King of France and called it Louisiana, thus bringing what is now Greene county under the French flag. 56 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

1715—The first white prospectors were, it is believed, sent out about this time by the French voyageurs of the famous "Mississippi Bubble." Tradition locates a num­ ber of their prospect holes in Greene county. 1762—On Nov. 3, France ceded Louisiana to Spain, but Spanish authorities did not take possession of Upper Louisiana until May 20, 1770. This brought what is now Missouri again under the Spanish flag. 1793—June 11, Governor-General Baron de Carondelet made a grant of 6,000,000 acres to be located along the White river, which patent was never surveyed or sent to the King for his signature. Consequently in 1800, when the Spanish government ceded this territory to France, and that country, in turn, sold it to the United States Govern­ ment, many complications arose due to claims made by the Valliere heirs; but these were never recognized by the United States because the various transfers of por­ tions of the territory, made by Valliere, had never been subject to the processes necessary for legalization. 1800—On October 1, by treaty ratified March 1, 1801, Spain retroceded Louisiana to France, but Upper Louisiana was not transferred until March 9, 1804, coming again under the French flag. 1803—April 30, France ceded the province of Louisiana to the United States, but Upper Louisiana was not trans­ ferred until March 9, 1804. 1806—Zebulon Pike's map, published 1810, locates a Dela­ ware village on the White river near Forsyth, in 1806. Villages of this tribe existed in what is now Greene county from 1818 to 1829. 1808—October 10, the Big and Little Osage Indian tribes made a treaty with the United States ceding all their territory in southern Missouri, including, practically, all the Ozark country. For this vast tract, the Osages were given $800 in cash, and $1,000 in merchandise. The Little Osages received just half that amount. After having been moved from place to place, these Indians were finally given a permanent reservation in what is now Oklahoma, where their sales of land and oil leases have EARLY SPRINGFIELD 57

made them the richest people in the world. In 1920 there were about 2,000 living members of the Osage tribe. From interest on funds in the U. S. Treasury, from leases of oil land, royalties and pasture, their income amounted to $10,000 per capita yearly. 1810—Site of what is now Greene county first approximately located by the position of White and Niangua rivers as seen on the map of Pike's Expedition. 1812—A band of Kickapoo Indians located a village at about this time in the southwest part of what is now Spring­ field. 1818—A lead mine, probably the first in Southwest Missouri, was noted by Schoolcraft on the James river near Kersh- ner's Spring. Trappers told him that it had been worked many years by Indians and trappers. A primitive lead smelter, probably the first in Southwest Missouri, and used by Indians and trappers, was found by Schoolcraft, at above location. Furnace was made by placing two flat stones, like the roof of a house in­ verted, against the river bank. A fire built underneath burned out the sulphur and allowed the melted lead to escape from the crack at the bottom of the furnace. Photographs of this primitive structure were made by the compiler of these historical notes. The Delaware Indians occupied the southern half of Greene county by treaty, from 1818 to 1829. The Piankashaw, Pawnee and Creek tribes all hunted here at various times. The first white hunters known to have visited Greene county were Holt and Fisher; though tradition says that others came earlier and built rough smelters for lead. The first explorer to leave a published record of a portion of what is now Greene county was Henry Schoolcraft, who camped for a few days at Kershner's Spring, in 1818 and 1819. The first location of land in what is now Greene county was made by John Pettijohn, about 1818, at the point now called Patterson Spring, on the country place of Dr. Wilbur Smith, eight miles southwest of Springfield. 58 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

1819—The Kickapoos, by treaty, occupied the north half of Greene county, 1819-1832. 1822—The first settlement and cabin on the Petti John loca­ tion was made by Thomas Pettijohn, August, 1822, at what is now known as Patterson Spring. The first mill in Southwest Missouri was built by Ingle, near where the Galloway bridge crosses the James river. 1829—The first location in what is now Springfield was made by John P. Campbell near the natural well which is situated on the north side of Water street, between Jefferson street and Robberson avenue. 1830—The first log cabin in what is now Springfield was built by A. J. Burnett about February, 1830, on the bluff about 400 feet southwest of the natural well. William Fulbright settled, probably about February, at the Fulbright Spring west of town near the old brewery, John Fulbright, about this time, settled near the Capt.Jones Spring, just east of the present wagon factory. John P. Campbell, after an absence, returned with his family, and on account of his prior right of location Burnett relinquished to him the cabin which he had built a few weeks earlier. The U. S. Government removed the Indians to a western reservation, which resulted in a large influx of pioneers. Joseph Miller settled at the Beiderlinden Spring. Joseph Weaver bought out Miller's claim at Beiderlinden Spring. 1831—Daniel B. Miller, brother of Joseph, settled at the Miller Spring, now Grant Beach Park, formerly the site of a woolen mill. Later, his field adjoining was used as a federal cemetery. Joseph Rountree reached here in January and settled two and one-half miles southwest of the site of the present Public Square. The first schoolhouse in what is now Greene County was a log cabin one-half mile west of the city limits on Mt. Vernon street on the site of the Dabney Dade residence. The first teacher in Greene county was EARLY SPRINGFIELD 59

Joseph Rountree, who taught in the above school- house as soon as it was built. The first store in what is now Springfield was opened by Junius T. Campbell in a little log cabin located near the rear of the present Frisco office building on Olive street west of Jefferson. The first marriage was that of Junius Rountree to Martha J. Miller, August 7, ceremony performed by Rev. Richard Kizee, a Baptist minister. The first male child born in Springfield was Harvey Fulbright, son of John Fulbright. First white female child was Mary Francis Campbell, daughter of John P. Campbell, born in the cabin on the hill south of the natural well. The first death was that of a child of Joseph Miller, buried under a large oak tree near the Grant Beach Park Spring. Andrew Taylor and D. D. Berry came from Tennessee and established a little store on the prairie south of Springfield and east of the Phelps place—Kickapoo settlement. First cemetery in what is now Springfield was some 300 feet east of Miller Spring. In use 1831 to 1836. First physician was probably Dr. Edward Rogers. 1832—The first schoolhouse in what is now Springfield was built of logs, with mud and stick chimney, on the north side of what is now College (then Fulbright) street, just west of the corner of Main. Joseph Roun­ tree, first teacher. The first sermon was preached in what is now Spring­ field, at the house of William Fulbright, near Brewery Spring, October 10, by the Rev. Jas. H. Slavens. 1833—The first church (Methodist) in what is now Spring­ field, was a log cabin built north of Center street, at a cost of $18.00. Situated in an oak grove north of the branch by Fairbanks Spring. Greene county established January 2 by the Legislature. It included the territory bounded by Kansas on the west, Arkansas on the south, about the Gasconade river on 60 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

the east, and running north to the Osage fork. Named for General Greene, of the Revolution. March 11, the first session of the County court was held at the residence of John P. Campbell. First one-mile race track established by John P. Camp­ bell, on the prairie southeast of where Mrs. Owen's residence now stands. At this time, what is now Springfield was called Ful­ bright and Campbell Springs. The first term of the Circuit court was held August 12. First judge of Circuit court was Charles H. Allen. November 12, between three and four o'clock in the morning, the great star shower occurred. Seen through­ out the United States, and wonderfully brilliant. 1834—First post office in Southwest Missouri established. Mail was brought once each month from Harrisons on Little Piney river. Building in which the post office was kept was a hewed log cabin, situated west on Jeffer­ son street, between East Walnut street and McDaniel avenue. Junius T. Campbell was first postmaster. George Catlin, the great artist and painter of Indians, probably stopped at Kickapoo settlement on his way from Ft. Gibson to Boonville. First blacksmith, James Carter, located here. First jail established, on west side of Boonville street, between the Square and Wilson Creek, a gift from several citizens to the county. Later, the County court re­ funded the cost to the donors. First Probate court established. Governor appointed P. H. Edwards first judge. 1835—Springfield laid off in lots, with streets and alleys and the Public Square, by John P. Campbell, who gave 50 acres of land for county purposes. City was planned after the city of Columbus, Tennessee with streets leading out from the middle of each side of Square. Town previously called Fulbright and Campbell Springs probably received the name of Springfield this year.(?) Some authorities say the name was taken from Ful- bright's spring and field just west of town; others that EARLY SPRINGFIELD 61

it was given at the request of Kindred Rose, who wished it to be named after his early home in Springfield, Rob- berson county, Tennessee. Springfield visited in sum­ mer by an epidemic of Asiatic cholera. Seven persons died. In July, commissioners appointed by the Legislature met and selected Springfield for the county seat. There was great rivalry between this place and the Kickapoo settlement south and the Danforth settlement east of Springfield. September 1, the United States Land Office established, and J. H. Hayden appointed registrar. The first Christian Church organized, probably by J. H. Hayden; July 27, the first Cumberland Presbyterian Church organized at Mt. Comfort, by Rev. Andrew Buchanan, first called Kickapoo Church. Coldest winter on record for Greene county. From December 1834 to March 1835, a deep snow lay upon the ground. Great suffering prevailed. 1836—Finst camp ground established by the Methodist church at Ebenezer, and camp meetings held annually for a number of years. Tradition says that a camp meeting was held at Cave Spring several years previous to this. Chesley Cannefax built the first frame house in the county. First courthouse ordered built in the center of Public Square. 1837—August 27, John P. Campbell and wife formally deeded the 50 acres for county seat purposes. September 27, First Presbyterian church was organized from the members of Mt. Comfort Church, at the home of Josiah F. Danforth, first called the New Providence, and later the Danforth church. The first newspaper, the "Ozark Standard," established by J. C. Tuberville. Name changed, shortly after, to the "Ozark Eagle." This date is according to J. H. Miller, but Warren H. Graves gives the time as 1838 or 1839. Springfield the base of operations against the Indians in the Osage and Sarcoxie wars. Col. Charles S. Yancy 62 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

was in command of a regiment of Greene county militia. The first bricks were burnt in Greene county for chimneys. 1838—February 19, the town of Springfield was incorporated and the following trustees appointed: J. H. Hayden, D. D. Berry, S. S. Ingram, R. W. Crawford and James Jones. According to Wetmore's Gazeteer, population about 300. The first Greene county Baptist church, the Mt. Pleasant Church was organized, with 13 members. Pastor, William Tatum. 1839—October 19, the first Presbyterian church was organized at Cave Spring and called Mt. Zion Church. Rev. Ephiram P. Noel, organizer and pastor. 1840—The United States took the first census of Greene county. This was made when the county was twenty times its present area, and showed only 5,372 persons. 1841—The first lodge of Masons, Ozark Lodge, No. 50, organized June 23. Addition of two rooms built to jail; 16 feet square, of timber one foot square. 1842—Governor John S. Phelps elected to Congress. A brick school house built by citizens for Professor Stephens where University Club marker No. 8 stands, near the southwest corner of the Benton avenue viaduct. 1843—William Fulbright, who built the first cabins in Spring­ field, died. 1844—Henry Sheppard came to Springfield. The "Springfield Advertiser" started in May and con­ tinued until 1861. U. S. Census gave Greene county a population of 5,372. 1845—In the spring, the Springfield Branch Bank was estab­ lished with J. H. McBride, President; J. R. Danforth, Cashier; C. A. Haden, clerk. 1846—A company was raised for the Mexican war. Springfield was incorporated May 7, by a petition of 62 inhabitants,—at least two-thirds of the population. Whole population probably less than 500. "Texas Democrat" newspaper was started by John P. Campbell. EARLY SPRINGFIELD 63

1847—Greene county organized for first time into school districts, and schools were established in nearly every school township in the county in this and the following year. 1848—The 10th day of August the "Springfield Whig" was published and continued until September, 1849. The Rev. Charles Carleton, from Canada, a Christian minister, established a female college on south side of College Street, near Main. The year of the big sleet storm in November. Ice covered the ground about 3 inches deep. 1849—In November the "Southwestern Flag" was published. The "Sons of Temperance" organized. 1850—U. S. Census gave Greene county population of 12,785. In April the Southwest Missouri High School established in Springfield. January 14 one of the deepest snows ever known, fell, 10-15 inches on level. An Osage Indian scare. They persisted in coming back to their old hunting grounds. The first wire fence, without barbs, was made. 1851—October 10 a petition was drawn that no dramshop should be licensed in the town for 12 months,—first prohibition act in county. County voted $100,000 to buy bonds for Pacific railroad. 1852—Dramshop license agitated again. The closing vote was rescinded, then approved, and later in the year again rescinded. Word received that John P. Campbell had died at Oil Springs, Texas, May 28. 1853—C. B. Holland, postmaster, was removed July 4, and A. F. Ingraham, a Democrat, was appointed. The "Southwest Flag" suspended, and "Springfield Lancet" succeeded. A severe drought during summer and fall. Corn made only half a crop. Hay ruined. Considerable sickness. 64 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

1854—Railroad agitation. $50,000 voted for Pacific rail­ way, $20,000 paid. Odd Fellows organized first lodge, (Harmony Lodge), February 10. First capital punishment in county, for murder, August 25. 1855—In February a snowstorm 18 to 20 inches deep on the level. February 4 mercury stood at—20 degrees. May 4 the "Springfield Mirror" was published. City of Springfield first incorporated by the Legislature. 1856—In October a pro-slavery meeting held at courthouse, pledging aid to the pro-slavery sufferers in Kansas. W. C. Price, R. W. Crawford and others addressed the meeting. A handsome sum of money was raised. From 1850 to 1861 a patrol was regularly appointed from time to time to look after runaway slaves. The first county fair, Southwest Missouri County Fair, held October 1, 2 and 3. 1857—Official report gave 1,436 slaves owned in the county. J. M. Richardson published the "Weekly Missouri Tribune" from November, 1857 to November, 1858. 1858—Ordinance passed by City Council to arrest all persons found on the street at unusual hours. Whites imprisoned until 8:00 a. m., Negroes whipped. September 15, the first outward bound Butterfield Over­ land Mail passed through Springfield for California. Great excitement; celebrated by fireworks. October 22 the eastern bound mail arrived, 28 days from San Francisco. The first steam mill in Southwest Missouri erected by James Smith on Boonville street. 1859—The Episcopal church organized. Six schools in the city, 5 female, 1 male. Also two music schools. February 12, a brick college was erected in southwest part of the city, 35x60 feet, two stories. Prof. Jacob Schultz, from Tennessee, in charge. Continued until breaking out of war. College was used for prison for Confederate prisoners, also for Federal soldiers. It EARLY SPRINGFIELD 65

stood on a lot opposite the old cemetery on Campbell street, southeast corner of Campbell and State. 1860—First telegraph line came into the city from Jefferson City and was extended later to Fort Smith, Arkansas. "The old wire road" so well known by early settlers, was named after it. 66 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE

BY WILLIAM G. BEK

PART IV The following article also appeared in "Das Westland'* in 1837. It contains the observations Doctor Engelmann made on one of his trips to Arkansas. To one who has seen the Hot Springs in that state, the magnolia lined streets, the palatial hotels, the perfectly appointed bath houses, and knows of the great number of physicians located there to advise the thousands that come there to get relief, will find the account of that place, written 95 years ago, very odd indeed. "About fifty miles southwest from Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas, is found a narrow valley among the mountains, which contains, perhaps the greatest curiosity of the whole 'far West'. In this valley are found the Hot Springs of Arkansas. "Shall I describe to you the luxuriant nature of this oasis in the desolate mountain region, shall I describe the miracle of the stream that bursts forth from the hot interior, or would you rather hear of the odd arrangement of a watering place among the pioneers of the West, so different from all that we associate with this term? I know that each of these themes arouses interest and curiosity for this remarkable place. Therefore I shall seek to represent each phase truthfully and vividly." After speaking very briefly about the things he has seen on his way from Little Rock to the Hot Springs, Doctor Engle- mann continues. He describes the wonderful vegetation which suddenly appears before him as he enters the valley into which the brook pours its waters. He sees for the first time the magnolia, he describes the dwarf chestnut, the sarsaparilla, the common holly, the wax-myrtle, oaks, nut trees, grapes, cedars, and flowers of every kind. "It is a warm, pleasant, autumn day. The sky is per­ fectly clear and seems to rest on the mountains about us. GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 67

In the valley the brook leaps over a rocky bed, which is over­ hung by grotesque, perpendicular masses. Springs gush forth everywhere from the bed of the river, they also leap from the caverns in the rocks, and pour their seething flood into the little stream. The most luxuriant vegetation enlivens and enshrouds everything. "What marvels the warmth of the water has wrought. It has transformed this southern valley into a dale of peace. Even the uncivilized children of nature, the Indians, felt the power of the Great Spirit here. A holy awe overcame them when they approached this region. Before they entered the valley they laid down their tomahawk. "In a straight line the valley extends in a southerly direction for a distance of about 800 paces, then it widens somewhat, turns to the left, becomes uninteresting, and ten miles farther on joins the valley of Washita. "The Hot Springs themselves originate in the upper part of the valley, in a space about 600 paces in length. They spring forth from the bed of the brook, as also from the rocky left bank. The highest springs issue about 100 feet above the brook. There are over thirty important springs, of which the hottest has a temperature of 148 to 152 degrees Fahrenheit. Many among them are cooler and one is almost cold. "On the right bank of the brook, which is lined with bushes, there runs a straight road up the valley. Along this road, close to the foot of the mountain are located the ten or fifteen houses and cabins, which constitute the town of Hot Springs. These cabins are the bath houses. Only three or four are close to the brook. Most of them are log cabins. A few are frame structures. Perhaps half of these cabins be­ long to the hotel, which in a busy season may take care of a 100 persons in its eight or ten rooms. Of the remaining structures a store is perhaps the most important. It is the only building in the place which is provided with glass windows. In it is housed the post office. "All the works of man are meager and wretched. Still it is pleasing to observe, how everything that nature offers in such abundance is utilized to the best advantage, and that with the least possible effort. The baths were formed by 68 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

nature. Many springs have formed basins around their outlet, for, as in Karlsbad, the rocky masses around the springs were formed by the springs themselves. Three or four of these natural bathtubs, which were located conveniently, and whose water is not too hot were selected, and a small cabin built over them. This cabin was provided with a bench on the inside. This constitutes the entire equipment of the bath house, which is open to everybody. The simplest baths, of course, are taken in the brook itself, where one can choose the temperature to ones liking. There are only two wooden bathtubs in the town, one in the small cabin near the hotel, into which the water is conducted artificially, the other at the steam bath, into which the water flows directly from the rock. "Three steam baths are provided. Two of them are close together under a projecting rock. These are the hottest springs. The projecting rock has formed a kind of a grotto. This is simply boarded up. Admission to this enclosure is gained by a door. Over the ground where the spring bubbles forth, strips of wood are laid, so one does not scald his feet. From between these laths the steam rises and enshrouds the bathers who lie stretched out on the bench. The third bath is similarly constructed, tho a little more elegantly, for it is for the ladies. It is situated on top of the cliff. "Narrow footpaths wind among the bushes and along the cliffs, and pass over narrow bridges as they lead to the bath­ houses. These paths could be made very attractive. All the lavish beauty that nature has provided here, in other places has to be produced at great cost by the gardener. "Alexis bath in the Harz Mountains is the only German bath that I could compare with this. But how much has art done there, and here nothing. "The history of this western country, and therefore also that of the hot springs is very simple. What we know, and what we are able to ascertain concerning it all transpired during the last few decades. There are eye-witnesses still living who can tell us the story. In eastern Arkansas French Canadians have resided since 1770. There is no doubt that they, as hunters and traders mingled with the Indians and GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 69

also got to the region of the Hot Springs. Concerning the Indian tribes we only know that they knew, and valued the springs highly. We know that they regarded the region in which the springs are found as sacred. Here everyone had to lay down his arms, if he did not wish to invoke the wrath of the Great Spirit. Here hostile tribes met in peace. Here bloody feuds ceased. Here peace treaties were concluded and confederations formed. "Since the American took possession of this land west of the Mississippi, in 1803, an entirely different life has developed. In the place of the self-satisfied, easy-going, indolent descendants of the French and the Spaniards there came the resolute Americans from the eastern states. Ex­ peditions were sent out to investigate the newly acquired land, and settlers crossed the Mississippi in hordes. Thus the springs also became better known. The first items of in­ formation which I find regarding them, to be sure, are based on fiction. By and by more accurate information is obtain­ able concerning them. The natural scientist Nuttall made his report regarding them in 1819. The Messrs. Hunter, Dunbar and Fetherstonhaugh contributed much. The last named gentleman, a geologist, was directed by the federal government to travel thru Missouri and Arkansas to study the new country. He made his report to Congress in 1835. "Until now the Hot Springs and the surrounding country belong to government of the United States. Whether the springs will be turned over to the people of Arkansas after the territory is granted statehood, or whether they will be sold, as is other property of the state, when once the survey has been made; is as yet undecided. Several claims exist against the land at the present time. A few people settled here as early as twenty years ago, and according to several laws, the first settler has theiirst claim to the land, and obtains it as his property, provided he pays the price of $1.25 per acre at the time of the public sale of the same, or even later. This uncertainty of the right of ownership is perhaps the chief reason why only the most temporary improvements have been made in this place. A decision regarding the right of owner- 70 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW ship of the Hot Springs would contribute much toward the upbuilding of the place."* Engelmann then enters into a discussion of the geology of the region around the hot springs. Incidentally he men­ tions a quarry of novaculit, three miles west of the Hot Springs, where the Indians had formerly made great quantities of arrowheads a,nd tomahawks. He also again enters into a discussion of the plants he finds here. We read in part: "A few of the plants which I have found here do not seem to have been described as yet. At least they are not mentioned in the American works which are at my disposal. Being cut off from the recent reports of the advances of science, it is possible that they have already been described, therefore I refrain, for the time being, from saying anything more about this." Speaking of the water, we read: "The heat of the water is very peculiar, a condition which is also observable in European hot springs. The water cools very slowly, and, if one can give credence to the statement of the inhabitants, it is also more difficult to raise it to a higher temperature than is ordinary water." He speaks in rather general terms of the chemical properties of the water, since his means for a chemical analysis are too limited. Neither does he attempt to speak of the medicinal value of the water with authority. He is too careful a scientist for that. He does say that: "The ailments for which those living in the neighborhood, as also many people from the further south come here are rheumatism, moreover, the ills that follow a misuse of mercury, also chronic skin trouble, and above all abdominal discomforts which are the after effects of ague, billious fever, and yellow fever, such as dispepsia, constipation and swelling. Those suffering from pulmonary troubles, and those suffering from any trouble which is accompanied with fever avoid this place, as they believe that the use of the springs increase their troubles."

