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D European & Security ES & Defence 11-12/2019 International Security and Defence Journal ISSN 1617-7983

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• FRONTEX – Tasks and • Spanish Trainer Aircraft Requirements Requirements • • Protecting Critical Infrastructure • NATO Air-to-Air Refuelling • CBRN Training and Simulation • TEMPEST Programme • German Naval November/December 2019

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Europe's Strategic Incompetence

Throughout Europe the Turkish military operation against Kurdish militias in Syria has provoked a new wave of indignation against the Government in Ankara. Since Berlin, Paris, Brussels and others have long had a bias against Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, it has been possible to reach a spontaneous verdict on this new affront without any acknowledgement of the actual facts of the situation. Once again, “someone” did not want to adhere to the principles of rules-bound foreign policy and simply acted, failing beforehand to convene an international conference involving all stakeholders, that could draw on the expertise of as many non-governmental organisations as possible! Such a thing is unacceptable, such a thing is un-European, such a country does not belong in the EU, and such a NATO Member State should, if possible, even be expelled from the Alliance, according to some of the particularly agitated critics. Regardless of how many good reasons there might be to denounce ’s intervention, there are two aspects to consider. First, the so-called people's defence militia, the YPG, against which the attack was directed, are not exactly famous in the region as angels of innocence: they are the Syrian sister organisation of the Turkey-based Kurdish PKK Workers Party, which is classified as a terrorist organisation throughout the EU. The YPG is said to have imprisoned more opposi- tion members within the areas it controls than at the start of the Syrian conflict when these regions were under the rule of Assad, with over 5,000 having found refuge in the Kurdish au- tonomous region in northern Iraq. Second, the fanatical demonisation of Erdoğan and his party overlooks the fact that previous, recent Turkish regimes have also carried out military operations against neighbouring states, or at least threatened to do so, if they felt national security required it. In a region that has been marked by crises already before the Arab Spring and the emergence of the so-called “Islamic State”, this more robust form of foreign policy is perhaps inevitable, even if it runs counter to the “sense of justice” of peace-mad Western Europeans. Of course, in this new act of the Syrian drama, the global media and the European public have also found an opportunity to include US President Donald Trump in their outrage. Not a day goes by without Europe’s leading media, in line with its leading politicians, pointing their fingers at the incumbent in the White House from morning to night. This time the accusation was that he had shamefacedly betrayed his YPG allies with his hasty withdrawal of American forces from the Syrian border region with Turkey, and undermined his country's claim to global leadership with the defeatist statement that the USA was 7,000 miles away from what was happening. The unfolding of events has quickly shown that, as so often, Donald Trump has been underes- timated. The USA is by no means out of the game in Syria: it is betting on a pragmatic balance of interests between the powers involved in regional events while the Europeans, if they find a voice at all, propose and demand principles that they lack the resolve to implement. The Turkish military operation in Syria has highlighted how little is the weight Europeans can currently contribute to the balance of security and defence policy - they cannot even assert their interests on their own doorstep! But the Europeans know very well how important the Mediterranean is for them all; countless initiatives have been taken to promote political stability and economic development with the southern and eastern neighbours. Beyond the flowery declarations, however, there have been hardly any tangible results. However, such declarations are necessary in order to bring illegal migration – a central humanitarian problem in Europe – under control. Eight years ago, for humanitarian reasons, it was deemed necessary, under a UN mandate, to intervene in Libya, resulting in an increase in the flow of refugees and chaos that has persisted to this day. Last, but not least, the strategic incompetence of Europe’s political leadership has brought back into play, in the eastern Mediterranean, an actor who was believed to have disappeared forever from this stage, after the end of the Cold War. Russia is involved when it comes to the future of Syria – and what should give the Europeans the most to think about is that the other powers involved seem to expressly welcome it.

Peter Bossdorf

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 1 Contents

SECURITY POLICY 47 Modernisation Alan Warnes 12 Frontex – Tasks and Requirements 50 Promoting International Joint Development Giulia Tilenni and Production 20 A Complex Constellation of Power Interview with Lieutenant General Shibata Shoichi, Relations between Russia, China and Japan in the Director General of Ground Systems at ATLA in Tokyo Asia-Pacific Region 54 Police and Paramilitary Forces in France Eugene Kogan Joris Verbeurgt 24 “We are Europeans, so we trust ourselves” Interview with Artis Pabriks, Defence Minister, Latvia ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

28 The European Defence Fund 58 Northern Innovation for the 6th Generation Andreea Stoian Karadeli Georg Mader 60 “ is an ideal partner” Interview with Stuart Andrew, ARMED FORCES then Minister for Defence Procurement 32 NATO Looks at More Collaboration at the UK MoD, meanwhile Government Whip Alan Warnes 61 “For us it is not about TEMPEST” 38 “We must remain ready to share Interview with Peter Hultqvist, responsibility with our allies.” Sweden’s Minister of Defence Interview with Rear Admiral Torben Mikkelsen, 62 “You can’t have prosperity without security” Chief of Naval Staff, Interview with Charles Woodburn, CEO BAE SYSTEMS 41 NATO Air-to-Air Refuelling 62 “So we have to evolve, too” Alan Warnes Interview with Marcus Wallenberg, Chairman of SAAB AB 45 Cooperative Support for Night Vision and 63 UK and Italy to Partner for TEMPEST Optoelectronics Equipment Luca Peruzzi Thomas Willmann 64 Spain Needs New Trainer Aircraft Esteban Villarejo Index of Advertisers 66 Containers for a Multitude of Applications Gerhard Heiming AAD 119 ACS Armoured Car Systems 9 70 Training and Simulation Update Balt Military Expo 79 William Carter BSDA 33 Ceska zbrojovka a.s. (CZ) 36/37 74 CBRN Training and Simulation DSA 2020 87 Dan Kaszeta DNV GL 103 EnforceTac 15 78 Protecting Critical Infrastructure Eurasia Air Show 73 Tim Guest Euronaval 19 Eurosatory 11 85 Geoinformation: Demands and Developments FIDAE 23 Giulia Tilenni GPEC 17 I/ITSEC 71 90 Lead Free Ammunition: IAI ELTA Systems 13,83 KADEX 53 Technical and Tactical Advantages Koehler Books 89 Thomas Nielsen Leonardo 29 Lockheed Martin 4th cover 92 Italy to Strengthen its Amphibious Lürssen 100/101 Power Projection Capabilities Nexter 7 Luca Peruzzi Proengin 75 nd Rafael 2 cover 96 Unmanned Surface Vehicles – SAHA 81 Sensonor 3 an Emerging Resource SEDEC 117 USVs in the Republic of Navy (RSN) SOFEX 57 Guy Toremans Surface Navy 127 UDT 105 WB Group 25 WEW – a Thielmann company 69

2 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY AND MARKETS

99 German Naval Shipbuilding in the European Context Dieter Hanel IMU 107 “The chemical defence standards defined in the NATO triptych are outdated” TACTICAL GRADE Interview with Eric Damiens, Vice-President Marketing & Sales, Proengin 109 Partner of NATO – Heckler & Koch Turns 70 Jan-P. Weisswange NEW 111 “The law enforcement market PRODUCT is very important to us” Interview with Tanja Paeske, Member of the Executive Board, ACS 112 19th NATO Days in Ostrava Michał Jarocki 114 “We can train any small arms” Interview with Johnathan Ayala, Virtual Systems Sales Manager, and Jon Read, Director Live Fire Sales & Programs, 1:1 scale Meggitt Training Systems 116 Russia’s Military Aviation Industry Eugene Kogan STIM318 – the latest Sensonor tactical 120 “Leverage commercial best practices to help the grade Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU. Government gain efficiency” Interview with Eric Young, Senior Vice President, Increased performance for demanding OEM Solutions, AAR guidance and navigation applications. 122 Forum Entreprises Défense – A Focussed Defence Event in France • ITAR free David Saw • Small size, low weight, power and cost 123 “Oh Lord, won’t you buy me a Mercedes-Benz?” • Insensitive to magnetic fi elds The Mercedes-Benz Defence Vehicle Experience • Low gyro bias instability (0.3°/h) Jürgen Hensel • Low gyro noise (0.15°/√h) • Low accelerometer bias instability (0.003 mg) • Low accelerometer noise (0.015m/s/√h) VIEWPOINT FROM … • User programmable BIAS Offset

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124 Firms & Faces When size, performance and robustness matter

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11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 3 Periscope

Schiebel CAMCOPTER certain types of calculations significantly Completes SAR Trials in Norway faster than today’s computers. Such com-

(jh) Schiebel successfully demonstrat- puters pose a threat to current encryption Photo: SSVC ed the shipboard integration of its methods and so, given the time horizon CAMCOPTER®S-100 as well as the un- for highly sensitive information and na- manned aerial vehicle’s (UAV) search and tional secrets, security solutions being rescue (SAR) capabilities to the Norwegian developed today must offer protection Coast Guard on board KV SVALBARD in against quantum threats. Sectra TIGER/S September. The flight trials included a is a secure communication system devel- search and rescue mission, where the Verti- oped in close cooperation with the Dutch and Swedish security authorities. It allows locations where Internet connectivity is the user to share classified information up poor or absent. The subsea platform has to and including the SECRET security level been specially adapted to provide an on- through encrypted speech, messaging or demand service updated via USB or exter- Photo: Schiebel data transfer. Users include government nal connectivity, meaning that, for the first officials, officials in the diplomatic corps, time, users are able to access downloaded decision-makers in defence and critical in- recreational media and training materials frastructure, and the military. while submerged. MiPlayer is currently in use on over half of the UK Royal Navy and Introduction of Sikorsky's Royal Fleet Auxiliary surface vessels, with cal Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned RAIDER XTM roll-out ongoing, as well as in operational Air System (UAS) CAMCOPTER® S-100 and (jh) At this year's AUSA Annual Meeting, and permanent military locations in coun- a manned SEA KING helicopter teamed up Sikorsky, a Lockheed Martin company, in- tries such as Estonia, Poland, Bahrain, the in a simulated “man overboard” operation. troduced RAIDER X, its concept for an ag- Falkland Islands, Afghanistan, Iraq, The mission was successfully accomplished. ile, lethal and survivable compound coaxial and South Sudan. It will feature on the Roy- The “man overboard” dummy was found helicopter, specifically designed for secur- al Navy’s new Type 26 Global Combat Ship, by the CAMCOPTER® S-100, which was ing vertical lift dominance against evolving a modified version of which has also been equipped with the PT-8 OCEANWATCH peer and near-peer threats on the future bought by the Australian Government for wide-area maritime surveillance payload battlefield. Through the US Army’s Future the Royal Australian Navy. from Overwatch Imaging, the high-quality L3 Harris WESCAM MX-10 real-time Elec- ST Engineering Launches tro-Optical/Infra-Red (EO/IR) camera and Industry-First Cybersecurity the Schiebel-designed system, Operation Centre which supports takeoff and landing in con- Photo: Sikorsky (jh) ST Engineering’s Electronics sector has ditions up to sea state 5. The images were launched a first-of-its-kind Cybersecurity transmitted in real time to the operations Operation Centre As-A-Platform (SOCaaP) room on board KV SVALBARD and a lo- that delivers customised security opera- cal land-based control centre via its Radi- tions centre (SOC) solutions expected to onor Maritime Broadband Radio (MBR) link Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) pro- result in greater operational efficiency where it was forwarded via Internet and gramme, RAIDER X is at the forefront of the and significant cost savings for customers’ broadcast to the Joint Rescue Centre. Sub- service’s approach for rapid development digital assets. The SOCaaP, which provides sequently, the manned helicopter retrieved and delivery of game-changing technology a suite of capabilities to protect, detect, the dummy from the water. According to and warfighter capabilities, equipped for respond and recover from cyberattacks, Schiebel, the S-100 is the only VTOL UAS demanding and contested environments. routinely flying from ships, outside of the According to the company, RAIDER X United States. In addition, it is capable of draws on Lockheed Martin’s broad exper- carrying a multitude of payloads. tise in developing innovative systems using the latest digital design and manufactur-

Quantum-Proof Crypto from ing techniques and offers exceptional per- Photo: ST Engineering Sectra Approved by the Dutch formance, state of the art digital design, National Security Authority adaptability, sustainable maintenance and (jh) The national Dutch security authority growth/mission flexibility. NLNCSA has approved Sectra's latest ver- sion of the eavesdrop-proof mobile phone SSVC Launches Subsea TIGER/S for use up to and including the MiPlayer at Pacific 2019 includes technologies such as a new age Geheim (SECRET) security level. As a result (jh) SSVC Media Innovation demonstrat- Security Information and Event Manage- of this evaluation the authority has also de- ed its new subsea version of MiPlayer at ment (SIEM) and Advanced Analytics En- termined that the new TIGER/S protects Pacific 2019. Already in use with the UK gine. These capabilities provide automated, against so-called quantum attacks. One Royal Navy, Royal Fleet Auxiliary and UK real-time analysis of security alerts within of the threats to future-proofing Border Force, the MiPlayer platform offers an organisation's network with a higher confidentiality is the new advanced quan- access via WiFi to media streaming of rec- degree of accuracy, compared with exist- tum computer which is able to perform reational and training content in remote ing SIEM.

4 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 SECURITY POLICY 

In Myanmar, ST Engineering entered into for intelligence, surveillance and recon- a collaboration with Myanmar partner Al- naissance (ISR) during day, night and low- liance Urban Transports (AUT) to provide Photo: 3M light operations on land and in maritime cybersecurity services and training for My- environments. The UAS weighs only 10.4 anmar’s Government, financial services kilogrammes, and is launchable by hand and insurance sectors. ST Engineering and or bungee. On-board batteries provide 5.5 AUT will jointly operate an SOC in Yangon. hours of flight endurance, doubling the Through SOCaaP, the setup of this SOC time on station of PUMA 3 AE, with an will be shortened to less than four months, operational range of 60 kilometres when from the lead time of over 12-months usu- used with AeroVironment’s Long-Range ally required for such implementation. The Tracking Antenna (LRTA). PUMA LE’s du- partners will also operate a cybersecurity tection area, reduces overall system weight al-case mission pack contains everything training centre in Yangon to help strength- by up to 31% (compared with the shell of needed to perform two complete 5.5-hour en Myanmar’s national cybersecurity resil- an ACH helmet) and eliminates the risk of missions with a single aircraft and Ground ience and boost its cyberthreat detection bolts becoming secondary projectiles dur- and response capabilities. ing ballistic events.The F70 helmet provides The agreement was signed by Mr Lau V50 fragmentation protection against Thiam Beng, President of Cybersecurity 17-grain (.22-calibre) fragment-simulating Systems Group, ST Engineering, and Mr projectiles (FSP) at greater than 840 metres U Kyaw Win, Chairman of AUT. To date, per second. The ballistic shell weight starts

ST Engineering has delivered more than 15 at 1.52 pounds in the high-cut version and Photo: AeroVironment Inc. SOCs for government agencies and com- 1.75 pounds in the mid-cut version. This mercial enterprises internationally, helping line of light-weight helmets meets or ex- them maintain a secure environment whilst ceeds the ACH ballistic fragmentation re- ensuring continuity of business operations. quirements for 2-grain, 4-grain, 16-grain and 64-grain RCC, and 17-grain FSP when New Combat Helmet tested in accordance with MIL-STD662F. (ck) Ceradyne Inc., a 3M subsidiary, has designed a new ballistic helmet. The F70 Range Extension for Control System (GCS). It has a payload ca- helmet delivers a high level of protection PUMA UAS pacity of up to 5.5 pounds; its ruggedised at a light weight lower than the US Army (ck) US-based AeroVironment Inc. has ex- secondary payload bay enables the integra- Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) speci- tended its PUMA UAS product line. The tion of third-party payloads with a dedi- fications. This comfortable helmet has a PUMA LE (Long Endurance) builds on the cated power supply providing 18-24 volts modular design that makes it well suited combat-proven PUMA AE (All Environ- at up to 5 amps, and an Ethernet connec- for a range of missions. It includes a novel ment) and comes with new capabilities, tion port for payload communications. This no through-hole construction for mount- increased range, and expanded payload enables operators to incorporate special- ing the night vision goggles (NVG) shroud, capacity. With the integrated MANTIS i45 ised payloads such as electronic warfare, retention system and rails. The elimination gimbaled EO/IR sensor and NVG-visible la- RF emitter geolocation, laser designation of through-holes increases the shell’s pro- ser illuminator, PUMA LE provides imagery and communications relay.

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11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 5 Periscope

Armoured Vehicles for various turrets. Agueris worked with Anty- Japanese Army cip Simulation to help design the required (sk) The Japanese MoD intends to pro- bespoke simulation solutions as Antycip is cure two types of 8x8 armoured vehicles recognised in the defence simulation com- Photo: Babcock for the Japan Ground Self-Defence Force munity as an expert provider of COTS solu- – theCommon Tactical Armoured Vehicle tions. The simulators have now been de- (CTAVF) and the Next Wheeled Armoured signed to train the turret and vehicle crews to operate the weapons system from basic gunnery training to crew-level training and tactical training at platoon-level. Each sys- tem includes a virtual cockpit allowing the Gun System Automation (GSA) 9 in-service simulation of the operator’s environment, support contract for the Royal Navy. Oper- coupled with a tactical simulation. An in- ating jointly from Babcock’s South West fa- Photo: Shinichi Kiyotani structor operating station allows anima- cilities at Devonport and Portsmouth – spe- tion and supervision, exercise creation and cialising in warship support – this contract control, after action review and student will provide support for all aspects of GSA9 monitoring. The system is mobile and can support including Electro Optical Gunfire be deployed in a classroom, in a shelter, or in Control System (EOGCS), the Electro Op- Vehicle. Japan’s recently formed Rapid De- specific mobile trailers. Thanks to the virtual tical Sensor Platforms (EOSPs), the Quick ployment Regiments (RDR) will receive the cockpit concept, a single simulator can be Pointing Devices (QPD) and below decks CTAVF; it is based on the Type 16 Mobile used to train on various weapon systems, equipment of six Control Consoles, Gun Combat Vehicle developed by through software reconfiguration. Allocation Subsystem, Gunnery Check Fire Heavy Industries (MHI) which is currently System and two Maintenance and Analysis in use by the RDR. The CTAVF will be deliv- New Logistics 8x8 Truck Facilities (MAF). Through GSA9, Babcock ered in several variants, such as the Infan- (ck) The French truck manufacturer ARQUUS, will deliver key services to the Royal Navy’s try Fighting Vehicle (ICV) and Reconnais- which has been supplying GBC 8KT and GBC T45 destroyers and manage a portfolio of sance Vehicle amongst others. In 2019, the 180, as well as TRM trucks (the workhorses sub-contractors and suppliers. Japanese military will procure samples for JPY2.3Bn. The Next Wheeled Armoured Advanced TYPHOON Vehicle is to replace the current Type 96 Delivered to the 8x8 Armoured Personnel Carrier(APC). (ck) BAE Systems has handed over the most

Currently being considered are MHI’s Photo: ARQUUS advanced TYPHOON aircraft to the Royal MAV, Patria’s AMV, and the STRYKER of Air Force as work continues on delivering GDLS. The MoD intends to request JPY1Bn the capabilities required to ensure TY- for samples in FY2019. The vehicle is to PHOON remains the backbone of the UK’s be procured in an APC version as well as combat air power. The company's produc- an armoured field ambulance (AFA) with tion facility in Warton, Lancashire, is now the APC version being procured from 2023 gearing up to start assembly of TYPHOON and the AFA version from 2026. of many armies for decades), has developed a new logistics 8x8 truck. The new ARQUUS Agueris Teams up with truck has an electronic management system Simulation Specialist for the driveline, the ATC (Automatic Trac- (ck) John Cockerill tasked its subsidiary Agu- tion Control). This new system automatically 100% Ready eris to deliver new ground terrain and tur- switches the forward axles’ motricity on and Photo: BAE Systems ret simulation solutions to be used by John off, and manages the differential locks on all for Your Cockerill to train its customers. Usually, in axles. As a result of this new system, the ve- the simulation industry, a gunnery train- hicle benefits from optimal mobility on vari- Missions ing simulator for armoured vehicles uses a ous terrains while limiting tyre wear and fuel physical mock up, which is large, costly and consumption, thereby reducing maintenance aircraft for the Qatari Emiri Air Force, with dedicated to only one system. John Cockerill and support requirements. ARQUUS has two the first jet due to be delivered in 2022. The wanted to update this approach by creat- cabin versions on offer: unprotected, and latest delivery completes the order to the ing a versatile system that could be used on protected against ballistic and mine threats RAF, which deploys the aircraft on Quick according to STANAG 4569. The 8x8 can ac- Reaction Alert and on overseas operations. commodate a ring-mounted weapon or a remote-controlled weapon system. The new New Multi-Axis Gimbal truck can also accommodate new generation System Photo: Anticyp information and communication systems. (ck) Cobham Advanced Electronic Solutions has developed a new multi-axis gimbal system Gun System Automation for counter-UAV and air defence operations for Royal Navy called SPS-1000. Cobham’s next-generation (ck) The UK MoD has awarded a three year sensor positioning system (SPS) accurately contract to Babcock International for the acquires, tracks, and points a variety of sen-

6 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 CREATING REFERENCES IN DEFENSE

TitusKNDSNexter_210x150_VA_2019.indd 1 23/10/2019 18:32 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

Patrol Vessels Delivered The power comes from three Caterpillar en- to Nigeria gines totalling 3,579 bkW with each driving (ck) Damen Shipyards has delivered its lat- a fixed pitch propeller via a Reintjes WVS est FCS 3307 patrol vessels for Homeland series gearbox. Capable of accommodating Integrated Offshore Services Ltd, a company up to six crew and twelve security person- founded in 2006 to provide security and lo- nel, they can remain at sea for up to four gistics services to oil companies operating weeks and travel 1,200NM in and around in Nigeria’s offshore oil and gas fields. The Nigeria’s coastal and offshore oil fields. The vessels are now being prepared for their first security packages installed by Damen on Photo: Cobham assignments. The addition of these vessels both vessels are purely defensive; the bridg- sor payloads in harsh land, sea and airborne brings improved capability to Homeland’s es are bullet proof and armoured “citadels” environments. The new positioner maximises within the hulls protect non-combatants. use of Military Commercial Off-the-Shelf (MIL- In addition to their security role, each Damen COTS) components which enables cost sav- FCS 3307 Patrol has a 75 sqm cargo deck aft ings and lead-time reductions. The two key rated at 2.5 tonnes/m² that adds an addi- Photo: Damen benefits of the SPS-1000 modular design ap- tional level of versatility and cost effective- proach are integral field-replaceable control ness to the benefit of Homeland’s clients. electronics, which eliminates all external ca- The decks allow them to deliver equipment bles without any sacrifice in performance; and and spares to offshore installations without a reconfigurable design allowing for utmost compromising their security role. payload flexibility. Designed to support pay- loads up to 150 pounds, the new SPS-1000 squadron of Damen FCS 3307 Patrol ves- IRIS-T SLS Handed over to features brushless direct drive DC motors; ab- sels. The two new arrivals have been built to Swedish Air Defence Regiment solute optical encoders; C-based firmware as the same specifications as their sister ships. (ck) In August 2019, and on behalf of the well as gyro stabilisation/slip ring and customer Key features of the 33-metre vessels include Swedish procurement agency FMV, Diehl I/O interface options. The SPS-1000 is priced at Damen’s AxeBow hull form that delivers Defence handed over IRIS-T SLS firing units less than US$150,000 in small unit quantities high fuel economy and a top speed of 29 to the Air Defence Regiment in Halmstad. and will be available in January 2020. knots together with good manoeuvrability. The agile IRIS-T guided missiles are to pro-

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TitusKNDSNexter_210x150_VA_2019.indd 1 23/10/2019 18:32 Periscope

each device is sealed with a line bushing, Hirtenberger to Modernise the integral cable loom providing one sin- German Mortar Ammunition

Photo: Diehl gle point of installation either in the last (wg) At present, training with the 120mm beacon or optionally in a junction box. Lens mortar is considerably hindered by the un- colours include Amber, Blue, Clear, Green, reliability of the old and superceded ammu- Magenta, Red and Yellow. For complete nition and the resulting blockage of individ- audio visual signalling the assembly can al- ual charges and types of ammunition. After so feature a multi-stage high output alarm a project delay of several years, Hirten- horn with a flare horn or the innovative E2S omni-directional horn. In Class I/II Div tect soldiers and infrastructure against 2 and IECEx/ATEX Zone 2/22 applications missiles, aircraft and attack helicopters. the D2x stacks of beacons, or beacons with Sweden is the first country to benefit from alarm horn sounder, provide compact, yet the open system design of the newly de- effective solutions for applications requir- Photo: Bundeswehr veloped Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) ing multiple signals. Utilising the mechani- family IRIS-T SLM/SLS, which combines and cal connections, the D2x Xenon or LED integrates system elements (sensors/radars, beacons and alarm horn sounders can be command and control systems, communi- close coupled without the need for back cations systems) from various manufactur- plates – reducing cost and weight. berger Defence Europe has now received a ers into a single weapon system. Another contract to modernise the old Bundeswehr advantage is the multi-role capability of the Tools for the Special 120mm ammunition stocks. This five-year IRIS-T missile, which was developed with Operations Community contract stipulates that the company will Swedish participation and has been used for (ck) Belgium-based FN Herstal, a manufac- reprocess up to 70,000 mortar bombs by many years as air-to-air weapon on GRIPEN turer of small calibre weapons and ammu- 2026. The propellant cartridge, the basic aircraft. In the development of the IRIS-T nition, has recently presented its newly-de- charge and the propellant charges of the SLM/SLS ground based air defence systems, veloped FN Ballistic Calculator, dedicated to currently superimposed ammunition will Diehl relied on an open system architecture snipers, riflemen and machine gunners. It is be replaced. According to Hirtenberger, to allow maximum flexibility in the procure- a compact, ruggedised high-performance the ammunition will be delivered ready for ment of new weapon systems as well as weapon mounted range finder. Featuring use. The current restrictions on ammuni- modernisation of existing systems. tion would therefore be obsolete.

