MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVI EW. CONTENTS Dueharme's Invasion of Missouri An Incident in the Anglo-Spanish Rivalry for the Indian Trade of Upper Louisiana Abraham P. Nasatir Letters from Alexander W. Doniphan William B. McGroarty The True Character of Mark Twain's Wife Cyril Clemens Early Springfield Edward M. Shepard George Engelmann, Man of Science, Part IV William G. Bek Missouri Politics During the Civil War, Third Article Sceva Bright Laughlin Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI voi* xxr? OCTOBER, 1929 NO. I OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1928-1931 GEORGE A. MAHAN, Hannibal, President. LOUIS T. GOLDING, St. Joseph, First Vice-President. WALTER B. STEVENS, St. Louis, Second Vice-President. WALTER S. DICKEY, Kansas City, Third Vice-President. CORNELIUS ROACH, Kansas City, Fourth Vice-President. E. N. HO .exington, Fifth Vice-President. ALLEN McREYNOLDS, Carthage, Sixth Vice-President. R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer. FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1929 PHIL A. BENNETT, Springfield. J. F. HULL, Maryville. JOSEPH A. CORBY, St. Joseph. ELMER O. JONES, LaPlata. W. E. CROWE, DeSoto. WM. SOUTHERN, JR., FORREST C. DONNELL, Independence. St. Louis. CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla, BOYD DUDLEY, Gallatin. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1930 C. P. DQRSEY, Cameron. H. S. STURGIS, Neosho. EUGENE FAIR, Kirksville. JONAS VILES, Columbia. THEODORE GARY, Kansas City. R. M. WHITE. Mexico. GEORGE A. MAHAN, Hannibal. WALTER WILLIAMS, Columbia. WM. R. PAINTER, CarroUton. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1931 ROLLIN J. BRITTON, Kansas ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. City. C. H. McCLURE, Kirksville. T. H. B. DUNNEGAN, Bolivar. JOHN ROTHENSTEINER, BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles. St. Louis. STEPHEN B. HUNTER, CHAS. H. WHITAKER, Cape Girardeau. Clinton. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the president and secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Uni­ versity of Missouri, constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE R. M. WHITE, Chairman, Mexico. ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. WALTER WILLIAMS, Columbia. THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXIV OCTOBER, 1929 NO. i CONTENTS Ducharme's Invasion of Missouri An Incident in the Anglo- Spanish Rivalry for the Indian Trade of Upper Louisiana 3 ABRAHAM P. NASATIR Letters From Alexander W. Doniphan 26 WILLIAM B. MCGROARTY The True Character of Mark Twain's Wife 40 CYRIL CLEMENS Early Springfield 50 EDWARD M. SHEPARD George Engelmann, Man of Science, Part IV 66 WILLIAM G. BEK Missouri Politics During the Civil Way, Third Article 87 SCEVA BRIGHT LATJGHLIN Historical Notes and Comments 114 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 135 FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The subscription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the Review is still obtainable—Vols. 1-23, bound, $7^.00; unbound, $87.00. Prices of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri. "Entered as second-class matter at the postofflce at Columbia, Missouri, under Act of Congress, October S, 1917, Sec. 442." CONTRIBUTORS NASATIR, ABRAHAM P., received his Ph. D. from the University of Cali­ fornia. He has taught in the University of Iowa and the State Teachers Col­ lege at San Diego. He spent one year in Spain translating documents relating to the Anglo-Spanish frontier in the Missouri-Mississippi valley. His mono­ graphs, published in standard historical magazines, are distinct contributions. His home is in San Diego. MCGROARTY, WILLIAM B., is a lawyer in Falls Church, Virginia. His avo­ cation is American history and genealogy. He is a frequent contributor to historical magazines. CLEMENS, CYRIL, lecturer, is related to Mark Twain and has been head of the Mark Twain Society since 1923. He is now visiting in California to obtain material for a "Life of Mark Twain in the West: 1861-1867." His home is in Webster Groves, Missouri. SHEPARD, EDWIN, M., is a geologist residing in Springfield, Missouri. He was state geologist of Missouri in 1901 and later field assistant in the depart­ ment of hydrology, U. S. Geological Survey. He is a member of various prominent clubs and societies, a contributor to geological bulletins and county histories. He is at present secretary of the Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. BEK, WILLIAM G., a native Missourian, is head of the department of Germanic languages in the University of North Dakota. His contributions and translations relating to German settlements in the United States, place him among the highest authorities in this line of historical research. His translations of "Duden's Report" and "The Followers of Duden," published in the Retiew several years ago, are regarded by scholars as among the most important contributions to western history that have appeared in recent years. LAUGHLIN, SCEVA BRIGHT, did his doctorate work in the Iowa State University, His dissertation is herein presented. He is head of the depart­ ment of economics and sociology in Willamette University, Salem, Oregon. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI AN INCIDENT IN THE ANGLO-SPANISH RI­ VALRY FOR THE INDIAN TRADE OF UPPER LOUISIANA BY ABRAHAM P. NASATIR For a long time the name of Jean Marie Ducharme has caused confusion to all interested in the field of Missouri history. His invasion of Spanish territory has often been confused with the British attack upon St. Louis. It is the purpose of this article to portray in its true light and proper perspective the "Ducharme Invasion." It is not our purpose here to give a complete biography of the man himself. To introduce the subject, it is indispensable that one should trace the course of the activities of the Spaniards in the Missouri country prior to Ducharme's invasion. Trade with the Indians residing in Upper Louisiana or Spanish Illinois (the region west of the Mississippi and north of the Arkansas) began in the 17th century while that region was still imder French domination, but organized commerce was not established until the beginning of Spanish rule. The center of the Indian trade in Spanish Illinois was St. Louis. This post was founded just at the end of the French regime by Pierre Laclede, once a prosperous merchant of New Orleans who had been ruined by his patriotism to the losing cause in the French and Indian war. He was granted, in partial satisfaction for the services he had rendered the French government, the exclusive privilege of trade with the savages residing in the territory lying to the north of the mouth of the Missouri river for a term of eight years.* Associating himself with Messieurs Maxent and Dee, who advanced the requisite means, Laclede led an expedition to establish a village *See article on "The Founding of St. Louis," by Alexander N. DeMenil in the St. Louis Star, Sept. 8, 1926, reprinted in The Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 22, pp. 570-574, for presentation of the viewpoint that the grant was made to Maxent individually, who associated with himself Laclede et al.—Editor's Note. (3) 4 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW which was to be used as the "interior" capital for the opera­ tions of the company. During the interval between the issuance of the grant and the founding of the post, the jurisdiction over the Mis­ sissippi valley passed from France to Spain and England. Despite the change of ownership Laclede went ahead with his plan, and chose a site at the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi, selecting the western bank of the Mississippi rather than be subject to the jurisdiction of His Britannic Majesty. To found the post he sent Auguste Chouteau, a French Creole. The formal founding took place on February 14, 1764. The post remained under French laws until 1770, when Piernas assumed control and Spanish domination of the Illinois country was effected, though under the rule of Spain it continued to be governed by Frenchmen most of the time. St. Louis became the capital of the district called Spanish Illinois or Upper Louisiana, under the immediate command of a lieutenant governor, responsible to the governor at New Orleans. Two problems confronted the officials throughout the Spanish regime: First, to gain the confidence, loyalty, and trade of the Indians in the territory; second, to keep the territory under the exclusive control of His Catholic Majesty, or, in other words, to keep out all foreign intruders, official or unauthorized. In solving the first of these problems, the Spaniards took advantage of French influence over the Indians already established, and retained French methods. Presents were liberally distributed and traders were regularly sent to the Indian nations. Though nominally open to all Spanish citizens, this trade was in fact restricted by the requirement of a license obtained from the lieutenant governor, who generally favored the highest bidder. The traders were also government agents. Such men as Laclede, the Chouteaus, the Cerres, the Vasquez family, and others, for the most part French or French Creoles, not only made their own fortunes in the Indian trade, but won the natives' loyalty to Spain and promoted the prosperity of the settlement. In her efforts to hold the allegiance of the In­ dians Spain was on the whole successful. DUCHARME'S INVASION OF MISSOURI 5 One of the chief obstacles to Spanish success was British rivalry, in the Mississippi valley. From the time of the Treaty of Paris (1763) Great Britain had been interested in the district, but had been prevented from taking advantage of Spain's early reluctance to assume control of the Trans- Mississippi West because of her own Indian difficulties, notably by Pontiac's conspiracy. By the end of 1765, however, England had crushed Indian resistance and had occupied the Illinois country.