*Since this was written, Congress has admitted Arkansas as the twenty- sixth state into the Union. In addition to all saline springs within its boundary, it has also turned the Hot Springs, together with four square miles of land over to the new state. GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 71

In a following paragraph the author then describes briefly the climate that obtains in that part of Arkansas. Then he depicts the life that prevails at this watering place. "If one considers the following facts, that this watering place is located in the western part of Arkansas, in a wild and sparsely settled region, only a few day's journey from roaming Indian hordes, only a short time in complete possession of a white population, the further fact, that no one owns real estate as yet, hence takes no special interest in it, nor spends much for its improvement, that only a few wretched cabins, for tem­ porary use have been erected,—then one will not expect too much of the life of this watering place. "Most of the visitors are induced to come here because of necessity, they are patients. Others come because the region in which they live is unhealthful at certain seasons. Still others come for gain. They are gamblers, who prey upon the other visitors. All these people then are crowded into the few buildings that are available. The poor, pitch their tents or build shelters of branches of trees and bark, while still others camp in their wagons. In spite of these inconveniences the number of visitors increases steadily. Last year there were at one time 150 persons gathered here. "The patients use the water as their judgment dictates, and as they, by experiment, find that it does them most good. They drink the water, bathe in it, and sweat as they think it best for them, often quite irregularly and excessively. The baths are taken in the small bathhouses, but since their number is quite insufficient for the needs, they are also frequently taken in the warmer places in the brook. There is no resident physician. I met several doctors, but they themselves had come as patients. I was told that a physician usually spends the summer here, but rather to treat occasional cases of sickness than as a real medical advisor. In the store one finds the ordinary medicines for sale. "Walking is considered conducive for a cure, however, the opportunity for taking walks are very few. Horseback riding and hunting are also recommended. These are at times greatly overdone, and do more harm than good. Fre­ quently parties are formed which go on the hunt for weeks 72 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW at a time in distant parts, especially after the bison, which are still found at a distance of 30 or 50 miles. Many consider it a main cure, after the bathing season in October and November, to go on a bear hunt with the natives here. They camp out for weeks in the open during this rough season, and have nothing to eat but bear meat, and nothing to drink but water. "The customary price in the hotel is $6.00 per week for one person. For the keep of a horse one pays $4.00. For the above price one gets a bed, which he at times must share with another, or one sleeps on the floor. Very good meat courses are served for breakfast, dinner and supper. Even in October the meals are served in a large, open hall, and frequently I have seen the poor patients sit there trembling and wrapped up in their overcoats, while finishing their meal as quickly as possible, as if it were an unpleasant task. Be- grudgingly, and only in case of great necessity are meals served outside of the regular meal hours. These, as also beverages have to be paid for specially. If servants are needed they must be brought along. In this event the ex­ penses run pretty high. However, outside the games of chance there are no other opportunities to spend money. "Several teamsters care for the communication with Little Rock. Over the extremely uneven and stony roads they make the trip several times each week. In this way the supplies, chiefly flour, which comes from Ohio, are brought to the springs. Only game, pork, beef and fowls, tho not always in sufficient amounts, can be bought in the neighbor­ hood. "Entertainment is extremely limited. Now and then a dance, a hunting party, or a trip to Little Rock. Walks are possible only down the broad road thru the valley, which is only about a mile long. Woe to the inexperienced person, who in the late summer or autum lets himself be induced to wander on the narrow paths which have been made by game or cattle thru the valley and over the hills. He would soon find himself literally covered with the microscopic chigger. They cling to the grass and low brushes and weeds, and gather in clumps on the legs of the passerby. GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 73

"The people frequently seek diversion in gambling, for which the great number of gamblers afford ample opportunity. These gamblers really constitute a distinct class of society. They are numerous in all southern states. They congregate at all places where people assemble, at places of amusement, at political, yes, even at religious meetings, at watering places, on steamboats, etc. By means of stacked cards and loaded dice and many other tricks they lure the money from the pockets of the inexperienced. They are commonly regarded as a lawless class of men. Especially during the past summer the displeasure of the citizenry has been aroused against them, even in a violent and illegal manner. It is always most difficult to rid watering places of them. Here at the Hot Springs no attempt has yet been made to exclude them. "With good-natured interest, perhaps also with dis­ dainful pity the German reader may look upon the Hot Springs of Arkansas. The friend of nature, however, and perhaps the physician will take a greater interest in my account. But time advances with giant stride in this land. Before this half of the century is over, I am sure, we shall see at the Hot Springs expensive institutions and conveniences for the visitors, capable physicians, suitable bathhouses for the patients, and entertainment for those seeking diversion. Splendid means of communication of every kind will bring together a select class of people, and the Hot Springs will become as fashionable as a bathing place for the west and south as is Saratoga at present for the east and north. Here, as in all of America, it is the future, a rapidly fulfilling future, which makes one overlook the imperfections of the present, and fills ones mind with joyous hopes." As we know, the character of our sketch lived in Illinois during the early part of his American residence. He has left us an interesting account of that settlement in the little journal published by him. The title reads: "The German Settle­ ment in Illinois, five Miles east of Belleville." The story runs as follows: "Twenty miles east of St. Louis, in the state of Illinois, a German settlement was begun four years ago. It has enjoyed so rapid a growth, that it may be regarded the nucleus of the numerous German settlements in that region. 74 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

This settlement is regarded by many as the most noteworthy in the entire West, if not of the entire United States, as regards the degree of culture and the attractive social life of the Ger­ mans living there. "I, myself, was among the first Germans who came to those parts. I knew that regionjwhen only a few farms were in the hands of our countrymen. I have seen immigration increase and prosperity come. I lived there for almost two years as a physician, knew almost all the people intimately, and tho I left that community in 1835, I have kept in close touch with the settlers by frequent visits among them. "The settlement lies almost entirely within the limits of Township 1, North Range 7, west of the 3rd principal meridian. The German settlement extends to within a few miles east of Belleville, the county seat of St. Clair County, and 18 or 22 miles southeast of St. Louis." Here the author then adds several pages in which he describes kind of soil, the forest, prairie, water supply and healthfulness of location. He also tells us that deer is found there in great numbers, as also wild turkeys, quail and ducks, also coyotes and many smaller animals. He informs us that the last panther was seen there in 1834. We are told furthermore, that the settlers made early attempts to develop vineyards and orchards. F. Engel­ mann brought six or eight varieties of grapes from Rhenish Bavaria in 1833, most of which had gotten a good start at the time of writing. In thve winter of 1834 to 1835 J. Ledergerber received a shipment of European fruit trees and other trees, such as pears, cherries, plums and walnut trees. Two-thirds of the trees had grown vigorously and were beginning to bear. We are informed that those early settlers paid no atten­ tion to the breeding of stock, except in the case of horses. "The first white settlements of this region date back to 1810 or 1812. They were located at the so-called Turkey Hill, Ridge Prairie and near the present town of Belleville. The families of Moore, Scott, Watts and West were the pioneers. By 1832 ten or twelve additional settlers had arrived. As early as 1830 some German families had come to western Illinois. In 1832 H. Merkel from Seligenstadt came GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 75 to the settlement in question and bought land there. About the same time the emigrants of the educated class of Germans began to arrive in St. Louis, a class that hitherto had sought the Mississippi Valley but sparsely. As early as 1831 the Swiss families of Dr. Koepfli and H. Suppinger came to Looking Glass Prairie, in what was then Madison county, now Clinton county. In the following year Dr. Gerke and his son from Hamburg came. They went to the Marine Settlement, a settlement originally founded by sailors from New England. In May, 1833 came the brothers Th. and E. Hilgard from Speier, F. Wolff from Freinsheim and J. Leder- gerber from St. Gallen. They all went to Loop Prairie. Various circumstances caused the number of German settlers of this region to increase by nine or ten families before the end of the year 1833. There arrived a company of immigrants from Rhenish Bavaria, under the leadership of Dr. Geiger also a part of the better known Bavarian Emigration Society under the guidance of G. Sandherr and Captain Wilhelm, (a part of this company had gone on to Arkansas, which was their original destination), and finally another small group from Rhenish Bavaria, consisting of the families of Engle- mann, Aben and Koelsch. These people presently drew others after them. Most of them came from the same region of Germany, had previously been acquainted with one another, and were in part related. "The brothers Th. and E. Hilgard, F. Wolff, J. Leder- gerber were bachelors, as were also M. Rupelius from Gruen- stadt and A. Dilg from Oppenheim. The families that bought land here in 1833 were: F. Engelmann from Imsback, E. Haren from Winweiler, H. Koelsch from Kirchheim, H. Fritz from Neustadt, Mrs. Aben, a widow, from Mannheim, G. Sandherr from Worms, and J. Fleischbein from Landau. At the same time the families Knpblocji and Fischer arrived from Hesse Darmstadt, as did also a large number of other Germans, most of whom went to the region of Turkey Hill. "Many unmarried men came at this time or a little later, among them G. Neuhoff from Frankfurt, Busch from Mainz. J. Leist from Bamberg bought land here. Bachelor quarters were established in the house of F. Engelmann, on what was 76 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW known as the 'upper farm.' Those belonging to this group were G. Koerner from Frankfurt, K. Schreiber from Mein- ingen, E. Friedrich from Leipzig, W. Decker from Gruene- berg, F. Lindheimer from Frankfurt, George Engelmann and the sons of the other Engelmann family. Most of these had been old university friends. Other bachelor quarters were established on the farm of the above mentioned Hilgard brothers. Of these I shall mention the following: Th. Krafft from Katzweiler, G. Heimberger from Speier, Dr. Gust. Bunsen and Dr. Berchelmann from Frankfurt, and later A. Cunradi from Augsburg. "In 1834 the Giessen Emigration Society, that had promised so much, scattered upon their arrival in St. Louis. A few of their number found their way to Belleville. George Bunsen from Frankfurt and F. Koehler from Altenburg also settled here that year. At the same time J. Engelmann bought land at this place. "Early the following year, 1835, came Dr. A. Reuss and Dr. A. Schott both from Frankfurt. They brought their families with them. Soon thereafter the family Kaising from Rhenish Hessia, made its appearance. "Up to this time the immigrants had settled for the most part in the country. They had followed the advice that had been given them, and had taken up farming. They soon learned that what had been told them was only half true. Now a reaction set in. Many had come to see, after one or two years of experience, that the cultivation of a farm was not as easy, nor as remunerative, as they had imagined. They realized that in this way they would accomplish but little. They observed that their American neighbors raised fine crops on land no better than their own. They saw that the poor German peasants, tilling poorer land, soon made headway and were able to pay off all their debts. The consequence was that some provided other means of income in addition to farming. Thus Mr. Engelmann established a starch factory. Mr. Busch a distillery, while Mr. Rupelius began to preach. Others became convinced that the best thing they could do was to return to their former profession or trade in a city, or to undertake something else, more GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 77 adapted to their liking and capacity. Th. Krafft entered a mercantile business in Belleville in partnership with an American named Flanagan. Heimberger went to New Orleans. Friedrich and Lindheimer to Mexico. Later the former returned to Germany and the latter to Texas. Schreiber joined an expedition to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. He is still in the wilderness. Mr. Koer- ner, a doctor of jurisprudence, went to the University at Lexington, Kentucky, to acquaint himself with American legal systems. He is now practicing his profession in Belle­ ville. Kaising opened a meat market in Belleville. Fleisch- bein sold his land to H. von Haxthausen, and Dilg sold his to Wolff and J. Schewe. Fleischbein and Dilg started a brewery. Mrs. Aben moved to Belleville for the sake of the education of her children. Busch opened a cooper shop in Belleville. Hilgard and Wolff established a distillery close to the little town. Physicians and artisans sought the towns. E. Haren became a merchant in St. Louis. Th. Engelmann opened a commission business there; W. Weber became the editor of the Anzeiger des Westens, and George Engelmann opened his medical practice in the city. "This year H. von Haxthausen, the family Hildebrand from Stuttgart, and that of E. Koehler arrived. In the spring of the following year came Th. Hilgard from Zwei- bruecken. F. Hilgard from Speier bought here in 1837. Dr. Reuss, Cunradi and Heimberger moved to Mechanics- burg. The last German arrivals, at the time of this writing, were Raith and family from Goepfing. "The whole settlement in this township embraces be­ tween 70 and 80 farms, with a population between 400 and 500. It is a large population for this western region. Of the above farms about thirty are in the hands of Germans, with about 160 people. "Among the Americans the following have the largest and best farms and the best buildings : Pearce, W. Alexander, W. Middlecoff, Hughes, Gay, S. and E. Mitchell, William and Sam Scott, and several members of the Moore family. "The Germans have in many cases the better houses. They figured quite correctly that in better houses they would 78 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW be spared many forms of sickness. The best houses are on the farms of Schott, Reuss, Hilgard, Bunsen, Ledergerber, Engel­ mann and Decker. They are all either one and a half or two story buildings, built either in the manner of the American frame houses, or according to the German method—frame­ work filled with either brick or with pieces of wood and straw and mortar. Almost all their houses have verandas, some indeed an upper and a lower veranda. "The German farms range from 30 to 300 acres in size. A few Americans have farms of 800 to 1,000 acres. There is scarcely a farm which does not have at least 20 acres under cultivation, while 30 to 60 is the usual number of acres, or in other words, as many as an American and his family can con­ veniently take care of. Some farms have as many as 100 acres under cultivation. "From the very beginning this region was settled by high class people. The usual beginning of an American settle­ ment in the western wilderness, such as one still finds so commonly on the Missouri frontier and thruout all of Ar­ kansas, and of which Texas, perhaps, furnishes the most striking example, was never known here. We never had that class of people who feel uncomfortable in the neighborhood of other persons, who are ever ready to abandon their wretched huts and small fields, to which they often have no title, simply because the approach of permanent settlers has en­ croached upon their free pastures and their hunting grounds, or such who seeks to escape the arm of the law. The in­ habitants of these parts belong to what one ordinarily con­ siders the second or third wave of settlers, who come to estab­ lish permanent homes. Most of them were from the southern states,—Virginia, Georgia and Kentucky. They are more generous, less narrow and less grasping than those Americans who come from the northern states. They command the esteem and confidence of their countrymen, as is attested by the election of Whiteside, as state senator, Moore and Middle- coff as state representatives, while Belleville has sent several representatives to Congress. Robert Hughs and the Moore family have been very helpful to the German immigrants. GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 79

They also have sound ideas in matters of politics, and are also liberal in matters of religion. "Concerning the life of the German settlers I have already said a few things. It is easily understood that at first they were exceedingly busy. They had come into a new environ­ ment, in which they had to provide almost everything for themselves. There was a vast amount of work, even tho the farms were at first quite modest. Houses had to be built, or improved and beautified, cellars and wells had to be dug, outside bake ovens had to be built, gardens laid out, and even flower beds were a necessity. Stables and fences had to be put in order. They sought to arrange everything more conveniently and more neatly than their neighbors. In their endeavor to do everything they sometimes neglected the most essential part,—the care of their crops and their livestock. Being unacquainted with American methods they did not accomplish what their American neighbors achieved much more simply and easily. And yet there was no lack of application of effort and of means. Often I have heard people express surprise, when they compared the Germans whom they had known as such excellent farmers in Pennsylvania with the Germans here, whom they called 'such poor farmers.' "It is a fact that the industrious American farmer not only makes a good living, but also rather quickly acquires wealth. It is also true that the German peasant is able to pay off his debts in a few years, that he buys the land he has hitherto rented, or buys from the government, and soon prospers. It is just as certain, that, at least during the first few years, most of the German settlers who were of the edu­ cated class and who undertook farming, had to draw upon their savings. "The reasons for this are the following: The Americans live very simply and frugally, do not have to buy much, pay but little for outside help, do all or most all their work on the farm themselves, understand their work, and in addition very commonly carry on some remunerative business on the side, that is, they operate a small mill, or pursue some trade, keep stallions, do hauling or work in some manner for others, buy 80 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW and sell horses, etc., and thus earn some money. The German peasant is a tireless worker. Being acquainted with agri­ cultural work in general, he soon learns the best methods here. He toils with his wife and children in the field, lives very economically, (tho, at that, he lives better than he was accustomed to in Germany), takes almost all his produce to market, and keeps for himself only those things which he cannot sell. If he keeps his health reasonably well, he soon fills his handkerchief with dollars and his billbook with bank­ notes, tho he is reluctant to accept the latter. These means he applies to the purchase of more land, and for the acquisition of more livestock and better implements. He spends but little for a new dress for his wife or a new hat for his daughters, or for the acquisition of conveniences of life, with which he is scarcely acquainted, and which therefore mean little to him. In time, to be sure, a certain desire for things ordinarily classed as luxuries creeps into his life also. "The educated German has less knowledge of the things necessary and required on the farm. Often he has a large family which cannot help him much in his work. For this reason he can not put as much land in crop as he would like to. He needs more money as also more hired help. To live a life, such as the two classes described above live, is unthink­ able to him. His house and garden must be put in good condition. Much money is invested in household goods. The food supply which his farm yields is not sufficient, either in amount or in variety, so he must make purchases on the outside. The clothes which he has brought from Europe are soon worn out; new clothes are expensive articles, even tho the tailoring is done at home, the material for them is dear. Moreover, he can not dress as simply as his neighbors. He not only raises less than the German peasant and the American farmer, but he keeps the best of his produce for himself and sells only that which seems superfluous to him. Of course, this is not true of all of them, but in general this is the picture which my educated German countrymen present. "The question arises whether the educated German family can live here by agriculture alone. Experience seems to argue against it, for we have seen that a large number of GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 81 them have turned to some other business in the cities, and that the trend of German immigration, which formerly turned entirely to the country, now is largely to the cities. "Another and more remunerative way than simply sell­ ing produce is that of converting the crop into flour, starch or brandy, or fattening livestock for the market. For the latter purpose hogs present the greatest advantage. They in­ crease rapidly, can maintain themselves without care or attention the greater part of the year in the woods, and in the winter are soon ready for sale. I have not heard that cattle are raised for sale in these parts. They are usually for one's own use. "Mr. Pearce, an American, operates a mill, which is driven by oxen on a treadmill, which is an inclined plane. He also has a distillery. These two enterprises have made him wealthy. Mr. Bunsen is now starting a similar mill. Ordinarily these small mills produce but little flour for sale. The owner grinds the grain which is brought by the neighbors for a share, say a fifth or a fourth. Only the large steam driven mills buy grain and ship flour, for which reason they are called merchant mills. Mr. Busch started a distillery which he sold to Mr. von Haxthausen, who has added various improve­ ments. Regarding its probable success nothing can be said as yet. The same is true of Mr. Engelmann's starch factory, or the soap and candle factory of Messrs. Decker and Scheuerer. "Produce are often sold right on the farm. This is especially true of corn, hogs and other livestock. Or they are taken to Belleville or St. Louis where the best markets are found, and much higher prices are paid than in the country. Bad roads make communication with the latter place very difficult at times. "The legislature of Illinois has allowed an appropriation of eight million dollars for the building of highways and canals. A part of this is to be used to construct a paved road from St. Louis thru Belleville to the Wabash. At this time it is being surveyed. A private concern contemplates build­ ing a railroad between St. Louis and Belleville. These two connections will contribute much to the development of Belle­ ville and the surrounding country. 82 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"It seems appropriate that I should say something of the social life of the German settlers. In their homes they seek to maintain for the most part their accustomed mode of living, at least in so far as the new conditions permit it. In many families one even finds servants. Not all are in a position to keep such help. Hired hands are especially hard to get. They are paid from ten to twelve dollars a month. Maidservants get from five to seven dollars per month. Usually they are treated as if they were members of the family, eat at the table with the family, and in general receive more consideration than in Germany. "The men, whether they be employed in the field or the forest, or the shop are very busy. Occasionally they find time for hunting. On Sundays one can see groups of men roaming over the prairie or thru the woods for this purpose. Business frequently brings neighbors together. The home­ steads are at the most four or five miles apart, and usually only two or three miles. These distances are easily covered on horseback. Those who have no family of their own frequently spend the evening in the company of neighbors. If inclement weather sets in, they stay, for everybody has a spare bed for a guest, or at least a straw mattress or a buffalo robe to sleep on. "Altho many of the women have become expert riders, their domestic duties and their children confine them more to their homes. The custom of putting the children in front and behind the saddle while on a journey, has not yet been introduced here. The most of the settlers have a small spring wagon, it is usually considered too much trouble to hitch up the horse. This luxury is usually indulged in on Sundays. "For the children this is a paradise. During eight months of the year they live almost entirely in the open. They grow up naturally and develop splendidly. For the time being their education is entirely dependent on what their father and mother can teach them. How it will be in time when these young people grow up and require regular in­ structions must yet be worked out. "Intellectual activity, a necessity of most of these settlers, due to training and practice, suffers much in their GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 83

present environment, because of the increased duties within and without the home. Nevertheless it is kept up to some extent. In almost every home there is a bit of a library, in some indeed quite a good library, and is well used. More­ over, under the direction of Dr. Schott there is now organized a community library, which, tho still small, forms a meeting place for those intellectually inclined. Music is a pleasant recreation for many. I think there are four families that have pianos. "In addition to the meetings referred to above the in­ habitants gather occasionally for co-operative undertakings, such as the raising of buildings, as also for social occasions, the dedication of a new home, weddings, christening, etc. Once or twice each year, as for example at Whitsuntide, all the Germans of this settlement come together for a picnic in the open. On such occasions many Americans of the neigh­ borhood, as also Germans from Belleville and St. Louis come as guests. "In their civic affairs the settlers feel themselves very contented. Recognizing the special benefit which the con­ stitution of the state of Illinois grants them, in that it per­ mits the right of citizenship to anyone after a residence of six months, they seek to fulfill their duties to their new father­ land in the most conscientious manner." Another interesting little article which Engelmann con­ tributed to "Das Westland" is entitled, "The Advance of Prices in St. Louis." "Since the spring of 1836 the prices of necessities, as also all wages have gone up in an unheard of manner, in all parts of the United States. "I shall give a few illustrations from St. Louis. The price of land in the vicinity of St. Louis has increased three and fourfold since the last year. Building sites have gone up fifty and even one hundred percent. For the best places, situated in the best streets $300 to $400 are paid per front foot. These lots are 80 feet deep. House rent has more than doubled. In no part of the city can one get a three or four room house for less than twenty to thirty dollars. Frequently ten dollars are paid for a single room. If such a room is 84 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW situated down town, so that it might be used for an office, it rents for fifteen or twenty dollars. For large stores, such as are common here, twenty feet wide and seventy feet deep, if situated in the best part of town, one must pay $1,000 rent per year. If a basement and two upper stories are included, which are suitable for storage, the rent is $2,000 to $2,500 per year. With it all the demand is so great that one must count himself lucky, if one can get it even at such a price. Many newcomers from the eastern states went on, because they could not find any accommodations at all. "Provisions have all gone up. Flour, for example, has advanced from six to ten dollars per barrel (196 lbs.). Bread costs twice as much as formerly. Beef that used to sell for three or four cents per pound, now costs six to eight cents per pound. At this time of the year, November, eggs cost 373^ to 50 cents per dozen, butter 25 to 50 cents per pound. "Formerly wood could be bought for $2.50 to $3.00 a cord, except in the coldest part of winter, now we pay $6.00 and even more for a cord. Coal is now sold at 18 to 25 cents for fifty pounds, if one buys in the summer, and 37H cents in the fall and winter. In former years it was 12 to 15 cents in summer and 25 cents in the winter. "All manual labor has gone up. So has all building material. Helpers at building operations used to get 75 ^ cents, now $1.75 per day. Masons used to get $3.00 for laying 1,000 bricks, now $5.00. Carpenters' wages have gone up from $1.50 to $2.25. Lumber formerly cost 30 cents per 1,000 feet, now 50 cents. Brick was $5.00 to $6.00, now $8.00 to $10.00. "The price of a cabin on a steamboat from St. Louis to New Orleans has advanced from $25.00 to $40.00, and from St. Louis to Cincinnati from $14.00 to $18.00 and $20.00. "In spite of it all there is more and more building going \ on. The market is better. Wheat production and the building of mills increase. Business houses and warehouses grow, sales increase, workmen flock in, the number of steam- / boats is becoming greater all the time. Materially everybody • seems to prosper." f GEORGE ENGELMANN, MAN OF SCIENCE 85