Warning Devices for New Ku-band Rotary Joint Hazardous Areas for Sat-on-the-Move

(ck) E2S Warning Signals, an independent Photo: FN Herstal (ck) Link Microtek has added the AMCORJD- signalling manufacturer based in London, 2KU device to its range of microwave rotary has been manufacturing a range of signal- joints; it offers a coaxial dual-channel Ku- ling products for industrial, marine and band capability that makes it well-suited for hazardous area environments. Providing both satellite-on-the-move and radar appli- system design- an embedded ballistic solver and an all-in- cations, either military or commercial. While ers with pre- one laser system, it enhances lethality by microwave rotary joints of this type are usu- configured so- increasing hit probability and simplifying ally designed with a high-frequency trans-

Photo: E2S lutions, the E2S target designation. FN Herstal also pro- mit channel and a lower-frequency L-band product range poses the FN FCU Fire Control Unit, which receive channel, the new device features eliminates the ensures first round hit probability when us- two channels operating in the Ku band. cost of on-site ing a 40mm LV/MV grenade system. Ergo- Minimising crosstalk is therefore a critical assembly op- nomic and easy to use, the FN FCU collects consideration, and the rotary joint achieves erations whilst data, makes complex calculations, and au- a 50dB minimum isolation between the guaranteeing tomatically adjusts the aiming point. Fast channels with typical figures being better that connec- and effective target engagement with re- than 70dB. The Ku-band receive channel al- tions and ca- duced demand on the user in a high stress lows designers of satellite-on-the-move sta- bling between situation helps ensure mission success. The bilised antenna devices meet the hazardous area approval FN FCU Fire Control is in service with the platforms to requirements and ensuring all signals are European Special Operations Forces (SOF) eliminate fre- fully tested and certified. Class I/II Div 1 and community. FN also offers training solu- quency con- IECEx/ATEX Zone 1/21 approved signals are tions; its FN Expert is more than a basic version hard-

available in multiple configurations of up to marksmanship trainer, it can also be used Photo: Link Microtec ware from the seven devices, featuring products from the for tactical training. There is no require- rotating side D1x, GNEx and STEx families with marine ment for specific infrastructure, it can be of the assem- grade aluminium, corrosion proof GRP or quickly set up in any location to provide bly, making for 316L stainless steel enclosures. Status light varied and realistic scenarios. It gives imme- a simpler and type configurations of high power LED or diate feedback of results and is compatible more compact Xenon beacons can be assembled where with Android mobile devices. antenna de-

8 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 sign. In addition, the device’s two-channel comprehensive, multi-layered information in non-contacting design means it can provide real-time. The pod reduces the number of the long life with continuous rotation that intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance is required for use in compact radar anten- sorties needed over a target area, saving nas. The miniaturisation was a major de- time, saving platforms and saving equip- velopmental challenge as the new device ment. As part of the MMSP, the WAMI sys- measures only 63.5 x 37.2 mm. The AM- tem can image a city-sized area in medium CORJD-2KU is fabricated from lightweight resolution, enough to detect and track every aluminium with a sealing rating of IP64 to mover within a vast scene, while the narrow- protect it from the ingress of moisture and Photo: US Army field high-resolution spotter can be cued dust. It has an operating temperature range to protect Army manoeuvre formations and to monitor over 10 locations automatically, of -40 to 55°C and is specified with a 10 year high value static assets to include: command providing identification-quality imagery. The lifetime of continuous rotation. and control nodes, tactical assembly areas hyperspectral imager provides additional in- and geo-political centres. formation by scanning the scene for unique Updates for SENTINEL Radar spectral signatures of camouflaging netting, (ck) The US Army has contracted Lockheed New Airborne Martin to develop the SENTINEL A4 radar sys- Multi-Sensor Pod tem. The contract has a value of US$281M. (ck) Logos Technologies has recently unveiled SENTINEL A4 is a high-performance modifi- its airborne, platform-flexible Multi-Modal cation of the SENTINEL A3 (AN/MPQ-64A3; Sensor Pod (MMSP). Mounted on planes, as depicted) air and missile defence radar and helicopters and unmanned aircraft systems

will provide updates to improve the existing (UAS), the MMSP houses a wide-area mo- Photo: Logos Technologies SENTINEL capability against cruise missiles, tion imagery (WAMI) system, a wide-area unmanned aerial systems, rotary wing and hyperspectral imager, a high-resolution fixed wing threats. The new SENTINEL A4 spotter and an onboard embedded proces- explosive stores, tank hulls or other relevant radar will provide improved surveillance, de- sor for real-time processing and storage. The targets. The MMSP hyperspectral imager tection, and classification capabilities against three MMSP sensors work in partnership, covers an area 15 times larger than that of current and emerging aerial threats in order with autonomous cross tasking, to deliver traditional hyperspectral sensors, and it re- 2018 Sahrah Heilgemeir SekretariatSekretariat ACS Armoured Car Systems GmbH Winterbruckenweg 60 ArmouredArmoured CarCar SystemsSystems GmbHGmbH 86316 Derching , Germany IndustriestraßeIndustriestraße 1313 8655186551 AichachAichach 0821/650717-0 Telefon:Telefon: +49 +49 82518251 8926-178926-17 0821/650717-99 Mobil:Mobil: +49 +49 177177 336677336677 E-Mail:E-Mail: [email protected]@acs-armcar.com [email protected] www.acs-armoured-cars.com www.acs-armcar.comwww.acs-armcar.com

Visitenkarte_ACS_Finale-Vorlage.indd 1 30.03.17 12:10 DEZEMBER ‘17 JANUAR FEBRUAR MÄRZ APRIL MAI JUNI JULI AUGUST SEPTEMBER OKTOBER NOVEMBER DEZEMBER JANUAR ‘19 D A CH D A CH CH Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Nordrhein- D A CH Westfalen, Reinland-Pfalz, Saarland Fr 1 Mo Neujahr 1 Do 1 Do 1 Ostersonntag 1 Di Tag der Arbeit 1 Fr 1 Sonntag 1 Mi Bundesfeiertag 1 Sa 1 Mo 1 Do Allerheiligen Sa 1 Di Neujahr 1 D Sahrah Heilgemeir A CH 1 CH D A CH CH Sekretariat 2 Sa 2 Di Berchtoldstag 2 Fr 2 Fr 2 Ostermontag 2 Mi 2 Sa 2 Mo 2 Do 2 Sonntag 2 Di 2 Fr 2 Sonntag 2 Mi Berchtoldstag Schriftschnitte:Schriftschnitte: D 3 Sonntag Armoured Car Systems 3 GmbHMi HelveticaHelvetica 3 NeueNeueSa LTLT Std,Std, 80%80% schwarzschwarz 3 Sa 3 Di 3 Do 3 Sonntag 3 Di 3 Fr 3 Mo 3 Mi Tag d. Dt. Einheit 3 Sa 3 Mo 3 Do Industriestraße 13 31 44 486551Mo Aichach 4 Do Name:Name: 4 Sonntag 99 ptpt // 7373 BoldBold ExtendedExtended 4 Sonntag 4 Mi 4 Fr 4 Mo 4 Mi 4 Sa 4 Di 4 Do 4 Sonntag 4 Di 4 Fr 1Berufsbezeichznung:Berufsbezeichznung: 88 ptpt // 5555 RomanRoman 18 1 Telefon: +49 8251 8926-17 AdresseAdresse usw.:usw.: 8 8 ptpt // 4545 LightLight Di Fr Mo Mo Do Sa Di Do Sonntag Mi Fr Mo Mi Sa 5Mobil: +49 177 336677 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 D A 14 27 40 D A E-Mail: [email protected]ürttemberg, Bayern, Sachsen-Anhalt Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen-Anhalt 6www.acs-armcar.comMi 6 Sa Hl. Drei Könige 6 Di 6 Di 6 Fr 6 Sonntag 6 Mi 6 Fr 6 Mo 6 Do 36 6 Sa 6 Di 6 Do 49 6 Sonntag Hl. Drei Könige 7 Do 7 Sonntag 7 Mi 7 Mi 7 Sa 7 Mo 7 Do 7 Sa 7 Di 7 Fr 7 Sonntag 7 Mi 7 Fr 7 Mo 49 23 A CH 8 Fr 8 Mo 8 Do 6 8 Do 10 8 Sonntag 8 Di 8 Fr 8 Sonntag 8 Mi 8 Sa 8 Mo 8 Do 45 8 Sa Maria Empfängnis 8 Di 9 Sa 9 Di 9 Fr 9 Fr 9 Mo 9 Mi 9 Sa 9 Mo 9 Do 9 Sonntag 9 Di 9 Fr 9 Sonntag 9 Mi 19D A CH 32 10 Sonntag 10 Mi 10 Sa 10 Sa 10 Di 10 Do Christi Himmelfahrt 10 Sonntag 10 Di 10 Fr 10 Mo 10 Mi 10 Sa 10 Mo 10 Do 2 11 Mo 11 Do Schriftschnitte:11 Sonntag 11 Sonntag 11 Mi 11 Fr 11 Mo 11 Mi 11 Sa 11 Di 11 Do 11 Sonntag 11 Di 11 Fr 2Helvetica Neue LT Std, 80% schwarz 41 12 Di 12 Fr 12 Mo 12 Mo 12 Do 12 Sa 12 Di 12 Do 12 Sonntag 12 Mi 12 Fr 12 Mo 12 Mi 12 Sa Name: 9 pt / 73 Bold Extended 15 28 Berufsbezeichznung: 8 pt / 55 Roman 13 Mi 13 Sa 13 Di Fastnacht 13 Di 13 Fr 13 Sonntag 13 Mi 13 Fr 13 Mo 13 Do 13 Sa 13 Di 13 Do 13 Sonntag Adresse usw.: 8 pt / 45 Light 37 50 14 Do 14 Sonntag 14 Mi Aschermittwoch 14 Mi 14 Sa 14 Mo 14 Do 14 Sa 14 Di 14 Fr 14 Sonntag 14 Mi 14 Fr 14 Mo 50 24 in Gemeinden mit überwiegend katho- lischer Bevölkerung in Bayern und Saarland Fr Mo Do Do Sonntag Di Fr Sonntag Mi Mariä Himmelfahrt Sa Mo Do Sa Di 15 15 15 15 11 15 15 15 15 15 A 15 15 15 46 15 15 16 Sa 16 Di 16 Fr 7 16 Fr 16 Mo 16 Mi 16 Sa 16 Mo 16 Do 16 Sonntag 16 Di 16 Fr 16 Sonntag 16 Mi 17 Sonntag 17 Mi 17 Sa 17 Sa 17 Di 17 Do 20 17 Sonntag 17 Di 17 Fr 33 17 Mo 17 Mi 17 Sa 17 Mo 17 Do 3 18 Mo 18 Do 3 18 Sonntag 18 Sonntag 18 Mi 18 Fr 18 Mo 18 Mi 18 Sa 18 Di 18 Do 42 18 Sonntag 18 Di 18 Fr 19 Di 19 Fr 19 Mo 19 Mo 19 Do 19 Sa 19 Di 19 Do 19 Sonntag 19 Mi 19 Fr 19 Mo 19 Mi 19 Sa 16 D A CH 29 20 Mi 20 Sa 20 Di 20 Di 20 Fr 20 Pfingstsonntag 20 Mi 20 Fr 20 Mo 20 Do 20 Sa 20 Di 20 Do 20 Sonntag D A CH 38 Sachsen 51 21 Do 51 21 Sonntag 21 Mi 21 Mi 21 Sa 21 Pfingstmontag 21 Do 25 21 Sa 21 Di 21 Fr 21 Sonntag 21 Mi Buß- und Bettag 21 Fr 21 Mo 22 Fr 22 Mo 22 Do 8 22 Do 12 22 Sonntag 22 Di 22 Fr 22 Sonntag 22 Mi 22 Sa 22 Mo 22 Do 22 Sa 22 Di 23 Sa 23 Di 23 Fr 23 Fr 23 Mo 23 Mi 23 Sa 23 Mo 23 Do 34 23 Sonntag 23 Di 23 Fr 47 23 Sonntag 23 Mi 24 Sonntag Heiligabend 24 Mi 24 Sa 24 Sa 24 Di 24 Do 24 Sonntag 24 Di 24 Fr 24 Mo 24 Mi 24 Sa 24 Mo Heiligabend 24 Do D A CH 21 D A CH 4 25 Mo Weihnachten 25 Do 25 Sonntag 25 Sonntag 25 Mi 25 Fr 25 Mo 25 Mi 25 Sa 25 Di 25 Do 25 Sonntag 25 Di Weihnachten 25 Fr D A CH 4 43A D A CH 26 Di Weihnachten 26 Fr 26 Mo 26 Mo 26 Do 17 26 Sa 26 Di 26 Do 30 26 Sonntag 26 Mi 26 Fr Nationalfeiertag 26 Mo 26 Mi Weihnachten 26 Sa 27 Mi 27 Sa 27 Di 27 Di 27 Fr 27 Sonntag 27 Mi 27 Fr 27 Mo 27 Do 39 27 Sa 27 Di 27 Do 27 Sonntag 28 Do 28 Sonntag 28 Mi 9 28 Mi 13 28 Sa 28 Mo 28 Do 26 28 Sa 28 Di 28 Fr 28 Sonntag 28 Mi 48 28 Fr 28 Mo 29 Fr 52 29 Mo 29 Do 29 Sonntag 29 Di 29 Fr 29 Sonntag 29 Mi SahrahSahrah29 Sa HeilgemeirHeilgemeir29 Mo 29 DoHeilgemeir Heilgemeir Heilgemeir 29 Sa Sahrah Sahrah Sahrah 52 29 Di 30 Sa 30 Di 30 Karfreitag 30 Mo 30 Mi 30 Sa 30 Mo 30 Do 30 Sonntag 30 Di 30 Fr 30 Sonntag 30 Mi 5 Baden-Württemb.,22 Bayern, Hessen, 35 Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 5 Nordrhein-Westf., Rheinl.-Pfalz, Saarland SekretariatSekretariat Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen Sekretariat Sekretariat Sekretariat Sonntag Silvester Mi Sa Do Fronleichnam Di Fr Mi Reformationstag Mo Silvester Do 31 31 31 31 A 31 31 31 31 31

DieYour flexible highly specialized Manufaktur manufactory für geschützte for protected Fahrzeug- vehicles und and Systemlös system solutions.ungen. GmbH GmbH GmbH ArmouredArmouredSystems Systems Systems Car Car Car SystemsSystemsArmoured Armoured Armoured GmbH GmbH IndustriestraßeIndustriestraße 1313 13 13 13 Industriestraße Industriestraße Industriestraße Kalender2018_1000x700_V12final.indd 1 24.11.17 14:23 8655186551 AichachAichach Aichach Aichach Aichach 86551 86551 86551

Telefon:Telefon: +49 +49 82518251 8926-178926-178926-17 8926-17 8926-17 8251 8251 8251 +49 +49 +49 Telefon: Telefon: Telefon: Mobil:Mobil: +49 +49 177177 336677336677336677 336677 336677 177 177 177 +49 +49 +49 Mobil: Mobil: Mobil: E-Mail:E-Mail: [email protected]@[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] E-Mail: E-Mail: E-Mail: www.acs-armcar.comwww.acs-armcar.com www.acs-armcar.com www.acs-armcar.com www.acs-armcar.com

Visitenkarte_ACS_Finale-Vorlage.indd12:10 30.03.17 1 1 30.03.17 12:10 Visitenkarte_ACS_Finale-Vorlage.indd

Sahrah HeilgemeirHeilgemeir Sahrah Sekretariat Sekretariat

Schriftschnitte: Schriftschnitte: Schriftschnitte: Schriftschnitte:Schriftschnitte: Helvetica Neue LT Std, 80% schwarz schwarz schwarz 80% 80% 80% Std, Std, Std, LT LT LT Neue Neue Neue Helvetica Helvetica Helvetica GmbH ArmouredSystems CarCar SystemsArmoured GmbH HelveticaHelvetica NeueNeue LTLT Std,Std, 80%80% schwarzschwarz Industriestraße 13 13 Industriestraße 9 pt / 73 Bold Extended Extended Extended Bold Bold Bold 73 73 73 / / / pt pt pt 9 9 9 Name: Name: Name: 86551 Aichach Aichach 86551 Name:Name: 99 ptpt // 7373 BoldBold ExtendedExtended Berufsbezeichznung: 8 pt / 55 Roman Roman Roman 55 55 55 / / / pt pt pt 8 8 8 Berufsbezeichznung: Berufsbezeichznung: Berufsbezeichznung: Berufsbezeichznung:Berufsbezeichznung: 88 ptpt // 5555 RomanRoman Adresse usw.: 8 pt / 45 Light Light Light 45 45 45 / / / pt pt pt 8 8 8 usw.: usw.: usw.: Adresse Adresse Adresse Telefon: +49 8251 8926-178926-17 8251 +49 Telefon: AdresseAdresse usw.:usw.: 8 8 ptpt // 4545 LightLight Mobil: +49 177 336677336677 177 +49 Mobil: E-Mail: [email protected]@acs-armcar.com E-Mail: www.acs-armcar.com www.acs-armcar.com

Schriftschnitte: Schriftschnitte: Helvetica Neue LT Std, 80% schwarz 80% Std, LT Neue Helvetica Helvetica Neue LT Std, 80% schwarz

9 pt / 73 Bold Extended Bold 73 / pt 9 Name: Name: 9 pt / 73 Bold Extended Berufsbezeichznung: 8 pt / 55 Roman 55 / pt 8 Berufsbezeichznung: Berufsbezeichznung: 8 pt / 55 Roman Adresse usw.: 8 pt / 45 Light 45 / pt 8 usw.: Adresse Adresse usw.: 8 pt / 45 Light Periscope

cords, tags and stores up to eight hours of capabilities into a single, lightweight system. Active Protection imagery for review by analysts while the pod has delivered more than Systems Delivered to US Army is still in the air. It does all of this while fitting in 20,000 man-portable target location and (ck) Leonardo and RAFAEL have delivered the a package that weighs less than 45kg. designation systems to the US Department first TROPHY Active Protection Systems (APS) of Defense. to defend the US Army’s ABRAMS main bat- Cockpit Trainers for US Army tle tanks against a variety of anti-armour (ck) MetaVR has delivered image generators The Second Indian threats. This delivery marks the first of sev- for the Reconfigurable Virtual Cockpit Train- SCORPENE Class Submarine eral that will ultimately fit out four brigades ers (RVCT) to US Army PEO-STRI in Orlando, (ck) The Indian Navy has commissioned INS of tanks. Under contracts awarded last year an institution that acquires and sustains KHANDERI into service, as announced by on an urgent needs basis, the companies are simulation and training solutions to optimise Naval Group on 28 September 2019. INS equipping front-line M1 ABRAMS tanks for warfighter readiness. MetaVR’s Virtual Real- KHANDERI was built by Indian shipyard both the US Army and Marine Corps with ity Scene Generator (VRSG) is providing the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) their first APS systems. The deliveries are image generation for the US Army’s RVCT the culmination of a multi-year qualification simulators. These include multiple versions process. A joint team of government and in- of mixed-reality rotorcraft reconfigurable dustry professionals from both the US and cockpit systems as well as six virtual reality worked together to adapt and integrate door gunner trainers. VRSG fulfils the image TROPHY for both Army and Marine Corps Photo: Indian Navy generation requirements for immersive vir- ABRAMS variants. Developed by RAFAEL in tual reality, augmented reality, sensor, and response to the ongoing proliferation of anti- conventional out-the-window capabilities armour threats, TROPHY provides mature, for both the side door gunnery trainer and under technology transfer and partnership with Naval Group and follows the commis-

sioning of INS KALVARI in December 2017, Photo: Rafael the launching of KARANJ in January 2018 Photo: MetaVR and VELA in May 2019. Olivier de la Bourdon- naye, senior executive programme director at Naval Group, said “The rise in competencies that MDL completed is very inspiring. It is the combat-proven protection against rocket first time in history that such a large-scale and missile threats, while at the same time technology transfer has taken place for the locating and reporting the origin of the hos- the APACHE sensor software. The side door making of one of the most complex prod- tile fire for immediate response. gunnery trainer takes advantage of VRSG’s ucts found in the world. The commissioning built-in support for the HTC VIVE Pro Head of the second SCORPENE class submarine TELEFUNKEN RACOMS to Mounted Display (HMD), providing high- constitutes a new milestone for this unique Supply Night Vision Goggles resolution stereo rendering at 90 frames per industrial programme.” to the German Armed Forces second. VRSG also supports the SA Photon- (wg) TELEFUNKEN RACOMS has again been ics SA-92 augmented reality HMD, and can New PELI Torch Light selected by the German MoD to supply an- render a cockpit mask model, which allows (ck) PELI Products, a manufacturer of other 2,400 sets of XACT nv33 night vision the trainee to see through the HMD into a protective cases and portable lighting goggles (light NVG) to the German armed physical cockpit model. Pixels not affected systems, has recently presented its latest forces. The contract covers a period of 12 by the cockpit mask model are filled in with tactical light, PELI 7600.Using LED tech- months. This re-selection follows the deliv- imagery from the virtual scene. Trainees nology and with a compact design, the ery of more than 4,100 XACT nv33 night are therefore training on replicas of the ac- 7600 provides high, strobe, medium and vision goggles to the Bundeswehr as part tual operational hardware augmented by a low modes, and gives users the option to of an earlier procurement. All XACT nv33 seamless see-through to the virtual reality choose from five different programmes. are produced by TELEFUNKEN RACOMS in scene, thereby maximising training value. The PELI 7600 has a performance of up to Germany. The systems can be mounted on 944 lumens different helmets, used with a head mask New Targeting System and is only or hand-held. According to the company, for US Marines 15.7 cm long. XACT nv33 is more compact and lighter (ck) The US Marine Corps has contracted Photo: PELI Additional than comparable systems. It significantly im- Northrop Grumman to build a prototype of features to proves the oper- a Next Generation Handheld Targeting Sys- support pro- ational efficien- tem (NGHTS). These handheld systems will fessional us- cy of troops in enable forward observers to quickly acquire ers are a USB poor or diffuse and designate targets with a high level of rechargeable lighting condi- precision.T he systems developed under the lithium ion tions and also second phase of the NGHTS programme are battery and allows vehicles designed to replace three legacy systems, in- a full time to be moved Photo: Telefunken RACOMS corporating their separate target location, la- battery level without head- ser spot imaging and laser target designation indicator. lights.