Finally we quote from Engelmann's paper: "The mean and extreme daily Temperature in St. Louis during forty- seven Years, as calculated from daily Observations," which appeared in "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science," Vol. IV, No. 4, pp. 496-508. "Half a century has passed since I beean to study the meteorology and climateology of this neighborhood, and since 1836 I have made regular meteorological observa­ tions, first on temperature and winds and the condition of the sky, and soon afterwards on atmospheric pressure and humid­ ity. "I give here the results of my thermometrical observa­ tions, which I consider as the most interesting of the series. They comprise, to be sure, only forty-seven years, and I might have waited until at least half a century was completed; but the result would scarcely have been different, and the task then perhaps problematical of accomplishment. "The observations were made within the city of St. Louis, and can therefore not claim precision for this whole region. St. Louis, to be sure, was, when they commenced, a small town of perhaps 15,000 inhabitants, while now, at their completion, it is a large city of probably 400,000, with the necessary accompaniment of brick and stone and especially with the smoke of thousands of chimneys, furnaces and factories, and the almost total absence of verdure. It has been held by some, that these influences had little effect on temperature, but that brisk breezes would soon dispel smoke and equalize temperature. This, however, is not quite so, and direct thermometrical comparisons prove that the extreme tem­ perature, and, remarkably enough, even the extreme heat, are less marked in the city than in the country, and that the mean temperature is higher in the city than in the country. "When I was absent from the city Dr. A. Wislizenus and later Mr. B. D. Kribben have kindly filled the gaps. "My instruments were at first such as could be obtained here; soon I imported correct thermometers from Europe, and for nearly forty years I used those made by James Green, then of Baltimore and soon afterwards of New York. 86 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"The mean temperature of April 17 to 19 and of October 12 to 17 correspond with the mean of the year " It is not the intention to give the long columns of figures which Doctor Engelmann compiled in the pursuit of this singular but extremely interesting hobby of his. In giving the exact language of Engelmann's article it was the in­ tention to show the clearness and simplicity with which he presented an issue under discussion. It must serve as a type for all the rest of his works. The story is ended. The picture of a remarkable man is finished. That the memory of this giant intellect may not be forgotten, that posterity may strive to emulate his achieve­ ments these lines were written. Let Missourians rejoice and boast that for half a century this rich and noble life was lived on the soil of Old Missouri. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 87

MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR

BY SCEVA BRIGHT LAUGHLIN

CHAPTER IV THE STRUGGLE FOR EMANCIPATION

FREMONT FORCES THE ISSUE So far as political action was concerned, Missouri stayed in the Union, and mainly, from economic motives. The men largely responsible for this result were conservative slave­ holders who were thoroughly convinced that secession, whether successful or not, meant the death of slavery in the state. These slave owners, however, were ably assisted by a very small number of Republicans and Germans. Hamilton R. Gamble, the provisional governor, was a typical representative of this conservative element; firmly attached to the Union, supporting the Lincoln administration but rejecting its doctrines, as lenient as possible toward southern sympathizers and staunchly defending the institu­ tion of slavery. Such was the situation before the issue of emancipation was raised. The man who raised the emancipation issue in Missouri and also in the nation was General John C. Fremont. In June, 1861, Missouri had been detached from the Department of the West and attached to the Department of the Ohio, commanded by General George B. McClellan. This had been done on the advice of General Winfield Scott, commander- in-chief of the Army of the United States, and through the solicitations of Attorney-General Edward Bates, Judge Hamilton R. Gamble (Bates and Gamble were brothers-in- law) and others who did not like Francis P. Blair, Jr., and Colonel Nathaniel Lyon. The Blair brothers, Montgomery and Francis, tried hard to have Lyon reinstated but failed. They succeeded, however, in getting a new department 88 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW created, the Western Department, with St. Louis as head­ quarters and Fremont as commander.1 Fremont took command July 25, 1861. On the tenth of August, Captain Lyon attacked the combined forces of the Missouri state guard, under General Sterling Price, and the regular Confederate troops, under General Benjamin Mc- Culloch, at Wilson's Creek in southwestern Missouri. In the engagement Lyon was killed and his army forced to retreat. This invasion of the southwest had accomplished, however, the very important result of permitting the state convention to meet in safety and provide for Missouri's stand for the Union. General Fremont was severely criticized for not having reinforced Captain Lyon. If Lyon had been properly supported, the entire state might soon have been cleared of the enemy in the opinion of these critics. Fremont, how­ ever, thought the defense of Cairo was more important. He was also quite inaccessible and maintained an imposing body­ guard of foreigners. Soon after the battle of Wilson's Creek, Blair and General John M. Schofield called on Fremont at his St. Louis headquarters. The evidence of Fremont's dilatoriness were so obvious that Blair went away greatly disappointed. The whole Blair family now turned against Fremont for general inefficiency and did not conceal their opposition to him.2 In fact, F. P. Blair, Jr. went so far as to criticize Fremont in the public press. For this act Fremont had him arrested. This episode was the beginning of a feud which had important and far-reaching results, both state and national. Possibly, Fremont might have weathered this storm if he had not antagonized President Lincoln by the issuance of his proclamation of August 30, 1861, which precipitated the emancipation issue into both state and national politics. Several points are here selected from that famous docu­ ment. Martial law was proclaimed throughout the state:

JSnead, The Fight for Missouri, pp. 219-220; Peckham, Lyon and Missouri, pp. 266-267. Francis P. Blair, Sr., had presided over the Republican national convention in 1856 which nominated Fremont for the presidency. *Schofield, John M„ Forty-six Years in the Army, pp. 48-49. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 89 all persons taken in arms within the lines of army occupation were to be court martialed and shot if guilty. "Real and personal property of those who shall take up arms against the United States, or who shall be directly proven to have taken an active part with their enemies in the field, is declared confiscated to public use, and their slaves, if any they have, are hereby declared free men."3 Lincoln wrote Fremont, September 2, 1861, that he should not shoot any man under the proclamation without first having the president's approbation or consent and also asked him to modify that part dealing with the liberation of slaves.4 Fremont replied to this on the eighth defending his position but he asked Lincoln to direct him to modify the order if he still objected to it. This Lincoln did on the eleventh.5 According to Nicolay and Hay the whole affair was a political maneuver to recover prestige lost through the dis­ aster to Lyon.6 Lincoln's opinion was expresesd in a private and confidential letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861. "General Fremont's proclamation, as to confiscation of property, and the liberation of slaves, is purely political and not within the range of military law or necessity."7 In this same letter he says: "The Kentucky Legislature would not budge till that proclamation was modified; and General Anderson telegraphed me that on the news of General Fremont's having actually issued deeds of manumission, a whole company of our volunteers threw down their arms and disbanded. ... I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, as I think, Maryland."8

*Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. Ill, p. 33, doc. 18. In reply to this proclamation, Brigadier-General Jeff. Thompson, command­ ing the Missouri state guard of the First District, issued the following pro- nunciamento. " for every member of the Missouri State Guard, or soldier of our allies, the armies of the Confederate States, who shall be put to death in pursuance of the said order of General Fremont,. I will hang, draw, and quarter a minion of said Abraham Lincoln." Ibid., p. 59, doc. 24. *Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln A History, Vol. IV, p. 418. &Ibid., pp. 418-420. «7&id.,p.417. nbid., p. 421. *Ibid., p. 422. 90 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

On the first of November, 1861, Fremont signed an agree­ ment with Price that no arrests should be made in Missouri on account of political opinion or for the merely private expression of the same. All armed bodies of men acting without authority from either side were ordered to disband.9 On the following day, Fremont was relieved of his com­ mand and General David Hunter put in his place. Hunter repudiated the Fremont-Price agreement on the seventh. The order for relieving Fremont had been written October 24. Rumor, for some time previous,, had reported that he was to be relieved or that it was actually done. The first report of his removal aroused a tremendous storm of disapproval. The removal itself redoubled the fury of the tempest. As far back as the Mexican war, Fremont had captured the popular fancy by his daring exploits in the far West. He had capi­ talized and increased this popularity in the campaign of 1856 when the slogan "Free soil, Free men, Fremont" had fired the idealism of the new and enthusiastic Republican party. George Hoadly, a member of Chase's law firm and later governor of Ohio, wrote Secretary Salmon P. Chase from Cincinatti, September 8, that the people were furious against Lincoln for his treatment of Fremont and quoted a political friend as saying that he would go to St. Louis to urge Fremont not to resign but to set the administration at defiance. Hoadly further went on to say that he had heard even "Conservative" men advocate the impeachment of Lincoln and the formation of a new party to carry on the war irrespective of the president and under Fremont.10 B. R. Plumly wrote Chase from the headquarters of the Western Department at St. Louis, October 9, that the report of Fremont's rumored removal had stirred up the greatest popular commotion that he had known there in thirty years. "Had the report been true," he said, "the army would have been virtually disbanded. I am sure that Col. Blair would have been killed in the street. I think that will be the end of him, sooner or later—so fearful is the hostility to him. A few powerful and active men sustain him, and

'American Annual Cyclopedia, 1861, p. 493. i°"Chase Correspondence/' Am. Hist. Assn. Reports, Vol. II, pp. 504-505. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 91 what is singular, they have been heretofore his most active enemies,—beyond these he is friendless & powerless."11 On the other hand, E. B. Washbourne, a member of Congress, wrote Chase from Cairo, Illinois, October 31 (he had been in St. Louis the day before); "Fremont has really set up an authority over the Govt, and bids defiance to its commands."12 On November 7, 1861, Richard Smith, editor and owner of the Cincinatti Gazette, wrote Chase in alarm as follows: "Is it known to the Administration that the West is threatened with a revolution? . . . Why is it that it would not be safe to go into places where the Germans resort and publicly express an opinion favorable to the President? Fremont ... is now so far as the West is concerned, the most popular man in the country. He is to the West what Napoleon was to France: while the President has lost the confidence of the people."13 Sometime in September, 1861, Mrs. Fremont sought an interview at midnight with President Lincoln. About two years later, Lincoln, referring to the episode, remarked to friends, "she more than once intimated that if General Fre­ mont should conclude to try conclusions with me, he could set up for himself." In turn, one of the group observed, "It is pretty clearly proven that Fremont had at that time con­ cluded that the Union was definitely destroyed, and that he should set up an independent government as soon as he took Memphis and organized his army."14 John G. Nicolay left in his papers a sealed envelope endorsed, "A private paper, Conversation with the President, October 2, 1861." The first item was "Fremont ready to rebel."15 Fremont bade farewell to his troops, November 2, and reached St. Louis, November 8, where he was given an enthusiastic welcome. A great mass meeting of Germans was held in his honor and a set of resolutions presented to him. The last of these resolutions was as follows: "That

"Ibid., p. 505. vibid., pp. 507-508. "Ibid., pp. 508-509. "Rhodes, J. *\, History of the Civil War, 1861-1865, p. 54. "Nicolay, Helen N., Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, p. 177. 92 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEWT while we submit to the action of the Government, as behooves loyal citizens, we regret to be deprived at the present moment of his services in conquering the rebel enemy, and believe we recognize in this event a wise Providence, which may have reserved him for a still wider sphere of action in future times."16 On the following day, there was a large mass meeting of German-Americans in Chicago which endorsed Fremont and stated that it had "lost all confidence" in the administra­ tion because of his removal. "It adjourned cheering Fremont as the next president of the United States."17 Fremont, during all this time, had the support of three distinct elements: 1. a large number of officers to whom he had given irregular commissions; 2. the Germans of Missouri who formed the nucleus of the radical faction and whose cause he had espoused: 3. men of strong anti-slavery con­ victions all over the Union who approved of his emancipation act.18 The important political result of this whole matter was to divide the Unionists of Missouri into Radicals and Con­ servatives. Nationally, it laid the foundation for Fremont's candidacy in 1864. Blair seemed to be heading the con­ servative wing and his cousin B. Gratz Brown, the radical. Blair was losing his following among the Germans.19 As there were various changes in party names during the war period a brief sketch will here be given. From the election of Lincoln in 1860 until after the Baltimore convention, June, 1864, there was no organized Democratic party in Missouri. It will be recalled that there were four parties in the field in 1860: the Republican, Constitutional Union, Douglas Demo­ cratic and Breckenridge Democratic. From the nature of the circumstances which called them into being these four

"Am. Ann. Cyc. 1861, Vol. I, p. 494. ^Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. Ill, pp. 344-345, doc. 142. isNicolay and Hay, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 434. ™Westliche Post, April 24, 1862, quoted in the Republican, April 28, 1862. "Mr. Frank P. Blair, the renegade, has endeavored on many occasions, in Congress, to impeach the course of Gen. Fremont Mr. F. P. Blair, where would you now be, had not the Germans, (abolitionists and thieves, as we are being called by the Republican) in those days of sorrow [Camp Jack­ son] taken up arms for the government?" MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 93 names could not endure. It was likewise improbable that four parties would continue to exist. In the election of delegates to the state convention in 1861 all previously known were purposely dropped. There was no uniformity about the wording of the tickets actually used. The three elements participating were generally de­ signated as Unconditional Unionists, Constitutional or Con­ ditional Unionists and State Rights men or Anti-Submis- sionists. The turn of events eliminated the last group politically. From the election of the convention delegates, February 18, 1861, until Fremont's proclamation, August 30,1861, any­ one who took a stand at all was known as a Unionist. The proclamation served to divide the Union party into Radicals and Conservatives. The former believed in emancipation while the latter did not. By the fall of 1862, the Radicals were divided into two factions, the Charcoals, who wanted immediate emancipation, and the Claybanks, who wanted gradual emancipation. Many of the Conservatives came to this latter position. The Conservatives in St. Louis, however, who never favored emancipation in any form, were known as Chocolates. In the Congressional elections of 1862 in St. Louis, the three parties put separate tickets into the field. But generally in state and national elections during 1862 and 1863 the two opposing parties were known as Radicals and Conservatives and officially returned as such. The party names, Republican and Democratic, cannot properly be used again before 1864. The Radicals and Con­ servatives sent rival delegations to the National Union Con­ vention at Baltimore, June, 1864. The former were pledged to Ulysses S. Grant and the latter to President Lincoln. The latter were refused admission and immediately upon returning home were instrumental in reorganizing the old Democratic party. It is probable that if the Radicals instead of the Con­ servatives had been rejected at Baltimore that there would have been no Democratic ticket in the field in Missouri in 1864 and that Fremont's candidacy would have attained more serious proportions. 94 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

COMPENSATED EMANCIPATION In his message to Congress March 6, 1862, Lincoln recommended, "That the United States ought to cooperate with any State which may adopt gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such state pecuniary aid, to be used by such State in its discretion, to compensate for the inconveniences, public and private, produced by such change of system."20 Congress passed such a resolution and Lincoln signed it April 10, 1862. On the same day, he invited the border state members of Congress to the White House for a conference on his plan of gradual compensated emancipation. Only two of the Mis­ sourians approved the plan, Senator John B. Henderson and Representative John W. Noell. Francis P. Blair, Jr. favored it but was not present.21 The Missouri state convention, which met again in June, 1862, failed to pass any kind of an emancipation measure. On July 12, Lincoln held another conference at which he read a written appeal asking them to help him adopt his policy. Twenty of those present sent a reply two days later in which they affirmed their loyalty but opposed his pay-for-slaves policy. The Missourians signing this paper were Senator Robert Wilson and Repre­ sentatives James S. Rollins, William A. Hall, Thomas L. Price and John S. Phelps. Henderson and they promised the president that they would make this question the political issue in Missouri.22 It became so in November, 1862, and the emancipationists elected six out of nine congressmen and a majority in both branches of the state legislature. In De­ cember, Henderson and Noell introduced bills, in their respective Houses, offering $20,000,000 and $10,000,000 respectively to loyal slave owners in Missouri. Although these bills passed the resultant compromise measure was delayed so late in the session that a small minority prevented its coming to a vote. In this minority were William A. Hall, E. H. Norton and Thomas L. Price all of Missouri. The matter ended there.23

*°37th Cong., 2nd Sess., Congr. Globe, (1862), p. 1102. ^Stevens, Walter B.t "Lincoln and Mo.," Mo. Hist. Review, Vol. X, p. 81. "Ibid., p. 83. "Ibid., p. 85. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 95

A clause in the Missouri constitution of 1820 prohibited the state legislature from freeing slaves without the consent of their owners and also without payment to the owners of the full value of slaves so liberated. Since the slave-owners of Missouri claimed that their slaves were worth $100,000,000, the state was too poor, even with the proposed federal aid, to raise any such sum. The slave owners seemed unable to realize that slavery, under any circumstances, was doomed and that, therefore, any money received then for their slaves really meant so much net gain. Meanwhile, emancipation societies were spreading over the state intending to force the issue in the August elections. These groups headed up in one called the General Emancipa­ tion Society of the State of Missouri. In St. Louis it was composed largely of Germans.24 The climax of the movement came June 16, 1862, when an abolition convention was held in Jefferson City. The call for this Emancipation Convention appeared in the Democrat and was signed by B. Gratz Brown, chairman of the State Central Committee and nine others. The purpose was to nominate a full ticket for the August elections. According to the Republican none of these were slave owners and the whole convention represented only 200 slaves and $2,000 in taxes. There were about 200 delegates present from about 25 counties. Blair did not approve this convention. Brown and the Germans were in control and the whole affair, in the eyes of the Republican, meant a revival of the ''Black Republican" party.25 The convention went on record as favoring the initiation of gradual emancipation in accordance with President Lincoln's invitation.26 In July, the state convention at its fourth session, postponed the August elections to 1864. This change in addition to Lincoln's preliminary emancipation proclamation in September gave a new turn to events and a new direction to the work of the emancipationists.

^Missouri Republican, May 1, 6, 1862. ™Ibid„ May 21, June 17, 20, 23, 1862. The Republicans were usually referred to by their enemies as Black Repub­ licans. Early in 1861 they had dropped their name entirely in order to merge with the Unconditional Unionists. ^Proceedings, Emancipation Convention, Jefferson City, June, 1862. 96 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE STATE CONVENTION, FOURTH SESSION, JUNE 2-14, 1862 On April 28, 1862, Governor Gamble issued a call for the state convention to meet in Jefferson City, June 2. The pur­ pose of this session, as expressed in the call, was to divide the state into congressional districts and to transact other neces­ sary business.27 In his message to the convention he reviewed the past political and military events in the state. In this survey he rather sharply criticized certain federal troops within the state. Their misconduct, in his opinion, was due largely to their hostility to the people and to the institutions of the state. As a result of this feeling on his part, which was shared by the conservatives in general, he had made a special arrangement with President Lincoln by which the federal government advanced Missouri various sums of money with which to pay the state militia. Furthermore, the major- general of the department was also to be commissioned by the governor as major-general of the state militia. At that time General Henry W. Halleck held this double position. The immediate command in Missouri, however, was turned over to Brigadier-General John M. Schofield who likewise exercised this two-fold function.28 This peculiar arrangement was a fruitful source of trouble. The point in controversy was the appointment of new officers in case of vacancies. The radicals accused the governor of trying to eliminate the anti-slavery officers and the conservatives, in turn, accused the radicals of wanting officers who would make their slave property unsafe. The governor, finally in concluding his message, sub­ mitted to the convention for its consideration whether or not it should postpone the August elections and require an oath of loyalty from all voters.29 On the fifth day of the session, June 6, Sterling Price* Robert W. Crawford, V. B. Hill, Uriel Wright and W. W- Turner were expelled from their seats in the convention on the charge of disloyalty. The seats of John R. Chenault, Robert

^Journal, Mo. State Convention, June, 1862, p. 3. ™Ibid., pp. 4-9. "Ibid. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 97

A. Hatcher and Nathaniel W. Watkins were declared vacant on account of absence from the state. This action was taken unanimously.30 The convention, at this session, divided the state into nine congressional districts,, repealed a previous ordinance which would have submitted the act of the convention to the people, continued the present state officers until 1864, and amended the constitution so that all state officers should be elected in November instead of in August.31 The really important measures were the second and third. The state was in such a disturbed condition that the convention did not believe a fair election could be held. There was also so much sympathy for the southern cause that the provisional government was unwilling to subject its tenure of office to the will of the electorate. There were two main controversial issues before the convention: emancipation and the test oath. In reality they were two sides of the same issue. The conservatives, who now controlled the state, were placed in a dilemma. The rising tide of radicalism or abolitionism was threatening the institution of slavery and impeaching the loyalty of its defenders. A test oath might help to acquit them of the charge of disloyalty, but, on the other hand, it would de­ crease th eir strength at the polls and thereby give the radicals an opportunity to gain control of the machinery of govern­ ment. The governor, lieutenant-governor, the two national senators, at least one representative and a number of state and federal officers, civil and military, were still members of the convention and practically every civil officer in the state was subject to removal by some of these members. Thus, a small group of conservatives exercised both legislative and executive functions and held, in their own hands, complete administrative powers. An emancipation ordinance was introduced by Samuel Breckenridge of St. Louis. It provided, "That all negroes and mulattoes who shall be born in slavery in this state, from and after the first day of January, A. D. 1865, shall be deemed

*°Ibid., pp. 17-18. "Ibid., pp. 3-22. 4 98 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW and considered slaves until they shall arrive at the age of twenty-five years, and no longer, unless sooner permanently removed from the State. Provided always, That it shall be the duty of the General Assembly ... to provide by law for the payment to the owners of those negroes and mulattoes who would but for this ordinance have been born slaves for life, a full equivalent for their value at the expiration of their term of service, and also to provide by law for their removal to such place or places beyond the limits of this State of such persons as they arrive at the age of twenty- five years . . . ."It stated also that Missouri would accept the financial aid, in accordance with the president's resolution, passed by Congress April, 1862.32 Breckenridge defended his proposition in a long and able speech, in which he insisted that slavery was already doomed in Missouri and that if this measure were adopted it would steal the radicals' thunder; if it were not adopted, their thunder would be accompanied by lightning which would do the state much harm.33 A typical position of the majority was expressed by George W. Zimmerman who "offered a resolution that, if the Committee on Elective Franchise see proper to report a bill disfranchising Southern sympathizers, they also report a bill disfranchising Abolitionists .... Should gentlemen of Southern feelings be disfranchised and Abolitionists be permitted to vote, I fear that the Abolitionists elected to the Legislature might pass an act to deprive us of our slaves. I own a few slaves and I do not want them forced out of my possession."34 James H. Moss warned the members that there was a radical movement on foot at Washington to free the slaves in Missouri and he pointed out that, unless the convention acted very carefully, it would pass into the hands of men who were more to be dreaded than secessionists. James O. Broadhead plainly warned the conservatives that if they permitted traitors in Price's army to support

^Proceedings, Ibid., pp. 72-82. ™Ibid. uibid., p. 14. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 99 slavery by voting against "ultra men," the consequences would be serious. The provisional government of Missouri owed its existence to the administration at Washington and the latter would not tolerate this leniency to traitors. John F. Long advanced the old argument that the war was for the maintenance of the government—"a constitu­ tional war—not a nigger war." William A. Hall of Randolph prophesied that the coming congressional elections in the North would put a stop to the radical legislation of Congress and if the emancipation bill then before that body did not pass at that session it would never pass. Senator Henderson took the opposite view that the North would not continue to furnish men and money to suppress rebellion without emancipation.35 The emancipation ordinance was tabled by a vote of 52 to 19. Ten of the 19 were from St. Louis, 6 were from six southern and eastern counties and 3 from three northern counties. Hence, St. Louis and nearby counties furnished most of the emancipationists. The test oath act provided that all voters must take an oath of loyalty to the constitution of the nation and of the state. They were also to swear that they had not taken up arms against either government since December 17, 1861. A similar oath of loyalty was to be required of all jurymen, lawyers, teachers and preachers.36 The test oath was passed June 10 by a vote of 39 to 27. There was strong sentiment in the convention, openly expressed, that the preachers had been among the worst instigators of secession in the state. On the last day of the session a resolution was passed, to be forwarded to President Lincoln and to Congress, that while the convention recognized the liberality of the govern­ ment in offering to cooperate with any slave state in some plan of compensated emancipation, a majority of the membership

nibid., pp. 98-99. *6Ibid„ Appendix, pp. 13-14. 100 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW of the convention did not feel authorized to take action in the matter.37 The convention adjourned June 14 to meet again July 4, 1863.

THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER, 1862 As has been mentioned already the state convention in June postponed the election of state officers to 1864 and that of the state legislature and of congressmen to November, 1862. The action of the convention on the question of emancipation was of course not satisfactory to the radicals and the campaign began at once on that issue. The conservative position was well expressed by the Statesman when it said that the extremists were frustrated. In this paper's opinion the emancipation agitators on the one hand and secession sympathizers on the other were greatly disturbed because the state elections were postponed so long: the postponement, however, insured conservatism.38 The Anzeiger was hostile to the action of the convention and to Gamble even before the former adjourned.39 After Lincoln issued his preliminary emancipation proclamation, in Septem­ ber, the issue in the Missouri congressional campaign was for or against its support.40 Some time before this the Democrat, once Blair's own organ, turned against him. It charged him with being too conservative and with having deserted the Germans and his old Republican party friends.41 Blair realized as early as July that he was losing some of his old following in Missouri and sought to win back the Germans by procuring appoint­ ments for their leaders. He had Francis Sigel appointed a major-general and Peter J. Osterhaus, a brigadier-general. Henry Boernstein, editor of the Anzeiger des Westensy who had been absent on a mission procured for him by Blair,

*Ubid., p. 22. ^Missouri Statesman, June 20, 1862. "Anzeiger, June 10, 1862, quoted in Missouri Republican, June 11, 1862. "Down with the convention. Down with Gamble." ^Missouri Democrat, October 29, 1862. "Blair had established the St. Louis Union and was being supported by the St. louis Evening News, a Bell paper in 1860, and the 1 ages Chronik, a German Catholic pro-slavery paper. He was even accused of opposing Lincoln's proclamation. Ibid,, Oct. 29, 1862. Missouri

VOTE FOR CONGRESSMAN, 1862

MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 101 returned in the. middle of July and the Anzeiger began to speak well of Blair once more.42 In the congressional elections of 1§62 the Radicals elected the following men who were classified as supporters of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation: John W. Noell, Henry T. Blow, Semphronius H. Boyd, Joseph W. McClurg and Benjamin F. Loan. Its opponents, elected by the Con­ servatives, were James S. Rollins, William A. Hall, Austin A. King and Francis P. Blair.43 Noell died soon and his former opponent, John G. Scott, was elected in his place. Blair was unseated, near the close of the session, June 10, 1864, on account of alleged fraud at the polls, in favor of James Knox a charcoal Radical.44 There is no evidence to show that Blair would have actually opposed the proclamation. He was then serving in the army. A majority of emancipationists, either gradual or immedi­ ate, were elected to both branches of the state legislature. In St. Louis all five senators and eleven of the twelve representatives were charcoals. A single claybank was elected on account of the failure of one of the charcoal candidates to file the required test oath.45

THE TWENTY-SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY, DECEMBER 29, 1862-MARCH 23, 1863 When the twenty-second General Assembly met De­ cember 29, 1862, the House elected as speaker, L. C. Marvin of Henry, an emancipationist, over Joseph Davis of Howard, a conservative, by a vote of 67 to 42. Marvin was a Uni- versalist minister and had voted for Lincoln in I860.46 In his message to the legislature, Governor Gamble, after reviewing the events of the past two years, called attention to the serious financial condition of the state government and of the railroads. But the central part of his message dealt with the question of emancipation. He had no objection to

^Missouri Republican, July 2, 18, 1862. ^Missouri Democrat, Dec. 23, 1862. "38th Cong. 1st Sess., Cong. Globe (1863-1864), pp. 2855-2859. ^Missouri Republican, Nov. 27, 1862. "Switzler, W. F., HUt. of Mo., p. 445. 102 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW slavery as such. Yet he had been convinced for some time that Missouri's economic interests would be furthered by gradual compensated emancipation. He called attention to the following constitutional provision: "The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipa­ tion of slaves, without the consent of their owners or without paying them, before such emanciaption, a full equivalent for such slaves emancipated." As the finances of the state would not allow such compensation, he suggested that the children of slaves might be freed at little expense.47 On January 6, 1863, John B. Henderson was elected United States senator to fill out, to March 4, 1863, the un­ expired term of Trusten Polk who had been expelled. Thirty ballots were taken in a vain effort to elect his colleague for the term expiring March 4, 1867. B. Gratz Brown was one of the leading candidates. During the course of the balloting he wired President Lincoln: "Does the administration desire my defeat, if not, why are its appointees working to that end?" Lincoln replied that the administration was not taking sides between its friends and knew nothing of the activities of its appointees in the matter.48

THE ST. LOUIS ELECTION FOR MAYOR, APRIL 6, 1863 Since the legislature just closing failed to do anything definite toward emancipation the Radicals centered their efforts on winning the city election in St. Louis, April 6, 1863. It seemed for a time as if the charcoals and claybanks might unite for this election.49 However, each faction held its

^Senate Journal, 22nd General Assembly, pp. 13-25 (1863). *8Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln Complete Works, Vol. II, p. 294, Jan. 7, 1863. The parties in this legislature were known as Charcoals, Claybanks and Snowflakes. The Charcoals were "the double-dyed Republicans, the black Black Republicans, the Gratz Brown men, who, like a certain Kentucky radical, are unequivocally in favor of the Proclamation, emancipation, confiscation, subjugation, desolation, extermination, hell and damnation!" The Clay­ banks were Republicans also and Emancipationists but were not so radical. Their favorite candidate was Samuel T. Glover. The Snowflakes were "neither nor very black." They were more concerned about the white man than about the "nigger." Their candidate was John S. Phelps. The vote for senator stood as follows on the first ballot, Brown 51, Phelps 51, Glover 35, with 8 scattering. Missouri Statesman, Feb. 13, 1863. ^Missouri Republican, March 10, 1863. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 103

own convention. The charcoals called theirs the Republican Emancipation Convention and nominated Chauncey Ives Filley for mayor. Among the charcoals B. Gratz Brown was a moving spirit. Some time before he had said of them, "We are the revolution.'' This slogan was proudly accepted by his followers but viewed with alarm by the Conserva­ tives.50 The claybanks designated their convention the Union Emancipation Convention and nominated Oliver Dwight Filley for mayor. The Filleys were cousins and of New England stock. O. D. Filley had been mayor from 1859 to 1861.51 The Democrats nominated Joseph O'Neill for the same position. According to the Republican the secessionists secretly supported O'Neill to encourage General Price in his expected invasion of Missouri and capture of St. Louis. This paper backed Filley because he was conservative.52 Chauncey I. Filley was a typical representative of the charcoals or extreme Radicals. The heue Zeit well represented their position in these words: "As long as Halleck is Com­ mander in Chief of our armies, as long as Seward and Blair, in the name of the President, indulge in a conservative policy, and as long as Fremont and Butler are not put in active service again, the liberal party of this country has no sufficient reason to fight under the flag of loyalty."53 This situation apparently alarmed the Republican for the next day it said of the char­ coals, "They now declare their readiness to depose the existing Government of the State and to substitute for it a Military Despotism, and this may follow the election of C. I.

50At a meeting of the charcoals in the second ward this sentiment of B. Gratz Brown was endorsed in the following language: "We indorse the senti­ ment proclaimed by B. Gratz Brown, that 'We are the revolution.' Yes, when it is necessary to destroy every traitor in the land, then 'We are the revolution I' When it is necessary to proclaim and make war against slavery, corruption, bigotry and Know Nothingism then 'We are the revolution 1' and last when, in the coming April election it shall not only be necessary, but our will and duty, to support only such candidates who give us sufficient guarantees for an econom­ ical, liberal and just city administration, and that we will bear no further arrogance from the so-called Sunday laws, then once more 'We are the revolu­ tion!'" Ibid., March 13, 1863. "Stevens, Walter B., Mo. the Center State, Vol. I, p. 40. ^Missouri Republican, April 3, 1863. **Neue Zeit quoted in Missouri Republican, Aprii 4, 1863. 104 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Filley.54 Election day revealed the fact that the charcoal Filley was the winner in a closely contested triangular race.55 Although the direful predictions of the Republican did not materialize, there was one rather important outcome. Nine days later, the state convention was called for June 15 by Governor Gamble whose action was no doubt largely determined by Filley's election.56

THE STATE CONVENTION, FIFTH SESSION, JUNE 15- JULY 1, 1863 The fifth and last session of the state convention was held June 15 to July 1, 1863. In his call for the convention Governor Gamble stated that it was of the highest importance to the interest of the state that some scheme of emancipa­ tion should be adopted. He also stated that the General Assembly had taken no action in the matter on account of constitutional limitations but had clearly indicated that the convention should be called to take such action.57 In his message to the convention the governor remarked that although he was not prejudiced against slavery, he had believed for some time that free labor would better develop Missouri's material interests than slave labor. Furthermore, he declared, since the southern confederacy was founded on the cornerstone of slavery, Missouri as a free state would be undesirable and hence the South would leave her in peace. He also pointed out that emancipation would cause the state to be flooded with desirable immigrants. Finally, he an­ nounced his resignation as governor to take effect on the last dav of the session.58

^Missouri Republican, April 5, 1863. **IMd., April 7, 1863, O. D. Filley 3,141, O'Neill 4,034, C. I. Filley 5,632. "Davis and Durrie, An Illustrated Hist, of Mo., pp. 181-182. The St. Louis election April, 1863, caused Gamble to call the convention lest the senti­ ment should spread and cause immediate emancipation. Mr. Filley himself states positively that his election as mayor of St. Louis in 1863 caused Gamble to call the convention. Statement of Chauncey Ives Filley to the author, Feb. 9, 1921. ^Journal, Mo. State Convention, June, 1863, p. 3. The author has failed to find any such indication on the part of the General Assembly mentioned above. **Ibid., pp. 5-12. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 105

The first important committee appointed or rather elected by the convention was the one on emancipation, composed of nine members, one from each congressional district: Hamilton R. Gamble, Isidor Bush, Joseph Bogey, M. H. Ritchy, John F. Phillips, A. Comingo, Willard P. Hall, William A. Hall, and John B. Henderson. Sample Orr later made the charge that none but abolitionists were allowed on this committee.59 Prince L. Hudgins of Andrew and A. S. Harbin of Barry were expelled for disloyalty. The seats of James Proctor Knott of Cole and of Vincent Marmaduke of Saline were declared vacant; Knott had left the state and Marmaduke had been sent South by Major-General Schofield for dis­ loyalty.60 Eleven new members were sworn in at this session. They had been elected to fill vacancies created by death, resignation or expulsion. Of these only two were understood to be opposed to emancipation and only one or two more, to immediate emancipation. The eleven represented all sections of the state except the extreme northeastern. Thus the radical movement had spread fairly well over the state.61 Charles D. Drake, who made the above statement, was a new member himself and destined to be from that time on the leading Radical in the state. In 1860, he had been a prominent Douglas Democrat and friendly toward slavery. His changed attitude, according to his own statement, was due to his realization that slavery was the cause of the rebellion. This change dated from the fall of Fort Sumter.62 On June 23, Governor Gamble as chairman of the com­ mittee on emancipation brought in a majority report which provided, "That slavery and involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, shall cease to exist in Mis­ souri on the fourth day of July, eighteen hundred and seventy- six; and all slaves within the State on that day are hereby declared to be free." One section of the report forbade the

*Ubid., pp. 13-15. <">r&id.,pp. 23, 27, 31,32. ^Proceedings, Ibid., p. 41. Statement of Charles D. Drake of St. Louis. **Ibid., pp. 24-25. 106 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

General Assembly from emancipating the slaves without the consent of the owners.63 Isidor Bush presented a minority report which provided that, "From and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, slavery and involuntary servitude, except for crime, or as hereinafter provided, are abolished, and all persons who on that day may be held in bondage in this State, as slaves for life, are hereby declared forever free: provided, however, that they and their issue thereafter born shall thereupon be and become indentured apprentices to their former owners, their assigns or representatives, and as such held to service and labor from that date until the fourth of July, eighteen hundred and seventy, and no longer." One section of the report provided that the people should vote for or against this emancipation measure at the election in August, 1863.64 In the course of the ensuing debate it developed that there were three well-defined groups in the convention. A small but vigorous number was opposed to emancipation in any form. Their leaders were Sample Orr and James H. Birch whose chief occupation was twitting Gamble on his desertion of his pro-slavery sentiments and claiming their constitutional right to own negroes. At the other extreme were the immediate emancipationists. Their chief leaders were Charles D. Drake, Robert M. Stewart and Isidor Bush. Drake introduced a resolution to the effect that the emancipa­ tion question should be referred to the people. Only nineteen voted for it. Bush prophetically warned the convention that the nineteen spoke the voice of the people. The middle and largest group was willing to grant gradual emancipation. Its leaders were Hamilton R. Gamble, John B. Henderson, Willard P. and William A. Hall, James O. Broadhead and Samuel Breckenridge. As the great majority were in favor of emancipation,— there was a difference of only some 12 years in the extreme demands—the question naturally arises why a compromise could not have been reached which would have settled the

«IMd.f p. 135. "Ibid., pp. 134^137. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 107

matter. After comparing the situation in Missouri with that of France in the French Revolution, F. K. Sayre said he would vote for the majority report in order to avoid a far greater evil.65 The immediate emancipationists insisted upon a date not later than 1864 because they feared that a later date would give the conservatives an opportunity to elect, in November, 1864, a legislature which would repeal the test oath. The emancipation ordinance would then be sub­ mitted to the people and would be repealed by the help of the rebel and copperhead vote.66 Joseph W. McClurg of Camden, a slave owner, put his opposition to slavery on humanitarian and Christian grounds. He expressed surprise that so few speakers, in fact only two others in his knowledge, had ever voiced similar sentiments.67 Sample Orr had the keenest insight into the results of emancipation exhibited by any one in the convention. He said that the next demand after emancipation would be that the negro should hold office and vote, that he should attend the same common schools, and that he should sit on the same jury and fight on the same battlefield. He elaborated his argument by referring to the principle on which the Revolu­ tionary War was: taxation without representation, &c. A free negro, he continued, would own property, he would pay taxes, and as a taxpayer he would demand all the privileges of other taxpayers. The culmination of penetration into the future was reached in the following: "Mr. Stanton, says, 'he that votes must fight.' Governor Yates says, 'he that fights must vote'." Those now "who are taking such a bold stand for Sambo, will naturally expect Sambo to remember them at the ballot-box! and Sambo will no more vote for me than the foreigner used to vote for the Know-Nothings."68 A compromise date of July 4,1870 was finally agreed upon and the emancipation ordinance was carried July 1, 1863, by a vote of 51 to 30. Those wanting immediate emanciption and those wanting none at all voted against it.69

t*Ibid., p. 365 ««Ibid.,™Ibid., p. 264264 . ^Ibid., p. 267. McClurg was elected governor in 1868. **Ibid„ p. 217. «»Ibid., pp. 367-368. 108 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Nearly forty of those voting for the ordinance were slaveholders.70 As early as June 23, the convention, by a vote of 47 to 34, had requested Governor Gamble to withdraw his resigna­ tion and to continue in office until November, 1864.71 On the last day of the session, July 1, he replied to the above in part as follows: "I therefore withdraw my resignation, and will again involve myself in the cares and perplexities of office: not to be, as the sagacious President of the United States regards me, the head of a faction, but an officer of the State above all party influences, and careless of everything but the interests of the State."72

THE COMMITTEE OF SEVENTY The strained relations between the radicals and con­ servatives, and their respective attitudes towards President Lincoln came to a crisis in the summer and fall of 1863. The radicals accused the provisional government of being too lenient toward southern sympathizers and opposed to the use of negro troops. The provisional government accused the radicals of being Jacobins, revolutionists and of wishing to overthrow its authority. Briefly, the conservatives thought a slave owner could be a loyal supporter of the national government and rather lenient toward southern sympathizers. The radicals said he could be neither. Both sides continually appealed to the President for support. The period now under discussion began with the remova J of General Samuel R. Curtis, March 10, 1863, at the request of the conservatives. General John M. Schofield took his place. In making this change, Lincoln stated plainly that he did not remove Curtis because he had done wrong but because the Union people of Missouri had entered into a pestilent factional quarrel among themselves, with General Curtis as the head of one faction and Governor Gamble, the

?°The Canton Press, July 16, 1863, gives the number 39, the St. Charles Demokrat 36. ^Proceedings, op. cit., p. 157. "Ibid., p. 368. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 109 head of the other. Since he could not remove the governor he removed the general.73 The emancipation act of the June session of the state convention did not, of course, suit the radicals. The sack of Lawrence, Kansas, August .21, 1863, by Quantrell's band, and General Schofield's refusal to allow the governor of Kansas to pursue the raiders into Missouri, fanned the fury of the radicals to fever heat.74 In the midst of this excitement the Radical Union Emancipation Convention met in Jefferson City, September 1, 1863.75 There were 69 counties represented by 417 dele­ gates, 243 of whom were Germans. While the platform committee was drawing up its report, Charles D. Drake delivered a bitter speech against the conservatives in general. The report condemned the action of the national government for delegating military powers to the provisional state govern­ ment which used this power to uphold slavery and reactionary tendencies and to paralyze the federal power in suppressing the rebellion. It heartily endorsed the principle of Fremont's proclamation of freedom August 30, 1861, "and afterwards sanctioned and embodied in the President's proclamation of September 22, 1862 and January 1, 1863." The provisional state government was severely arraigned as disloyal and oppressive to the loyal people and as lenient to the rebels. Under the latter head the definite charge was made that known and avowed disloyalists had been enrolled, commis­ sioned and brought into active service. Enrollment of negro troops and immediate emancipation were demanded. A new state convention was also demanded. Governor Hamil­ ton R. Gamble and Lieutenant-Governor Willard P. Hall were requested to resign and Lincoln was asked to remove General John M. Schofield. Candidates for the supreme court were nominated: Henry A. Clover, Arnold Krekel and David Wagner. The most important action taken, perhaps, was the appointment of a committee of seventy, with Drake as

"Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln Complete Works, Vol. II, p. 340. Personal letter to Schofield. "Ibid., Lincoln A History, Vol. VIII, p. 212. "Ibid. 110 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW chairman, to visit President Lincoln and to present to him their grievances.76 Possibly, the most alarming action, to the conservatives, was the passing of the closing resolution: "Resolved, That in view of the serious complications that are arising out of hostilities on the part of the Provisional State Government to the National authority and the National policies, and the absence of protection from inroads from guerilla bands, we hereby instruct the President of this Convention to appoint a general committee of Public Safety, composed of one from each Congressional district, whose duty it shall be to confer with the loyal men of the State to organize and arm them for the protection of their homes, and in the event of no relief being obtained from our present troubles, to call upon the people of this state to act in their sovereign capacity, and take such measures of redress as shall be found necessary for their welfare."77 The conservative camp was thoroughly frightened but came into action at once. General John M. Schofield issued an order September 17, 1863, announcing that martial law would be enforced against persons encouraging mutiny, exciting insurrection by uttering or publishing falsehoods or misrepresentations, and that newspapers violating the order would be suppressed. On September 20, he sent to Washing­ ton a collection of inflammatory newspaper articles with a report that: "The revolutionary faction which has so long been striving to gain the ascendency in Missouri, particularly in St. Louis, to overthrow the present State government and change the policy of the National Administration, has at length succeeded, so far as to produce open mutiny of one of the military regiments and serious difficulties in others." He enclosed his order of the seventeenth for approval, which was granted on the twenty-sixth. On October 1, he wrote the