10 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 LAND A N D A IRLAND D E FEN C E A N D S E CURI T Y EXHIBI T I O N

08-12 JUNE 2020 / PARIS

THE UNMISSABLE WORLDWID E EXHIBITION

1,802 exhibitors +14,7% from 63 countries 65,9% of international

65 startups at Eurosatory LAB

98,721 Total attendance (exhibitors, visitors, press, organisers)

227 Official delegations from 94 countries and 4 organisations (representing 760 delegates)

696 journalists from 44 countries

75 Conferences 2 102 Business meetings made

2018 key figures  SECURITY POLICY Frontex –

Tasks and Requirements Giulia Tilenni

The Warsaw-based agency Frontex is an EU “practitioner body” that contributes to the implementation of EU policies concerning external borders’ protection. Although its mandate was significantly expanded in 2016, the Agency’s potential remains underexploited for political reasons.

he EU Agency Frontex was set up in T2004 to assist Member States in pro- tecting the EU's external borders, the secu- rity and functioning of which is guaranteed by the Agency. Although the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the EU has been provided for since its creation, it was not until 1985, when the Schengen ar- ea was established, that it was anchored in European law. The Convention implement- ing the Schengen area, signed in 1990, entered into force in 1995. The area com- prises 22 EU Member States, with Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia and Cyprus also working to prepare for accession. Conversely, the United Kingdom and Ireland have decided against such a system. Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have signed the Convention, while Monaco, San Ma-

rino and Vatican City State are de facto Photo: Frontex members. Every year, Frontex organises a photo competition. Shown is the winner In the years that followed, the EU institu- of the 2019 contest, taken by Andrzej Ziobro, of a Polish Border Guard. tions recognised that strengthening exter- nal border controls was of utmost impor- Frontex, which is granted juridical personal- The European Border and Coast Guard was tance for the EU's internal security. The ity in all EU countries, is mainly funded by established in October 2016. It consists of External Border Practitioners Common subsidies from the general EU budget and member states’ authorities responsible for Unit set up in early 2000 to implement contributions from Member States. The border management and of the Agency with borders’ control operations was replaced budget for 2019 is €330M. the same name – still known as Frontex. in 2004 by the European Agency for the The Agency’s main tasks are: Management of Operational Coopera- A European Border and Coast • to contribute to effective border control tion at the External Borders of the Mem- Guard Agency at EU external borders, including the fa- ber States of the European Union, better cilitation of legal border crossings and known as Frontex. In the wake of the migration crisis that the detection of cross-border crime; As the surveillance and management of severely affected the EU in 2015, Frontex's • to provide technical and operational the external borders is the responsibility of tasks and mandate were revised to bet- assistance to participating countries the Member States, Frontex's role focused ter adapt the Agency to the challenges through joint operations and rapid bor- on monitoring the implementation of the it faces. der interventions. This includes the sup- relevant European policies and ensuring The crisis has shown that the Agency was port of SAR operations for persons in effective and uniform checks on persons unable to effectively address the increas- distress at sea, which may arise during at the EU's external borders. The Agen- ing security challenges on the EU door- border surveillance missions; cy's main tasks are therefore to manage step, mainly due to political and financial • to perform risk analyses concerning migration (legal and illegal) and prevent constraints. On the one hand, Frontex did both internal security and the threats cross-border crime. not have its own staff or assets and had to that may affect the EU’s external bor- rely on the scarce human and material re- ders; Author sources of the Member States. On the oth- • cooperation with non-EU countries and er hand, Frontex was not allowed to take non-Schengen associated countries, fo- Giulia Tilenni is an analyst in interna- independent repatriation or border man- cusing on neighbouring countries and tional affairs based in Paris, France. agement measures, but had to respond to countries of origin and/or transit of il- requests from national governments. legal immigration.;

12 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 Drone Guard Don’t Be Caught Off Guard

Jammer EO 3D Radar

Drone Guard: Drone Detection, Identification and Disruption System • Detection and tracking - accurate 3D rotating AESA radar • Identification - COMINT/cued EO system • Disruption - directional jammer/drone control take-over • Applications: protection of critical assets; military and urban installations

ELTA Systems Ltd. www.iai.co.il • [email protected]  SECURITY POLICY

However, the setup of a new standing corps between 2021 and 2027 is prob- ably one of Frontex's most important Photo: Frontex achievements. The number of border coast guards and seconded national ex- perts will increase from 5,000 people in 2021 to 10,000 in 2027. A first revision is expected by December 2023 to verify whether the staff and composition of the standing corps is consistent with Frontex requirements and objectives. These additional recruitments will ame- liorate the efficiency and efficacy of the Agency’s response to crises, as they will also feed up the rapid reaction teams, currently consisting of 1,500 people – a new category of operational staff swiftly redeployable in Rapid Border Interven- tion missions to support migration man- agement support teams. Up until now, Frontex's Joint Operation POSEIDON SEA, which includes the Greek islands the Agency has relied on the personnel in the Aegean Sea and Crete, has the task of assisting the EU’s frontline and equipment provided by the Member states in border surveillance. States in accordance with the list that was agreed during the regular consultations • to carry out a vulnerability assessment dures, the European Commission proposed with Frontex. concerning the capacity and readiness to increase Frontex funding by 34.6% in of participating countries; 2020, to €420.6M. Frontex Operational Cycle • to organise, coordinate and conduct re- To ameliorate the Agency’s efficiency, and Missions turn operations and interventions. EU institutions agreed on the need to Despite these tasks resembling the original provide it with more human resources. Following a request from a member state, list of tasks, Frontex's mandate has been About 1,000 additional employees are Frontex can launch a joint operation to considerably extended and the Agency has expected to join the 700 people-strong solve a crisis situation threatening EU ex- received additional resources to better fulfil staff working in Warsaw’s headquarters ternal borders. These operations, involving its tasks. by 2021. An additional 250 people will be personnel pledged by member states and In a sort of reversed trend compared to the recruited to manage the European Travel coordinated by Frontex, can take place at past, the new Frontex can pledge its own Information and Authorisation System sea, land or air borders. Regardless of the assets to frontline member states in need, (ETIAS), a fully electronic system aimed operational environment and the scope, as it has been granted the capacity to lease at keeping track of visa-exempt visitors the operational cycle always includes a or purchase its own equipment. To better entering the Schengen Area, expected to planning phase (including intelligence support the Agency in procurement proce- be in place by 2021. gathering and analysis), an implementation phase and an evaluation phase. Frontex usually performs border control by carrying out checks at border crossing points of entry to the EU (such as sea ports, Photo: Frontex road and rail points, airports) and border surveillance. Frontex’s staff can carry out a broad range of missions, from passport checks to the monitoring of pollution and illegal fishing. To date, the Agency leads five naval opera- tions (Poseidon in Greece; Minerva, Hera and Indalo in Spain; Themis in Italy) and as- sists the Western Balkans in the manage- ment of land borders. In all cases, and as usually happens with Frontex missions, de- ployed officers support frontline countries in the management of illegal migration and in the fight against cross-border crimes. These include human smuggling and trafficking, The annual European Border and Coast Guard Day is the Agency’s flag- but also the confiscation of goods subject to ship event. In 2019, Frontex hosted 600 European border and coast customs duties, weapons and drugs. guard representatives from more than 30 countries in Arlamow near Frontex’s vessels participating in operations Poland’s border with Ukraine. EBCG Day presents Europe's border-guard Poseidon and Themis are all equipped to community with an opportunity to share experiences and best practice. perform Search and Rescue (SAR) mis-

14 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 SECURITY POLICY 

sions. According to the new regulation, the executive director decides on the mission advise high-level decision-makers on pat- Agency is obliged to provide technical and within two working days from receipt of terns and trends in irregular migration and operational assistance to member or non- the request, which must include a descrip- cross-border criminal activities affecting member states should the need of SAR tion of the situation, possible aims and en- the EU and the Schengen area. The analy- operations arise during border surveillance. visaged needs. ses are shared with Member States and EU Once the rescue operation is completed, Once Frontex and the host member state institutions. migrants are disembarked and handed have agreed on operational plans (within The Agency’s activities are all risk-analysis over to national authorities for identifica- three working days of the decision), the driven, as this approach allows resources tion and registration. Frontex assists both Executive Director shall request member to be optimised and the effectiveness of Italian and Greek authorities in readmission states (written request) to immediately de- interventions to be maximised. Thus, analy- operations from hotspots. ploy the required staff previously identified ses concerning the trends in the medium in the Rapid Reaction Pool and shall also and long term are coupled with operational Frontex's Role in Return notify any request for additional staff. The analysis, based on daily developments in Procedures redeployment must take place within five the areas of joint operations. Specific as- working days of the approval of the opera- sessments are made before, during and Frontex also plays other important roles in tional plans and, for additional staff, within following Frontex operations. migration enforcement, as it coordinates seven working days. The members of the The new Regulation also mandates the return-related activities. In addition to IT Frontex teams perform tasks and exercise Agency to carry out continuous vulner- and technical support, the Agency can as- powers under instructions from and in the ability assessments of States' border man- sist member states in organising and coor- presence of border guards of the state re- agement capacities, resulting in annual dinating national, joint or collecting return questing assistance. baseline assessments. The monitoring con- operations concerning irregular migrants, cerns equipment, systems, capabilities, re- overstayers and failed asylum seekers. The Crucial Role sources, infrastructure and personnel, but of Intelligence also specific assessments stimulated by the Rapid Border Intervention identification of the challenges ahead. Monitoring and risk analysis are at the core Information sharing with dedicated EU Since 2016, Frontex can launch a rapid of the Agency’s missions, as they represent and non-EU intelligence networks, as well border intervention, always following a re- the core of the whole operational cycle. as with relevant organisations such as Eu- quest from a member state. The Agency’s Frontex provides strategic risk analysis to ropol, is paramount for the protection of

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Admission for official security authorities only. Proper credentials must be presented.

ET20_210x150_EN_European_Security_and_Defence_BES.indd 1 10.10.19 11:03 the Member States beyond their national borders has made intra-EU exchanges of goods, persons and services faster, easier and cheaper. However, Member States have failed to take into account the consequences for European security. No concrete measures were taken to strengthen external borders to compensate for the dismantling of in- ternal ones. Worse still, the competences of the EU Member States at the external borders were not adapted to the new circumstances. Consequently, the area of

Photo: Frontex freedom, security and justice was placed The migration crisis in 2015 led to Frontex being strengthened in under the responsibility of the European financial and personnel terms. Commission (and thus managed by the EU), while the control of the EU's external external borders and the Schengen area. proving a new entry/exit system for non-EU borders remained under the purview of the It is therefore at the core of Frontex activi- citizens, and enhancing cooperation within frontline countries. ties concerning cross-border crime, along the EU on information exchange and in- This situation may seem logical at first glance, with risk analysis. The Agency shares the teroperability of EU databases. In this new since the EU's external borders are also the intelligence gathered at the borders with framework, Frontex is responsible for close external borders of the individual front mem- relevant national authorities and Europe- surveillance of the external borders and ber states. However, this concurrent jurisdic- an agencies. This includes information on cooperation with the Member States to tion is a major obstacle to the creation of persons suspected of involvement in crimi- quickly identify and address security threats strong and effective EU border protection. nal activities. Frontex also formulates risk to Europe. It is a well-known and often repeated man- mitigation measures to be implemented Nevertheless, the lack of a clear common tra: EU Member States are not prepared together with member states. As for mi- strategy, as is also the case in other EU to transfer part of their sovereignty in the gration, these can receive operational and policies, combined with the general re- management of external borders to the EU technical support when needed. luctance to promote cooperation on the and thus continue to relegate Frontex to management of the EU's external borders, a subordinate role – supporting Member Assessing Frontex’s Efficiency has hampered the effectiveness of EU-led States in their activities and harmonising activities in general and Frontex-led activi- training and requirements. Terrorist attacks and the waves of irregular ties in particular. As far as material is concerned, Frontex migration that have been afflicting the EU As the Schengen area was being created, remains heavily dependent on the equip- since the 2010s have openly demonstrated the Member States enthusiastically wel- ment pledged by the Member States. The 2020 the extent of Europe's lack of coherence in comed the abolition of internal borders Agency received its own 16 patrol cars protecting its external borders. Since then, and the establishment of the four funda- only in May 2019 and will use them as the EU has taken some countermeasures, mental freedoms that this would entail. mobile offices for the registration of mi- such as strengthening Frontex missions, ap- The enlargement of the internal area of grants. However, it is reported that no other procurement procedures have yet 11. Internationale Fachmesse & Konferenzen been completed. Meanwhile, a Leonardo für Innere Sicherheit FALCO EVO UAV has been participating 18. – 20. Februar 2020, Messe Frankfurt am Main in Frontex missions in the Mediterranean Photo: Frontex since December 2018. Schirmherr: Bundesminister des Innern, für Bau und Heimat, Horst Seehofer As regards strategic planning, the re- form has not strengthened Frontex's th GPEC® is Europe’s biggest closed independence from the Member States, 11 DieInternational GPEC® ist Europas größte geschlossene Exhibition Fachmesse für& die ConferencePolizei und alle Be- specialized trade fair for Police and all which are still central in decision-making. hörden mit Sicherheitsaufgabenfor Public – im Jahr 2018Security mit 581 Ausstellern aus 32 Staaten security and intelligence authorities The Agency finally has executive pow- und 7.442 Fachbesuchern aus 63 Staaten. Als repräsentativste Gesamtschau aller – in 2018 with 581 exhibitors from ers, but it is still subject to approval by 18relevanten – 20 February Einsatzmittel 2020, der Inneren Messe Sicherheit Frankfurt deckt die am GPEC Main,® buchstäblich Germany alle 32 countries and 7,442 specialized the Member States, which will use it to Aufgabenbereiche ab. Ein topaktuelles Rahmenprogramm mit Fachtagungen, Semi- visitors from 63 countries. As most organise operations. In other words, representative overview of all relevant naren und dienstlichen Arbeitsgruppentreffen macht die GPEC® seit dem Jahr 2000 Frontex can be prevented from using its operating resources of public security Patron:zum Federal unverzichtbaren Minister of Branchen- the Interior, und BuildingAnwenderforum. and Community, Im Jahr 2020 Horst inklusive Seehofer der resources and expertise in the event of a GPEC® literally covers all fields of crisis if a Member State refuses to grant reichweitenstarken GPEC digital-Thematik. Also seien Sie dabei! activity. A pioneering framework the necessary authorisations. In fact, programme including conferences, rapid intervention can only be initiated if seminars and official working group a Member State so requires. meetings contributes to make GPEC® Concerning returns, the Agency has gained an indispensable branch and user new tasks, but cannot autonomously or- forum since the year 2000. In 2020 ganise return operations to third countries ALL FOR PUBLIC SECURITY including the rapidly growing GPEC® In May 2019, the first fully-fledged Frontex joint operation outside nor deploy its management personnel in digital topic. So be part of it! the European Union, taking place in Albania, was launched. controlled centres (hotspots).

www.gpec.de 16 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019

anz_GPEC_2020_engl_210x152_quer.indd 1 07.11.19 08:41

GPEC_2020_Anzeige_210x297_4c.indd 1 01.03.19 11:09 SECURITY POLICY 

Final Remarks assessing, and then monitoring, the most Article 19 of the Regulation on Frontex’s important threats to EU’s external bor- modernisation (2016/1624) establishes a In its 15 years of existence, Frontex has ac- ders’ security as well as Member States’ sort of emergency procedure that might be quired highly relevant capabilities and skills capabilities to effectively protect borders. launched if an ineffective control of exter- in external border management. The Agen- The analyses, disseminated to the EU in- nal borders risks jeopardising the Schengen cy has extensively supported EU institutions stitutions and member states, provide a area. Should a state fail to manage spe- and member states in implementing EU poli- comprehensive situational awareness of cific and disproportionate challenges to cies on migration and cross-border crime. the trends to follow, which are assessed their border due to the given reasons, the Frontex is at the forefront of tackling irregu- according to their likelihood. European Council may immediately act to lar migration, especially since the peak of Although Member States and EU institu- mitigate the threat. Frontex is in charge of the crisis in 2015. The Agency is involved in tions have been actively collaborating to the rapid intervention, and the state con- various maritime missions with SAR and an- ameliorate their response to contemporary cerned will be required to collaborate with ti-smuggling tasks. Since the new mandate threats, external borders’ management the Agency. came into force, it has helped to save some continues to remain a state-driven policy. Nonetheless, even though the Council 65,000 lives and arrest nearly 300 suspect- As each state remains in charge of border would be approving an act proposed by ed facilitators and more than 100 people protections, duplication is the norm, with a the European Commission, the final deci- smugglers. Frontex has pledged its migra- negative impact on the allocation of scarce sion would remain fully intergovernmen- tion management support teams to assist resources, but also on citizens’ rights. In- tal. Member States in registering migrants to deed, the most rapid response that EU In the defence domain, strengthening Eu- speed up the long and often ineffective states provide in case of major crisis is the ropean collaboration in external borders’ procedures required for relocation or even- “temporary” reintroduction of border con- management by creating a comprehensive tually return. Support to the Agency for trols. For instance, France requested an au- common strategy could significantly en- return measures has increased significantly thorisation following 2015 terrorist attacks, hance efficiency. Such a strategy should since 2015, as the number of returnees has but the measure is still in place. include the creation of a legal framework increased from 3,500 to around 15,000 in In this context, Frontex’s capabilities are providing Frontex with more autonomy, for 2017. Frontex is currently responsible for somehow underexploited. The Agency has instance by permanently authorising some 10% of all effective returns from the EU. to struggle to receive resources that are con- kind of missions – such as the redeploy- Moreover, the Agency has developed sistent with its mandate and must obtain ment of rapid intervention pools in the case cutting-edge risk analysis capacities, yearly specific authorisations to launch operations. of mass migrant influx. L 2020

11. Internationale Fachmesse & Konferenzen für Innere Sicherheit 18. – 20. Februar 2020, Messe Frankfurt am Main

Schirmherr: Bundesminister des Innern, für Bau und Heimat, Horst Seehofer

th GPEC® is Europe’s biggest closed 11 DieInternational GPEC® ist Europas größte geschlossene Exhibition Fachmesse für& die ConferencePolizei und alle Be- specialized trade fair for Police and all hörden mit Sicherheitsaufgabenfor Public – im Jahr 2018Security mit 581 Ausstellern aus 32 Staaten security and intelligence authorities und 7.442 Fachbesuchern aus 63 Staaten. Als repräsentativste Gesamtschau aller – in 2018 with 581 exhibitors from 18relevanten – 20 February Einsatzmittel 2020, der Inneren Messe Sicherheit Frankfurt deckt die am GPEC Main,® buchstäblich Germany alle 32 countries and 7,442 specialized Aufgabenbereiche ab. Ein topaktuelles Rahmenprogramm mit Fachtagungen, Semi- visitors from 63 countries. As most representative overview of all relevant naren und dienstlichen Arbeitsgruppentreffen macht die GPEC® seit dem Jahr 2000 operating resources of public security Patron:zum Federal unverzichtbaren Minister of Branchen- the Interior, und BuildingAnwenderforum. and Community, Im Jahr 2020 Horst inklusive Seehofer der GPEC® literally covers all fields of reichweitenstarken GPEC digital-Thematik. Also seien Sie dabei! activity. A pioneering framework programme including conferences, seminars and official working group meetings contributes to make GPEC® an indispensable branch and user forum since the year 2000. In 2020 ALL FOR PUBLIC SECURITY including the rapidly growing GPEC® digital topic. So be part of it!

www.gpec.de

anz_GPEC_2020_engl_210x152_quer.indd 1 07.11.19 08:41

GPEC_2020_Anzeige_210x297_4c.indd 1 01.03.19 11:09 Viewpoint from Lisbon

Photo: Luís Fonseca The Portuguese Elections A Victory for the Socialist Party

António Brás Monteiro

espite the fact that we are a small country with just over ten and Eduardo Cabrita have been working on a close cooperation Dmillion inhabitants, Portugal is a special place with a rich his- between National Defence and Internal Security. tory of almost a thousand years and a unique geopolitics. We have discovered three continents for Europe. Globalisation? We Investment, not Expense started it, we travelled the world! Because of our geopolitical position, we organise numerous im- Recently, in a newspaper interview, I referred to the new take of portant international events. For example, in September 2019, we the Portuguese political class on the security of our state, which organised a maritime exercise in support of NATO's Maritime Un- is reflected, for example, in the access of our intelligence services manned Systems Initiative, in which NATO allies tested unmanned to metadata or in the election of João Gomes Cravinho as Min- vehicles and applications at sea in several challenging scenarios. ister of Defence, who has a clear diplomatic attitude and strong NATO also decided that the new NATO Communications and knowledge of international relations and defence. This shows Information Academy should be based in Portugal. It has already that the Portuguese State is committed to a new approach to the been built and is now in operation, providing specialised training world that is younger, more dynamic and more proactive. in all aspects of C4ISR and Cyber. To illustrate what kind of investments Portugal has made in these areas, despite the criticism of this decision by some experts: last The New Government August, the Minister of Defence signed a contract worth €827M to purchase five new KC-390 aircraft, which will strengthen our Last October saw a yet another victory of the Socialist Party; four air transport capacity, SAR and MEDEVAC mission capacities. years have passed since Prime Minister António Costa struck Fortunately, the Portuguese State regards intelligence, defence a deal with the liberal political forces and established a gov- and security as an investment rather than a cost, and the budg- ernment, and it seems the Portuguese liked what they called et for these areas is gradually increasing and human resources “geringonça” (improvised arrangement). The Socialists (PS) won concerns are being taken into account. As a final example, the 36.3% of the vote, followed by the centre-right Social Democrats Defence Minister and several generals and admirals claim that 26 (PSD) with 27.7%. Amidst the election of António Costa for the 000 soldiers are not enough and that we should have at least 32 new Government, I need to highlight the new State Secretaries, 000. Weaknesses have been identified and are being addressed. mainly Patrícia Gaspar, former National Civil Protection Author- Recently the Ministry of Defence has also launched a brand new ity spokesperson and 2nd National Commander of the National recruitment portal. I think we are on the right track. Emergency and Civil Protection Command of the National Emer- The importance of services such as SIS Portuguese Internal In- gency and Civil Protection Authority. Antero Luis, a former SIS telligence Service, SIED Portuguese External Intelligence Service Portuguese Internal Intelligence Service Director and a former and in particular CISMIL Military Intelligence and Security Center judge, will now be the Assistant Secretary of State of Internal is enormous. And overall, these experts have done an excellent Administration. Jorge Seguro Sanchez, the former National De- job, especially in view of the shortcomings already mentioned. fence Inspector General, will become the number two of the A year ago, MI6 chief Alex Younger said of fourth-generation MoD, which will continue to be led by João Gomes Cravinho. espionage: "You can learn a lot about a country's soul from its Eduardo Cabrita will also remain as Minister of Internal Admin- intelligence services.” istration. It is worth mentioning that both João Gomes Cravinho And I believe that Portugal has a very good soul.

18 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 MittlerReport-Annonce-21x29,7-GB.pdf 1 21/10/19 11:31

THE WORLD NAVAL DEFENCE EXHIBITION OCTOBER 2020 EXHIBITION CONFERENCE 20/23 19 LE BOURGET PARIS

www.euronaval.fr  SECURITY POLICY A Complex Constellation of Power Relations between Russia, China and Japan in the Asia-Pacific Region

Eugene Kogan

Although it appears that Russia and China are very often called strategic partners but not yet allies, neither Russia nor China are interested in transforming their relationship into a formal alliance.

heir non-committed policy suits both dispute. Russia is not ready to return the The Position of Russia Tcountries, since it gives them a choice disputed territories to Japan in the near to pursue mutually agreed and mutually future, and Japan has no intention of for- Russia has no territorial claims in the Asia- exclusive policy. At the same time, Rus- cibly reconquering the territories, while Pacific region; it is a status quo power in the sia and Japan are quite concerned about diplomacy is not making any headway de- Far East and wants to steer clear of China’s numerous disputes with Asian countries over, for instance, the Spratly and Paracel Islands and historical grievances with Japan that date back to the Second World War Photo: US Navy era. Whether Russia can stay out of China's numerous disputes or at least tacitly sup- port China is uncertain. China, on the other hand, had publicly voiced no concern about Russia's annexation of the Crimea in March 2014, when the West imposed sanctions. China rather abstained from voting at the UN Security Council and, as a result, pro- vided Russia with tacit support. Therefore, China is expecting a similarreaction to the annexation of Taiwan, for instance, or a military conflict breaking out in the South China Sea. Whether Russia will respond in a quid pro quo manner or not remains to be seen. Therefore, it can be said that Russia is playing an ambiguous role in the region where China sees itself as the leading actor on a par with the US. For the time being, Russia is also playing a cautious game with China. For instance, in US Navy and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) ships under September 2016, Russia symbolically joined way in formation in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Japan–US China in a maritime exercise in the South alliance. The military alliance is the cornerstone of Japan's position in China Sea, although this exercise was con- the region. ducted far from the disputed area in order not to upset an equilibrium maintained by China’s rapid emergence as a great pow- spite the continued efforts of Prime Min- the disputed sides. It should be remem- er. Neither wishes to see China achieve a ister Shinzo Abe's government to settle bered, however, that Russia and China’s dominant position in East Asia. However, the dispute. Finally, China and Japan see navies have since 2012 conducted a series the efforts of the two countries to pre- themselves as rivals in the Asia-Pacific re- of bilateral naval exercises known as Joint vent the emergence of a dominant China gion and distrust each other, even though Sea in the Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, have so far been unsuccessful; Russia and they intend to limit tensions in relations. Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South Japan cannot easily do away with their dif- The stalemate between Russia and Japan China Sea, in order to improve their basic ferences over the unresolved Kuril Islands and the ambivalent position between level of interoperability. The naval exercises Russia and China enable China to be- continued in the Sea of Japan in 2017, in Author come a major power. To this end, China the Yellow Sea in 2018 and in the South is using an intelligent anti-access area de- China Sea in 2019. These exercises help the Eugene Kogan is a defence nial (A2AD) strategy, which is explained two militaries to increase interoperability in and security expert based in Tbilisi, below. However, it should be stressed amphibious operations, air-defence, anti- Georgia. that Japan and Russia are also pursuing submarine warfare, and search and rescue a very similar strategy. operations.

20 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 SECURITY POLICY 

Russia’s policy in relation to China follows the formula of "trust, but verify". As a re- sult, Russia takes every precaution in its policy vis-à-vis China. In February 2018, the Photo: Kremlin Russian military deployed two additional S-400 air-defence batteries to Vladivostok, homeport of the Russian Pacific Fleet, in the country’s Far East, to boost their own A2AD capability. Overall, Russia currently has a total of seven S-400 air-defence bat- teries deployed in the Eastern Military Dis- trict. The deployment of additional S-400 air-defence systems correlates with the need to protect Russia’s expanding naval presence in the Asia-Pacific region. Russia is thus protecting its own interests in the Far East in order to be prepared for all possible developments in the region.

The Position of China Despite the rapprochement in recent years, Russia is still concerned China has a strong interest in maintaining about China's rapid rise to world power. Depicted is a meeting between its security in the South China Sea against Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Jinping before Russian-Chinese regional competitors such as Indonesia, talks in April 2019. Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, as well as in Southeast Asia. There China has US Navy and the Air Force. In addition, motely neutralise China’s air-defences and unresolved problems with India. China, In- its inhabitants are allies or friends of the command system. The aircraft would en- donesia, Malaysia and Vietnam are buyers United States – that is, they are potential hance Japan’s A2AD strategy, which aims of Russian weapons and Russia is anxious to opponents of China. Breaking the chain to keep Chinese aircraft and naval vessels keep them as customers for the foreseeable of islands by conquering part of it, like from encroaching on Japan’s surround- future. Whether China can force Russia to Taiwan, or by trying to win American al- ings. These measures are taken by Japan to stop supplying weapons to Vietnam or not lies from Washington's embrace through counter China as a rising naval power. Thus remains to be seen. Surely Vietnam could diplomacy, is critical to China's strategic far, the US has not given a green light to one day become a test case for the strength- success. For the time being, it seems that Japan to purchase the aircraft. ened Russian–Chinese relations. China is not diplomatically appealing for At the moment, ships of the People’s Lib- It is obvious that China wants to com- countries which contest China's claims in eration Army Navy (PLAN) have to traverse pletely dominate the Asia-Pacific region, the South China Sea. As far as the con- the East China Sea and enter the Pacific as it regards this region as China's area of quest of Taiwan by China is concerned, under the knowledge that Japanese mis- interest. To accomplish this mission, China this is still on China's table. Finally, the sile batteries are situated at the First Island wants to push the US out and become the Chinese A2AD strategy has met with re- Chain. In the event of a Sino-Japanese con- undisputed political, economic and military sistance from the Japan, which has its flict in the East China Sea, China would not power of the region. Thus, China is ready to own plans to oppose China. be able to enter the East China Sea without implement an A2AD strategy. risking significant losses of ships, aircraft China's A2AD strategy aims to cover the The Japanese Response and personnel. Thus in effect, this move by South China Sea, as most of the South Japan is denying Beijing the ability to oper- China Sea is international water under According to reports circulating in Decem- ate militarily in disputed waters relatively international maritime law. China's strat- ber 2015 and in response to Beijing’s as- close to the Chinese mainland. By imple- egy for sealing off the South China Sea is sertiveness in the East China Sea, Japan menting this doctrine in the East China Sea, based on a combination of new weapons has begun placing Type-88 anti-ship missile Japan joins a growing number of Asian na- and new terrain, represented primarily by batteries on over 200 islands in the region, tions who have developed their own A2AD the deployment of anti-ship ballistic mis- many of which form part of the First Island strategy in maritime spaces. siles and long-range cruise missiles and the Chain. Developed in the 1980s, the truck- construction of artificial islands with the mounted Type-88 has a range of 180 km The Position of Japan military strips that China has built unhin- and is the domestically-built version of the dered in recent years. US Navy’s HARPOON anti-ship missile. This Most Japanese hold the US–Japan al- However, the geography remains China's deployment has also been complimented liance to be the most important ele- Achilles heel. Beijing is very annoyed by MIM-104 PATRIOT air-defence missile ment of Japanese foreign and security that accessing the South China Sea from batteries. The Abe administration has also policy. Japan remains the cornerstone Shanghai or Tianjin until it anchors at the announced that over 10,000 Japan Self- of a US-backed regional security order other end of its voyage takes such a long Defence Forces (SDF) will be deployed to and partner of the US to push back time. In order to leave the Chinese seas the islands by 2020. against increasing Chinese economic or return from distant ports of call, naval In addition to the aforementioned meas- and military influence in Asia, the Pa- ships have to cross the First Island Chain. ures, Japan looks to deploy Boeing’s EA- cific and beyond. Therefore, China is The chain of islands is the location of the 18G electronic warfare aircraft that can re- seeing Japan as a defender of Ameri-

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 21  SECURITY POLICY can interests in the Asia-Pacific region The situation regarding Russian and Chi- pan is not on the table, and therefore that China is not exactly happy about. nese interests towards Japan is quite the Russian–Japanese intentions to con- Despite seeing the US–Japan alliance complex. Both countries do not want a trol Chinese ambitions remain unfulfilled. as crucially important to Japan’s for- remilitarised Japan or a Japan with nu- This leaves the three countries with their eign and security policy, Japan’s SDF clear weapons and long-range offensive own foreign and security policies, which are becoming more independent. Af- missiles. Both Russia and China believe distrust each other and are aware of each ter all, US Secretary of Defence Chuck that the US–Japan alliance, including the other's strengths and weaknesses. Hagel clearly stated at the Shangri‐La Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty defence summit in Singapore in May signed between the United States and Conclusion 2014 that one out of four US priorities Japan, limits their options in Northeast It should be possible for Russia to achieve a balanced foreign and security policy be- tween China and Japan. Russia knows well how to navigate for its own benefit between countries that see each other as enemies. Despite their joint military ex- ercises, the partnership between Russia and China has not yet been put to the test. China may therefore find that Russia is not exactly the partner China expected,

Photo: Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative while even tacit support that China hopes to receive from Russia may not materialise. At the same time, the unresolved Kuril problem shows the limits of diplomacy and illustrates the unfulfilled expecta- tions of the Japanese Government. For Russia, the solution to the Kuril question is not as crucial as for Japan, which is why Russia is putting the issue on hold. In ad- dition, the Russian militarisation of the Kuril Islands shows that the statements of Russian officials on Kuril solutions are Since 2014, Beijing has been building military structures on Subi Reef – untrustworthy. a small reef belonging to the Spratly Islands. The group of islands is con- Relations between Japan and China are tested territory and has been subject to extensive Chinese militarisation. still full of mistrust and mutual accusa- tions dating back to the Second World was “enhancing the capabilities of our Asia and poses a potential threat to their War. In the event of a Sino-Japanese con- allies and partners to provide security security. Japan has ongoing territorial dis- flict in the East China Sea, Russia and the for themselves and the [Asia‐Pacific] re- putes with both countries that make it dif- United States could perhaps participate. gion.” That also include increasing the ficult to maintain normal relations. Japan's It should be emphasised, however, that defence budget to support enhanced smouldering territorial disputes with both participation is not self-evident. As a re- capabilities to operate independently countries are likely to continue for the fore- sult, China and Japan alone are pursuing and that's exactly why Japan wants to seeable future. their military agenda and are aware that improve SDF capabilities. Despite the common interest of Russia they are facing each other if the worst Nevertheless, Japan's approach to solv- and China in Japan, Moscow and Beijing comes to the worst. ing maritime issues with Russia and China see Japan differently. Both Russia and Ja- Thus the Russian–Chinese–Japanese differs from that of the US. The US Na- pan are concerned about China's rise as a constellation is clouded by differences in tional Security Strategy of 2017 does not great power. Both do not want China to perception, historical mistrust, the way hide the fact that Russia and China are achieve a dominant position in East Asia. the three countries play the regional seen as opponents. Japan, however, at- Both countries want a relationship that game, and political elites who have much taches more importance to dialogue and could control China's ambitions, a goal to lose in the event of a conflict. China confidence-building. Japan's geographi- blocked by the unresolved Kuril dispute. wants to influence the great power game cal location plays a decisive role in this Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's in its favour, including a robust economy approach, since Japan is surrounded by attempts to resolve the Kuril dispute that can finance China's military build- Russia and China and thus has no choice showed that the Prime Minister wanted up. Russia wants to maintain the status but to live as peacefully as possible and rapprochement with Russia at China's ex- quo without participating in China's to be prepared for the worst. As a result, pense. Russian relations with China have military adventures and responding to Japan is trying to solve the Kuril prob- not suffered from Abe's rapprochement. Japan's overtures. And Japan wants to lem through negotiations with Russia, Chinese government officials recognized maintain the support of the United States but Russia is not prepared to return the that Abe has little chance of resolving as it is provoked by China and its eco- islands to Japan in the near future. China the dispute through diplomatic efforts, nomic clout, which Japan has enjoyed for claims sovereignty over Japan's uninhab- and Japan is not seeking a military solu- more than two decades. It is important ited Senkaku Islands. The dispute over tion for the Kuril Islands. Therefore, the to stress that Japan was and is the third the islands has not yet been settled. rapprochement between Russia and Ja- largest economy in the world. L

22 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019

 ARMED FORCES “We are Europeans, so we trust ourselves”

Latvia is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its armed forces. For this reason, Defence Minister Artis Pabriks visited Spain, where he opened an exhibition at the Spanish Army Museum. Spain is one of the NATO countries sending troops (350) to Latvia for the Enhanced Forward Presence Battle Group led by Canadian forces. After the wars in Georgia (2008) and Ukraine (2014), Pabriks sees the Russian chal- lenge as an "existential threat", although "Latvia would be the first country to improve relations with the Russian government, but we cannot afford to live under an illusion". Photo: Saeima

ESD: What is the picture of the regional troops along with eight other countries, our NATO friends shows that we are not security in the Baltic States right now? signals that we are all allies. This is a soli- alone. And that shows in a very visual way. Pabriks: This is a regional security picture darity mission. shared by our northern neighbours, name- ESD: You are referring to Article 5 of the ly Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and ESD: Is this deployment guaranteed for the NATO Treaty. Poland. When I talk about security, I want next coming years? Pabriks: Yes, but Article 5 should be per- to mention climate change and the environ- Pabriks: We would like this mission to ceived not only as a paper but as a reality. ment, but of course one of our challenges is last as long as possible, as the environ- I think the presence of the United States, our Russian neighbourhood, because Rus- ment around us does not seem to have Germany, Canada, Spain and other NATO sia has developed and deployed its military changed recently. Our Russian neighbour countries simply tells that Article 5 is not a power very close to our borders over the shows no sign of understanding his previ- joke; it is reality. But even with that NATO last fifteen years. At the same time, most ous mistakes. This essentially means that presence asymmetry is still there. European countries have reduced their in- confidence between Europe and Russia has vestments in military and defence because been severely damaged by the war in Geor- ESD: How often is Latvia hit by a cyber- they believe that peace and democracy are gia (2008), the invasion of Ukraine and an- attack? granted by God, the USA, or someone else. nexation of the Crimea (2014), by falsified Pabriks: At this very moment it is very likely That is a dangerous feeling, because at this news and cyber-attacks, and by attempts that a cyber-attack or a fake message at- moment, the Baltic Sea region is in a very to influence different types of elections and tack will be carried out. We've been talking great asymmetry: there are much larger referenda in other European countries. about this kind of threat for 10 years. Back Russian armed forces that train very often then, some of our friends told us: "Don't in offensive exercises. And there are small ESD: Do you believe that a Russian invasion overdo it". Now it is a common reality, re- capacities on our side. of your country is a realistic threat? member that fake news stories about Ger- Pabriks: No, we are not afraid of an inva- man soldiers with Lithuanian girls.... Cyber- ESD: How important is the NATO deploy- sion because we are strong enough and we attacks can be very disturbing. One of the ment for Latvia? do not expect NATO soldiers to die instead first cyber-attacks on the West occurred in Pabriks: I have no hesitation in saying that of Latvian soldiers. We are ready to fight 2007 in Estonia. Also in Latvia we were at- Latvia is a borderland of European civilisa- and we are ready to die for our country. But tacked by various media campaigns, which tion. Border countries always face certain we send the right signals to every hypothet- is why we have the Nato Excellence Center challenges. In our case it is the asymmet- ical opponent at our borders: There will be for Strategic Communication. ric military power that surrounds us. We a unified and rapid NATO response. From understand that every citizen of the EU or this perspective, the Baltic countries can be ESD: European Union, NATO or United NATO should enjoy the same level of secu- described as West Berlin during the Cold States – which do you trust more in case rity. From this perspective, we are there- War. It is not our aim to wage war with of a war? fore very grateful to NATO for its efforts in Russia. We want a very good relationship Pabriks: We don't like division between our country. The NATO Enhanced Forward with Russia that benefits both sides. But we Europeans and Americans. First, we are Presence Battle Group, led by Canadian want a good deterrent. So the presence of Europeans, so we trust ourselves. Secondly,

24 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

Pabriks: Latvia spends 2% of its budget on defence, not because Trump asks for it. We really think it is important to have powerful forces. Not to increase spending would be ir- Photo: MoD Latvia responsible for Latvia, the Baltic Sea and also for Europe, because we can no longer trust our neighbour and that means we have to increase our military spending further.

ESD: Could you give us a picture of the Lat- vian Armed Forces? Pabriks: We have a professional army of only 6,500 soldiers, but we plan to bring it up to 7,500. On the second level we have a National Guard system, for example patriotic volunteers who go to military exercise to train with weapons: We have 8,500 members and plan to increase it to 12,000. The third level is the reserve (former soldiers), which has 5,000 On 3 October 2019, Defence Minister Artis Pabriks unveiled a new army members that we can call up very quickly. In shooting range at Lacusils. addition, we are now planning a comprehen- sive defence system that includes civil society, the Americans are our allies and after the forces. That is why we are interested in de- business, enterprises and military institutions. Second World War Europe would be quite veloping capabilities. We want our society to be mentally ready for different without them, let us not forget any kind of attack, just like Finland, Sweden that. There are some issues that divide our ESD: Let us talk about the 2% budgetary or Switzerland. That is why we are introduc- politicians, but the question is not always commitment for defence. There is no doubt ing military courses in our schools. "trust", it is also about " capability". At this that it will be one of the main topics at the moment, the European armed forces are next NATO summit in London from 3 to 4 The interview was conducted lagging far behind the American armed December. by Esteban Villarejo. Viewpoint from Vienna

“Unfortunately, I have to disappoint you”

Georg Mader

t was with these serious words that Maj Gen Thomas Starlinger, Journalist of the Year, would never have talked about "unsexy" Ithe current Defence Minister, addressed all Austrians. For the first technical issues like the successor to the obsolete Saab-105. Even time, a responsible government official openly admitted that the more sobering, however, were the answers from the top candidates. national army could probably not be of help to the citizens (who pay one of the highest taxes in Europe) in case of crises, disasters Chronically Underfunded for Decades or catastrophes. When reading Starlinger’s report, it is very easy to see the holes Several Black Holes in the defence budget. The report lists the limits of Austria`s current and future military capabilities in the light of a meagre His statement caused considerable fuss as it came in the midst of budget of ~0.6% of GNP. The report also specified funding lev- an ongoing election campaign for the September 29 elections. The els necessary to reduce the “considerable investment backlog, reader may recall that these elections became neccessary when a meanwhile amounting up to €16Bn. If we maintain the current corruption-ridden 2017 video surfaced via German media which level of funding, we will soon fall below the minimum necessary subsequently toppled Austria`s quite successful and popular centre- to guarantee national territorial defence and the protection of right government. The details of the scandal are still being investi- critical infrastructures - in reality and in the cyber domain,” he gated; many observers expect this to lead nowhere, either because said. the whistleblowers are protected by journalistic confidentiality or – as Gen. Brieger said that out of 265 critical infrastructures, the the author suspects – because a "deep state" of a supranational EU Austrian Armed Forces could quickly take control and protect wants to prevent right-wing parties from succeeding. And it worked! three of them. If an enemy would capture Vienna Airport, the The scandal has cost the right-wing Freedom Party 10%, while the nearby oil refinery and the nearby marshalling yard, Austria shining young Mr Kurz – his party ended the coalition – has jumped would need an entire brigade to retake these assets – and this is to almost 40% voter approval and might well be on the road to the maximum the Austrian military currently has on quick alert. form a coalition government with the Greens by the time this article When it comes to the remaining 265 facilities listed in Austria`s goes into print. And it is precisely these Greens who have no idea 2014 “Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection”, we of military affairs. need to cite Minister Starlinger: “Sorry folks, please turn to your This is the background in which Minister Starlinger ignited his bomb politicians“. with his video and a very pointed and sobering 132-page report. In First, this frightening capability gap is due to a shortage of run- honest texts and descriptive illustrations, the report lists the capabili- ning vehicles in the Austrian barracks, especially in the front ties that the Austrian Armed Forces will lose if the defence budget units. These units have to borrow vehicles from other units for stagnates at €2.2Bn or 0.58% of GDP. As a professional officer, he their exercises; most of the time they hire Hop-On, Hop-Off has no obligation to any party and openly said the sobering truth buses that carry them to their destinations. directly to the face as no one at his level has done before, which is The militia units, which are enshrined in the constitution as the why his paper “Our Army in 2030“ was subsequently discussed in foundation on which the federal army is to be organised, have most of the election talks on TV and in the press. Otherwise even become second-line formations in which the officers train all prominent TV presenters like Armin Wolf, recently named European alone with themselves and without foot soldiers. However, this

26 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 dismal situation is not only What Needs to happen? due to the dismal budg- etary situation. It is also The most important and expensive of the urgent questions is because a small group of what to do with the Austrian Air Force, as the 15 TYPHOONs officers are not accept- require IFF/Mode-5/S upgrades and all-weather IR capability such ing the 2013 plebiscite to as PIRATE or pods. The Saab-105s which still account maintain compulsory mili- for 35% of daily air policing will retire by the end of 2020. This tary service; they are still issue is, however, being discussed at a very primitive level, without quietly working towards their goal of a profes- sional army. Unimpressed by the discouraging expe- rience of Sweden or Ger- many, they forget that a professional army would rarely be much better

Photo: Bundesheer / Harald Minnich funded than it is now. But The interim Minister of in a now looming coali- Defence, Maj Gen Starlinger, tion with the Green Party, has addressed the shortcom- these officers might well ings of the Austrian military find allies to support their budget with bold words. intentions.

Conscription vs. Persistent Structures

What even Defence Minister Starlinger will not be able to change – he recently said he will stay if a new government follows the

conclusions of his "2030 report" – is the far too high share of Photo: Bundesheer 60% of the €2.2Bn for personnel costs (salaries and pensions). Austria`s armed forces are chronically underfunded and This share is most likely the highest among the Western armies. face capability depletion. Material procurement is at a low 10%; internationally normal would be a share of 20 to 30%. In addition to decades of politi- any technical expertise. Chancellor Kurz has only briefly signalled cal neglect, one reason is the special status of most officers and his support for "the medium-term target of 1% GDP, while I call many non-commissioned officers as civil servants for life. This for the most cost-effective solutions in air traffic control". Days status is - as with most employees in all ministries - anchored later, a Green politician called for "international cooperation on in the Federal Chancellery, so that these structures are natu- airspace surveillance" and had no idea that this would mean rally sluggish. The military leadership knows, of course, but after stationing foreign jets in neutral Austria. several reforms, the total number of defense posts of standing It is comments like these that make the author and perhaps many troops and military administration has fallen from 23,857 in 2004 Austrian pilots and technicians pause, because according to na- to only 21,899 in 2017. tional economic figures, population data and area size, Austria On the other hand, the current military leadership is pressing for a re- could operate 40 such jets without a citizen missing a cent in turn to eight months of conscription, as opposed to only six months his wallet. And even that would only bring Austria into the EU since 2006. Recruits are currently being trained, some of whom are average. assigned to the South/Eastern border relief mission or are deployed This is the result of a lack of political will, mixed with a canine in other functions. Gen. Brieger described this as a "wasted human cowardice towards the media. All polls since Starlinger's report capability because we train them until they are basically usable - and show that over 50% of Austrians demand better financing of the then we never see them again"! However, based on statements armed forces. This change of opinion results from the impressions made during the recent election campaign, it is unlikely that a new gained from international events since 2014 and from the slow government would dare to extend the period of conscription. This and painful realisation that other actors do not care at all about also applies to the recruitment of women in the light of the fre- Austrian neutrality, the UN and OSCE location, or the Vienna quently emphasised "gender equality". Opera Ball.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 27  SECURITY POLICY The European Defence Fund What are the political, economic and ethical aspects of one of the most important measures of the EU's new security and defence agenda?

Andreea Stoian Karadeli

In an attempt to redefine its global role and adapt to the international trend of "weaponisation", Europe has turned its focus to the security and defence sector. Although the European Union is to become a stronger and more credible player, the security and defence strategy adopted for the coming years is highly controversial and does not necessarily fit in with the nature of the European Union.

fter the Second World War, the Eu- ropean Coal and Steel Community is A Photo: EU formed as a first step to unite the Euro- pean countries economically and politi- cally in order to secure lasting peace and cooperation. Since then, different versions of European unity have evolved into the current European Union – an entity that is facing various internal and external chal- lenges in today’s geopolitical context. In light of events such as Russia’s incur- sion into Ukraine, and the Arab Spring uprising and faced with an international trend toward “weaponisation”, the Euro- pean bloc has been reconsidering its role as a global player and has turned its focus Falco Xplorer: towards the security and defence sector. The main pillars of the new security and Persistent surveillance. defence strategy resulted in several ac- ronyms to deal with: a military planning and conduct capability (MPCC) as a form Enhanced awareness. of European headquarters; a coordinat- ed annual review of defence (CARD); a European defence fund (EDF) to finance developments of prototype military kits; and permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) to allow willing EU members to cooperate more quickly in defence mat- ters. Although it has no previous experi- Presented to the Heads of State and Government by High Representa- Author tive Federica Mogherini in June 2016, the EU Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy (EUGS) is one of the most ambitious EU documents Andreea Stoian Karadeli is freelance on defence to date. Leonardo’s Falco Xplorer is the latest-generation Remote Piloted Aerial researcher based in Turkey and a PhD System (RPAS) for persistent multisensory strategic surveillance. Candidate at Mihai Viteazul National ence in this field, the European Commis- The New Security Context Intelligence Academy in Romania. sion appears to be quite interested in the The system features an advanced, broad multispectral sensor suite Her interdisciplinary research varies defence sector and eager to back it up The European shift towards the defence at the top of its segment for actionable intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. from cultural and intercultural studies financially in order to broaden the narrow sector has geopolitical, economic, mili- to conflict resolution and focuses on focus from the EU’s Common Security tary and security reasons. The current Inspired by the vision, curiosity and creativity of the great master inventor – national security and terrorism, with and Defence Policy (CSDP) to a complex, defence initiatives also support the EU Leonardo is designing the technology of tomorrow. expertise in the Middle East. yet not fully understood idea of EU de- Global Strategy’s (EUGS) goal to achieve fence. a strategic autonomy and to develop a

28 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 leonardocompany.com Helicopters | Aeronautics | Electronics, Defence & Security Systems | Space SECURITY POLICY 

European Defence Union by 2025, not The European Defence Fund only via a structured cooperation, but also with a strengthened EDITB, which is Adopted in 2016, the European Defence Ac- only possible with corresponding funds. tion Plan (EDAP), together with the EUGS This issue has been emphasised more and the EU-NATO cooperation, is an am- than once by the President of the Euro- bitious package of measures to strengthen pean Commission Jean-Claude Juncker. European defence capacities and reinforce The new strategy also aims to bridge the security and defence policy. EDAP is a gap between EU Member States as based on three major pillars which address regards a shared vision and interest in interdependent needs of the development

European security. The current volatile cycle in R&D: the European Defence Fund Photo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Poland security context, characterised by both (EDF), fostering investments in defence sup- After announcing her EU Global conventional and, above all, unconven- ply chains, reinforcing the single market for Strategy, EU High Representative tional threats, has forced nation states defence and the promotion of civil/military Federica Mogherini travelled to understand that one European nation synergies. Europe to discuss it with member alone does not have the necessary capac- Among the measures promoted by EDAP, state representatives, here shown ity to meet today's challenges all by itself. the European Defence Fund marks a par- in Warsaw on 3 June 2016. Therefore, bilateral and multinational co- adigm shift for EU values and norms. Al- operation should be the cornerstones of though up to present it has never been The European Defence Fund was launched national, European and transatlantic de- breached, the EU red-line for military ac- by the European Commission on 7 June fence. Although national interests tend tivities has been challenged for 15 years by 2017 in the form of a set of tools to “boost to take precedence over common inter- adopting a security approach to home af- Europe’s defence capabilities”. The EDF en- ests, it is time to recognise that defence fairs policies such as borders control. Today, compasses two main “pots” of funding and planning alone cannot lead to success at funding the arms industry through diverting a separate financial toolbox. the national level. Therefore, in addition EU taxpayers’ money from civilian areas of The first “pot of money” is meant to fund the to economic and political cooperation, work becomes possible and the EDF aims Research and Technology phase of military Member States should recognise the to push forward the course of EU defence R&D. This part is already underway through growing need for a common security cooperation while it illustrates the growing a Preparatory Action, offering grants to com- and defence platform for the European role of private defence industries within EU panies and applied research groups active Union. political processes. in the military sector. Under this Preparatory

Falco Xplorer: Persistent surveillance. Enhanced awareness.