™Switzler, Hist, of Mo., pp. 447-448. "Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln A History, Vol. VIII, p. 213. An interesting sidelight is thrown on this convention by a minor issue that agitated the delegates for a time. The Republican of September 3, characterized the convention as composed of Puritans and German infidels. When the question of having an opening prayer was raised* the Germans opposed it. But the Puritans wanted it opened with prayer and it was so done. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 111 president further about the discharge of his duties. On the same day, Governor Gamble wrote the president that he had "exhausted the resources of the State in maintaining the supremacy of the Federal Government," and he asked the president in turn to "order the general commanding this de­ partment to maintain by all the force under his control the integrity of the State government."78 The newspaper clippings, which Schofield had enclosed in his letter to Washington, were taken mainly from the Republican and were translations from various German papers under the heading "The Spirit of the German Press." In general they were very bitter against the "Gamble dynasty*' and the national government for allowing rebel sympathizers to oppress the loyal people. They complained also that troops were used to restore runaway slaves. The arrangement by which state troops were under control of the state was attacked as savoring too much of state rights doctrine.79 The climax of the whole movement was reached Septem­ ber 30 when the committee of seventy had a very dramatic three-hours interview with President Lincoln at the White House. The movement had now attained national importance for the seventy were the spokesmen for the radicals of the nation. For half an hour, the chairman, Charles D. Drake, read to the president, in a deep, sonorous voice, slowly and impressively, a long list of accumulated grievances. The document reviewed at length the origin and development of the antagonism between the Gamble administration and the radical Union men. The things demanded were: "First. That General Schofield shall be relieved, and General Butler be appointed as commander of the Military Department of Missouri; Second. That the system of Enrolled Militia in Missouri may be broken up, and national forces substituted for it, and Third. That at elections, persons may not be allowed to vote who are not entitled by law to do so." Lincoln's reply, dated October 5, was one of the longest letters he ever wrote, also one of the ablest and most judicious. He refused to grant the two first demands but promised to direct Scho-

™Ibid.% pp. 224-226. "Rebellion Records, S. I. Vol. XXII, Part II, pp. 547-565. 112 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW field to enforce the last. Among other things he said that the question was a perplexing compound of Union and slavery and there were four classes of Union people concerned. "Thus those who are for the Union with, but not without, slavery: those for it without, but not with: those for it with or with­ out, but prefer it with: and those for it with or without, but prefer it without. Among these, again, is a subdivision of those who are for gradual, but not for immediate, and those who are for immediate, but not for gradual, extinction of slavery."80 On the evening of the day that the seventy were at the White House, they were given a reception by Secretary Chase. This was considered significant as Chase was talked of for the presidential nomination by the radical opposition to Lincoln. From Washington the seventy went to New York City where they were received by a great mass meeting in Cooper Institute.81 On October 2, the Republican headed an article "Drake's Bitters" and two days later 'it quoted an interesting discussion from the Neue Zeit under the caption "The End of the Song. "The pilgrimage to Washington seems to have brought no results for Missouri i. e. no immediate result . . . But though there is now certainly no talk of a revolution, we can neither believe that the refusal of Mr. Lincoln will put an end to the complaints of Missouri .... Hence let us hear from the people at the next election! Let them con­ demn the miserable Missouri policy of our hopelessly deluded President in the most decided possible manner and let us thus become a free people again." On October 12, Governor Gamble issued a long pro­ clamation in which he refuted all charges of disloyalty against him, reviewed his activities in behalf of the Union and for emancipation and warned all persons "against any attempt to effect a change by means of violence." He announced his

^Rebellion Records, S. I. Vol. XXII, Part II, p. 604. "Stevens, Walter B., "Lincoln and Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, Vol. X, pp. 63-119, January, 1916. MISSOURI POLITICS DURING THE CIVIL WAR 113 intention to employ "all the force I can command to sustain the laws, preserve the peace of the State and punish those who disturb it." On the nineteenth, Lincoln replied to Governor Gamble's former request for help. He thought the governor was unduly alarmed and that General Scho­ field was able to prevent any revolution by violence. The situation now became less tense but the struggle was con­ tinued at the ballot-box.82 (To be continued.) "Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln A History, Vol. VIII. pp. 226-229. 114 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS The attraction of history depends largely on its success in presenting new facts or viewpoints. A new fact relating to civilization is significant. Discovery in any field of human endeavor holds fascination. It is related to news, invention, creation. It is seized upon by the cultured person, and, unless it runs counter to prejudice or taboo, is of interest to the general public.

Contemporary evidence, as letters, diaries and news­ papers, is the strongest and most readable. How clearly does one see in the Engelmann letters the differences inside a pioneer civilization. All are familiar with such racial divergencies as existed between the Frenchman and the American in the Mississippi valley, but these were hardly less marked from a cultural viewpoint than those between the first and the later waves of American pioneer settlers, or between northern and southern settlers, or between the immigrant German peasant farmers and the educated German farmers. Equally interesting is the trend toward town and city by those educated German farmers who could quickly adjust them­ selves so profitably to trade and professional life. Again, one notes the more rapid rise on the farm of those who utilize the labor of all members of the family, who concentrate on economic success rather than on higher standards of living, or who through a mill, a stallion, or trading supplement their income.

Generalizations are usually of less worth than cheap jewelry, proprietary pills, or economic panaceas. One of widespread currency and enduring life concerns the low prices of goods in pioneer days. Yet, most readers can recall when eggs sold for much less than the price of 37)4 to 50 cents a dozen, which obtained in St. Louis in 1836. In that year rooms rented for $10.00 a month, a three or four-room house for $20.00 to $30.00. Butter sold for 25 to 50 cents a pound, HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 115 wood at $6.00 a cord, and coal at 50 to 75 cents a hundred. Fluctuations in prices, low and high prices, are not 20th century innovations.

People frequently act as though they fear the past. This is especially marked regarding exploded fancies. Perhaps man realizes that the bubbles he blows so seriously into the future would burst before leaving the pipe of their creator if the story of past illusions were known. The panaceas of today are usually only those of yesterday in new form or are flying under new names, but the colors are the same and the golden pot of success is assumed to be waiting at the end of the rainbow. History may teach this or that, but certainly it doesn't teach overnight revolutions in human qualities. It may console and even give us pride in the present, but it also makes for modesty and moderation.

Doubt, one portion of the fruit of inquiry, wisdom, and knowledge, is a quality man is prone to be afraid of. It tempers his enthusiasm. Its application is too revealing. He prefers the disillusions of the future to the revealments of history. He prefers to enlist under the standard of the future to keeping in the ranks of the army that is daily marching into the present from the battlefields of yesterday. Yet, that age- old army of his forefathers has fought many of the issues of the present. The results of those struggles, whether victories, defeats, or stalemates, are known. Sometimes encouragement may be obtained from them, and again the rosy future of the enthusiast may be clouded by them.

Work and art, religion and mysticism, broad-mindedness and enlightenment, fraternity and even dogmatism, have been proven for centuries and found workable, wholesome and lasting. It is hard to imagine enjoyable life without them. Yet, many seem to think that science and efficiency, mater­ ialism and optimism, research and education alone can sup­ plant these age-old things. True, they complement them, improve and temper them, but advancement with content­ ment rests on the modified precedents of the past. 116 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ANOTHER MISSOURIAN ON PRESIDENT'S CABINET The appointment of ex-Governor Arthur M. Hyde, of Trenton, as Secretary of Agriculture by President Hoover on March 2, 1929, gives Missouri the distinction of having, for the twelfth time, representation on the President's cabinet. Secretary Hyde was born in Princeton, Missouri, July 12, 1877, and received his education at Oberlin (Ohio) Academy, the University of Michigan and the University of Iowa. He was admitted to the bar April 20, 1900, at Princeton, Missouri, and practiced law in partnership with his father at Princeton from 1900 to 1915. Thereafter he practiced in Trenton. He was mayor of Princeton from 1910 to 1914, and was elected Governor of Missouri in November, 1920. His term of office was from 1921 to 1925.

IN RE THE JAMES BOYS BY HON. LOUIS C HEHL, ST. LOUIS I guess it was about the years 1874-1876 while Major John N. Edwards was editor-in-chief of the St. Louis Times, and I was employed there. One day I was informed that two gentlemen were coming on that day to call on him. When they arrived I was requested to show them to his room. They arrived about 10:15 or 10:20 A. M. (on that day) and I immediately took them to Major Edwards' room. He greeted them very pleasantly, and after about fifty minutes conversation they left the building. I judge that it was then about 11:05 or 11:10 A. M. At 12:00 o'clock, noon, on that same day, the Kansas City Fair Ground gate receipts was robbed of twenty thousand dollars. It was supposed to have been the James brothers (Frank and Jesse). When the Evening Dispatch was published on that day, Major Edwards called my attention to the same, and asked me if I thought it possible that the two men who had been in the office and left shortly after 11:00 o'clock, could have been in Kansas City in less than one hour after they had left the room in the Laclede Hotel, where they were stopping, in St. Louis. I said to Major Edwards, "There could not be one chance in a million for those boys to have been there," as I had talked to them HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 117 just before they left the building, but did not know then that they were the James Boys. Several hours later, the Major said to me: "You had the pleasure today, of meeting the James Boys, Frank and Jesse." Then he showed me a gold watch which the James Boys had presented to him. Shortly after the murder of Jesse James by Bob Ford in a house in the outskirts of St. Joseph, I had the privilege of visiting the same. Senator Mike Moran was kind enough to show me through the home. A few years ago Frank James was doorkeeper at the Standard Theater in St. Louis, and I had a talk with him one day, and called his attention to that day he called upon Major Edwards! He was greatly surprised to find that I was the boy who had taken him up to Major Edwards' room. I related to him the circumstances and also called his attention to the robbery which took place at Kansas City that same day. His reply was: "Do you think we could have been there at that time?" and I answered him and said, "Well, I hardly see how you could."

IN RE SAM HILDEBRAND

BY MRS. BELLE SMITH ESTEY, FT. WAYNE, INDIANA It was with much interest I read the articles about Sam Hildebrand in the April and July numbers of the Review and was rather surprised that Mr. Cyrus Thompson did not relate the episode that I recall in connection with his mention of Hildebrand; doubtless it has escaped his memory. The incident made a lasting impression on my memory. One forenoon in July, 1870, my father was up town in Ober- mayers Brother's Store, on the corner of High and Madison streets, when his attention was attracted by a stranger of unusual appearance and actions. He knelt one knee on the counter as an ordinary man would on a chair; his movements deliberate, his eyes alert. Father said he had never seen a man of such wonderful physique, unusually tall, well pro­ portioned, a determined rather good looking face, hair falling to his shoulders: a mail who impressed one as imperturbable, 118 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

knowing his business and capable of carrying on. Sometime after noon Father was again on High street to find it in a state of excitement and learned that the stranger was none other than Sam Hildebrand, the outlaw, on whose head was a price "dead or alive." He had gone for dinner to the restaurant of Howard Barnes and John Lane, colored men, the most popular eating place in Jefferson City, on the corner of High and Jefferson streets, and had sent this message to Governor McClurg, "Sam Hildebrand is here, come and get me if you want me." Father hastened home, three blocks away, for his navy revolver and joined in the pursuit. But Sam reached his skiff, in which was his gun, on the river and though many shots were fired he escaped apparently unhurt.

ANNIVERSARIES AND MEMORIALS A movement begun by Dr. E. M. Shepard, chairman of the historical marker committee of the University Club, culminated in a four-day celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the city of Springfield, June 16 to 20, 1929. It was in February, 1830, that William and John Fulbright, brothers, built their log cabins on the site of the present city. The celebration was marked by family reunions and pioneer gatherings. The climax was reached June 20 when there was a historical pageant parade and later a historical pageant.

The 80th anniversary program of the Calvary Presby" terian Church of Springfield is outlined in the Press of April 6, 1929. The church "dates its beginning from a little colony of eight persons who came out of the Mount Zion church of Cave Springs, Mo., on April 23, 1819, and organized with seven others what was then known as the Springfield Pres­ byterian church." The organizers of this church were the Rev. G. A. M. Renshaw, then pastor at Cave Springs, and Dr. Artemus Bullard,of St. Louis. The Calvary Presbyterian church was organized, as such, in 1849. Special memorial and historical services were held from April 7 to April 28, inclusive. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 119

Approximately 3,000 persons, including some from Illinois and Arkansas, gathered June 23, at Old McKendree Methodist Church to celebrate the 110th anniversary of the building of the chapel, which still stands. The church, organized 120 years ago, holds the distinction of being owned jointly by the Southern and Northern branches of the de­ nomination and of being the first Methodist Church founded west of the Mississippi river.—St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 24, 1929.

The 100th anniversary of Blackwater Cemetery, in Johnson county, was celebrated May 26, 1929. The Holden Enterprise of May 30 describes the centennial program. An interesting round table discussion of Johnson county pioneers was conducted by O. G. Boisseau, of Holden, and much information of value was brought to light. It is planned to secure copies of all family histories which were read, as well as other pioneer records, and to deposit them with the State Historical Society of Missouri.

The Friendship Baptist Church, in Howard county, observed its 100th anniversary on Sunday, June 30. The occasion was marked by a basket dinner and an all-day meeting.

The seventy-fifth anniversary of Trinity Lutheran Church at Cape Girardeau was celebrated May 26, 1929. The Church was organized May 28, 1854.

The town of Westphalia, in Osage county, is already making plans for its centennial celebration to be held in 1936, according to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of June 29, 1929. The town was named after the Germafa province from which its first settlers came. The Globe-Democrat Sunday magazine of the following date gives a history of the town. 120 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Preceding the commencement exercises of the University of Missouri at Columbia, bronze portraits of James Sidney Rollins, "father of the University" and John Hiram Lathrop, first and fifth president of the University, were unveiled on June 4, 1929. The portraits are placed on two large pillars of the main gateway of Francis Quadrangle.

The Elizabeth Benton Chapter, Daughters of the Ameri­ can Revolution, unveiled two bronze tablets at Sibley, Mis­ souri, on June 29, 1929. One tablet commemorates the Lewis and Clark expedition arid the establishment of Fort Osage, and the other honors Elihu W. Hayes, donor of the land on which Hayes Park is located. The latter is the first county park to be established in Jackson county.

A movement to erect a $50,000 statue of Lafayette in St. Louis, was begun by Charles A. Vallette, a lawyer of that city, reports the St. Louis Star of July 5, 1929.

Ravenswood, the historic Cooper county home of the Leonard family, was the scene of a gathering of 2,000 people on June 25, 1929. The meeting is reported in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of June 29. Nathaniel Leonard, original owner of the farm imported a pure bred Shorthorn bull, Comet Star, and a red heifer, Queen, in 1838, thus introducing the first pure bred beef-type cattle west of the Mississippi. The celebration commemorated the 90th anniversary of the arrival of these cattle in Cooper county.

At the Hopewell Church at Thompson, the first church to be organized in Audrain county .... the de­ scendants of William Morgan Jesse held their second annual reunion Sunday, July 7, says the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of July 11, 1929. Two hundred members of the family were present, and one of the descendants, Dr. J. S. Jent of Bolivar, president of the Southwest Baptist College, preached on the theme, "Stewardship in the Fabric of the Family Life." HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 121

The Hopewell Baptist church was organized in 1836, one mile west of the present Audrain county courthouse in Mexico, on what was the Akley Day homestead, now the Squire Bob Hooton home. In 1842 the church built a log house where the Barney Jung homestead now stands, and later built two frame churches on the site. In 1884 a church house was built a mile east of Thompson, and fifteen yfears ago this structure was moved into Thompson, where it now stands. William Morgan Jesse, a Missouri pioneer who came to the state from Virginia in 1833, was the church pastor for eighteen years. His son, W. J. Jesse, was its pastor for eight years, and his grandson, the Rev. J. S. Jesse, served it for six years. Since the organization, a member of the Jesse family has held some office in the church until today. To the pioneer Missourian, born in 1798, and his wife, Mary Anne Parker Jesse, born in 1802, sixteen children were born and the present family consists of eleven families of descendants. Members of the John Parker Jesse, I. T. Jesse, William T. Bradley, W. J. Jesse, R. A. Jesse, and W. H. Day families were present. The Rev. J. S. Jesse, who has recently completed a family history from 1601 to 1928, reviewed the history of the pioneer group.

The seventieth anniversary celebration of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, now the Burlington, on June 6, 1929, furnished the occasion for the formal dedication of Brookfield's $90,000 memorial boulevard. A parade visualiz­ ing the progress of transportation from 1859 to date was one of the main features of the day. For several days preceding the celebration many souvenirs and relics of early railroading as well as of pioneer days, were displayed in the windows of Brookfield merchants.

The dedication of a Memorial Building at Blanchette Park in St. Charles occurred on June 22, 1929. This ceremony took place during the district convention of the American Legion. 122 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

May 16, 1929 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Craig Post, No. 18, Army of the Philippines, in Kansas City, according to the Kansas City Star of May 15, 1929. It was named in honor of Colonel Louis A. Craig, who commanded the 32d U. S. Volunteer Infantry during the war in the Philippine Islands. This regiment was organ­ ized in Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Iowa, and Indian Territory.

NOTES The death of Judge Leo Rassieur, of St. Louis, on June 1, 1929, brings to light his will which recalls a Civil war incident. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch of June 11 says: "In making a $500 bequest to the St. Louis Gymnastic Society, 1508 Chouteau avenue, Judge Rassieur set forth that the gift was 'in appreciation of the services of that organization in pre­ paring for the Civil War as early as November, 1860, and furnishing the first Union volunteers in April, 1861, after the Governor of Missouri (Claiborne F. Jackson) had declared in answer to President Lincoln's first call that Missouri would not furnish one man to the Union cause; thereby saving the arsenal and its military stores, and preserving the city as a loyal city throughout the war, and encouraging the Union men of the State'." The Missouri Chapter of the G. A. R. as well as the Sons of Veterans each benefitted by his will.

When the cornerstone of De Paul Hospital was laid in St. Louis, May 21, the history of its predecessor, Mullanphy Hospital, was recalled by Dr. R. Emmet Kane. The latter, founded by John Mullanphy and conducted by the Sisters of Charity, was first organized a century ago when St. Louis was a town of 6,000. Mullanphy Hospital was the first private institution in the West to establish a regular training school for nurses. Other data is given in an article in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of May 22, 1929.

"The Conference in the Deutsches Haus, Chicago, May 14-15, 1860—A Study of Some of the Preliminaries of the HISTORICAL NOIES AND COMMENTS 123

National Republican Convention of 1860" by F. I. Herriot, constitutes part of Publication of the Illinois State Historical Society, No. 35. In this article Missourians will find much of interest as it discusses the candidacy of Edward Bates of St. Louis, and Abraham Lincoln of Springfield in the ensuant National Republican Convention, May 16-17-18, 1860. The rise of the Germans in Republican politics in Missouri is also discussed.

The life and activity of Westport, pioneer outfitting town, and incidents of the Battle of Westport, are vividly recalled by the few pioneers who still live there, in an article in the Kansas City Star of June 30, 1929. Houses now stand­ ing, and others which have been destroyed, are described. Pictures of the old houses and a map of the town in 1855 accompany the article.

The founding of Sedalia by George R. Smith, and how he influenced its growth are recounted in the Kansas City Star of June 30, 1929. The subsequent history of the town is described also.

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch of July 1, 1929 contains a feature article on the history of old Franklin, in Howard county, written by Colonel John B. Barnes.

House bill 788, introduced in the Fifty-fifth General Assembly of Missouri by Mr. William Hicks, of Kansas City, sought to create a commission empowered to purchase the 200-acre tract of land on which Fort Osage once stood. This old fort, near the present town of Sibley, in northeast Jack­ son county, is on the banks of the Missouri river. The bill was engrossed in the House by a vote of 93 to 11, but failed to pass in the Senate.

An account of the settlement and organization of the towns of Wilhelmina and Glennonville, which were established in 1910 and 1905, respectively, in Dunklin county, appears 124 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of July 2, 1929. Each of the towns was settled by immigrants from Holland and Germany.

The passing of a St. Louis landmark was noted in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of May 24, 1929. The old Merchants' Exchange Building, opened on June 5, 1857, is being razed. The building was the center of civic activity from its opening until Dec. 21, 1875, when the present Merchants' Exchange Building was opened.

The Scrip, annual of Soldan High School, St. Louis, which was issued in June, 1929, concerns itself with the history of the school from 1909 to 1929 and with the life of Frank Louis Soldan, after whom the school is named. The old Emerson school, which has completed its forty- second year of service in Kansas City, is to be abandoned and will no longer be used as a school building, reports the Kansas City Star of June 21, 1929.

"The finest of all homes in Missouri built in antebellum days, was that of Frederick Kennett, situated upon a shoulder of limstone overlooking the Mississippi river at Selma Land­ ing, in Jefferson county. This imposing structure was com­ pleted in 1854, and even at that remote date and with all the slave labor available, and limestone quarried from his own estate, 'Kennett Castle' was erected at a cost of $125,000. Fredinand Kennett owned a tract of 2,700 acres which in­ cluded several lead mines and one of the ancient shot-towers was operated by him, from which he accumulated a large fortune "—Jefferson City, Missouri, June, 1929.

Many interesting facts concerning the history of an old St. Joseph cave are recounted in the St. Joseph Gazette of June 2, 1929. The cave was constructed and used by the New Ulm Brewery, which was built in 1867 by Ohnesong & Eger. The brewery was operated until 1882, at which time it was closed. It was burned shortly thereafter, and the cave is no longer used. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 125

A combined ledger, account book and diary of John A. J. Chapman, which was discovered recently in St. Joseph by Mrs. Louise Piatt Hauck, is described in the St. Joseph Gazette of July 7, 1929. Beginning December 25, 1845 the book seems to be mainly an account book of transactions at Ross Camp, or Roy's Camp, a place which it fails to locate, and one which is today unknown. Until September 23, 1847, Mr. Chapman seems to have been proprietor of this camp, and to have accepted "mineral" in exchange for merchandise. On August 30, 1853, the journal is resumed, this time from St. Joseph where Chapman must have owned a general merchandise store. Among the customers he lists are many names familiar to early St. Joseph. Again a change is made in December, 1860, and the book becomes a sur­ veyor's notebook and diary, containing the record of Chap­ man's work, or possibly that of his son. The surveyor's notes have been found to be accurate and carefully made. Many of the succeeding pages record events of the Civil War, the local acts of Jayhawkers and Bushwhackers and Chap­ man's comment. He maintained a calm interest in the Civil war until the latter part of 1862, but for some unaccountable reason the journal ends at this time. Then either he or some subsequent owner of the book drove three nails through it, thus preventing its further use. To this fact is due its excellent state of preservation. The book brings to light an interesting fragment of early history, and arouses an interest in its now obscure author.

The celebration at the opening of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad bridge, in Kansas City, July 4, 1869, is told in the Kansas City Times of July 4, 1929.

The history and development of the Kansas City Board of Trade, at the time the Kansas City Stock Exchange was created recently, is the subject of articles in the Kansas City Journal-Post and the Star of June 9, 1929. The Board of Trade has been in existence for sixty years. 126 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"Belle Starr" is the title of an article concerning this "lady wildcat" from Missouri which appears in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunday Magazine of June 9, 1929. It was written by Duncan Aikman.

"The Missouri Tomboy Who Grew Into a Lady Wild­ cat," is the title of an article by Duncan Aikman in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of May 12, 1929. He recounts the life and adventures, both real and legendary of Calamity Jane, who was born in Princeton, Missouri.