Leonardo’s Falco Xplorer is the latest-generation Remote Piloted Aerial System (RPAS) for persistent multisensory strategic surveillance. The system features an advanced, broad multispectral sensor suite at the top of its segment for actionable intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Inspired by the vision, curiosity and creativity of the great master inventor – Leonardo is designing the technology of tomorrow.

leonardocompany.com Helicopters | Aeronautics | Electronics, Defence & Security Systems | Space  SECURITY POLICY Graphic: Council of the European Union

At least 40 countries saw incidents where armed force was used by organised actors in 2015. Half of those incidents took place in Asia, and almost one quarter in the Middle East. The map shows over 5,000 such geo- referenced events. Greater saturation of white areas indicates a higher incidence of events in the same area.

Action the European Commission has made prove new knowledge and defence technol- developing key technologies in critical ar- available €90M to the military industry (in- ogy which can achieve significant effects in eas, and to contribute to the EU’s strategic cluding applied research groups) from 2017 the area of defence, or increase interoper- autonomy by making defence cooperation to 2019. For the second stage – the period ability and resilience, studies such a feasibility under the EU budget a reality. between 2021-2027 -, the European Com- studies or statistics on the defence industry The main political arguments in favour of the mission proposes a total budget of €4.1Bn and projects to pilot the collection of data, EDF rest on the catch-all concept of “stra- (€585M annually on average). technical specifications, model develop- tegic autonomy”: the EU is dependent on The second “pot of money” is to fund the ment and system prototype (including in an NATO, while the latter has made it clear that development phase of military R&D. This operational environment), testing, certifica- it “wants Europeans to do more for their part is also already under way through the tion and qualification, increasing efficiency own defence”. The EU is losing its leadership European Defence Industrial Development across the life cycle of the defence products role in terms of cutting-edge technologies Programme (EDIDP) which will channel and technologies, dissemination activities, and equipment because it does not spend €500M from the EU budget to the military networking events and awareness-raising enough on military R&D and because 90% industry in 2019-2020. Its follow-up pro- activities. There is still a lot of controversy of the research is conducted at national lev- gramme for 2021-2027 would see its budg- over the type of military technology to be el. Despite spending half as much as the US et increase to €8.9Bn over 7 years (€1.27Bn developed as the existing regulations remain on defence, the EU is not half as efficient, in- annually in average). unprecise over this aspect. cluding regarding the deployment capacities This industrial programme is to be comple- of EU armed forces, in particular because mented by voluntary contributions from the Political Aspects there is a high level of duplication of systems Member States, that the European Commis- in use. The EU has 178 different types of sion estimates to €2Bn for 2019-2020, and The EDF is definitely an unprecedented step weapon systems compared to 30 in the US. up to €35.6Bn for 2021-2027. and a far stretch from the roots of the EU Moreover, there is a severe lack of interop- Thirdly, the EDF also foresees to develop which was to establish “foundations for a erability between those weapon systems. a “financial toolbox” to support Member common economic development as a first EU citizens are expecting the EU to protect States in the joint production and acquisition step to a federation of Europe, to change them from growing international tensions, of military equipment resulting from this the destinies of those regions which have and in particular from the worsening secu- R&D process. This third element will primar- long been devoted to the manufacturing rity situation in Europe’s neighbourhood, ily consist of administrative and logistic tools. of war materials, of which they themselves and there is a growing agreement that the However, the European Commission does have been the most constant victims.” The EU’s ‘soft power’ needs some back-up hard not exclude the possibility to even contribute predecessor of the European Union, the power to be more efficient in promoting financially to this production or acquisition European Community, was promoting eco- peace. All these arguments account for a process, in a similar path to what is happen- nomic cooperation to prevent war. Today, paradigm shift away from the foundational ing under the Internal Security Fund. the European Commission supports the EDF values of the European Union which is why The actions covered through the EDF are: and promotes it as a way to safeguard the there needs to be a common understanding basic research to create, underpin and im- EU’s technological and industrial base, by of what strategic autonomy actually means:

30 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 SECURITY POLICY  the capacity to defend itself with sufficient, in Europe. Military research is a major driver experts will not be made public, making appropriate and interoperable weapons sys- of innovation, also leading to civil application external scrutiny on possible conflicts of tems, and a certain level of ‘technical superi- for the benefit of all, and it is therefore impor- interest impossible. ority’ over potential enemies. tant to promote the competitiveness of the Powerful industry-driven lobbying has also Since its foundation until today, the EU has defence industry, with particular attention to played a significant role in shaping priorities never been thought of as a military alliance SMEs and export capability. in EDF, raising important questions about and it is far from becoming one. Member While the estimations made by the Europe- the corporate capture of EU military initia- States find it hard to agree on many sub- an Commission might seem tempting, they tives by a nascent European Military Indus- jects, and in many situations national in- stand for a very small share of the European trial Complex (EMIC). Civil society organisa- terests have trumped the common one. economy: the expected €100Bn annual tions such as Statewatch and the European Unfortunately, in its current form, the EDF turnover represents about 1.5% of the total Network Against Arms Trade have shown cannot resolve the structural challenges of a turnover of just the EU manufacturing sector that key industry advisors to the EU are collective European defence just by promot- and the 1.4 million workers to be employed among the largest beneficiaries of the de- ing joint R&D on defence. Instead, as em- represent just 1% of the total EU workforce. fence policies they advocate for, illustrating phasised by the European Network Against Therefore, the economic benefits promoted a troubling conflict of interests. Arm Trade, the EDF pours in more money by the European Commission are far less than So far, the European Parliament and the without resolving the main two problems: expected, when presented at a higher scale. Member States have not yet reached a final duplication of weapon systems and inter- Apart from the political and humanitar- common ground on important subjects re- operability of these systems. Moreover, the ian consequences of producing and selling garding EDF’s objectives, the eligibility crite- European ownership of the funding and of weapons and military equipment, there ria for the projects, and the overall manage- the R&D results, including new weaponry are also economic disadvantages as it re- ment of the fund. While agreements have prototypes, is not guaranteed and it puts lies on public spending, protected national been reached on most issues, there is a lack no restriction on the exports of the new markets, corruption & bribery, offsets, and of transparency and very little clarification EU-funded technologies. Knowing that in multiple form of arms exports subsidies. regarding the procedures and logistics of the average about 2/3 of the EU arms exports The European Network Against Arms Trade EDF. As co-legislator of the EDF, the Euro- are sold outside the EU, any potential “lead- also argues against the idea that the mili- pean Parliament can provide scrutiny during ership gain” will be very short-term and tary sector is driving innovation, stating that the Fund’s evaluation processes, but in prac- would need a never-ending cycle of grow- nowadays technology transfer from the tice it will not have a say on which projects ing spending in military R&D. commercial sector (like robotics, big data or to fund. Additional concerns centre around There is indeed a need for a common secu- artificial intelligence) to the military sector is the possibility that EU public funds could be rity platform of the European Union that can more common and at lower cost because of used to develop technology for problem- provide security for its citizens based on the economies of scale. atic weapons. Whereas the Fund prohibits cooperation of all Member States, but this As it was observed at political scale, there is the development of lethal autonomous should not necessarily develop strictly around a general trend to increase military spending weapons and weapons systems declared il- the defence industry. There is still a long way as an easy visible answer to complex chal- legal by international law (for example, land to go in terms of intelligence exchange, com- lenges, and the EDF is sadly contributing to it. mines and nuclear, chemical, and biologi- mon counter-terrorism strategy development cal weapons), critics fear the frameworks of and efficient border security measures that Ethical Aspects international law may not be sufficient to should be tackled and taken forward. cover all the possible scenarios opened up Tthe global trend toward “weaponisation” Besides the political and economic sides of by emerging disruptive technologies. Finally, in recent years has pressured the EU to make the EDF, the ethical aspects are the most the €13Bn for military technologies could be this step to ensure its credibility as a global ac- controversial ones. The draft European used more fruitfully in other areas, including tor. There is also a heavy economic pressure Defence Fund for 2021-2027 included a on policies that address international insta- that comes together with the political one. new provision for ethics reviews of the bility before it escalates into war or conflict. projects, allegedly to answer civil society Economic Aspects concerns. Still, some of the main ethics Conclusion concerns regarding the EDF remain: Ethi- The economic arguments brought up by the cal screenings will happen only before the While admitting that there is a clear need for European Commission in support for the EDF signature of the grant contract on the ba- cooperation among Member States in terms are developed around the savings and contri- sis of ethical self-assessments by the indus- of security and defence, the current strategy bution to jobs and growth. The lack of coop- try itself and only “where appropriate”. adopted by the EU does not necessarily pro- eration between Member States is estimated Activities raising ethically sensitive issues vide for a safer and more peaceful Europe. It by the European Commission to cost annu- will not be discarded but conditions for can lead instead to a higher weaponisation ally between €25Bn and €100Bn because of their implementation shall be specified in of Europe and more insecurity for its Mem- lack of competition, costly duplication, lack the funding agreement. The possibility to ber States. Investing in security and defence of interoperability, technological gaps, and carry out ethical checks during the imple- and giving the opportunity to civilians to get insufficient economies of scale. The main mentation of a project has been removed, involved in this sector is a great step, but the cause for this situation is the fact that 90% as well as the possibility to terminate an money should not only flow into the devel- of the research and 80% of the defence on-going project on ethical grounds. Ex- opment of the defence industry. Instead, the procurement is run on a pure national basis. perts to assist the European Commission European Union should defend its soft power Therefore, the defence sector is presented as shall be independent with various back- status and continue to invest in research and a key industrial sector generating a turnover grounds, but in particular with expertise technologies that would enhance a better co- of €100Bn every year and employing directly on ‘defence ethics’, thus favouring offi- operation and communication between the or indirectly 1.4 million highly-skilled workers cials and industry experts, while the list of security apparatus of its Member States L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 31  ARMED FORCES NATO Looks at More Collaboration

Alan Warnes

As the US looks to most of the other 28 NATO members to raise their defence spending, collaboration in much needed capabilities is set to increase.

y pooling resources, capital costs are to gain price reductions, the smaller nations five Northrop Grumman RQ-4D GLOBAL Bnot taking big chunks out of budgets, could lose the flexibility in the configuration HAWKs to provide NATO with a wide area allowing the air forces to more effectively or a type of aircraft.” surveillance solution, and the Multinational pay for the day-to-day operational costs. Of Most NATO nations cannot afford to buy Multirole Tanker Transport (MRTT) Fleet cur- course it is not the solution to everything, their own sovereign assets and have opted rently made up of eight A330MRTTs but it helps, and every bit counts in an age to join collaborative programmes to achieve with an option for three more. There are of where tax payers want their money spent interoperability. “Only a few nations can af- course more in the pipeline like a E-3 AWACS successor known as the Alliance Future Sur- veillance and Control (AFSC) as well as an ISR unmanned aerial system, a possible maritime patrol aircraft/maritime surveillance aircraft and even pilot training. Clearly this looks like Photo: Alan Warnes the way that NATO wants to go to cater for the needs further into the future.

NATO AEW – the First

In 1980, NATO made the ground-breaking decision to acquire 18 Boeing E-3A airborne warning and control system (AWACS) air- craft. Based at Geilenkirchen, Germany, the NATO’s Airborne Early Warning and Con- trol Force (AEWCF) is the Alliance’s largest NATO’s AEW Force operates 14 E-3As that are expected to have their collaborative venture, exemplifying multi- operational systems substantially upgraded in the near future. This will national cooperation, with over 15 nations ensure that they remain modern and relevant until their 2035 retire- contributing. ment date. NATO is already studying next generation Allied Force Sur- Operationally, the AWACS has played veillance and Control (AFSC) to replace them. This E-3A is seen departing an important role in NATO operations in one of its forward operating bases, Konya in June 2019. Libya and Afghanistan, and has provided air support to secure NATO summits and on other more important things like educa- ford major capabilities and we are here to other international events. Most recently, tion and health. As Rudolf Maus, Director of assist. Besides interoperability, we will pro- the platform has been utilised to defeat Life Cycle Management at the NATO Sup- vide integrated support solutions for NATO ISIL operations and Operation Sea Guard- port and Procurement Agency (NSPA) told nations individually and collectively, as well ian, a security operation aimed at work- ESD, “Purchasing aircraft as a collective al- as for the partner nations.” ing with Mediterranean stakeholders to lows smaller nations a capability that is much NSPA is based at Capellen, Luxembourg, and maintain maritime situational awareness more affordable than purchasing a relatively was set up by NATO, in its current form, in and counter-terrorism capabilities at sea. small number of aircraft. If purchases then April 2015. The organisation’s responsibilities There are also the ongoing assurance have to be combined with larger nations, cover major multinational weapon system measures across NATO member countries. acquisitions for a broad set of nations. They In September, one of the aircraft visited Author work with individual countries or groupings Riga International Airport for such a mis- of countries from NATO, EU and partner na- sion, across the three Baltic states. During Alan Warnes is a journalist specialis- tions who collectively identify a problem. a press briefing, Colonel Aivars Mezors, ing in military aviation and has trav- The first collaborative programme was Air- Chief of the Latvian Air Force said; “We elled to over 60 countries researching borne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C), truly appreciate the contribution of our articles and taking action photos for when in 1980 NATO opted to buy 18 Boe- strategic ally with this unique capability his work. For 12 years, he was the Ed- ing E-3A AWACS – the US term for AEW&C. in strengthening Latvia's and our regional itor of AirForces Monthly. He has also A second, the Strategic Airlift Capability, did security,” adding; “The landing of NATO written several books, including two not appear in 2009, and led to three C-17A E-3A AWACS here is a very powerful sig- on the Pakistan Air Force (in 2008 Boeing GLOBEMASTER IIIs being acquired. nal of NATO`s solidarity and reliability. It and 2017), and most recently on Now we have two more on the verge of also shows a strong understanding from 100 years of Aero Vodochody. becoming operational next year: the Al- our allies about the geopolitical security liance Ground Station (AGS) comprising situation.”

32 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019

 ARMED FORCES

There are only four other nations field- ing AEW&C aircraft. France (Boeing E-3F), Greece (Embraer EMB-145H ERIEYE), Turkey (Boeing E-7T) and the UK (Boeing E-3D) pro- vide assets if available for NATO’s collective good. Greece contributed a EMB-145H to the Libyan air operation, in 2011 because it was the best at detecting helicopters. But usually, Greece and Turkey AEW&C aircraft

stick to their own sovereign interest which Photo: Northrop Grumman means keeping an eye on each other. RAF NATO will operate five RQ-4D remotely piloted aircraft acquired by a E-3As have been extensively used over Af- group of 15 Member States. The Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) ghanistan and Iraq but also put in time pa- aircraft is based on the US Air Force Block 40 GLOBAL HAWK. trolling Poland’s eastern border checking on any possible Russian aggression. They don’t torn state. To assist in the situation, civilian just control aircraft in the sky and cover air transport aircraft like the Antonov An-124 space surveillance, but can provide fighter Photo: NSPA were chartered or leased. However, it didn’t control during operations and exercises, hide the need to completely overhaul the co-ordinate search and rescue ops, control strategic airlift situation, when countries like ground-based airspace defence units and the US were doing a lot more than many support maritime ops. Maus, a former Ger- other NATO countries in the re-supply ef- man Air Force general who joined NSPA in fort. On 23 September 2008, 12 nations 2015, explained how the NATO AEW force signed a memorandum of understanding works with other nations’ sovereign as- to establish a strategic airlift capability. A sets. “It is a contribution in kind. If NATO is week later on 1 October 2008, NATO or- conducting or planning an operation, then dered two C-17A GLOBEMASTER IIIs under based on a force generation process the ca- a foreign military sales (FMS) agreement, pabilities will come from NATO itself or con- while a third came as a non-cash contribu- tributing nations. Those countries with their tion by the US. More importantly, 10 NATO own aircraft have to decide if their national nations and two partner nations agreed to owned asset can be provided to NATO and Rudi Maus, a former German Air share the cost and take up an appropriate the NATO Commander. For example, the Force general, is the Director of percentage of the flying hours (see table). UK can provide assets to the Supreme Allied Life Cycle Management at the The first aircraft arrived at Papa Air Base in Commander Europe (SACEUR) and NATO NATO Support and Procurement Hungary where they are based on 14 July Commander of the mission, but it has the Agency (NSPA). 2009, and the Heavy Airlift wing was es- final say. The same goes potentially for the tablished on 27 July, leading to the first op- French, Greek and Turkish systems; they are dolf Maus as it will be the first acquisition erational airlift mission on 13 August, when nationally owned assets but they might be started from scratch by NATO. Maus went passengers were flown from Ramstein to offered by the nations as a contribution.” on: “Based on high level requirements from Pristine, Kosofor. The first ISAF mission took Right now the NATO E-3A fleet is in desperate NATO we want to define options for a future place on 27-28 September 2009. need of modernisation. They might be more surveillance and control capability after the While the HAW, which celebrated its tenth modern than the RAF ones, but that wouldn’t AWACS era. In phase 1 the capability re- anniversary in July manages the capability, be difficult because the latter have never had quirements have been defined and in phase the NATO Airlift Management Programme their back end operating systems upgraded. 2 we are asking industry for solutions to (NAMP), an integral part of the NSPA, ex- Rather them upgrade now at a huge cost, the identify options.” Adding, “Potential solu- RAF is instead acquiring five new E-7s. tions are open, it might not be a new plat- European Strategic Airlift Share It has been nearly 20 years since NATO’s form like AWACS. The objective is to find a USA 32% 1,013 surviving 14 E-3As (sometimes referred to solution for future surveillance and control as NE-3As) have seen their operational sys- needs, whatever that may be.” Sweden 17.4% 550 tems upgraded. But that might all be set to 15.8% 500 change. In June, NATO’s NAPMA (NAEW&C Strategic Airlift Norway 12.5% 396 Progamme Management Agency) an- nounced that the finalisation of a US$1Bn In 2009 a second NATO fleet, comprising Romania 6% 190 upgrade contract should be completed by three C-17A GLOBEMASTER III heavy airlift- Poland 4.7% 149 December. However, a dispute over the ers, was formed to meet Europe’s much Finland 3.2% 100 funding arose, which can be a problem needed Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC). with collaborations, led NATO calling an ex- Increased globalisation and NATO’s need to Bulgaria 2.1% 66 traordinary meeting in September to resolve operate outside of Europe meant strategic Slovenia 1.9% 60 the issue – although no announcement has airlift became a priority. A lack of available been made yet. strategic airlift in Afghanistan soon became Hungary 1.6% 51 For future AEW&C ops, NATO is considering apparent in 2003, when troops, vehicles Lithuania 1.4% 45 the Alliance Future Surveillance and Control and helicopter support for the International Estonia 1.4%. 45 (AFSC) programme to replace the E-3s. The Security Assistance Force (ISAF) needed to programme is a high priority for NSPA’s Ru- be consistently rotated in/out of the war- 3165

34 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

of fixed and moving targets. The system will continuously detect and track targets throughout the areas of interest. An ex- tensive suite of line-of-sight and beyond- Photo: Alan Warnes line-of-sight, long-range and wideband data links will ensure the information is data-linked to the ground real time. In ad- dition, the UK and France are planning to contribute with a similar national capabil- ity to complement the GLOBAL HAWKs. Sigonella will serve as a NATO Joint In- telligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance (JISR) deployment base and data exploita- tion centre. AGS will observe what happens on the earth’s surface in the same way the AWACS monitors airspace. The pro- gramme has been financed by 15 allies: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Es- tonia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and the United States. However once delivered and handed over to NATO in October, it will take a year to be fully operational. The AGS will be oper- NATO’s Heavy Airlift Wing based in Papa, Hungary, provides 12 nations ated and maintained by NATO on behalf with 3,165 hours of flying time. of all 29 NATO members. Performing persistent surveillance over wide ecutes the HAW’s acquisition and sustain- tional perspective we negotiated for eight, areas with the GLOBAL HAWK, in all weather ment needs. The 30-year programme pro- but from a contractual perspective we ne- conditions at considerable stand-off distanc- vides 3,165 declared flight hours per year, gotiated further options for up to 11. We es will be a considerable boost to NATO’s with 335 hours in reserve for contingency are starting to see the latter materialise, global as well as European capabilities. purposes. The US has committed to using with another nation [he wouldn’t name] the most hours (1013) and Sweden comes buying into a ninth aircraft with a need for Other Solutions second (550), then Netherlands (500) and up to 1,000 hours. Other nations are inter- Norway (396). Smaller nations such as ested, too, which would cover the tenth.” Some industry players, like Leonardo, are Lithuania and Estonia have committed to Eastern European countries have been offering jet training within its academy purchase 45 annual flight hours each. slow to take up the air-to-air refuelling at Lecce, which it finances and operates. option, but the Czech Air Force with its Maus thinks it sounds attractive, “This is Multinational Multi Role GRIPEN fleet is expected to sign up for 100 not a NATO requirement now, but it has Tanker Transport Fleet (MMF) hours in late October. potential for the future.” Another capability being considered by nations is a maritime The MMF was launched in 2016 and today Alliance Ground surveillance/maritime patrol aircraft where eight A330 MRTTs have been procured Surveillance (AGS) NSPA could interface with the wider indus- for strategic airlift, air to air refuelling and try portfolio. Maus adds, “It is in its early medical evacuation (MEDEVAC). They The first of five Northrop Grumman RQ- stages but more than a handful of nations will be operated by a multinational MRTT 4D GLOBAL HAWKs UAS acquired as are interested in seeing what’s possible in unit comprising Belgium, Germany, Lux- part of the AGS was set to be delivered the future. We will enable it but the re- embourg, Netherlands and Norway, but to Sigonella Air Base, Italy in October. A quirement by the nations has to drive it.” there is scope for more partners and the May 2012 contract estimated to be worth Then he talks of another collaborative op- contract allows for three more aircraft. around US$1.4Bn has seen the systems, tion: “Right now Belgium, Luxembourg, Five A330 MRTTs are to be based at Eind- along with Airbus command and control Poland, Spain and others are looking at hoven, Netherlands and three at Cologne, centres, delivered 52 months later. an intelligence surveillance and reconnais- Germany. Asked why the aircraft were After the enhanced GLOBAL HAWK made sance UAS. We see a clear trend in all their being split between two bases, Maus re- its first flight from Northrop Grumman’s needs for already ongoing and potential sponded: “They are both operational and Palmdale site in California on December future operations and we can ensure the can operate the aircraft. The decision to 15, 2019 there have been some serious nation’s future multinational co-operation. go for two was to provide operational technical issues which has meant it will be They may want to be interoperable with flexibility. If one base is not operational delivered two years late. the same system in a potential theatre and we can move into the other.” The RQ-4D is NATO’s equivalent to the we can support to make that happen.” He On the hours, Maus commented: “Ger- USAF’s Block 40 with the AN/ZPY-2 Multi- finishes: “Defence spending can go further many is the largest contributor with a Platform Radar Technology Insertion Pro- for the common good and so we really need for 5,500 hours which makes up five gram (MP-RTIP) sensor – an advanced air- need to ensure nations know what NSPA aircraft.” He continued: “From an opera- to-surface radar for wide area surveillance can do for them.” L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 35 CZ BREN 2 Series

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7,62×51 MM NATO | 25  ARMED FORCES “We must remain ready to share responsibility with our allies.”