"Wild Bill—James Butler Hickok," an article by William E. Connelley, secretary of the Kansas State Historical Society, appears in Volume XVII of the Collections of that Society, which has just been published. Mr. Connelley says, "The article on Wild Bill at Rock Creek station on the old Oregon trail, was made necessary by the preposterous account recently published on that subject. It was necessary to make a plain, emphatic statement of this historic event because of these misrepresentations. Kansas reveres and honors her heroic pioneers. And James Butler Hickok was one of the greatest of these."

Additional articles concerning Carl Schurz appear in the Wisconsin Magazine of History of June, 1929. These are, "Carl Schurz—the American," by Carl Russell Fish and an editorial comment on "Carl Schurz's Historical Output."

Mr. Hugh K. Wagner, of St. Louis, in a recent manu­ script, "Sugar Tree Club History," not only gives an in­ teresting resume of the accomplishments of the club which is on the banks of the Gasconade river, but also mentions the surrounding country. "Adjacent to Eagle's Roost are some ancient ruins or remains that are well worthy of the study of archaeologists," he says. "Learned men from universities have examined them, but have never yet pro­ nounced a definite or authoritative opinion as to their origin. Before the memory of those who saw these ruins before their comparatively recent desecration passes HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 127 away, it ought to be recorded that within the memory of more than one now living, these stone ruins embraced one structure of oblong shape and that traces remain of a hollow interior. The rocks are evidently of volcanic origin. The structures are manifestly the work of man and not of nature. Con­ sideration of the nature of the ruins dispels the idea that they were the burying places of Indians. The known method of Indian warfare forbids the idea that they were Indian fortifica­ tions. They bear no resemblance to the work of the mound builders It is ventured as an opinion that these buildings housed a cache of food and other provisions and equipment of some strong and well supplied body of explorers of the very early days. Suffice it to say that no resident of the present day, anywhere near this locality, and no one who has lived there within the last fifty years, has ever known or even heard of an authoritative explanation of the origin of these ruins. Near the springs in the ravine close to the clubhouse, numerous arrowheads and other artifacts have been discovered "

Calaveras county's famous annual frog jumping contest opened in Angel's Camp, California, May 18, according to an Associated Press story in the Kansas City Star of May 19, 1929. The event commemorates an era of early California of which Mark Twain was chief historian.

One of the best Mark Twain stories is credited to Margot Asquith—now countess of Oxford. " 'Mr. Clemens had taken me in to dinner at the home of a namesake of mine,' relates Margot, 'and had told me of a great American temperance orator who, having exercised his voice too much, had asked the chairman to provide milk instead of water at his meeting. The chairman put rum into the milk, and when the orator, pausing in one of his most dramatic periods, stopped to clear his throat, he drained the glass and, putting it down, exclaimed: " 'Gosh! What cows!' "—Kansas City Star, May 19, 1929. 128 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Bixby Park, Long Beach, will be Missouri in miniature Saturday when former Missourians, their friends and tourists from that state concentrate for one of the largest and most pretentious state gatherings of the year. Preparations to entertain 25,000 Missourians, and former Missourians are being completed by committees of the Missouri State Society in charge of the reunion and picnic. Visitors in southern California will be aided in meeting old friends by registers arranged as their respective counties lie. The county registers will be opened Saturday morning and remain open all day. Silk badges will be given those registering to facilitate recognition by old friends and neigh­ bors J. Oliver Brison, city auditor of Long Beach and one of the most widely known Missourians in southern California, will deliver the address of welcome . . Sam A. Selecman is president of the Missouri Society. . . . —Kansas City Journal-Post, May 22, 1929.

During the Republican Convention in Kansas City in 1928 there was a direct telephone connection from a bathroom adjoining room 307 of the Hotel Baltimore to the desk of the then secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover, according to an article by Gilbert R. Smith in the Journal-Post of May 31, 1929. The article says, "By the simple procedure of pushing a button and lifting the receiver those at either end were in immediate communication. The phone seldom was idle. The fact the circuit existed was a quasi secret known only to party leaders, telephone and hotel officials and a few news­ paper men covering the convention headquarters at the hotel." The existence of the phone and its use by Herbert Hoover, jr., was recalled at the time of his subsequent visit to Kansas City in May.

Mrs. Mable Hinkley, attorney, is the first woman to ever serve as judge of a St. Louis court. She was appointed by Mayor Miller as provisional judge to sit for city judge Clyde Beck, who was out of town. She began her duties in City Court No. 2, on May 13, 1929. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 129

The results of a survey of rural schools in Saline county, made by Miss Florence Patterson, Superintendent of Schools, are published in the Marshall Weekly Democrat-News of June 27, 1929.

Mrs. Laura Harris Bridges, said to be the oldest native resident of Jackson county, walked from Clinton, Missouri, to Salt Springs, Texas, with a party of southern women fleeing from Jackson county to escape the devastation resulting from "Order No. 11." Her reminiscences appear in the Kansas City Star of May 12, 1929.

The death of Mrs. Angelica Yeatman Carr, who was the inspiration for the character of Virginia Carvel in Winston Churchill's novel The Crisis, died in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 11, 1929.

Mrs. Anna Dow Miller, who founded a private school in Springfield which later became the Southwest Missouri State Teachers College, died at her home in Springfield last week, reports the Cassville Republican of July 4, 1929. She was born in Walden, Vermont, and after leaving school she went to Wisconsin to teach. Here she met and married Mr. Miller, who was attending Belton College. After their marriage they moved to Springfield where she organized a private school that later became the State Teachers College. After the close of her private school she taught in the public schools.

The death of Jim Cummins, a member of Jesse James' gang, occurred at the Confederate Soldiers' Home in Higgins- ville, on July 9, 1929. He is said to have written a book in which he recounts vividly his many adventures, and much first hand information about the James brothers. He planned that the book should be published only after his death. The Kansas City Star of July 10, and the Times of July 11 give accounts of his life and death. 130 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The death of John Q. Trimmer, 93 years old, at Mound City on June 3, 1929, marks the passing of a picturesque character. Trimmer had not shaved since 1865, when he heard of the assassination of Lincoln. He was in the act of shaving at the time and vowed never to shave again. Born in New Jersey, Trimmer joined the gold rush to California in 1849, and subsequently settled at Mound City where he lived for fifty years—St. Joseph Gazette, June 4, 1929.

The exploits of Lieutenant Bert Hall, of Higginsville, Missouri, are recounted in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunday magazine of June 23, 1929. He is known in China as General Chan, and is chief of the Chinese air service. He gained his experience in the Lafayette Escadrille during the World War, although he had been in the flying service for years before that time. Lieutenant Hall has been decorated seven times for his World war service. The book, One Man's War, the Story of the Lafayette Escadrille, recently published by Henry Holt, is really the diary of Hall's adventures. Lieutenant John J. Niles collaborated with him in writing this book. Mr. Hall's father, George Hall, still lives in Higginsville, and is himself a veteran of the Civil war and "when that ended hurried down to Mexico to amuse himself with the fighting over Maximilian and Carlotta."

The United States Military Academy at West Point has searched in vain for relatives of General Nathaniel Lyon, reports the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of July 14, 1929. General Lyon became famous in Missouri during the Civil war follow­ ing his capture of Camp Jackson. He was killed in the battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1861.

PERSONALS ELI D. AKE: Born in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, September 19, 1842, died in Ironton, Missouri, July 19, 1929. He came to Missouri in 1856 and lived at Pilot Knob while attending Arcadia Seminary near there. He soon began work on the Ironton Furnace. When the Civil war broke HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 131 out he went to Iowa and enlisted in the First Iowa Battery, serving three years. He returned to newspaper work follow­ ing his discharge, and in July, 1867, took charge of the Ironton, Iron County Register. He became editor in December, 1871, and continued in this capacity until the time of his death, He was an editorial member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

WILLIAM FITZHUGH BUCKNER: Born in Caroline county, Virginia, January 27, 1828, died in Paris, Missouri, June 16, 1929. He came with his parents to Paris in 1833, and attended the Masonic College in Marion county. At the age of seven­ teen he enlisted for service in the Mexican war, joining Company A, First Missouri Mounted Volunteers, and marched with Col. Alexander W. Doniphan to Taos, New Mexico. After fourteen months service he returned to Paris. In 1849 he joined in the gold rush to California. He made another trip to California later, driving 400 head of cattle for disposal to miners and settlers. In 1854 he returned to Paris and entered the mercantile business, running the city's largest store until 1871 when he entered the Paris National Bank as bookkeeper. Subsequently he became president of the bank, and served until 1912 when he retired. His death leaves but one survivor of the Mexican war. He did not enter the serv­ ice during the Civil war because he refused to fight against his own people.

MRS. THOMAS B. (VIRGINIA SMITH) HALL: Born in St. Louis county, December 8, 1869; died in Marshall, Missouri, May 19, 1929. She was the granddaughter of General Thomas Adams Smith, who settled two miles from Napton in Saline county in 1826. She was married to Dr. Thomas B. Hall, October 12, 1893, who preceded her in death by a few years. She was a member of the Patsy Gregg Chapter, D. A. R. Mrs. Hall was also a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri, and some years ago secured the donation from the Smith family of a large and valuable collection of manuscripts. 132 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THOMAS B. HARVEY: Born at Crawford, Mississippi, August 2, 1855; died at St. Louis, Missouri, May 15, 1929. He received his education at the University of Mississippi, and was admitted to the bar in that state in 1877. Three years later he moved to St. Louis, and engaged in the practice of law. Three years after his arrival in St. Louis he was appointed circuit attorney by the court to fill the unexpired term of Joseph Harris, and served until 1885. In 1905 he was appointed circuit judge by Governor Stone, and held that office for more than a year. In 1913 he was elected circuit attorney for a term of four years. He lectured for many years on criminal law at the Benton College of Law in St. Louis. He was associated with William Baer in the practice of law until the time of his retirement three years before his death.

CORTEZ A. KITCHEN: Born in Stoddard county, Mis­ souri, in 1853; died in Charlotte, North Carolina, June 8, 1929. Throughout the Civil war he served his father and other officers as orderly. At the age of ten he was captured by Federal troops and was held prisoner for one month. After the war he entered the public schools. He studied law in the University of Missouri, then moved to St. Louis and took up newspaper work. He had been secretary of the old St. Louis City Council, and had held several newspaper positions. He was state commander of the United Con­ federate Veterans.

CONDE BENOIST PALLEN: Born in St. Louis, Missouri, December 5, 1858; died in New York City, May 26, 1929. He was graduated from St. Louis University and Georgetown University, receiving the degrees of A. B. in 1880, A. M. in 1883, Ph. D. in 1885, and the honorary degree of LL. D. in 1896. From 1887 to 1889 he was editor of the Catholic World, and from 1889 to 1897 editor of the Church Progress, both St. Louis weeklies. Dr. Pallen was the Catholic revisory editor of the New International Encyclopaedia and the En­ cyclopaedia Americana. He was managing editor of The HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 133

Catholic Encyclopaedia from 1904 to 1920, and from 1912 to 1920 president of the Encyclopaedia Press, Inc., publishers of this work. In 1924 he became president of the Associated Arts Corporation, organized to produce pictures. He was also editor of the Universal Knowledge Foundation. He was well known as a lecturer on philosophical, literary and econo­ mic subjects. He was the author of The Meaning of the Idylls of the King, The Philosophy of Literature and nine other volumes.

LEO RASSIEUR: Born in Wadern, Prussia, April 19, 1844; died in St. Louis, Missouri, June 1, 1929. He came to St. Louis with his parents in early childhood and was edu­ cated in the public schools there, being graduated from Central High School in 1861. He enlisted in the First Mis­ souri Volunteers, served four years in the Union army, and was mustered out as major of the 30th Missouri Infantry in 1865. Two years thereafter he taught school in St. Louis, at the same time studying law. He was admitted to the bar April 1, 1867. From 1880 to 1890 he served as attorney for the Board of Education and then was elected judge of the probate court in 1894. He was prominent in Republican party politics, and was chairman of the electoral college of Missouri in 1908. He was commander in chief of the G. A. R. in 1901. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

HARRY M. RUBEY: Born at Macon, Missouri, July 25, 1865; died at San Diego, California, July 10, 1929. He was educated in the public schools of his native city, in St. James Military Academy, in Macon, and the University of Missouri, at Columbia. He was elected mayor of Macon in 1904, where he organized the State Exchange Bank and the Rubey Trust Company. In 1905 and 1906 he was representative from Macon county in the state legislature. He served as presi­ dent of the Missouri Bankers Association, the State Auto­ mobile Association and as chairman of the State Demo­ cratic Committee. 134 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

AUGUST RUECKER: Born in Germany, November 4, 1885; died in St. Louis, Missouri, June 12, 1929. He came to the United States at the age of sixteen and settled in St. Louis. In 1901 he entered Eden Theological Seminary, and two years later assumed the pastorate of the Evangelical Church at Columbus, Ohio. Later he was transferred to Cincinnati and then to Pittsburg. He subsequently returned to St. Louis and was editor of Evangelical publications for nine years before his death. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 135

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

HISTORY OF JOE BOWERS

By R. J. Hawkins in the Independence, Kansas City Spirit, March, 1909.

Who was Joe Bowers, all the way from Pike? Joe Bowers first saw the light in a little log cabin on the banks of the classic Salt river down in Pike county in the year 1829. He was of poor but respectable parentage. When Joe was yet a lad his father died, leav­ ing a wife, son Ike, and the subject of this sketch. Until he arrived at manhood Joe did but little to attract attention or gain for himself notoriety. He attended the primitive log cabin schools those days in winter, tilled the soil under the direction of his elder brother, Ike, on the little farm left by his father, in crop season and worked at Mat- son's nearby water mill between times. He was industrious always, but his most marked quality was his love for and devotion to his old mammy, as he was wont to call his mother. In the winter of 1848-49, the California gold fever reached Pike county and created great excitement. Captain Abe McPike, a wealthy and enterprising citizen of Pike conceived the idea of organizing a com­ pany to take out a wagon train overland with provisions and supplies for the miners then flocking to that new Eldorado from every clime. It seemed that everybody in that county wanted to enlist in that company, at least one from each family. Ike Bowers had planned to go, but before his arrangements were perfected, Joe, after being absent for a day, re­ turned home and announced that he had enlisted for the California trip. No persuasion by his mother or his brother Ike could avail. To California he was going. The cause of this sudden determination on Joe's part was a love affair. Joe had long paid attention to his neighbor Black's little red-headed daughter, Sally. They had walked home together from the log school house, had plucked wild flowers by the roadside, and floated down the river in Joe's little canoe in the twilight of many evenings. Sally Black was a beauty, 16, of course, pretty of face, form and figure, and her golden hair fell in ringlets over her fair shoulders. No wonder Joe loved her. In the early spring of 1849 when the first soft breeze came up from the flowing gates of the South, neighbor Black turned his attention to his sugar orchard, for his maple orchard was his principal source of livelihood. Soon his camp was in running order, and Joe was engaged to tote the water from the hillside trees to the kettles to be boiled down to sugar. It is not related that Joe neglected his work, but it is natural to sup­ pose that he tarried awhile too long between pails, for stirring the sugar at the camp at all times was his fair-haired Sally. 136 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

It was at this sugar camp that Joe asked Sally to be his little wife. Now Sally loved Joe in return. She knew he was good and brave and true, but she likewise knew that Joe was poor. So she answered him "Joe, I am too young to marry, and you ought to have a little home to take your little wife to. Go to California, make money to buy us a home, then we'll be married." A good-night parting kiss and Joe was off for enlistment with the California excursion. In a few days the train was to move. Joe was happy in the thought of the future when he would return, fortune made, and claim his bride. When the parting day arrived he kissed his dear old mammy and Sally good-bye, and presented himself to Captain McPike. His first assign­ ment was as bull driver. He entered at once on his duties and performed them well; was always at his post, minded the captain's orders and treated his team well. Very soon he was promoted by Captain McPike to a kind of aide- de-camp to the captain. His special duty was to go ahead each day with an advance guard and select camp grounds for the night. At this work he proved a success, for his locations were always approved, besides fires were always burning and the pot boiling when the train came up. In Captain McPike's train of 200 Pike countyans, there were not only uncut diamonds like Joe Bowers, but men of intelligence and learn­ ing, many of whom in after life won prominence and distinction. Rev. Dr. James W. Campbell, perhaps the most noted Presbyterian divine in Missouri in his day, and his son, ex-Lieutenant Governor R. A. Campbell, were of the party. Also Frank Swift, afterward governor of California, and several others who afterwards won distinction. Young Swift was an educated fellow, bright, even brilliant, and some­ thing of a poet. He was fond of Joe—saw in him a character, and was wont to joke with him around the camp fire. One day 'way over the divide when the train had halted for rest, young Swift in a poetical mood, wrote the celebrated song, "Joe Bowers," and that night, when the jolly Joe took up his usual story telling, Governor Campbell read aloud Swift's poem. The entire camp was convulsed. It was the first time anything had been attempted at Joe's expense, and the humor of it made such an impression that in forty-eight hours the whole party had committed the lines to memory. Then some musician in the train found a tune that fitted. The song made a great hit, and ever afterward the western slopes of the country resounded with "Joe Bowers, All the Way From Pike." The first mail home brought the poem. It was published in the Salt River Journal, the only newspaper in Pike county. It made a great hit at home as it had made in camp. It has been published and republished and sung from Maine to California. Frank Swift builded better than he knew when he hurriedly worded these lines It is sad that Joe could not have lived to make his fortune, return to the home he had made famous and marry his Sally Black. He died among MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 137 strangers and was buried on the far away Pacific coast. (Editor's Note: Eight verses of the song accompany this article, but as they have appeared in the Missouri Historical Review before they are not here reproduced.)

AN OLD-TIME DANCE

From the Jefferson City Missouri, May, 1929. In a little inland river hamlet the writer was privileged to witness very recently what was probably a duplication of the real, old-time hill country dance. Interesting, too, was the discovery that the dance tunes emanated from a typical "mountain fiddle"—a home-made one if you please, which had been made to produce sweeter tones by placing the dried rattles of a snake in the body of the instrument. (This is a common practice in many sections of the hill country.) In the shade of two gigantic elm trees a rude platform of board had been erected. Here the dancers, young and old, perspiring with the violent exercise, responded vigorously to the shrill voice of the caller as he waved his arms and admonished: "Swing that gal that's right behind yo' Roun' an' roun' don't tromp her feet! Bow to the gal that's facin' at yo' Right and lef aroun' and yo' pardner meet!"

"Sourwood Mountain," "Turkey in the Straw," "Money-Musk," "Campbells are Coming," the old-time mountain tunes followed in quick succession. Faster and faster moved the shuffling feet while bandanna 'kerchiefs, red and blue mopped perspiring foreheads. "Balance to yo' pardner man, Don't be so slow! Sashay to the middle Bow down low!"

MARK TWAIN's REQUEST FOR HYMN BOOK

From the LaMonte Record, June 3, 1904. Hearing of the prodigal manner in which the millionaire Carnegie was giving away money, the great humorist, Maik Twain, the other day sat down and wrote the following appeal to Mr. Carnegie —"Dear Mr. Carnegie—I see by the papers that you are prosperous. I want to get a hymn book, it costs two dollars. If you send me this hymn book I will bless you, and it will do a great deal of good.—Yours, Mark Twain. P. S. On second thought, don't send me the hymn book, send me the two dollars." The reply is not known. 138 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"GRAND ZOOLOGICAL EXHIBITION"

From the Boonville Weekly Observer, June 24, 1845. The proprietors respectfully announce that their extensive collection of living wild animals, will be exhibited at Boonville, on Friday, July the 4th and 5th. This establishment embraces the interest of the New York and Philadelphia Institutes, making the largest now in the United States. The famous W. A. Duboise, will appear with his trained animals in some of the most beautiful scenes; among other interesting performances he will harness and drive a large Nubian Lion. On the entrance into each place of exhibition two large elephants will be harnessed to the band car and precede the whole retinue of horses and wagons, 21 in number, to the place of exhibition. Doors opened from 1 to 4 o'clock. Admittance reduced to 3 cts., children and servants half price. The above will be exhibited at Marshall on the 1st of July, Arrow Rock, 2nd, Lamine P. Office, at Freeman Wings, on the 3rd. T. E. RAYMOND, Manager.

BATTLE OF LEXINGTON—MULLIGAN'S LECTURE

From the St. Louis, Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican, December 24, 1861. Col. Mulligan, the heroic defender of Lexington, received a warm welcome at the hands of the citizens of New York yesterday. Col. Mulligan was received with a storm of applause, and proceeded with his task in a straight-forward and soldier-like fashion. He spoke of the readiness with which Col. Marshall's Cavalry and the Irish Brigade of Chicago marched one hundred and fifty miles to the relief of Lexington. The chaplain of the brigade, he said, was fully capable to give them a prayer or sing them a song. (Laughter.) They found no enemy on the way, and arrived at their post on the 16th of September. He told how they received news of the approach of the enemy, how reinforcements and provisions were sent for, and although there was ample time to send them, they did not come. The enemy advanced, 10,000 strong. There were in Lexington, at that time 800 of the Irish Brigade, 800 of Colonel Peabody's men, 350 of the Missouri Fourteenth, 600 of the Marshall Cavalry, and a few of the Home Guard. He wished for their sake that the Home Guard had been fewer. (Laughter.) He despised them, for he had found them invincible in peace and invisible in war. After the enemy had been re­ pulsed at the bridge, they made a circuit of ten miles, and advanced upon Lexington by the road leading past the cemetery. They were met by the Union forces with desperate resistance, but the enemy succeeded in plant­ ing a battery, and showered grape upon them until they became very much confused. (Laughter.) There was danger of somebody being hurt. (Laughter.) They were not used to being hurt and they seemed all anxious to avoid it. (Laughter.) Even the Colonel of the Irish Brigade found himself at the rear trying to clear for the woods. (Laughter.) But at length order was restored, MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 139

and the men were posted so as to pick off the enemy's gunners, which was done effectually. At length, that evening, those six thousand men fell back before the twenty-seven hundred and eighty who had fought them from morning until night. Gen. Parsons requested the privilege of entering Lexington to bury his dead, which, in view of the defence shown by the enemy to the dead body of the bravest man yet sacrificed to the Union cause—Lyon—(thunders of applause) was granted. But they had stolen their provisions, cast their own shot and thrown up their own intrenchments, and only by such superhuman exertions were enabled to keep off the enemy during that terrible two days' fighting. On Sunday they had their sermon, singing and praying, and then the boys went back to stealing provisions and casting shot. (Great laughter.) During the seige the men lay upon their muskets and shoveled with their arms close at hand. On the night of the 17th it was evident that the enemy intended to make an assault in the morning. The advance of the black mass of the enemy was terrible. The eye fell nowhere that it was not met by a surface of steel. There were 28,000 men and 13 pieces of artillery, attacking that small force of less than one-tenth their number. The enemy planted five batteries, and for three days and three nights never ceased to pour in their deadly fire. Col. Mulligan here illustrated the position of Lexington and College Hill, showing how the enemy was enabled to get between the Union forces and the river without molestation, in consequence of there being no shell to shell them out. At length word came that the enemy had taken the hospital. He had never dreamed that it was necessary to fortify sick men's couches. Still, the enemy took the hospital. The force of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth made vain efforts to retain the building, but a company of the Irish Brigade was called upon, and they went on, a line of steel, and what was better, a line of invincible human will; they met the enemy front to front, and charged on and on, until they burst in upon five thousand men. (Great applause.) That charge of the Irish Brigade had no parallel in our history. (Applause.) But they had to retire, carrying with them their sick and wounded, and reaching the interior works. The battle raged until 9 o'clock, when a sortie was made, and the enemy's colors were captured from a regiment of the assailants. The firing paused from 12 to 3, and at 3 o'clock in the morning of the 19th the whole line of the enemy opened. The besieged had used up their last drop of water, and all day the firing continued. The enemy captured their surgeon and chaplain in the hospital, so that on this critical day their valuable services were not available. Captain Moriarty was obliged to perform amputations all day long with nothing but a razor. Even the water that was used in these operations was eagerly drunk by impatient men. On the 20th the battle was continued, and the enemy advanced under cover of hemp bales in order to cover up and avoid the ''confusion pits" and mines that had been placed entirely around the entrenchments by the Union forces. There were two guns—six pounders—facing and within 140 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

175 feet of each other, playing for three hours, so close was the fighting. At length, under cover of hemp bales, the enemy advanced in sufficient numbers to overwhelm the two companies stationed at one portion of the works, but three companies of the Irish Brigade bravely came to the rescue and for thirty minutes four hundred men stood face to face and bayonet to bayonet, and the result of it was the enemy was driven back. (Applause) But at length the ammunition began to give out. Gun after gun was silenced. Still there was no water. At length there came a rumor that there was a flag of truce. The firing ceased. Gen. Price sent a note say­ ing: "Colonel, why has the firing ceased?" He turned the letter over and wrote on the back: "General: 'Pon my honor I don't know, unless you have surrendered." (Laughter.) At length the word passed that the cartridges had given out, and yet those good fellows, with nothing but empty guns and cold steel, marched back to the intrenchments. (Applause.) But, at length, after the treach­ ery of the Home Guard raising the white flag, the place was given up, he never knew and never cared upon what conditions. It was enough that the place was gone. Col. Mulligan gave thrilling descriptions of the individual bravery of many of the garrison of that doomed town during those terrible nine days' siege, the taking down of the flags that were nailed to the flagstaff (cheers) and the scenes during their captivity. The entire narrative abounded in passages of eloquence, of humor and of patriotism, rarely equaled. It was delivered in an off-hand, almost conversational style, and at the same time characterized by declamatory excellence.