In the last 25 years, the Royal Danish Navy (RDN) has changed dramati- cally. At the beginning of the new millennium the RDN underwent a transformation from a large 'small ship' force to a modern blue-water navy with five high-end / combat support ships. ESD had the opportunity to talk to Rear Admiral Torben Mikkelsen, Chief of Naval Staff, Royal Danish Navy.

monitoring all maritime traffic in and out of RADM Mikkelsen: In fact, our commit- the Baltic, carrying out fishery inspections ments have increased significantly. Due and search and rescue (SAR), executing any to our growing tasks and missions, with missions required by our Government and, increasingly frequent long-term expedi- in addition to our NATO commitments, tion missions, the protection of Danish and we regularly deploy assets in support of allied interests in the Baltic Sea and the

Photos: Guy Toremans international UN- or NATO- led security or changing security situation, we are reach- peacekeeping operations. The frigates and ing our limit. he three IVER HUITFELD class frigates are the combat support ships are focused on Although we are still in a position to fulfil Tthe most powerful ships that the Dan- international missions and are heavily en- all the tasks set by the Danish Government, ish Navy has ever had and provide the sea gaged in deployments with NATO’s Stand- tough decisions and targeted prioritisation service with a global reach. The two ABSA- ing Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1), counter- are the order of the day. I must be selective LON class units, designated as support ves- piracy operations off the Horn of in drawing up the programmes for ships. sels, are essentially flexible frigates, capable and in the removal of chemical agents from of performing a wide variety of tasks and Syria, where we took a leading role. ESD: In recent years, security concerns on missions. The four THETIS class patrol frig- To name but a few of our major deploy- NATO's northern flank have increased as ates, commissioned in 1991-1992, and three ments: HDMS IVER HUITFELDT participated a result of intensified Russian naval opera- KNUD RASMUSSEN class, which joined the in anti-piracy operations off Africa whilst in tions. Denmark cannot escape the impor- fleet between 2008 and 2016, were built 2014 HDMS PETER WILLEMOES was part tance of its geographical position in Europe principally for operations in the North At- of the OPRECSYR tasked with disposing as a "gatekeeper to the Baltic Sea". How do lantic and around Greenland and the Faroe of Syrian chemical weapons. In 2017, the you see the "threat" from Russia and what Islands. Other units in the RDN’s inventory HDMS PETER WILLEMOES deployed with impact does this have on your navy? include the six DIANA class patrol vessels, the USS GEORGE H.W. BUSH carrier strike RADM Mikkelsen: Given the resurgent commissioned between 2007 and 2009, group. In 2018, HDMS NIELS JUEL was the Russian Navy’s activities and its intent for and designed to perform a broad range of flagship of NATO’s SNMG1 for six months a permanent submarine presence, there constabulary and support tasks; some 36 and earlier this year she deployed with the is a renewed focus on the trans-Atlantic coastal patrol craft, about 23 auxiliaries and French carrier FS CHARLES DE GAULLE in link and on anti-submarine warfare (ASW), one royal yacht – the HDMS DANNEBROG. Mission CLEMENCEAU. Our versatile AB- while the Baltic is again a significant mili- With the navy's transition to many more in- SALON class units have undertaken several tary hotspot. We all know about the impor- ternational engagements, the Naval Home deployments as part of multinational mis- tance of the trans-Atlantic link. It is impera- Guard has taken over some of the navy’s sions, such as flagship to the CTF-150 in tive for Europe to ensure unimpeded use of day-to-day maritime surveillance, rescue the Gulf and as flagship of NATO's SNMG1. these waters that are so crucial for alliance and environmental monitoring tasks in The lower-end patrol frigates/OPVs are fo- cohesion in the region. Ships transiting to Danish home waters. cused on operations in the Arctic. and from the Baltic must pass through the And on top of that comes the emerging Danish Great Belt or the Sound between ESD: Admiral Mikkelsen, how would you geopolitical importance of the Arctic due Denmark and Sweden. Hence the impor- describe the responsibilities of the Royal to climate change. tance of cooperation with our Baltic part- Danish Navy? ners because they are heavily depending RADM Mikkelsen: Our overall mission is ESD: Obviously the operational speed of on the Baltic sea lines of communication to protect Danish interests from the sea, the Royal Danish Navy has increased in re- (SLOCs). In response to the perceived Rus- enforcing control and support in Den- cent years. Can you still meet all your na- sian aggression our main concern focuses mark’s territorial and EEZ waters, includ- tional and international obligations? How on potential threats to these SLOCs and to ing Greenland and the Faroes, for example do you optimise your available resources? build up capabilities.

38 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

air defence and ballistic missile defence (BMD). This Defence Agreement is aimed at further developing our ability and capac- ity to conduct international operations and is also in accordance with NATO’s policy. Our IVER HUITFELDT frigates will receive the Raytheon SM-2 missiles together with the associated RIM-066M-03BK IIIA verti- cal launching system featuring the Mk13 Mod.0 canisters; upgrades to their Terma C-FLEX combat management system; the installation of a Thales Continuous Wave Illuminator (CWI) for the Evolved SEA SPAR- ROW Missiles (ESSM) and a towed array sonar suite. At a later stage the frigates are to be fitted with a strike capacity – the longer-range The two ABSALON class units have received the SitaWare C2 software Raytheon SM-6 surface-to-air missile. This suite from Systematic and a Rheinmetall Oerlikon MILLENNIUM gun. subsequent acquisition may occur in the 2023-2026 timeframe. The Government re-confirmed its contri- bution to NATO's defence against ballistic missiles. An Integrated Air and Missile Defence (IAMD) study for the integration of a BMD capability with radar and sensor options for a potential BMD upgrade on board at least one of the IVER HUITFELDT class frigates, is underway. However, it is not decided yet what it is going to be, either a maritime platform, or a land-based contribution, or a combination of both. Our nine Sikorsky MH-60R SEAHAWK helicopters are to be fitted with the AN/ AQS-22 Airborne Low Frequency Dipping Sonar and Mk54 lightweight torpedo for For six months the HDMS NIELS JUEL was the flagship of NATO’s SNMG1. ASW operations. The two ABSALON class units also re- Therefore, it is imperative to have ships that The government is focusing on Arctic issues ceived a the SitaWare C2 software suite are capable of assisting in monitoring and in order to ensure that this fragile environ- and a Rheinmetall Oerlikon MILLENNIUM keeping these lines of communication open. ment is safeguarded and preserved. This gun, and will be fitted with a Thales Con- will necessitate an increase in our opera- tinuous Wave Illumination transmitter. ESD: You said that the Arctic is becoming tional efforts in the Arctic and strength- The CWI sets are to be delivered between more and more important. Major changes ening of our surveillance and command, 2019-2021, while the SM-2 missiles and are taking place and the consequences of control and communication (C³) systems. associated equipment is expected in the climate change are already beginning to Our THETIS class units are used extensively 2022-2023 timeframe. show. Should the Danish Navy increase its in Joint Arctic Command’s area of respon- And the first two units of the KNUD RAS- military presence in the Arctic? sibility and we regularly sent one of the MUSSEN class – [HDMS KNUD RASMUS- RADM Mikkelsen: Denmark is centrally frigates or logistic support ships during the SEN and HDMS EJNAR MIKKELSEN] – are located in the Arctic and has a long Arctic Arctic Summer. HMDS Peter WILLEMOES being upgraded with a multi beam sonar, tradition, particularly in Greenland and and HDMS ABSALON deployed in the Sum- a SAAB CEROS 200 fire control radar and the Faroe Islands. The Joint Arctic Com- mer of this year. the SitaWare C2 software suite. These are mand is responsible for 40,000 square very capable platforms, designed for con- kilometres. ESD: I suppose that the complex secu- stabulary operations in the North Atlantic In fact, we are very concerned about cli- rity context has an impact on your navy and around Greenland. mate change. The consequences of climate in general and your procurement needs change are already emerging. In particular, in particular. Can you give us a rundown ESD: Are you looking into the replace- the melting of ice and the receding ice caps on the planned procurement and upgrade ments for the THETIS class units? are making it easier to access – using the programmes? RADM Mikkelsen: Our four THETIS class surrounding seas as transport links – and RADM Mikkelsen: Under the 2018-2023 patrol frigates are in their final third of to exploit natural resources. There is also Defence Agreement Plan we are set to their in-service life expectancy. In 2017, an increase in military activity in the region. receive funding for improvements in anti- they completed the Mid-Life Update It is therefore important for Denmark to submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities and (MLU) that included upgrades to the Ter- continue its presence. the establishment of a -based area ma C-FLEX combat management system

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 39  ARMED FORCES

RADM Mikkelsen: The Government takes the cyber threat very seriously and launched a comprehensive effort to strengthen Den- mark’s cyber defence with the creation of a national Cyber Situation Centre and to expand the capabilities of the Danish De- fence Intelligence Service.

ESD: Today Maritime Situational Aware- ness (MSA) and Maritime Security (MS) are the higher priority. What do you think is needed for an effective approach? Do you see prospects for wider co-oper- ation? RADM Mikkelsen: With the maritime challenges being more diverse, complex and unpredictable, maritime security is paramount and has become one of the The HDMS THETIS is used extensively in Arctic deployments. navies’ core tasks. But these security chal- lenges cannot not be mastered by any (CMS); replacement of the Plessy AWS 6 RADM Mikkelsen: We are one of the navy alone. Cooperation is imperative. with the Terma SCANTER 4103 air/sur- first navies to end the use of dedicated We are involved in the development of face search radar and the Celsius Tech minecountermeasure vessels (MCMVs) in international cross-sectoral networks for 9LV Mk 3 by the Saab CEROS 200 fire favour of a modular-based minecounter- information exchange and are enhancing control radar and electro-optical direc- measure concept – the MCM DNK, intro- the collaboration with our international tor; updates to communication systems, duced in 2010. partners in order to bundle our compe- including the SitaWare C2 software suite Thanks to its modularity, MCM DKN has tences in the different warfare areas. With and the installation of new hangar facili- proven to be a very flexible and reliable sys- the Scandinavian and Nordic countries ties for one Sikorsky MH-60R helicopter. tem. Although the drones, sonars and mine continuing to play important roles, par- This MLU allows us to keep these units disposal system (the DAMDIC) have been ticularly with regard to the High North, we in service for another 10 to 15 years. The some 20 years in service, they still are well are deepening our defence ties. procurement process to replace our THE- suited for our tasks. The MCM command, TIS class is underway, with a construc- control and communications (C³) module has ESD: Many navies in the world are facing tion contract anticipated for 2024 and been updated and we procured new side personnel retention problems. What chal- the new units scheduled to join the fleet scan sonars for the SAAB SEAEYE DOUBLE lenges does your navy face in recruiting the from 2027 onwards. EAGLE Mk2 S ROVs. But now we are starting right people? to look into the replacement of the drones, RADM Mikkelsen: It's a challenging re- ESD: With the decommissioning of the the two HOLM class multi-role craft (MSD) cruiting environment. As people in the FLYVEFISKEN class units, the Royal Danish and the four Minor Standard Vessels (MSF). civilian world find better paid jobs, we try Navy lost its dedicated mine countermeas- to convince them that the Navy is fasci- ures (MCM) platforms and prompted the ESD: Another new challenge is cyber vul- nating and offers attractive career oppor- introduction of a new concept – the MCM nerability. What are the main cyber threats tunities. And since young people today DENMARK (MCM DNK). to the Danish Navy? are more likely to consider job hopping, we want to make it easier to switch be- tween naval and civilian professions and vice versa. But obviously this requires a rethink.

ESD: What is the way ahead for the Dan- ish Navy? RADM Mikkelsen: In view of the forth- coming comprehensive modernisation programmes, I am quite optimistic about the future. My main concern, however, is to further increase the Navy's flexibility and fighting power to better respond to emerging se- curity situations and to maintain our re- sponsibility as a NATO member. We must remain ready to share responsibility with our allies.

Denmark is considering the replacement of its HOLM class multi-role This interview was conducted by craft (MSD) and its Minor Standard Vessels (MSF). Guy Toremans.

40 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES  NATO Air-to-Air Refuelling

Alan Warnes

Air-to-air refuelling (AAR) is a major force multiplier, enabling days even some of the bigger nations find it difficult to maintain their own AAR capabil- range, payload and combat radius extension of receiving aircraft. ity, so if the likes of France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK which have their own air to air refuelling he two main refuelling systems are beyond the North Atlantic’s geographical assets find it difficult, what hope is there for T“probe and drogue” and the boom. domain. The lessons learnt from Operation the smaller nations? During the Cold War, AAR was limited to Allied Force, when NATO attacked Yugo- The air forces of Hungary and Czech Re- support long-range strategic forces, which slavia from bases usually in Italy was that public both field a small fleet of GRIPENs is one of the main reasons why both France there simply weren't enough AAR assets. and their pilots suffer because they do not and the UK has operated tankers for so A 2011 Joint Air Power Competence Paper get the AAR currency needed. There are no many years. Most of the other NATO mem- said: “Current NATO policy holds individual pilots current in AAR within the Hungar- ian Air Force, while the Czechs have two. The latter got some AAR training in, with a C-130H when four GRIP- ENs were deployed to Sweden for a live firing exercise in April. Photo: Alan Warnes The Czech Air Force GRIPENs did get some AAR currency in May 2018 during Exercise Sky Avenger when a pair of USAF/Nebras- ka ANG KC-135Rs deployed to Pardubice, Czech Republic. But that has now expired. They were supposed to get some time with a deployed KC-135R in April but that fell through and the sole Swedish C-130H tanker was due to visit Caslav in May but that went the same way. Lt Col Pavel ‘Speedy’ Pavlik, the Opera- tions Officer at Caslav told the author in July: “Tanker training has been difficult to execute although we have a couple of pilots who are current.” ‘Speedy’ also led the Czech Air force GRIPEN detachment to All NATO pilots should be current in air-to-air refuelling (AAR), so it is Estonia, for Baltic Air Patrol: “There will be not surprising that the major air forces like the RAF, which has over 100 some NATO tankers available there which TYPHOONs, have a significant tanker fleet. Here a pilot practises his AAR we hope to operate with, but we are strug- skills with a VOYAGER air tanker. gling because AAR is a ‘high demand, low availability’ issue.” bers assumed that their respective air forces nations responsible for the training, main- He went on, “We know about the assets would operate much closer to home. After tenance and deployment of their forces to and the orbits [for BAP], and when they fly the end of the Cold War there has been a and from an area of operations. AAR is crit- but it is down to national priorities. Often need to train for expeditionary operations, ical to both the success of the deployment the Germans, Italians and UK have their and any concurrent operations; to deploy own priorities for their tankers, but if spare the forces in a timely manner, in minimising slots become available we try to get one. Author both the logistic footprint and the chances But it is tough trying to get all the squadron of ground aborts during transits, and in members current in AAR. Alan Warnes is a journalist specialis- maintaining a high tempo of operations. ing in military aviation and has trav- With the challenges associated with EO, MMF elled to over 60 countries researching AAR’s role as a Force Multiplier has become articles and taking action photos for increasingly important.” Well now there is a solution for countries his work. For 12 years, he was the Ed- like Hungary and Czech Republic which itor of AirForces Monthly. He has also Smaller Nations Issues means they will not have to buy their own written several books, including two tankers. Instead they can buy flying hours on the Pakistan Air Force (in 2008 All of NATO’s fighter pilots are expected to from a NATO/EU fleet of A330 MRTTs. and 2017), and most recently on be qualified in air-to-air refuelling (AAR), In 2016, NATO & EU leaders signed a Joint 100 years of Aero Vodochody. but not every country has a defence budget Declaration document that mandated big that can afford tanker aircraft. Nowa- greater inter-organisational cooperation.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 41  ARMED FORCES

craft with a need for up to 1,000 hours. There are other nations interested too which could cover the tenth.” On 2 May 2020, the first A330 MRTT is set to be delivered to Eindhoven Air Base, Netherlands, with another four set to be de- livered there over the next three years. Co- logne, Germany acting as a forward operat- ing base will house the other three MRTTs with the first arriving in October 2020. Maus continued: “Having two bases provides op- erational flexibility. If one base is not opera- tional we can move into the other.” Jan Der Kinderen, NATO NSPA’s System

Photo: Alan Warnes Manager MMF, told me how the decision The RNLAF currently operates two KDC-10s which work with the EATC. to acquire the A330MRTT unfolded. “We The first aircraft will be retired by the end of 2019 and the second by looked at the market in 2015 and there the end of 2021. The RNLAF is one of the partners in the Multinational was only one real multirole aircraft, and Multirole Tanker Transport Fleet (MMF). while it is true there was also the Boe- ing KC-46 it was not operational, and still isn’t. We wanted an aircraft that is truly multirole – air transport, medevac and air

Photo: MMF to air refuelling.” Der Kinderen, who assumed his role on 1 February 2019, after vacating his role as Chairman of the MMF Support Part- nership, continued, “It was the tanker of our choice and a little different from the VOYAGER configuration employed by the RAF. The UK has triple hose and drogues, which includes the central station – but many of the participating nations have aircraft that required boom receivers, so we needed a boom.” Germany operates Panavia TORNADOs and EUROFIGHTERs that require a hose The first A330 MRTT, M-001, is currently being used to train the first and drogue, but Netherlands, Belgium three sets of MMF crews and will be delivered to Eindhoven Air Base, and Norway fly Lockheed Martin F-16s The Netherlands, in May 2020. which call for a boom. All three will be fielding the Lockheed Martin F-35, which Under strategic guidance it is developing provide us a certain amount of hours per can also require a boom, thus extending ‘coherent, complementary & interoper- year, and as it's multi role we can use it as the requirement for a boom system for able defence capabilities’ which included a transport, too.” years to come. The Czech Republic will AAR. Improvements were set to be made The MMF has signed a multi-billion Euro also require a hose and drogue for its Saab in three areas: the procurement of new deal for eight A330/KC-30M Multirole JAS 39C/D GRIPENs. assets via the Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transports (MRTTs) with options on Germany has signed up for 5,500 hours Tanker Transport Fleet (MMF); optimising another three. The Netherlands and Lux- and with each aircraft allocated 1,100 existing capabilities, including purchasing embourg became the launch customers in hours per year, five aircraft were added more A400M air refuelling kits; increas- July 2016 when they signed for two aircraft. to the fleet. Der Kinderen commented, ing capability by developing procedures They should have been joined by Poland, “These are not sovereign assets. The na- for AAR clearances. but the Warsaw government pulled out a tions don’t own them, but they have ‘as- This should revolutionise NATO’s Air to Air day or so before the contract was set to be sured access’ to the flying hours and the Refuelling (AAR) system. MMF is a co-oper- signed. Poland prefers, seemingly, to work partner nations are the only ones that can ative programme, involving three multina- with USAF KC-135Rs through the Foreign use them. Most Air Chiefs would like their tional agencies: NSPA (NATO Support and Military Sales (FMS) channel. In September own assets, but from an efficiency point Procurement Agency), OCCAR-EA (Organi- 2017, Germany and Norway signed up, of view you need the mission, but you sation for Joint Armament Cooperation – which led to five more aircraft ordered and don’t need to own the assets. Some Air Executive Administration) and EDA (Euro- last year, Belgium joined which increased Chiefs might struggle with that.” pean Defence Agency). It is currently made the order to eight. Netherlands will take up 2,000 hours a up of five nations – Germany, Netherlands, NSPA are now hoping to sell more flying year, which is nearly two aircraft and as Belgium, Luxembourg, and Norway, with time and take on the options, as NSPA’s the A330MMRTs are controlled under the Czech Republic expected to join in late Director of Life Cycle Management, Ru- Dutch military rules, all the aircraft will October. Lt Col Pavel Pavlik finished, “We dolf Maus explained, “Another nation [he wear Royal Netherlands Air Force roundels hope to be part of a programme that will wouldn’t name] is buying into a ninth air- and serial. Belgium will take 1,000 hours,

42 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

lands and Spain. Since a dedicated AAR cell was created in 2014, it has become the sin-

Photo: MMF gle point of contact for the national com- mands and the respective AAR entities. Close cooperation and co-ordination with national AAR agencies has been set up in parallel. Its primary role is to enhance inter- operability and to harmonise procedures, and as a result it has successfully pulled to- gether a pool of aircraft which it can share when required. The EATC currently has 20 air to air refu- elling assets from France (three C-160NGs – drogue only, set to be replaced by two drogue equipped KC-130Js), Germany (two A310 MRTTs and one A400M that are drogue only), Italy (four KC-767s – boom and drogue and three KC-130Js – drogue only), The Netherlands (two KDC-10s – boom only) and Spain (five KC-130Hs – drogue only). Colonel Jurgen van der Biezen, RNLAF, was appointed commander of In 2018, more than 400 AAR missions were the MMF unit on 16 July 2019. performed by assets from the EATC, which prioritises the available requests against Luxembourg 200 and Norway 100. When Czech Republic is joining, which he hopes available assets. For 2019, around 350 Czech Republic comes on board that will be will be a catalyst for more nations. Hun- AAR missions had been executed by mid- another 100 hours, which will total 8,900 gary with its GRIPENs is another option, September assisting aircraft from Belgium, hours. “I know that’s just over eight air- and Slovakia as well when it receives F-16s Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, craft” der Kinderen told the author, “but in 2023/24. Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, we can handle that.” Not all of the hours Spain, Sweden, USA, UK, NATO’s Heavy will of course be taken up by AAR. Many EATC Airlift Wing and NATO’s AEW&C force. of the countries will use them for transport The Airbus A400M became available to as well as medical evacuation, with Lux- The European Air Transport Command, the requirements of the EATC in early 2018 embourg particular interested in the latter. formed on 1 September 2010 is based at and in June, 2019 a roadmap for further The first NATO A330, referred to as MMF- Eindhoven, conveniently co-located with integration of the four-engine transport air- 1, made its maiden flight on November the future MMF. It is tasked with three main craft, was announced. On the AAR front 28, 2018 from Getafe, Spain where it was roles: military air transport, air to air refuel- it will lead to more training co-operation. built. The two-engine aircraft is currently ling and aeromedical evacuation. There are As more A400Ms are delivered with air being used for training, aircraft qualifica- currently only seven EU countries that own refuelling kits, so the number of air to air tions, and receiver clearance. After being AAR assets but only five of them are EATC refuelling assets will become available to painted in its new livery at Manchester members: France, Germany, Italy, Nether- the EATC. Germany is currently operating airport, the aircraft (to become T-054) de- parted back to Getafe on August to con- tinue its flying programme. Der Kinderen

continues: “The first four crews, two pilots Photo: Airbus and a boom operator, are currently un- dergoing ground training at [Airbus] Se- ville, Spain. They are from Germany, The Netherlands, and Belgium, the only three nations that provide flying staff. The MMF flying unit, which is not part of any air force, is governed by a multinational executive board and they selected the com- mander and deputy commander as well as other key personnel. Aircrews have already been selected from the participating na- tions to fly the first three aircraft. Colonel Jurgen van der Biezen of the Royal Nether- lands Air Force, took on the command of the MMF unit on 16 July 2019, is currently training on the A330MRTT in Seville. Der Kinderen believes the MMF will be massively appealing to the smaller nations Providing some of Europe’s A400Ms with air to air refuelling kits will that cannot afford their own tankers. The provide the EATC with much needed AAR assets.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 43  ARMED FORCES

years. It is run by AirTanker, a consortium of Airbus Group, Rolls-Royce, Thales, Cob- ham and Babcock, after being awarded a £13Bn (US$25.8Bn) Private Finance Initia- Photo: Alan Warnes tive contract on 27 March 2008 to run 27 years. It is the biggest fleet of tankers in Europe but does not contribute aircraft to the EATC. AirTanker has a fleet of 14 brand new Airbus A330MRTTs, that in- cludes nine aircraft for air-to-air refuelling and air transport. The ninth has no under- wing pods, carries a civil registration and no RAF roundels and is used for the Falk- land Islands air-bridge flown by AirTanker crews. The additional five make up the surge fleet. These would be made availa- ble to the RAF at its request, or potentially in the future to allies. Until that time the surge aircraft can be leased by AirTanker Under a Private Finance Initiative, the British company AirTanker to the civil market. Of the nine military provides nine A330 MRTTs to the RAF, although in a time of war registered aircraft, three VOYAGERs are that can be increased to 14 with a surge fleet of five. configured as KC2s, with two Cobham 905 under-wing pods, which are used for nine A400Ms configured for AAR kits, his first speeches, Marboeuf spoke of the refuelling fast jets. Five are configured as but only one is being used on daily opera- implementation of a multinational MRTT KC3s, fitted with the Cobham Fuselage tions. Another aircraft is detached to Al unit, achieving full AAR capability for the Refuelling Unit (FRU) to create a centreline Azraq Air Base, Jordan to support the four A-400Ms and the arrival of new C-130Js, refuelling capability, primarily to give fuel reconnaissance-configured German Air that will see the AAR fleet under EATC au- to large aircraft. All of the eight military Force TORNADO IDS and one TORNADO thority tripled within just a few years. Al- registered aircraft have the ability to be ECR supporting the war against Islamic lowing increased interoperability between configured as either a KC2 or KC3. militants in Iraq and Syria. The A400M the partners.”. Marboeuf will be replaced Having the ability to refuel two receiver has only recently taken over the role from by a German Air Force commander in Sep- aircraft from its wing pods simultaneously, a A310 MRTT, which are expected to be tember 2020. VOYAGER gives the RAF a large capacity withdrawn from use when Germany, is To meet the training needs of NATO and its two-point tanking capability with a maxi- running all its new A330 MRTTs. Spain is allies, a multinational AAR training exercise, mum flow from each wing pod of just over also believed to be interested in acquiring known as European Air Refuelling Training a ton (1,200 kg) a minute and two tonnes AAR kits for its A400Ms. France, upset (EART) is run on a yearly basis from Eind- (1,800 kg) a minute on the centreline. with the slow progress of the A400M or- hoven. This year’s EART 2019, was pooled Meanwhile, the five VOYAGERs that are dered two KC-130Js in 2017, which led to once again with the Dutch Frisian Flag mul- being made available in the charter mar- the first one being delivered on September tinational fighter exercise. During the two- ket have to be de-militarised. This will see 20. The French and German Air Force are week duration, 60 fighters and five tank- them having their AAR equipment includ- set to acquire four KC-130Js between them, ers (Royal Netherlands Air Force KDC-10, ing the under-wing pods and the Cobham which will be based as a combined unit at German Air Force A310MRTT, USAF/100th FRUs removed at RAF Brize Norton and the Orleans, France. ARW KC-135R, French Air Force KC-135FR aircraft reverting to A330-243s. One has The German and Spanish A400Ms along and RAF/Air Tanker A330MRTT) trained in so far been chartered to Thomas Cook. with the French and German KC-130Js a limited 74,000 sq km of air space. Such The VOYAGERs are being flown by two assets will augment the eight MMF training offers the crews unique opportu- squadrons – 10 Squadron and 101 Squad- A330MRTTs, four Italian Boeing 767s nities, with the tankers requested to train ron – which although separate entities, are and three C-130Js. The impressive quick turnaround executions in interoperable. There is always one VOY- first Royal Netherlands Air Force KDC-10 barely one hour – a more than challeng- AGER in the Falklands, which can provide is expected to be retired at the end of the ing training for both the aircrews and the support to the 1435 Flight TYPHOONs on year and the second will follow in 2021. logistic support. Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) down there The introduction of a new generation EATC is looking at the prospect of train- and provides an aero-med standby. There tanker fleet (A400M and A330 MRTT), ing together with a major multinational is also a VOYAGER on alert at Brize Norton will see the air-to-air refuelling domain fighter exercise in a bigger and less con- to support TYPHOONs if called into QRA edging closer to EATC’s core business of gested airspace, and is discussing different action from RAF Lossiemouth in Moray, military air transport. The EATCs current scenarios to be trained in future. In 2020, Scotland or RAF Coningsby, Lincs which are expertise is helping to deliver a centre for the first time, a MMF A330 MRTT will regularly occurrences these days because piece for air-to-air refuelling related mat- participate in EART. of Russian Air Force activity. Like the MMF ters for member nations. the Voyagers have a fuel capacity of 111 Command of the EATC rotates between UK’s Air Tanker tonnes although they usually only operate Germany and France. Major General Lau- with around 100 tonnes and if it runs short rent Marboeuf of the French Air Force The RAF’s VOYAGER Force based at RAF of fuel itself can be topped up by another took over in September 2018. In one of Brize Norton has now been flying for seven tanker. 

44 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES  Cooperative Support for Night Vision and Optoelectronics Equipment

Thomas Willmann

The NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA) achieves consolidation benefits for Allies and Partners.

he NATO Support and Procurement Products and Services Acquisition TAgency with its head office in Capel- len, Luxembourg, brings together in The expression “NVO” embraces a huge vari- With its thorough technical and logis- a single organisation NATO’s logistics ety of equipment types: stand-alone, integrat- tics expertise, NSPA can assist nations to and procurement including armaments ed or networked thermal imaging, image in- determine their technical requirements, acquisition support activities, providing tensifying, UV, optical and laser systems used develop together with the subject mat- integrated multinational support solu- for observation, surveillance, target acquisi- ter experts of the nations a statement tions for NATO, NATO and EU member tion, aiming, location or target designation of work and manage the entire acqui- nations as well as partner nations as its including their aiming platform or control sys- sition process. NSPA’s technical experts customers. tem, as well as related accessories and support work in integrated project teams side by equipment. For all these types of equipment side with their colleagues specialised in NSPA provides logistics products and services: procurement. Acquisition projects can • Acquisition of end items, spare parts and range from a major requirement-based related accessories, competition for a certain NVO capabil- • In-Service Support at NSPA or via contrac- ity, to procuring authorised and certified

FotoS/Graphic: NSPA tors, spare parts. • Project Management and Technical / Engi- neering support, In-service Support and • Training and Documentation, Maintenance Facilities • Transportation Besides fulfilling the customer requirement One real advantage is that NSPA possess- Image intensifier tubes are typical in scope, time, and at the required quality, a es a dedicated and qualified optic and candidates for consolidation. primary aim of most activities is the consoli- electronic workshop for particular NVO dation between the participating nations to equipment. This unique capability allows A dedicated area of NSPA’s life cycle a maximum extent in order to obtain econo- consolidating and executing maintenance management is the support to Night Vi- mies of scale and ultimately cost-effective support at a lower cost level. User nations sion and Optoelectronics (NVO) equip- solutions. of a certain type of equipment can jointly ment. The support is being provided under the legal framework of the NSPA NVO Support Partnership established in 2015 that currently connects four na- tions with similar interests. Several ad- ditional nations are interested in joining the Partnership. In the context of the NSPA Support Part- nership, NSPA enables consolidation of requirements and offers a highly effective platform for multinational cooperation. Considerable savings for the participating nations have been achieved repeatedly. Life cycle management support Author Thomas Willmann is Section Chief Electro-Optics & GPS Support Section at the NSPA.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 45  ARMED FORCES

Technical / Engineering Support

All services and logistics support pro- vided by NSPA staff are centred on knowledge and experience of the sub- ject matter experts at NSPA. Continu- ous training efforts coupled with low job rotation allow nations to utilise a unique capability. Permanent exchange and cooperation with the national experts through recurring dedicated technical and logistic working groups between NSPA and the member nations further contribute to building and sus- taining this knowledge.

Summary Technical support based on knowledge and experience NSPA’s capabilities and resources comple- invest in NSPA’s capability instead of in- facility. Several examples of this continu- ment those of the member nations in the dividually spending on a full national test ity already exist and provide evidence of area of NVO. Consolidation savings have and maintenance capability. The cost sav- this invaluable service. been achieved and the promotion of co- ing is immediately visible when the initial The in-house maintenance support is operation further improves the availabil- investment can be shared between na- complemented by dedicated support ity and interoperability of nation’s NVO tions. This in-house capability also allows contracts with industry to ensure that systems. Proven achievements and the NSPA, when requested by its customers, all equipment that is in service by the available expertise motivate NSPA to pro- to take over spares and test equipment member nations can be maintained mote the expansion of the NVO Support from national maintenance depots, for and serviced in the most cost-efficient Partnership. The services are available to example, when nations decide to close a manner. its customer nations. 

ESD Spotlight

Published by Fortnightly Newsletter SEP-27-18

/ SPOTLIGHT 100 European Security & Defence is escorted by the new bi-weekly newsletter ESD Spotlight which The Geopolitics of Energy is distributed by email. ESD Spotlight is available free of charge. You can order your subscription by Joris Verbeurgt, Editor Belgium/EU/NATO for ESD

The existing world energy system was largely shaped by Anglo-American interests, which favoured mar- ket-driven competition over access to energy resources on a demand and supply basis. Global geopolitical sending an informal email message to [email protected]. shifts in the early 21st century have caused a profound transformation of this market-oriented system to which we need to find an answer. Alternatively, there is a subscription order form on the magazine’s website at www.euro-sd.com. The geopolitics of energy comprises three gy infrastructure and dimensions: an economic dimension, an should enhance ener- ecological dimension, and a security di- gy efficiency in the mi- mension. litary as well. The economic dimension of the geopolitics Energy security, with of energy is twofold: on the one hand, ener- numerous implicati- ISSUE 100 / 2018 ISSUE 100 / 2018 gy is indispensable for modern economies ons for Allied security, ISSUE 100 / 2018 to produce and transport goods. There is a became a real strate- 5 SPOTLIGHT 8 SPOTLIGHT relatively straightforward relationship -bet gic issue for NATO in 3 SPOTLIGHT ween energy and economic development, the aftermath of the Poland Orders Four Patriot Fire expressed interest in gallium nitride-based Industry & Trade Units based mainly on the degree of energy Russian annexation of Technology - 360-degree active electronically scanning self-sufficiency and on the composition of the Crimea in 2014. get, the projectile ejects 152 or 600 pro (df) The U.S. Department of Defense an- array radars, and SkyCeptor, a low-cost in- 40 Years Elettronica primary energy supply. On the other hand, For many NATO Al- jectiles to destroy targets like, for example, nounced that the U.S. Army has awarded terceptor missile, the company said. Boxer Skyranger For Air Defence UAV. Raytheon a more than $1.5 billion contract “Patriot will enhance Polish, European (df) The German Elettronica GmbH is ce- energy resources are economic commodi- lies energy supply is - (gwh) Rheinmetall has integrated a Sky During a demonstration of the system in for production of Poland’s Patriot Integra- and NATO security while creating jobs in lebrating its 40th anniversary from the acquiring new capabilities and skills, enlar

ties themselves. The rise of the oil industry a challenge. In March ranger Mk 4 turret equipped with a cooperation with industrial partners in - ted Air and Missile Defense System inclu- Raytheon) (Photo: Poland and the U.S.,” said Tom Laliberty, foundation in 1978. According to the com ging its customer portfolio in Germany and 35 mm Oerlikon revolver gun with the front of air defence experts at the Ochsen ding spare parts, support and training. The land’s two-phase medium-range integrated Vice President of Integrated Air and Missile pany this has been a big goal for a compa abroad, evolving from a logistics company - is interconnected with the rise of capita- 2014, NATO Secretary - Boxer 8x8 armoured vehicle. With an - boden proving ground (Switzerland), two - contract includes building and delivery of air and missile defence procurement. Un- Defense at Raytheon’s Integrated Defense ny born as a local logistic and maintenance to engineering and systems integration en lism and international business, and fossil General Anders Fogh - ammunition stock of 252 rounds, tar UAVs were located, tracked and successful four Patriot fire units for Poland. der Phase II, Poland has the potential to Systems business. facility created to support the mother com tity able to cope with the requirements of fuels are perceived as the driving forces Rasmussen declared gets up to 4,000 m away can be en- - ly destroyed by the system. - This contract is for Phase I of “WISLA,” Po- acquire additional Patriot fire units and has www.raytheon.com pany, Elettronica S.p.A, in occasion of the the Aerospace & Defence market. - -

(Photo: Gerhard Heiming) Gerhard (Photo: The Boxer Skyranger can enter series pro award of its first contract with the German behind technological advancement and that Europe’s depen- gaged with a cadence of 1,000 rounds/mi - “This anniversary represents the oppor nute. The cannon is equipped with two measu duction in the foreseeable future and MoD for the provision of Electronic Warfare tunity to underline the importance of the Fourth Batch Of Kc-46a Tankers economic power. In the twentieth century, dency on oil and gas The Boxer can follow the combat troops ring coils and one programming coil to fire could, for example, cover the need for wing refueling pod kits, initial spares, and Countermeasures to be installed on board 40 years ago intuition to open the EW - Ordered the oil industry became the world’s biggest imports was increa- in surveillance a mission. With X-band or - AHEAD ammunition. This makes it possible mobile air defence that the Bundeswehr support equipment being produced under of the F104 Starfighter. Over the years, this gateway to Europe, pursuing an innova Defence Industry, which could represent needs in order to participate in the NATO German industrial entity started its growth tion-oriented business concept, with so (Photo: Elettronica) business and the first globalised modern sing at a time when Ku-band radar, the airspace can be moni to measure the current rate of muzzle (gwh) The U.S. Air Force has ordered a the basic contract. the base for the creation of an effective Eu tored and targets can be tracked while on velocity (v0) of the ammunition and set VJTF. fourth batch of 18 KC-46A tankers for $2.9 In 2011, Boeing won the development and within Europe thanks to the participation lid Italian roots, but looking to the future - ropean Defence strategy among the Mem industry. The existing world energy system the energy needs of the exact detonation time depending on - www.rheinmetall-defence.com in international defence programmes such with a strong German footprint,” said Enzo - - the move. Targets can also be assigned by billion from Boeing. The contract modifi- supply contract in competition with Airbus. Boeing) (Photo: ber States.” the measured target distance. At the tar as Eurofighter and NH90. During the last Benigni, President and CEO of Elettroni - was largely shaped by Anglo-American oil rising powers such as EIA) US (Graphic: external search radars or higher command cation provides for the exercise of an op- The maiden flight took place three years la- tests are currently underway at the U.S. Air Elettronica’s German footprint has been decade, Elettronica GmbH has success- levels. The vehicle must stop for firing. tion for an additional quantity of 18KC- ter. The first production aircraft flew for the Force. ca Group in his welcome address. “At the stressed out by the words of Major Ge companies that favoured market-driven China and India were rising as well. Poli- political consultation process with shared te procurement decision will be made for fully entered the new market segment of - 46 aircraft, data, two spare engines, five first time at the end of 2017. Acceptance www.boeing.com same time, the leading idea aimed at im neral Axel Binder, in his welcome address: competition over access to energy resour- tical instability was haunting many- ener intelligence. Although NATO’s contribution vehicles and related data transfer systems the supply of vehicular radios to the com- Homeland Security and EW Simulation, plementing a deeper collaboration bet - bat vehicles that will be “Elettronica has proven to be a reliable and Spain Chooses Bittium For The to replace their current, long-lived combat ween industries able to foster the coope - ces on a demand and supply basis, sensiti- gy-producing and transit states, while the to energy security is limited to analysis and deployed by the Spanish valuable partner for the Federal Armed Pilot Phase vehicles. ration and integration of the European - - Army. Mini Sensor For Airborne Systems loads, armored vehicle sights, sniper ther- Dan Slasky, SCD’s CEO. “The is a Forces and Strategic Reconnaissance Com ve to price volatility. quest for energy and other resources had consultation, it has become a permanent The Bittium Tough - (df) Spain has chosen Bittium to supply tac- Participation in the pilot (df) Semi-Conductor Devices (SCD) will mal weapon sights, perimeter security cost-effective video core solution, offering MASTHEAD mand.” NATO discovered energy security at the sparked territorial disputes all around the fixture in NATO’s education and training tical Bittium Tough SDR Vehicular radios- to SDR Vehicular radios www.elettronica.de - phase of the programme launch its Sparrow-Blackbird 640 MWIR sensors and more. high-quality thermal vision for many TechNet Europe gether with the ESSOR High Data Rate Wa will be delivered to ESD Spotlight Bucharest Summit in 2008. Although ener- world. Terrorist and cyber attacks against programmes. NATO sees a role for itself in does not automatically Sensor at AUSA 2018. The low-SWaP MWIR Additional capabilities of applications. Due to its extre- Email newsletter of the magazine veform (ESSOR HDR WF) for the pilot phase- the temporary joint AFCEA Europe provides a forum for the ethi guarantee participation Sparrow has a 10μm pitch VGA FPA, which the Sparrow include a mely compact size and very “European Security & Defence” (ESD) gy security is largely non-military in nature refineries, pipelines and power plants oc- the three following areas: of the Spanish Army’s VCR 8x8 vehicle pro venture UTE 8x8 (Unión cal exchange of information and knowled General Fernando Giancotti, Operational in the following phase of is significantly smaller than common exis- digital ROIC, a linear low weight (just 300gr), it Editor-in-Chief: and mostly a national responsibility, NATO curred in many countries, as well as piracy 1. Raising awareness by sharing intelligence gramme. These radios can flexibly use the Temporal de Empre- Dr. Peter Bossdorf ge sharing across Europe in the field of IT in- Forces Commander, Italian Air Force; Bri the programme, but it will be ting VGA solutions, enabling the user to cooler with high-reliabi- will open up new opportuni- Managing Editor: best performing waveform considering the sas) formed by the Editors: Dorothee Frank (df) defence and security, with the purpose to - gadier General Roberto Angius, Director understood that the energy developments along critical maritime choke points. on energy developments, by fostering poli- most likely that those technology reduce the overall size and weight of the lity and performance, in- ties for our customers, provi- Stephen Barnard (sb), Wilhelm Bocklet conditions and the mission, such as the Spanish companies (wb), Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Dieter meet the needs of governments. NATO Strategic Direction South Hub Allied - - tested successfully will be procured system optics, thereby lowering overall sys- tegrated smart electronics ding them with an advanced, Stockfisch (ds) mentioned above will have serious secu- NATO’s energy security agenda is aimed at tical consultations among Allies and - part Bittium TAC WIN Waveform, ESSOR HDR GDELS Santa Bárba Layout: TechNet Europe, one of its annual events, Joint Force Command Naples, Hub; Dr. Ro tem SWaP. which support the cooler, FPA uncompromised operational per- Dorothee Frank rity implications. NATO could not turn a creating awareness of global and regional ners and by exchanging information and Waveform and Bittium Narrowband Wa- ra Sistemas, Indra and SAPA. After the later, of course. will be held this year in partnership with berto Battiston, President, Italian Space www.bittium.com The Sparrow enables implementation of control and built-in image proces- formance solution. veform. pilot phase, the programme will continue Published by the AFCEA Naples and Rome chapters and Agency; Brigadier General Martin Konertz, - blind eye to the protection of critical ener- energy developments and supporting the insights with outside experts. new operational capabilities for a wide sing, such as NUC, BPR, DRC, noise reduc- The Sparrow will also enable stand-off In the scope of the VCR 8x8 programme with another phase during which a separa- Mittler Report Verlag GmbH held under the patronage of the Ministry Director Capability, Armament & Technolo range of applications that would other- tion and more. operation from tactical platforms, enga- A company of Tamm Media Group the Spanish Army will acquire new combat of Defence, Italy. It will take place at the gy, European Defence Agency; Fionn Mol wise have to rely on larger, heavier sen- “We are proud to present for the first ging long-distance targets earlier, thus Mittler Report Verlag GmbH Baunscheidtstrasse 11 Hilton Sorrento Palace, Italy, November 6-7 loy, Deputy Head of Unit, European Ma - For a free subscription send an email to: [email protected] gnal which is received and evaluated by a sors that consume a lot of power, and at time the Sparrow, which is one of the la- leveraging the overall platform and force 53113 Bonn, Germany under the theme “Challenging the Situatio ritime Safety Agency. - Phone: +49 228 350087-0 Maritime Rescue System With harmonic radar system which is also to be a higher cost. Such applications include test additions to the SCD Blackbird family, performance.” nal Awareness on the Sea – from Sensors Panel sessions: - Low-Interference Radar www.scd.co.il Telefax: +49 228 350087-1 developed. This signal is not superimposed- hand-held sensors, tactical UAV mini pay- with 10μm-pitch mature technology,” says Email: [email protected] to Analytics - New technologies for data - - Seen from above: Strategic Aspects of Si- (ds) The German research institute cluster- by the otherwise typical interference cau www.euro-sd.com gathering, dissemination, sharing and ana tuational Awareness - Fraunhofer Institut für Hochfrequenzphy sed by reflections from waves. Managing Directors: Peter Tamm, lytics in the Mediterranean theatre.” - Seen from within: Operational Viewpo

(Graphic: Fraunhofer Institut) Fraunhofer (Graphic: Spain Orders Another 23 NH90s sik und Radartechnik, the University of - This means that shipwrecked or small life The decision of the Spanish Council of Mi- Dr. Peter Bossdorf and Thomas Bantle Featured speakers: Elisabetta Trenta, Mi - ints/Effectiveness through Sharing the Si - The company is located in Bonn Applied Sciences Aachen and Raytheon An boats drifting in the water can be reliably (gwh) The Spanish Ministry of Defence will nisters concerns a further six projects over nister of Defence, Italy (invited); General tuational Picture - radars equipped with an extension modu District Court of Bonn – HRB 18658 schütz are developing a sea rescue system located at long distances of up to approx. - approve the procurement of further 23 a period from 2019 to 2031, including two Identification number DE 811 223 089 Claudio Graziano, Chief of Defence, Italy - - Status and Prospects of Existing Govern- - le and thus indicate the exact position of based on a low-interference radar in the 10 km, even in heavy seas. The system con NH90s, an official statement said. The fleet BAM (Buque de Acción Marítima) patrol (invited); Mr. Sergio Piazzi, Secretary Gene mental, EU and NATO-Projects shipwrecked persons in the water. SEERAD publicly funded joint project. For sists of small transponders in life jackets of NH90 transport helicopters in Spain will vessels, the performance upgrade of the ral of the Parliamentarian Assembly of the - Technology Can Make It Work: Technolo www.fhr.fraunhofer.de To subscribe or unsubscribe please send an this purpose, compact and cost-effective or life rafts/lifeboats, for example, which thus grow to the originally planned num- CH-47D Chinook, fire-fighting aircraft, 8x8 email to: [email protected] Mediterranean; Vice Admiral Joachim Rüh - gical Aspects and Solutions

transponders are being developed which - reflect the radar signals of future ship ber of 45 aircraft. To date, the Spanish technology programmes and an F-100 fri- Helicopters) Airbus (Photo: le, Vice Chief of Defence, German Federal - Technological Aspects and Solutions (Big - send back a frequency-doubled radar si Army has eight NH90 TTHs. gate. www.lamoncloa.gob.es Ministry of Defence; Admiral Valter Girar - Data, Data Analytics, Cyber Aspects) delli, Chief of the Navy, Italy; Lieutenant - Keynote panel: CIOs from Seafaring Na- For a free subscription send an email to: [email protected] - tions For a free subscription send an email to: [email protected] For a free subscription send an email to: [email protected]

MITTLER REPORT VERLAG GMBH Baunscheidtstraße 11 · 53113 Bonn · Germany Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 · [email protected] · www.mittler-report.de

46 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES  Slovak Air Force Modernisation

Alan Warnes

odernisation is the biggest challenge Mfor the Slovak Air Force Commander, Brigadier Lubomír Svoboda. He told ESD re- cently: “We have acquired two C-27J SPAR-

TANs, taken delivery of three UH-60Ms Photos: Alan Warnes with another three due in a few weeks, and three more before the end of the year.” He went on, “We signed the biggest con- tract in the history of the Slovak Air Force [worth around US$1.6Bn] for 14 F-16s and are now looking at GBADs [Ground Based Air Defences].” Svoboda, a transport aircraft pilot, became the Commander in July 2017 and since then much of his time has been taking up look- ing at how the new acquisitions are going to fit in.

Transports

It was over ten years ago, on 22 December The Slovak Air Force only operates a handful of MiG-29AS FULCRUMs, 2008, that the Slovak MoD announced the but the situation was made worse on 29 September when one of them C-27J had been selected as its future tac- was lost. If all goes to plan, the FULCRUMs will be replaced by 14 F-16 tical transport aircraft. The decision came Block 70s in 2023/24. nearly three years after one of the two An- tonov An-24RV had crashed on 19 Janu- By then, the C-27Js had still not arrived. Commander was confident that the ary 2006, claiming the lives of 42 of the Protracted negotiations for the two aircraft MiG-29AS and MiG-29UB will soldier on 43 personnel on board. The aircraft was meant it was nearly six years after the selec- until then. Unfortunately, a MiG-29AS returning to its home base at Kosice from tion had been made that a multi-million- crashed on 29 September during a train- Pristina, with 28 soldiers on board who had dollar contract for two C-27Js was signed. ing flight. The pilot ejected and although been serving KFOR (Kosovo Force). Accord- The first aircraft was delivered to Malacky- he was hospitalised later, there were no ing to a subsequent accident investigation Kuchnya to serve with 1st Transport Flight life threatening injuries. Initial reports say report the pilot had descended too early in on 24 October 2017, some 49 days later than the jet, which went through a major over- the dark towards the lights of Kosice. Re- the contract stipulated, and was followed by haul in 2015, ran out of fuel. Bad weather gardless the age of these two aircraft that the second on 9 April 2018. A delay in the and poor visibility meant the pilot could had served the Czechoslovak Air Force and deliveries meant that the Slovak MoD re- not land the aircraft at Sliac and instead then Slovak Air Force for nearly 40 years, ceived nearly €900M in compensation. opted to land at Bratislava Airport but the accident led to the second An-24RV Working alongside the C-27Js at Malacky- didn’t make it. being withdrawn from use in 2007. It was Kuchnya are a small number of LET L410s The SAF upgraded 12 MiG-29A/UB FUL- another ten years, before both of the An- serving the 2nd Transport Flight in the light CRUMs under a programme dating back tonov An-26 CURL which had joined the transport and para-trooping roles. Four L- to 2005, that included RAC (now RSK) Czechoslovakian Air Force in 1986 and 410-UVP-E20s were delivered between MiG and several western companies. LOK 1987, were retired in 2016. 2009 and 2013. Trencin (LOTN) mediated between RAC and Rockwell during the programme to Author Fighters overcome the security sensitivities of a US company working with a Russian one. Alan Warnes is a journalist specialis- When it comes to fighters and defending The upgrade included new radios, TA- ing in military aviation and has trav- defending Slovak airspace, Svoboda has a CAN, anti-collision lights and IFF. In the elled to over 60 countries researching bigger headache because the Slovak Air cockpit, the old gauges were replaced by articles and taking action photos for Force is operating only a handful of old MiG- MFDs developed by Ruska Avionika. RAC his work. For 12 years, he was the Ed- 29AS and at least one MiG-29UB. “We will MiG Chief Test pilot, Pavel Vlasov flew the itor of AirForces Monthly. He has also keep these jets until the F-16s are delivered,” first modified MiG-29 in September 2007. written several books, including two and he added: “Last year, the MoD signed Some of the old Cold War jets also re- on the Pakistan Air Force (in 2008 a new contract with the Russians [Rosbo- ceived a new digital style colour scheme. and 2017), and most recently on ronexport] to provide spares support and The recent crash means the SAF has 100 years of Aero Vodochody. overhaul until 2023, when the F-16s arrive.” barely enough MiG-29AS to man any- That’s going to be a tall order, but the thing but the QRA. If need be, Slovakia