COLONEL MULLIGAN'S SWORD From the Kansas City Times, February 21, 1929. (A. P.) The once bejeweled sword presented by Chicago admirers to Col. James A. Mulligan, leader of the "Irish Brigade" in the Civil War, has followed a long trail back to the place where Mulligan surrendered his troops but not his blade to Gen. Sterling Price. It rests now in the museum of the Lexington Historical Society and the true story of how it was stolen by a covetous youth and eventually restored to the widow of its original owner and to the historic battle ground is among the reminiscences of those who interest themselves in history not found in textbooks. Early in the war, when Mulligan took command of the "Irish Brigade" his friends presented him "a very handsome blade with jewel studded hilt." He carried it to Lexington, which the brigade was ordered to hold because of its strategic position on the Missouri river. Price's troops surrounded College Hill, cutting the brigade off from its water supply, the river, and caused Mulligan to surrender after a siege and fierce fighting. The night of his capitulation, Colonel Mulligan's MISSOURI HISTORY NOl FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 141

sword disappeared, and since he was killed at the Battle of Winchester in 1864, he never learned what became of it. It was the conscience and the frequent explanations he had to make that finally brought the story from the miscreant youth, but he carried the secret until he was old. One summer day in 1899 or 1900 an aged man walked into the office of the late U. G. Phetzing, Lexington lawyer, whose familiarity with pension law made him many acquaintances among the old soldiers. He tossed a package on the floor and asked if, by chance, Phetzing knew the address of Mrs. James A. Mulligan. Phetzing, who had had recent correspondence with the war widow, first heard the true story of the sword, which follows: "In '61 when the war broke out, I was a boy, living out in the south part of the county. In August Price's army passed our place and I heard they were bound for Lexington and that there was likely to be a fight. I had never seen anything especially exciting, so I followed. Very few of the men were in uniform and some had no weapons, so I attracted no atten­ tion; I lived in camp with the other soldiers, watched the fighting until the cessation of firing and saw Mulligan surrender to Price. 111 was attracted by the appearance of Mulligan's sword, which I thought was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen. The more I thought of it, the more I wanted it. So I hung around headquarters, watching my chance to seize it. That night I crawled under the walls of Mulligan's tent, felt around until I found the sword and took it. I then lit out for home, taking my prize with me. As I approached home, I thought what I might say to my father and mother in explanation of how I got that beautiful sword, and decided, knowing them as I did, to say nothing. I hid the sword under the hay in an obscure corner of the barn loft and went about my affairs. ''Some time later I was married and left home. I took the sword with me to my new home, showed it to my wife and made some sort of explanation—not the true one—of how I came to have it. I thought I could see that she did not fully believe my story, but she was a very wise woman and made no comments. I still kept it in the hay loft, well hidden. Years passed. One day my oldest boy came into the house with that sword, which he had found while rummaging around the barn. Then I had to make my same lame explanation to him and my wife still wore her look of doubt of my story and still made no comment. I again hid it, more carefully this time. The next time it came to light one of the hired men dug it out while hunting for something else and I caught him using it to sharpen stakes. I took it away from him and again had to make my same old explanation. This time I took it to the orchard at night and buried it under an old apple tree. Just yesterday my youngset son came into the house, greatly excited, carrying that infernal sword, which he had dug up while trying to catch a chipmunk or something. "I then and there decided to tell my wife the true story of how it came into my hands, and we both agreed that it should be returned to the 142 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW widow of Colonel Mulligan. And so I have brought it to you to send to her, and I'm glad to get the damn thing off my soul." Mr. Phetzing at once sent the sword to Chicago to the family of Colonel Mulligan. When E. N. Hopkins, president of the Lexington Histoiical Society, heard of the matter, he wrote to Chicago, asking that the sword be presented the Lexington society at some future time. A letter was received promptly from Mrs. Elizabeth Carroll, daughter of the Mulligans, saying that only the day before receiving Hopkins' letter the sword had been presented the Mulligan Post of the G. A. R. in Chicago. However, she promised that whenever the post should be dissolved the sword would be sent to Lexington. Mrs. Carroll wrote that the last member of the Mulligan Post had died, the post had been disbanded and she was shipping the sword to Lex­ ington for perpetual preservation. Some time before the farm boy returned the sword the jewels were lost and none ever explained what became of them.

MISSOURIANS ABROAD—DWIGHT DAVIS

An editorial from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 17, 1929. President Hoover's nomination of Dwight Davis for Governor-General of the Philippines is, we believe, a happy choice. Mr. Davis has had excellent training for this difficult post. As a cabinet officer he is ex­ perienced in the administration of public affairs on a large scale. While a young man he rendered memorable service to St. Louis as Park Commis­ sioner. He converted Forest Park from a "deep, tangled wildwood" into the great playground it is today. From his activity in sports—he was a champion tennis player when a college student—he learned the value of recreation. Park Commissioner Davis conceived it to be the duty of a city to provide recreational facilities for its citizens, especially its citizens of tomorrow. The idea was not original with him, but his plans for converting the parks from scenery into public utilities were distinguished by real vision. That instinct for social service, that intuitive recognition of the needs of people for play and leisure, should prove a valuable quality in his new post. The Filipinos will find no aloof, austere bureaucrat in "The Palace." They will find a polished man of capacity, learning and sympathy, a cos­ mopolitan in the best sense of the word. That is the kind of a man a Governor-General should be.

HOW "BUNK" ORIGINATED

From the Kansas City Times, March 11, 1927. The term "bunk," or "buncombe," as it was first called, originated in the house of representatives in 1820 during a debate on the Missouri Compromise. Felix Walker, a native old mountaineer, represented the Western North Carolina district, including Buncombe county. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 143

When the house was loudly demanding a vote, relates the Pathfinder, Walker insisted on making a speech. Several members gathered around him and begged him to desist. He continued, however, declaring that his constituents expected him to say something on the subject—he was bound to "make a speech for Buncombe." Thus the word came to mean any humbug or claptrap, especially insincere political talk. Buncombe county was created in 1791 and was named for Edward Buncombe, a colonel in the Revolutionary army, who was wounded in the battle of Germantown in 1777 and who died a prisoner of war in Phila­ delphia the following year.

LITTLE BONNE FEMME ACADEMY

From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 20, 1929. This month marks the hundredth anniversary of the founding of the first Boone county school. On the third Monday of May in 1829 Little Bonne Femme Academy, a co-educational school, opened with Warren Woodson as teacher. Now, a century later, Boone county is the home of the state university and two junior colleges for women, located at Columbia, the county seat. Little Bonne Femme Academy was six miles south of Columbia, on the north bank of the creek from which the community and the school received their names. The school was established by residents of the community, most of whom came from Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee. These persons, representing the "first" families of these states, wished to give their sons and daughters the educational advantages they had known in their youth. The building, not imposing as academies of today go, was of brick, with two rooms, each about 22 feet square. The courses—advertised in the Fayette Intelligencer of that time, for Columbia had no newspaper—were "reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, mathematics and some of the more ordinary branches of the belles lettres." The advertise­ ment likewise described the school house as "a very commodious brick building set in a healthy, highly rural and very respectable neighborhood." The school year consisted of two terms, each five and a half months long, and the tuition depended on the courses taken. The student wishing instruction in the three R's paid $8.00 for both terms. If he added gram­ mar, geography and higher mathematics he paid $12, and for those who studied Latin also the tuition was $18. Students went to Little Bonne Femme from all parts of the state, and boarded in neighboring homes. Charges for the semester totaled $25, or about $1.13 a week, including washing, fuel and candles. The in­ dustrious student of that day had neither electric lights nor oil lamps. There was no complaint of insufficient food, for game was plentiful. The cooking was done by old slaves who knew many secrets of the culinary art. 144 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The names of many persons distinguished in Missouri history are found on the roll of this first Boone county school. Among them are those of Charles H. Hardin, later governor of Missouri and founder of Hardin College at Mexico, and Miss Mary Jenkins, whom he married; Thomas C. Reynolds, also a governor of the state; and Bela M. Hughes, one of the founders of Denver. In 1831 Mrs. H. T. Pierce established here the first school for women in which "reading, spelling, writing, English grammar, geography, together with plain and ornamented needlework, painting with water colors, body colors and oil," were taught. This school was conducted in Mrs. Pierce's home, and lasted only a short time, as did the English and Classical Academy established here in 1832. The following year, Columbia College and Columbia Female College were founded. The former was closed in 1841, when the university opened, and Columbia Female College was reorganized in 1856 by Boone county Baptists under the name of Baptist Female College. In 1870 the name was changed to Stephens College in recognition of the endowment made by John L. Stephens. Another school established during this period was Christian Female College, which is now known as Christian College, and is a junior college for women. The university was located at Columbia in 1839, and opened in 1841. Shortly after, Little Bonne Femme Academy ceased to exist, but the educational interest it had developed had been passed on to the newer schools. Today, all that is left of the academy is a pile of stones and anecdotes that students of the school have handed down to their children and grandchildren.

BURCKHARTT, DESIGNER OF STATE SEAL

Excerpts from an article written by Mrs. Mary Miller Smiser, in the War- rensburg Standard-Herald, April 19, 1929. Tradition has long credited the designing of the State Seal to George Frederick Burckhartt of Howard county. Recent investigation confirms this. At times, other men have been given credit of designing the coat of arms, but no proof has been furnished to substantiate the claims. It has been suggested that a committee made the design, but the Seal itself bears evidence of a unity of thought that would preclude such an origin. That the design must have been the work of one individual is the opinion of historians Upon the admission of Missouri into the Union the constitution provided for a "Seal of State," which should not be subject to change. The journals of the first session of the General Assembly show that the members of the House and Senate failed repeatedly in their effort to secure a suitable design for a "Seal of State." When the second session convened November 6, 1821, Governor Mc­ Nair in reading his message to the General Assembly said: "Considerable MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 145

inconvenience daily arises from want of a 'Seal of State' and I deem it proper to remind you of the necessity of supplying the deficiency at the present session." On reading the journals of the House and Senate for the second session of the first General Assembly which lasted a little over two months, we find the Senate took no part in making provision for a "Seal of State." The whole matter was delegated to the House, in whose hands it soon became a "Howard county responsibility." The day following the reading of Governor McNair's message, Duff Green, a member and representative of Howard county, and an influential citizen and a personal friend of George F. Burckhartt, moved that that part of the governor's message pertaining to a "Seal of State" be referred to a "Select Committee." As mentioned above, the said committee was composed of Chauncy Smith of St. Charles county, and Elston and Alcorn of Howard county. It was to this "Select Committee" that Dean Williams has referred The revised statutes of the state show a correction in the wording of a phrase of heraldry, describing an emblem on the seal. This revision was done in 1889, when Honorable A. A. Lesseuer, secretary of state, was a member of the revision committee. Colonel Lesseuer's daughter, Miss Octavia, of Los Angeles, who as­ sisted her father during the twelve years he was secretary of state, said in a recent interview with Henry T. Burckhartt, Los Angeles, "I have always understood that George Frederick Burckhartt designed the State Seal. The Seal now being used by the several secretaries of the State of Mis­ souri is not the original seal, but is the duplicate. The original seal, a gold mounted affair, is stored away in a small vault in the Secretary of State's office in Jefferson City." From the foregoing it is very evident that Secretary Lesseuer had first hand information concerning the authorship of the State Seal, and the records show that he has shown an intelligent interest in heraldry The Alcorn family was closely connected with the Burckhartt family, for, during the War of 1812, they lived together in Fort Kincaid near old Franklin. George F. Burckhartt was a well educated man of his day, and understood the language of heraldry. This the committee knew. They also knew that he was qualified to design a "Seal of State," and asked him to submit a report which was accepted without change, tradition tells us. Thus far in our research, which covers more than a year's time, we have not learned of anyone other than Burckhartt for whom claim has been made for the authorship of the law which gave Missouri her State Seal. Is it not strangely convincing that this tradition should live for more than a hundred years and still be repeated by people now living in various parts of the state, none of whom knew that others had been solicited for information on the subject? (Following is the testimony given by several of Burckhartt's descendants and others.) 146 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mr. Walter C. Knous, of the Springfield Security Company, of Spring­ field, Missouri who is now in his eighty-sixth year writes "Yes, beyond all doubt, Burckhartt was the designer of the Missouri State Seal. He was asked by the 'Select Committee' of the Legislature to originate a design for the seal. I remember well hearing him tell my father all about it " (Here follow the opinions of writers and students of Missouri history on the accuracy of the Burck­ hartt claim and the evidence gathered by Mrs. Smiser, as well as a bio­ graphical sketch of George F. Burckhartt who died in New Franklin, March 24, 1864.)

"GOING UP SALT RIVER"—ANOTHER VERSION

From the Shelbina, Salt River Monthly, January, 1904. The origin of the political term, "Gone up Salt River," is said to be this: A man in Pike county, down near the mouth of Salt river, ran for a county office and was defeated. Hoping yet to attain the coveted office, he moved to Ralls county, settled again on the banks of Salt river, and again ran for office. Again defeated, he followed the river up into Monroe county, and, after a time, again offered himself as a can­ didate; once more defeated, yet not discouraged, he moved on up the river into Shelby county, where he again ran for office and was again defeated. After the votes were counted his friends said, "Sam, you had better move on up Salt river." So the expression started and widened its territory as its meaning became known. Many people now say of a man who is de­ feated for office, "He has gone up Salt river," who do not know how the phrase originated nor where Salt river is

FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN HOWARD COUNTY

From the Daily Liberty Tribune, June 5, 1929, (published only during the 92nd annual state convention of the Disciples of Christ.) "The Church of Christ on the east fork of Salt Creek, was constituted Saturday, November 22, A. D., 1817, by Thomas McBride." Thus a quaint old faded record tells the story of the men in jeans and the women in calico who, in the midst of a dense forest, founded our first church in Howard county, Missouri. "Squire Badley, (sic) Jonah Shepherd, Brothers Johnson and Town, Peter Jackman, David Wilcoxson, Simeon and Elizabeth Han is, Nancy and Sarah Bondurant, Martin and Anne Settles, John and Sarah Peeler, Sarah Walker and Anne Robinson, Brother Sam, a black man, and Sister Clarissa, a black woman: The above named persons agree to take the Old and New Testament, and it alone, as the only rule of faith and prac­ tice." "Violin music" and "the dancing foot" were seriously condemned. All that remains of the old church is the little cemetery and the faded record book. The congregation moved to Ashland in 1848, where a new MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 147 house of worship was built, which still stands. Richland, also in Howard county, was the second church organized. The record of the churches in the state are not all very accurate in this early period, but there were several organizations prior to 1830. Red Top, in Boone county, dates back to 1822. Bear Creek, near Columbia, where the first state meeting was held, was founded in 1824. Thomas McBride, who came to Boone county in 1816, was the earliest of our Missouri preachers. Later Samuel Rogers, Joe Haden, T. M. Allen and Allen Wright fought the battles of the faith. It is related of T. M. Allen that he refused a seat in Congress for fear it would set a bad example for young preachers. Sandy E. Jones, father of A. B. Jones, the first state secretary and pastor at Liberty for many years, came to Missouri in 1831, establishing churches in Pike, Callaway, Ralls and adjacent counties. A Bible, a horse, a blanket and a coffee pot were about all these pioneer preachers needed. Riding from place to place, sleeping out under the trees, evangelizing as they had opportunity, organizing a little band here and there, this is the beginning of the Christian Church in Missouri.

THE SPRING OF DEATH

By Allan Hinchey, in the Palmyra, Marion County Magazine, March, 1904. A roving band of Osages had gone south, past the Renault mines over the granite hills, and across the rivers St. Francois and La Pom me until they reached the Tiwappatee bottom. When the Osages were on the move it meant trouble for everyone else, for, as they went they stole, slew and burned. They were dreaded by the French and Spanish settlers, and by the more peaceably inclined Indians. On this particular occasion, however, they were not so aggressive as they traveled south, for they intended going into the lands of the Dela- wares, and they knew that too much violence on their part would arouse the whites, the Chawanons and the Delawares to such an extent that they would join forces and annihilate their band before assistance could come to them from their tribe in the north. It was the intention of the chief who led them to go swiftly into the country of the Delawares, strike quickly and fiercely, and then retreat, before an alarm could be given. Having penetrated the jungle of Tiwappatee Bottom for some dis­ tance and being within a few miles of the Delaware village, the Osages halted to await the coming of night, when they intended to pounce down upon the unsuspecting Delawares, take a few scalps and drive away as many of their horses as they could capture. Shortly after concealing themselves they saw a party of Delaware horsemen coming, about twenty of them, and each man was leading one or two extra ponies. They were evidently returning from a pasturage, where their ponies had been grazing. 148 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The Osages attacked and killed all of the Delawares except one, the son of the Delaware chief, whom they captured, badly wounded. Binding their prisoner upon one of the captured ponies they quickly secured the other horses, and the scalps of their victims and began a hasty retreat. Fearing that a knowledge of their passage through the country had reached the whites and Chawanons, who might be on watch foi their return, the Osages decided to go farther towards the west before turning north to their own lands. With the ingenious cruelty peculiar to them, they harrassed and tortured their unfortunate captive as they retreated rapidly through the forest. The poor Delaware, feverish from his wounds, asked for water. It was given to him, but with salt dissolved in it, which of course, greatly aggravated his thirst, until his suffering became terrible. On the second day they came to the bank of a river, near which a large spring of water flowed from under the bluffs. This spring was well known to the Indians and was called by them the "Big Spring." Here they stopped to rest and refresh themselves. Their captive implored them to give him water. But they drank plentifully of it them­ selves and refused his appeals. And that his suffering might be increased, the Delaware, with swollen tongue, bloodshot eyes and crazed brain, was firmly bound and placed with his face within a few inches of the running water. Fearing pursuit the Osages did not tarry long at the spring, but after consultation regarding the prisoner, and fearing he might retard them in their flight, they decided to leave him. So, cruelly tearing off his scalp- lock they left him by the pool of water and once more began their retreat. The shades of night settling over the forest, the people of the Del­ aware village began to wonder at the delay in the arrival of the young men who had gone to bring in the ponies from the range. The chief ordered that a party go in search of them, and thus was learned the awful truth. The chief summoned his warriors, and preparations were made for a hasty pursuit. As the band of warriors left the village the chief's squaw, having learned that her son was not among the slain, and fearing his fate at the hands of his captors, joined the cavalcade. Easily following the trail of the Osages, they finally came to the "Big Spiing," and there found the body of their tribesman. To their Indian instinct the story was easy to read. The cruelty of the thirst torture—the excruciating pangs of thirst aggravated by the sounds of running water, was plainly evident from the swollen tongue and distorted features. Some of the Delawares, thirsty after their hard riding, were in the act of drinking from the spring, but the mother of the murdered warrior drove them back with reproaches. "Would you drink of the water whose music tortured your brother?" she asked. "From this day may these waters be accursed. May all, beast and man, who drink of this spring sicken and die." MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 149

Whether the curse of the grief stricken mother still hangs over the spring we cannot say, but the "Big Spring," now known as Mill Spring, a station on the Iron Mountain Railway, still runs plentifully, and its water is cool and clear, but the inhabitants will tell you that disease lurks in it, and the cattle and wild animals shun it always.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF THE MERAMEC RIVER

From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 13, 1925. The Meramec river no doubt was named by the American Indians. In the Handbook of American Indians, published by the Bureau of Eth­ nology, Washington, D. C, it is stated that "Marameg" is from the Indian Man-um-aig, Chippewa for "catfish," and that a tribe of Marameg Indians lived north of Lake Superior when the country was first discovered. French explorers and Jesuit missionaries passed down the Mississippi below the mouth of the Meramec river in 1698-1700 and reported that the Indians came down the "Marameg" river to go to the lead mines 50 leagues dis­ tant up the river. The Chippewa, Marameg, Fox and Sac tribes were of Algonquin stock, therefore the conclusion would be that the word Mara­ meg, by whatever tribe the river was given its name, is of Algonquin origin and was intended to convey the idea that this was a catfish river which in fact it really is. The maps of the eighteenth century, some as early as 1703, give various names to the river, such as Maramec, Maramek, and Marameik. The river rises in Dent county, flows northeast and joins the Mississippi 19 miles below St. Louis. Its whole length is estimated at 150 miles.

THE MISSOURI MULE

From the Columbia Missourian Magazine, March 30, 1929. The proverbial Missouri mule was uppermost in the minds of Mis­ sourians about 1825. Certainly he was the talk of the town in Columbia for on December 8, 1825, there was published what appears to have been the first advertisement of a "jack" being offered at a public sale in Mis­ souri. He was advertised to be sold in Columbia and was the property of Thomas D. Grant of Columbia. The jack's name was Tontalegro, a high-sounding name for a mule. People called him the Spanish Horse, and everyone was dubious about his real origin and what name would fitly describe him. The quaint wording of an advertisement that appeared about this time in "The Intelligencer" of Franklin, Mo., is sufficient proof that neither the men who trafficked in these mules nor the general public were yet educated as to their origin. A reproduction of the notice reads: "Spanish Horses—The subscriber has for sale Five Gennets and One Jack. He may be found at the house of Mr. John Bloy, upstairs." Clippings from early newspapers give sufficient evidence that the first mules to enter Missouri came from Mexico over the Santa Fe Trail. Mules sold on the market at from $20 to $30 while horses sold at the lower 150 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

price of from $10 to $20. The Indians, too, were learning the value of mules, and frequent accounts about this time prove how eager they were to own mules, and how unscrupulous they were in obtaining possession of them. A sketch from the Franklin, Missouri, "Intelligencer" of October 30, 1835, gives some idea of the extensive trade that was being carried on at that time. It reads: "The company of traders which left this and the neighboring counties last spring for Santa Fe, have for some days past, been arriving here. We are much gratified to learn that our fellow-citizens have met with their usual success. They have brought with them up­ wards of 300 mules, besides furs, etc." These traders always had ex­ periences with thieving Indians along their route, some of them tragic. A clipping from the "Intelligencer" of April 19, 1825, is typical: "William Huddart, who went to Santa Fe in one of the trading companies last sum­ mer, has just returned, having left Taos on January 12 last. His party was attacked by the Arapahoe Indians who carried off many mules. He mentioned that six other Americans, returning by Chihuahua, Durango, and San Ontonia (sic), had been attacked in the interior of the country and robbed of 200 mules." The Navajo Indians sometimes murdered those guarding their flocks and herds and drove away the mules. One instance is cited of a company meeting with the misfortune of losing many of their mules on their return. "Occasioned by the sudden erruption and howling of a gang of wolves late in the night, the sentinel was awakened and terrified by the noise. He came screaming into camp, exclaiming, 'Indians! Indians!' This alarmed the mules, which, to the number of 130 broke loose and were irretrievably lost." Raising of mules began about 1840 in Missouri, and was firmly es­ tablished by 1850. Frequent mention of them was made at the farm sales

FIND HISTORIC MORMON STONE

From the Independence Examiner, May 29, 1929. A stone which is believed to have been the original cornerstone placed on the Temple Lot by Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet in 1831, to designate the exact location on which the Temple should be built, has been found by excavators for the new proposed temple. The find is tremendously interesting to all factions of Mormonism, and particularly to the Church of Christ, which holds possession of the historic ground and has begun the building of the long-talked of temple. The stone has on it marks which the Church of Christ officials believe absolutely confirm their contention that they have chosen for their building the precise location indicated by Joseph, the Seer, as they believe, under Divine inspiration. The stone was unearthed several days ago, and since then has been carefully guarded as a precious treasure. It is in custody of Bishop A. O. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 151

Frisbey. Not until this morning were the official leaders of the church willing to give out an authorized statement concerning the find. It was O K'ed by W. P. Buckley, in charge of the general offices of the Church of Christ, and Thomas B. Nerrin, a member of the Quorum of Twelve. Last night the stone was carefully studied by churchman with magni­ fying glasses, and today they say they are absolutely certain of the fact that they have found the sacred marker. James R. Lawson, of Leavenworth, Kas., is in charge of the excavation now being done on the temple site. One of the men working for him is Harry Taylor, a negro. While Taylor was operating a slip drawn by a team of horses the implement came in contact with a hard object which suddenly stopped the team. Hastily digging into the loose black soil Lawson and others un­ covered a block of limestone. It was of the ordinary native variety. The block was approximately 10J^ inches square and seven inches thick. A piece about one inch thick split off of one side. On the other side was what appeared to be lettering which had been chiselled into the stone but which was difficult to decipher on account of time and the condition of the stone. The figures 1831 were fairly readable. This was the year in which Joseph Smith dedicated the temple lot and set the corner stone. The other lettering was not so legible, but today it was announced that it had been deciphered as 40 W. This is construed to mean 40 West. The church leaders explain this to mean that the stone where found was 40 feet west of the original location where it was placed by the prophet. They say that on account of the opposition to the Mormons prevailing at the time, the faithful adherents of the prophet feared the stone would be destroyed or carried away. To guard against this they moved it from its original location above ground and buried it under the surface just 40 feet further west, and added the inscription to identify the original location. When found by the excavators it was said to be eighteen inches under the surface in black rich soil, with no other stones anywhere near. Here is a phase of the matter that is intensely interesting to the church leaders of the Church of Christ. They aheady had located their temple in accordance with alleged instructions delivered by an angel of the Lord to Otto Fetting of Port Huron, Mich., and others, about a year and a half ago and they say that the old cornerstone was found exactly 40 feet west of the northeast corner of the excavation, where they say, the stone was first placed by the prophet. That is to say, they believe it was God who told Joseph Smith where to place the cornerstone in the year 1831, and the same Divine wisdom which told Otto Fetting and others in 1928 where to locate the temple. 152 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

OLD SPANISH TOWER AT ST. CHARLES

From the St. Charles Banner-News, August 8, 1901. An old citizen who is well posted on the early history of St. Charles, in an interview, kindly volunteered some interesting information about the old Spanish Tower. He said: ''The old tower on which mention is made in the Banner-News of the 2d instant (See Editor's Note below) may have been a martello— certainly no one on earth can assert that it was not. ''The square on which it stood—No. 67 as designated on the present map of the city—was granted to one Francis Duquette on the first day of July, 1796. There is some evidence that Monsieur Duquette was a miller for among the earliest records of St. Charles county is a deed made by him conveying a lot in what is now square No. 62, in which it is stated that there was a mill on that lot. I do not know the date of Duquette's death; but on the first day of May, 1817, Antoine Janis, the Administrator of Duquette's estate conveyed the whole square to Andrew Wilson, de­ scribing it as 'a lot lying and being situate in the town of St. Charles, with a stone building thereon, containing 22 arpens more or less, granted to Francis Duquette July 1, 1796.' ''In the following December (1817) Andrew Wilson and wife conveyed the square to David Barton, describing substantially as in the deed from Duquette's administrator to him and adding the further particular that it was 'granted to Francis Duquette by Zenon Trudeau, Lieutenant Governor and Commandant of the west part of the Illinois, surveyed by the Surveyor Particular of the upper settlements of Louisiana and certified by him in December 1803 and confirmed by the Commissioner appointed for the purpose of ascertaining the rights of persons claiming lands in the District of Louisiana (now Territory of Missouri) as appears by the Certifi­ cate of the Recorder of Land Titles dated December 20, 1809, bounded South by Ninth street, North by Tenth street, East by Second street and West by Third Street.' ''Four days afterward (December 8, 1817) Mary L. Duquette, the widow of Francis Duquette, conveyed her right in the square to David Barton. ''The following June (June 28, 1818) David Barton conveyed a part of the square (which was subsequently reconveyed) the deed describing it as 'a certain lot of ground situate on the Bluff (so called) of the town of St. Charles belonging to "David Barton" and on which a square stone mill is situated.' ''So far as I know this is the only place in the records where the pur­ pose for which the old tower was used is stated, and the curious thing about it is the statement that the tower was square. I have seen it hun­ dred, perhaps thousands, of times, and have been in it many, many times; and I know, and everybody who has ever seen it knows that it was round. It had a diameter of about 20 feet, and when I knew it, it was between 25 and 30 feet high, the walls being quite thick—not less than two feet—and MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 153

pierced by two openings opposite each other and of the dimensions of ordinary doors. The only war-like indication about it was a hole in the wall some 10 or 12 feet from the ground. As I remember the matter, there was but one hole, but my recollection does not say there were not more. I have no knowledge of military affairs, but looking at it in a common-sense way, I am inclined to think the hole or holes were not portholes for defence against attack but were used in connection with the mill operations. The records nowhere mention it in a military connection, nor is it anywhere called a tower—it is called a building where it is charac­ terized at all; and it is called a mill. The square on which it stood was private property from the time of its grant to Duquette in 1796 and there is no hint that it was ever used for public purposes. The Post Com­ mandant resided at the upper end of Main street—the villagers lived on Main and Second streets—the old stone building could not have held one fourth of the people in case of attack, and its location was too isolated for such a purpose. As you say, it was built on the highest point of the village where the western breezes could strike it, as they still do in the same locality. Monsieur Duquette, who seems to have been a man of some note in the village, doubtless built the old tower for use as a wind­ mill. It was carefully and solidly built, and when it was more than half a century old, it was as compact a mass of stone as when first brought together; and if the ruthless hand of man had not been laid on it the build­ ing would be there today as solid as ever. I am quite sure it was as hard work to take it to pieces as it was to put it together." (Editor's Note. It is unfortunate that the Society's file lacks the Banner-News of August 2, which contains the former article mentioned.)

RECOLLECTIONS OF MARK TWAIN From the Kansas City Star, February 24, 1929. Syracuse, N. Y., Feb. 23.—"How any man who appeared to have such a dislike for boys as he had could write the boys' stories he did I never could understand, for the Mark Twain I knew didn't like boys." It was Twain's office boy of sixty years ago who was telling his re­ collections of the famous author. James Brennan, vice-president of the Will & Baumer Company, candle makers, was 14 years old in 1869 when Samuel L. Clemens purchased a third interest in the Buffalo Express and for a year wrote editorials and columns of his picturesque satire. Jimmie Brennan was his office boy. ''How he liked to chase us kids," said Mr. Brennan. "How he hated squeaky shoes, and how he would take after any boy who wore them! And yet that was the man who wrote about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn." Brennan's uncle, Francis Wardell, had charge of circulation for the Express, and he got Jimmie his job. Jimmie was there when Twain, as he generally was called, came to the paper, and he was there when Twain left, his year in Buffalo his last in newspaper work. 154 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Twain was 34 and Brennan was 14 when the two met in the editorial rooms of the Express. ''I can see that room of his now," said the office boy of sixty years ago. 'It had an old wooden chair, a plain table and a case for books on the wall. It was just a cubbyhole of an office at the head of the stairs, and there Twain sat and wrote and wrote and wrote, usually in his shirt sleeves. "The boys soon found out that Twain hated the sound of squeaky shoes, and after that they didn't wear anything else. They'd keep walking back and forth past the door of his office until he'd come out and chase them, and of course he couldn't catch them. He was irritable and irascible. "There was an old negro janitor. He didn't like Twain, and Twain didn't like him. Maybe it was because Twain had served in the Con­ federate army. He tried to get the janitor fired, but they kept him. The old fellow would go into Twain's office and address him with studied politeness, but Twain accepted if for what it was, really insolence. "There was a side door and stairway in the Express office, which was never used. Twain, new to the building, tried it one day. "The janitor was in the hall. He saw Twain start upstairs and let him go. Twain climbed the stairs and tried the knob on the door. Then and not till then did the janitor inform him, 'Mr. Twain, that door am kept locked.' "It often was 3 o'clock in the morning when Twain got through his writing and started home. He hadn't been in Buffalo long when the boys of the 'late trick' put up a joke on him. There had been many holdups in the city and for several nights the boys had been talking about these and elaborating on some which hadn't happened, until they had Twain pretty nervous, although he wouldn't admit it. "Early one morning he started to walk from the office to his home in Delaware avenue. There weren't night cars in those days. Twain hadn't gone far when he was held up by some of the boys, disguised as bandits. They took his watch and wallet and let him go. "Next day he wrote an account of the affair, but made it appear he put up quite a fight, asserting 'one of them, at least, did not get away unscathed.' "Saturday night came, and Twain was asked to remain a few minutes later than usual. He did. The staff was aissembled. I don't just remem­ ber who were there. Col. George F. Selkirk was president of the company, Chester Wilcox as the city editor, if I remember right. William Johnson was head bookkeeper. "Anyway, the boys assembled and Twain was called into the city room. One of them acted as spokesman. He made a speech—telling what an honor they considered it to have him as editor, and wound up by saying they wanted to give him a token of their regard. He got his watch and wallet. Twain accepted the whole thing as the joke it was intended to be, and everybody enjoyed the prank played upon him, Twain as well as the rest." MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 155

There's another story they tell about Twain. February 2, 1870, he married Olivia Langdon of Elmira, whose father gave them a house in Delaware avenue, Buffalo. The Twains did not mingle in Buffalo society. They received and returned a few calls and went to an occasional reception, but weren't particularly neighborly. One Sunday morning Twain saw smoke issuing from an upper window of a house across the street, the home of newcomers whom he had not met. They were sitting on the front pprch unaware their house was on fire. Twain went across the stieet, bowed with leisurely politeness and said with the drawl that was characteristic of his speech, "My name is Clemens; we ought to have called on you before, and I beg your pardon for intruding now in this informal way, but your house is on fire." 156 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

I. The Missouri Historical Review. Vols. 1-23, (1906-1929). Bound, $74.00; unbound, $37.00. Prices of separate volumes on request Volumes 5 and 7-13 may be obtained for $1.00 each, unbound. Readers of the Review may have back issues which they are will­ ing to dispose of and which are desired by the Society. These back numbers are especially in demand and the Society will pay 25c an issue for each copy sent: Vol. I, No. 4; II, 3, 4; III, 1; IV, 2 4; VI, 1, 2, 3, 4; XIV, 1; XVIII, 2, 3; XIX, 2; XX, 1, 2, 3, 4; XXI, 1, 2; XXII, 1, 2.

II. Journal Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1875, Vols. 1-2 (1920). Bound $2.50 postpaid in Missouri; $2.75 postpaid outside Mis­ souri. Contains large folding illustration of the delegates, articles on "Constitutions and Constitutional Conventions in Missouri" by Isidor Loeb, "Personnel of the Convention" by Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Biographical Sketches of the Delegates" by Buel Leopard, and the Journal with Appendix and Index (954 pp.)

III. Messages and Proclamations Governors of the State of Missouri, from 1820 to 1920, inclusive, Vols. 1-11, (1922-1929). Bound, $13.75 postpaid in Missouri; $15.00 postpaid outside Missouri. Con­ tains the official public papers of all who have served as governors of the State, together with full page illustrations and biographical sketches. (Average size of the eleven volumes 533 pp.)

IV. Reprints of articles in The Missouri Historical Review. Unless other­ wise indicated, all reprints are unbound in leaflet, folder, or pam­ phlet form. Bieber, Ralph P., Diary of a Journey from Mo. to Calif. 1849. 41 pp., bd. $2.00. Boggs, Wm. M., Reminiscences of. 4 pp. 15c. Biographical sketch of Lilburn W. Boggs, 4 pp. 15c. Borland, Wm. P., General J. O. Shelby. 9 pp. 15c. Broadhead, G. C, Notes on the Jones Family in Missouri. 3pp 15c. Santa Fe Trail. 10 pp. 25c. Location of Capital of Mo. 5 pp. 25c. Brown, M. G., Carroll Co. Marriage Records. 27pp. 25c. Bryan, W. S., Daniel Boone in Missouri. 5 papers—total 35pp. $1.00. PUBLICATIONS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 157

Bryant, T. J., Bryant's Station and Its Founder. 3 papers— total 58pp. 75c. Daniel Boone. 7pp. 25c. Byars, W. V., Century of Journalism in Mo. 20pp. bd. $1.00. Collier, L. T., Sketches of Livingston County. 4 papers— total 21pp. 60c. Dalton, M. L., Names of Revolutionary Soldiers Known to be Buried in Mo. 5pp. 15c. DeMenil, A. N., Century of Mo. Literature. 51pp. bd. $3.00. Eaton, D. W., How Mo. Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. 5 papers—total 116pp. $1.00. Edwards, J. N., Shelby's Expedition to Mexico. 266pp. bd. $5.00. Ferril, W. C, Mo. Military in War of 1812. 3pp. 15c. Greenwood, J. M., Life of Col. Van Horn. 2 papers—total 27pp. 30c. Greger, S. K., Garland Carr Broadhead. 17pp. 15c. Grover, G. S., Civil War in Missouri. 27pp. 25c. Price's Campaign of 1864. 13pp. 25c. Shelby's Raid of 1863. 19pp. 25c. Guitar, S., and Shoemaker, F. C, The Mo. Chronicle, 1674-1924. 50pp. bd. $1.50. Harvey, C. M., Missouri from 1849 to 1861. 17pp. 25c. Hockaday, J. A., History of Westminster College, 5pp. 15c. Hockett, H. C, Rufus King and the Mo. Compromise. 9pp. 25c. Hodder, F. H., Sidelights on the Mo. Compromise. 11pp. 15c. Lawson, J. D., A Century of Mo. Legal Literature. 15pp. 25c. Lewis, W., Civil War Reminiscences. 11pp. 25c. Loeb, Isidor, Constitutions and Constitutional Conventions in Missouri. 50pp. bd. $1.00. McCausland, S. A. A., Battle of Lexington. 8pp. 15c. McClure, C. H., A Century of Mo. Politics. 21pp. 25c. McDougal, H. C, Missouri Politics from 1860 to 1870 from a Republican Viewpoint. 27pp. 25c. Mangold, G. B., Social Reform in Mo., 1820-1920. 12pp. 50c. Meriwether, L., Labor and Industry in Mo. During the Last Century. 12pp. 25c. Mowry, Duane, Letters of Schurz, B. Gratz Brown, et at. 19pp. 15c. Letters of Edward Bates, Frank Blair, et al. 23pp. 15c. Letters of Montgomery Schuyler. 9pp. 15c. Mudd, J. A., Cabell Descendants in Mo. 18pp. 15c. What I Saw at Wilson's Creek. 16pp. 15c. Mumford, F. B., A Century of Mo. Agriculture. 20pp. 25c. Organ, Minnie, History of the County Press of Mo. 3 papers— total 95pp. $2.00. 158 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Owen, Mary A., Social Customs and Usages in Mo. During the Last Century. 14pp. 25c. Phillips, C. A., A Century of Education in Mo. 16pp. 50c. bd. $1.00. Philips, J. F., The Administration of Gov. Gamble. 13pp. 15c. The Administration of Gov. Hall. 13pp. 15c. Ragan, S. C, Origin of the Christian Church at Westport. 7pp. 15c. Ravenel, S. W., Christ Church Parish, Boonville. 8pp. 15c. Ray, P. O., Retirement of Thos. H. Benton from the Senate 2 papers—total 27pp. 75c. Robinson, H. E., Gen. Ethan Allen Hitchcock. 13pp. 15c. The Province of Historical Societies. 5pp. 15c. Two Mo. Historians—Peckham and Snead. 8pp. 15c. Rowley, Mrs. A. V., Pike County Marriage Records. 17pp. 25c. Sampson, F. A., Bibliography of Books of Travel in Mo. 17pp. 25c. Bibliography of Mo. Biography. 19pp. 15c. Bibliography of Mo. Press Assn. 21pp. 15c. Bibliography of Slavery and Civil War in Mo. 16pp. 25c. Catalog of Publications of Mo. Authors. 47pp. 50c. Cities that Were Promised. 2pp. 15c. Glimpses of Old Missouri. 19pp. 15c. Journal of Becknell. 19pp. 50c. Journal of Marmaduke. 9pp. 25c. Monumental Inscriptions in Mo. Cemeteries: Jefferson City, 4 papers (22pp), Boonville, 2 papers (8pp), Lexington (lOpp), Platte City (4pp), Springfield (5pp), Warrensburg (7pp) Columbia (17pp) total—11 papers, 73pp. $1.65. Scenic and Historic Places in Missouri. 4pp, 15c. Sessions of Mo. Legislature. lst-45th. lp. 15c. Some Books on Travel in Mo. 8pp. 15c. Washington Irving; Travels in Mo. and the South. 18pp 15c. Schmidt, J. H., Recollection of First Catholic Mission Work in Mo. 10pp. 15c. Shackleford, Thomas, "How Old Art Thou." (speech). 8pp. 15c. Shoemaker, F. C, Civil War in Northeast Mo. 2 papers—total 31pp. 50c. Fathers of the State. 31pp. 15c. First Constitution of Mo. 12pp. 25c. PUBLICATIONS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 159

Missouri Calendar, 1541-1921. 40pp. $1.00. Missouri Day Programs. 6pp. 15c. Missouri's Constitutional History During the Territorial Period. 31pp. 15c. Six Periods of Mo. History. 9pp. 25c. Smith, H. C, Mormon Troubles. 13pp. 15c. Snyder, J. F., Battle of Osawatomie. 3pp. 15c. Capture of Lexington. 8pp. 15c. Democratic Convention, 1860. 8pp. 15c. Spencer, Joab., Early History of the M. E. Church in Saline County. 19pp. 15c. Jesse Walker, Apostle of the Wilderness. 17pp. 25c. Missouii's Aboriginal Inhabitants. 2 papers— total 27pp. 50c. Stephens, F. F., Missouri and the Santa Fe Trade. 2 papers— total 53pp. 50c. Nathaniel Patten. 17pp. 15c. Wetmore's Diary of a Journey to Santa Fe. 20pp. 25c. Stevens, W. B., Missourians 100 Years Ago. 45pp. pm. 50c, bd. $1.00 The Missouri Tavern. 25pp. 15c. The Missourian. 12pp. bd. $1.00. Teggert, F. J., Capture of St. Joseph, Mich, by the Spaniards. 7pp. 25c. Thomas, D. Y., Missouri in the Confederacy. 9pp. 25c. Thomas, J. L., Historic Landmarks of Jefferson County (general survey). 4 papers—total 28pp. $1.00. Jefferson County Landmarks—Telegraph Lines, Rivers, Postocffies, Vansant Mill and Slavery, History of Victoria. 5 papers—total 39pp. 75c. Some Historic Lines in Missouri. 3 papers—total 74pp. 50c. Viles, Jonas, Archives in Jefferson City. 11pp. 15c. Border Troubles, 1858-1860. 3 papers—total 48pp. 50c. Guide to Study of Local History. 14pp. 15c. Missouri in 1820. 16pp. 25c. Population and Extent of Settlement in Mo. Before 1804. 22pp. 25c. Vincent, J. W., The Slicker War. 7pp. 15c. Violette, E. M., A Model Centennial Programme. 7pp. 15c. White, E. J., Century of Transportation in Mo. 36pp. bd. $1.50. Zimmerman, E., Travel in Missouri, 1838. Translated by W. G. Bek. 10pp. 15c. V