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 47  ARMED FORCES could call upon the neighbouring Czech Air Force and its JAS 39C GRIPENs to defend its air space as part of a co-op- eration agreement signed by both sides in early 2017. So GRIPENs flying in Slovak airspace is still an option even if the Slovak government signed a contract for 12 Block 70 F-16Cs and 2 F-16Ds on 12 December 2018. The decision came as major blow to Saab, not just because it hoped to add Slova- kia to the Czech Republic and Hungary as NATO GRIPEN operators, but because of a politically motivated and damning evaluation report which put the jet in a poor light. Introducing nine Sikorsky UH-60Ms into the SAF fleet will modernise the The US$1.6Bn cost for the 14 new helicopter force. All nine should be delivered by the end of the year. fighters includes a weapons package that the Defence Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) disclosed as including 30 AIM120-C7 advanced medium range air to air missiles (AMRAAMs), and 100 AIM-9X SIDEWINDER air-to-air missiles. For the air to ground role, the SAF is set to acquire 224 500lb GBU-12 PAVEWAY II, 20 500lb GBU-49 Enhanced PAVEWAY II and 150 500lb Joint Direct Attack Muni- tion (JDAM). The Block 70 houses the brand new Northrop Grumman AN/APG-83 Scalable Agile Beam Radar and AN/ALQ-211 Ad- vanced Integrated Defensive Electronic Warfare Management Systems, as well as upgraded displays and avionics suite. The new build Block 70s will have their ser- vice life extended to 12,000 hours from Another recent introduction into SAF service is the C-27J SPARTAN, the 8,000 hours on current F-16 fleets. which has replaced the old An-26s. The new generation F-16 will provide the SAF with a huge leap in capability. Old Pilots, Old Jet Trainers Many acknowledge, stepping from a 70s- At the Slovak International Air Festival era L-39 to fly a cutting edge F-16 Block 70 (SIAF) 2018 held at Sliač Air Base, where Another quandary, the Commander faces might be too much for some. With no new the MiG-29s are based, Lockheed Mar- is the age of the MiG-29 pilots. Svoboda jet trainer acquisition programme in place tin’s F-16 Campaign Lead in Slovakia, said, “Many of them are 40 now, so will yet, and the first F-16s expected to arrive in Michael N Kelley told the author: “The not be transferred to the F-16s. Instead 2023, the SAF are in a hurry to find a solu- Slovak F-16s will come off the produc- most will come from the L-39s, currently tion. Although funding and priorities remain tion facility, now being set up at Green- used for lead in fighter training at Sliač. a sticking point, as Svoboda pointed out, “A ville in South Carolina, and will be deliv- We can use the MiG-29 pilots and their new Ground Based Air Defence system is a ered 39 months after the deal is signed.” flying skills as instructor pilots with the priority – a new trainer will come later.” Kelley continued, “The first two aircraft, training unit, and the eventually any new The SAF has a requirement for up to eight F-16Ds, will be handed over in the USA aircraft (that we) buy." new trainers and at Sliač, where the Slo- and are expected to go to Tucson ANGB, Like the MiG-29s and the pilots, the L- vak International Air Festival was held on Arizona for pilot and maintenance train- 39s are also getting old now, but the 3-4 August this year, several of the Euro- ing. The first cell should arrive in Commander believes they can last for pean manufacturers were exhibiting their Sliač during March/April 2023.” another six years. He told ESD, “We are solutions at the event. Aero was showing As part of the deal, 22 Slovak Air Force starting to detail our needs for a next off its L-39CW, used as the L-39NG test- pilots will commence flying training on generation trainer as well as a budget bed. Aero’s Head of Sales, Jakub Hoda F-16 Block 52s at Tucson ANGB, Arizona and we are looking at all the options told the author, “We are offering the L- in 2022 before progressing to the Slovak out there.” 39NG and there have been some very F-16 Block 70s. According to Brigadier Svo- Seven L-39ZAs and six L-39Cs were modi- good discussions with the SAF. We are boda “the first six pilots will leave for the fied and overhauled by LOT Trencin (LOTN) focussed on not just working with the USA in October,” but as another source from 2005 to 2009. The mods included customer but involving its industry in the told the author, these are to commence the installation of two new multifunction NG co-operation.” He added, “We have with training in the English language be- displays (MFDs), and new antennas visible had a long history with LOT Trencin on fore heading to basic flying training. under the fuselage. the L-29 and L-39 in the past. The Slova-

48 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 Masthead European Security & Defence kian Defence Minister Peter Gajdoš even supported us with Issue 11-12/2019 · November/December 2019 ISSN 1617-7983 · www.euro-sd.com our request for European development funding, to support the NG’s development.” Published by So far no SAF pilots have flown the L-39CW or L-39NG, but it's Mittler Report Verlag GmbH sure to happen soon. After a nine month lay-off, the L-39NG A company of the Tamm Media Group took to the air again on 14 September. During its grounding, new Genesys avionics were integrated in preparation for the Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf (pb) Elbit embedded training system later in the year. Aero has now Managing Editor and Deputy Publisher (Magazine): Stephen Barnard (sb) Managing Editor (Newsletter): Dorothee Frank (df) embarked on an ambitious test programme that should see Industrial Editors: Waldemar Geiger (wg), Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Jürgen Hensel (jh), the L-39NG certified by the end of next year. Hans Uwe Mergener (hum), Ulrich Renn (ure) Leonardo was showing off its M-345 jet trainer at Sliač, with Sub-Editors: Christopher Ellaway-Barnard (cb), Christian Kanig (ck) Correspondents: Rolf Hilmes (Army Technology) Gaetano Ferlazzo Head of Eastern Europe Marketing telling Regional Correspondents: Roberto Guimarães de Carvalho (Brazil), Sidney Dean the author, “Slovakia could buy them, or could join the Italian (USA), Tamir Eshel (Israel), Tim Guest (UK), Alex Horobets (Ukraine), Michał Jarocki Flight Training School at Lecce-Galatina where the M-345 will (Poland), Jaime Karremann (The Netherlands), Beka Kiria (Georgia), Shinichi Kiyotani (sk; Japan), Yury Laskin (yl; Russia), J. Bo Leimand (Denmark), Jay Menon (India), be based.” The first five of 18 M345s are expected to enter Wendell Minnick (Taiwan, North & East Asia), Chet Nagle (USA), Korhan Özkilinc Italian Air Force service in early 2020. (Turkey), Luca Peruzzi (Italy), David Saw (France), Joris Verbeurgt (Belgium/EU/ NATO), Esteban Villarejo (Spain) Layout: Outsourcing Basic Flying CREATIVE.CONSULTING GmbH, Germany Training Production: There is currently no basic flying training within the Slovak Air Force; Lehmann Offsetdruck GmbH 22848 Norderstedt, Germany instead it is being outsourced to a civilian organisation operating Diamond Da20 KATANA. The student pilots then progress to the Office address: Mittler Report Verlag GmbH L-39ZAM/CM. Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany Grob are offering the G120TP turboprop trainer present as an option Phone.: +49 228 35 00 870, Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 that could replace the older civilian Da20s and part of the L-39ZAM/ [email protected], www.mittler-report.de CM training. The German company’s Test and Instructor Pilot Tom Director of Marketing Jürgen Hensel (jh) Reinert told ESD, “We could offer the aircraft as a first step, before Phone: +49 228 35 00 876, Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 progressing to the L-39NG and then the F-16. There are similar syn- [email protected] ergies between the two trainers, the Genesys avionics system exists Deputy Director of Global Marketing in both platforms and the solution would be affordable.” Stephen Barnard Reinert flew five SAF pilots as well as the Slovak Prime Minister, Phone: +49 228 35 00 886, Mobile: +44 7984 033154 Petra Pellegriniho in the G120TP after the recent Sliač show ended. [email protected] Marketing & Business Development Dr. Andreas Himmelsbach Helicopters Phone: +49 228 35 00 877, Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 [email protected] A handful of old Mi-17Ms are still being operated by the 2nd Trans- port Helicopter Squadron at Presov. An additional four Mi-17LPZS, Waldemar Geiger Phone: +49 228 35 00 887, Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 converted from the original troop carrying Mi-17M, are flown by the [email protected] Search and Rescue Flight at Sliač. All the Mi-2 HOPLITEs and Mi-24s Stephen Elliott, Director Marketing have been retired in recent years. Phone: +49 228 35 00 872, Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 With the introduction into service of nine new UH-60M BLACK Mobile: +49 1590 173 0346 HAWKs, the helicopter force is now entering a new era. A contract [email protected] for four awarded via a foreign military sales contract in August 2015 Advertising Representatives: led to a pair being delivered to the 1st Helicopter Squadron at Presov UK/Ireland/Eastern Europe/Israel/Turkey: in August 2017. Defence Minister, Peter Gadjo said at the formal Stephen Barnard Phone: +49 228 35 00 886, Mobile: +44 7984 033154 handover ceremony that they would be used for training, to support [email protected] land forces and special operations forces, together with domestic USA/Canada: crisis management. Back then, four fully trained Slovak aircrews were Susan Spilman-Gardner undergoing training, with six expected to have completed conver- Email: [email protected] sion to the type by the end of 2017. A second pair of UH-60Ms fol- Phone: +1 817-751-5888 lowed in July 2018. Another five were subsequently contracted that Russia & CIS: Laguk Co., Yury Laskin, General Director saw two arriving on a at Bremerhaven, Germany, around Krasnokholmskaya Nab., 11/15, 132, RF-109172 Moskau, Russian Federation 24-25 August 2019. They were subsequently delivered to Sliač on 26 Phone: 007-495-911-1340, Fax: 007-495-912-1260, Email: [email protected] August for a handover ceremony before heading to Presov. The final Subscription/Reader Service: three UH-60Ms will be delivered by the end of the year, with the deal PressUp GmbH, Postfach 70 13 11, for all nine helicopters valued at around US$261M. Svoboda is keen 22013 Hamburg, Germany Phone: +49 40 38 66 66-319, Fax: +49 38 66 66-299 to get the fleet operational, “we will also eventually arm them for Email: [email protected] use in the armed assault role.” European Security & Defence A representative from LOTN (Letecké Opravovne Trencin) which is © 2019 Mittler Report Verlag GmbH part of the Slovak Defence Ministry, said the company hopes to sign The views expressed are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. a contract to weaponise the UH-60Ms with 7.62mm machine guns, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior as well as sign a deal with Lockheed Martin for the logistics support written permission of the publisher in Bonn. for the F-16s. L Cover Photo: SIRPA/GENDARMERIE/F.BALSAMO Annual subscription rate: €49.80 incl. postage  ARMED FORCES Promoting International Joint Development and Production

Japan’s Self-Defence-Force (SDF) is a modern and well-equipped armed force. The role of the Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Agency (ATLA) and the procurement process were topics ESD discussed with Lieutenant General Shibata Shoichi, Director General of Ground Systems at ATLA in Tokyo.

systems and manage ground equipment ESD: What is the policy determining the research and development, procurement future direction of ground equipment? and defence equipment transfer and so Shibata: The future direction of the ground on, conducted by ATLA, considering needs equipment is determined by government Lieutenant General Shibata from the Self-Defence Force (SDF). policy. On December 18, 2018, the Na- Shoichi, Director General of We are also focusing on disseminating in- tional Defence Programme Guidelines Ground Systems at Acquisition, formation in order to promote understand- for Fiscal Year 2019 and Beyond (NDPG) Technology and Logistics Agency ing of our duties and advancing interna- was established by the Cabnet after a deci- (ATLA), Tokyo tional joint research and development. At sion at the National Security Council level. the International Armoured Vehicle Con- (The Japanese fiscal year (FY) is from April ESD: What are the responsibilities of the ference, January 2019 in London, I gave a 1st to March 31st of the following year.) Director General of Ground Systems? presentation on “Achievements in Devel- Based on the National Security Strategy, Shibata: I was assigned to my current opment of Armoured Vehicles in Japan and the new NDPG stipulate the basic policy of post, Director General of Ground Systems Our Future Ambitions.” I believe that it was Japan's defence, the role of defence force, of the Acquisition, Technology and Logis- very meaningful, in terms of dissemination and the target level of specific architecture tics Agency (ATLA), in August 2018, after of the information to the world. of the SDF. commanding the 1st division of the Eastern Army. After graduating from the National Defence Academy, I became an armour Defence Minister officer in 1986, and have served as com- mander of units and staff of headquarters Commissioner, ATLA and engaged in research and development Deputy Commissioner and (R&D) of equipment of the Ground Self De- Chief Defence Scien�st fence Force (GSDF) at the Ground Staff Of- Director Generals Assistant Commissioner fice. In recent years, I managed R&D of the Photos: ATLA, graphics: MaWiBo (Joint/Ground/Naval/Aerial Systems) Type 10 Tank and Type 16 Mobile Combat Department of Project Department of Department of Vehicle (MCV), as well as the 155mm self- Secretariat Management Procurement Management Procurement Opera�ons propelled howitzer (wheeled), of which technical tests were completed in March Administra�on within ATLA Project Management Planning of Implementa�on of 2019. & Development of Human of Major Equipment Procurement Policy Equipment Resources Procurement There are Director General of Ground Sys- tems, Director General of Naval Systems, Director General of Aerial systems (all Lieu- Audit and Department of Department of Research Centers tenant Generals) and the Director General Evalua�on Division Equipment Policy Technology Strategy Test Centers of Joint Systems, a technical official. We are Internal Audit Planning of Planning of R&D Implementa�on of responsible for planning important issues and Evalua�on Equipment Policy Programs Research, Test and such as development of equipment, overall Evalua�on coordinating duties related to research and Systems development from the professional point Development of view, and assisting the Commissioner Divisions of ATLA, my superior. I oversee the ground Main Organisations of ATLA

50 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

Under the new NDPG, considering the pabilities, and manoeuvre and deploy- ESD: Please explain the main phases and rapidly changing security environment, we ment capabilities. For the latter, the outline of the GSDF equipment procure- have to ensure the necessary quality and capabilities related to manoeuvre and ment process. sufficient quantity of defence capability, deployment of units and strengthen- Shibata: We manage equipment through- in order to build a truly effective defence ing the Amphibious Rapid Brigade, are out its life cycle. Within its life cycle, its capability that does not lie on linear exten- mentioned in the NDPG. In addition, typical process includes establishing the sion of the past. It is stated that a "Multi- securing ammunition and fuel, protect- concept, carrying out R&D, and shifting Domain Defence Force" should be built, ing key infrastructure, and ensuring high to series production. The main phases of considering that new domains such as operational availability, are important this process are, starting from the con- space, cyberspace and the electromagnetic for strengthening the sustainability and cept phase, the research and development spectrum are critical, and that Japan needs resilience of defence. phase, the series production and fielding to transform in order to create truly effec- The future R&D of ground equipment will phase, and then the operation, mainte- tive defence forces that combine strengths be affected by the capacity-strengthening nance and disposal phases. across all domains. indicated in the NDPG. Specifically, re- The concept phase establishes concepts Based on the level of defence force indi- searching and developing new equipment such as the operational concept from the cated in the new NDPG, the Medium Term to achieve a new capability, improving the military point of view. In the research and Defence Program (FY2019-FY2023) capability of existing equipment, consid- development phase, research verifies sub- (MTDP) specifically shows the total cost and ering the creation and reorganisation of systems in an environment that simulates the quantity of major equipment for those both units and the ground defence struc- the real environment. And in the develop- five years. ture: all are affected. ment, we systematise the elemental tech- nologies and conduct verification tests under the field environment to evaluate whether they meet the requirements of the JSDF. After that, items that pass the deliberations of the Equipment Acquisition Committee of the MOD are approved to be operated in the units. And in the GSDF, they will be in the operation, maintenance, and disposal phase.

ESD: What is the objective of establish- ment of ATLA, and what is its mission and function? Shibata: ATLA is a new organisation; es- tablished on 1 October 2015 by consoli- dating and integrating departments related to equipment acquisition within the MOD, with the goal of realising the following sub- jects: • Smooth and quick reflection of the op- erational needs of units on the equip- High mobility and firepower are the key features of the Type 16 ment side, armoured combat vehicle. • Consistent project management throughout the life cycle of equipment We carry out research and development of ESD: What is the current total defence from integrated point of view, ground equipment according to the new budget, and what percentage of that will • Proactive efforts in new areas (more NDPG and the MTDP. be spent on equipment R&D? Do you expect internationalisation of defence equip- this percentage to change in the future? ment, investment in advanced technol- ESD: What kind of influence do you expect Shibata: Based on the NDPG and the ogy research, and so on) and from the new NDPG on defence equip- MTDP aforementioned, the budget for • Realisation of procurement reform and ment R&D planned by the SDF? fiscal 2019 was compiled and approved maintaining and strengthening of de- Shibata: In order to respond to rapid by the bicameral Diet, from the perspec- fence production and technical base. changes in the security environment, tive of steadily realising truly effective Based on these, ATLA is working on the under the NDPG, SDF will prioritise is- defence forces from the first year of the following tasks: sues and strengthen them as soon as NDPG. • Securing technological superiority and possible. We will acquire and strengthen The total amount of defence-related ex- smooth and swift reflection of opera- capabilities in the cyber domain and the penses in FY 2019 is about €41Bn. The tional needs, electromagnetic domain as well as in the FY 2019 expenses for R&D for the entire • Efficient acquisition of defence equip- space domain, for capability enhance- MoD amount to about 1.04Bn, or approxi- ment (project management), ment required for cross-domain opera- mately 2.6% of the total amount. Com- • Promoting defence equipment and tions. Together with the capabilities in pared with the FY 2018 budget, the total technology cooperation with other these new domains, we will strengthen of defence-related expenses in FY 2019 countries, our conventional capabilities, like com- increased by €550M and R&D expenses • Maintaining and strengthening defence prehensive air and missile defence ca- increased by €200M*. production and technical bases and

* The figures don't include SACO (Special Action Committee on Okinawa)-related expenses, US Force realignment-related ex- penses (the portion alloocated for mitigating the impact on local communities), expenses for the introduction of new govern- 11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 51 ment aircraft, nor expenses for the three-year emergency measures for disaster prevention/reduction, and national resilience, de- fence-related expenditures.  ARMED FORCES

tic defence industry, we have built a close automatic loading system not disturbed cooperative relationship in the research during rapid acceleration, sudden stops and development phase, series produc- and crossing difficult terrain, are among tion and deployment phase, and opera- the most advanced in the world. tion, maintenance and disposal phase, Based on the past development of main mentioned earlier. In the case of R&D by battle tanks, we have established tech- Ground Systems Development Division, nology to develop not only tracked but overseen by me, the budget is acquired, also wheeled combat vehicles, such as the specification is defined, and the de- the Type 16 MCV, of which we have al- fence industry is tasked with building pro- ready started deployment. This carries a totypes. After that, through competitive 105mm gun and boasts a speed of over bidding in principle, we will contract with 100 km/hour. It is lightweight and com- the industry and start prototype produc- pact; it can be transported by the C-2 tion. During prototype production, we transport aircraft developed by ATLA. It conduct several technical reviews, and is also possible to shoot during slalom supervise and instruct on the prototype driving and to track multiple targets si- production plan, technology manage- multaneously. ment organisation and procedures, and On the other hand, in order to ensure the progress of prototype production, to the necessary and sufficient quality and create better equipment. quantity of SDF equipment, we need to acquire high-performance equipment at ESD: To what extent can the Japanese low price. For this reason, we do not ex- The Medium-Range Surface-to-Air defence industry cover the SDF's require- clude the option of importing from over- Missile CHU-SAM has been im- ment? Are there any areas in which ATLA seas, and we are promoting international proved during the last five years. must rely on the capabilities of foreign joint development and production. For suppliers and contractors? Does ATLA example, in the case of amphibious ve- • Cost reduction efforts and reinforce- have business relationships with interna- hicles, the US-made AAV-7 RAM/RS was ment of inspection and audit functions. tional contractors, and if so, what is its imported from BAE Systems; back in 2015 ATLA's main functions include project objective? Japan simply did not have the technology management, international equipment Shibata: SDF equipment is characterised or production bases for this. and technology cooperation and man- by a variety of mission defence equipment agement, research and development, and supported by Japan's advanced technol- ESD: What is currently your most impor- defence equipment procurement. ogy. Basically, Japan has a foundation that tant equipment programme? can produce high-tech defence equipment. Shibata: We believe that all programmes ESD: How do you build cooperative relation- Regarding the level of technology, Japan for equipment which is needed to fulfil our ships with the Japanese defence industry? has already reached the top level in the defence missions are important. The cost of Shibata: We recognise that the domestic world, except for a few items, and we rec- the entire equipment life cycle tends to in- defence industry is an important basis for ognise that Japanese technology for tanks, crease due to the higher performance and our defence. Japan's defence production especially, is at the forefront. For example, complexity of equipment. ATLA selected and technological base are essential in the the Type 10 tank technologies for compact, important equipment for project manage- production, operation and maintenance low-fuel-consumption, high power power- ment from the viewpoint that process ef- of equipment. Therefore, with the domes- plant (including powertrain), and for an ficiency is important throughout lifecycle. Specifically, as at the end of March 2019, ATLA had selected 17 items for project management and three items for semi- project management. The ground systems equipment for Pro- ject Management includes the AAV-7 RAM/RS Amphibious Vehicle, the Type 16 MCV, Type 03 Medium-Range Surface-to- Air Missile (improved), UH-X Rotorcraft, among others, and the ground systems equipment for Semi-Project Management includes the Type 12 Surface-to-Ship Guid- ed Missiles (Advanced). The GSDF owns various equipment sys- tems. All weapon systems are important because each system functions as a com- ponent of the ground combat system of systems. In the future, we believe that we must always consider upgrading, given the rapidly changing security environment. For The AAV-7 RAM/RS amphibious vehicle is highly mobile both in the sea example, we are conducting research on and on land. future amphibious technologies. Amphibi-

52 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

and passenger safety. In addition, using utilise Artificial Intelligence technology, the results of this research, we have been which has made significant progress in conducting Japan-US cooperative research the private sector, and private communi- since May 2019, and we will promote ef- cations technology such as 5G, in future. ficient and effective research by bringing We are also working on the space, cyber together the technologies and knowledge and electromagnetic fields. of Japan and the United States. ESD: In summary, how do you assess ESD: What is the level of networking and ATLA's influence on the current state of digitisation of GSDF in the field? Are there SDF equipment? Is there room for im- any networking or digitalising projects be- provement? ing implemented soon or in the future? Shibata: ATLA is responsible for acquir- Shibata: The GSDF’s command and ing SDF equipment. We have to keep control systems for decision-making first-class equipment ready to operate in support and information sharing among the front-line units. However, consider- commanders in the field, include: Field ing Japan's security environment, it is also The prototype of the UH-X utility Command System (FiCS) for division- true that the severity of the challenge helicopter was delivered in level headquarters; Regimental Com- has increased further in fulfilling our February 2019. mand and Control System (ReCS) for responsibilities. Therefore, ATLA should regimental level; Air Defence Command strengthen the domestic defence pro- ous capability is imperative for Japanese and Control System (ADCCS) for anti- duction and technology bases, and pro- defence because Japan has a lot of remote air combat; Fire Command and Control mote joint R&D with foreign countries, islands. This research is for improving the System (FCCS) for artillery fire control and equipment and technology transfer. capability of future amphibious vehicles. (firefighting) and field communication I think that ATLA should advance, and The technical problems to be resolved by system, which is the network among I will personally make further efforts using scale models and Modelling and the command and control systems. In across all the fields. Simulation include the ability to negotiate addition, networking is progressing on the coral reefs found many in the south- various fighting vehicles such as Type The interview was conducted by western islands of Japan, high water speed, 10 tanks. It is considered necessary to Gerhard Heiming.  ARMED FORCES Police and Paramilitary Forces in France

Joris Verbeurgt

The French police forces are made up of a large number of different units with different operational areas. In recent decades, the French government has launched several attempts to integrate and unify them.

n France, the role of the police is defined Iby article 12 of the Declaration of the Rights of Men and of the Citizen, dated 26 August 1789. It states that “in order to Graphic: Police Nationale guarantee the rights of men and of the citi- zen, a public force is necessary”. That public force should be to the advantage of all, and not merely to the advantage of those who govern it. To prevent abuse of the public force by one individual, three types of police forces were established: the police nationale, the gendarmerie nationale and the police municipale. We’ll start with the Police municipale, the smallest of the three.

Police Municipal Photo: Gendarmerie nationale The municipal police (or local police) is responsible for maintaining order, secu- rity, safety, cleanliness and tranquility in the public space at the communal level. It sees to the application of the munici- pal ordinances, the traffic code, and the town planning code. The judicial officer of the municipal police is the mayor of the municipality who represents the State in municipal matters of law enforcement. The municipal police, around 22.000 strong, is organised in brigades and groups and can have specialised units like motorcycle and horse brigades, or canine and nautical – even brigades equipped with all terrain bikes or with the sole purpose of patrolling A Guard of Honour in front of the Gendarmerie Nationale museum at night. The municipal police, giving the in St. Tropez mayor's substantial powers in the field of law enforcement in his or her municipality, tional authority of the Ministry of the Interi- countryside. Consequently, 75% of crime is sometimes regarded as a remnant of the or. At the dispatching, it is decided whether and delinquency in France is managed by Ancien regime. Several attempts to merge a call will be dispatched to the police (urban the police and only 25% by the gendarme- the municipal police with the National po- area) or to the gendarmerie (rural area). Al- rie. Although both police forces have simi- lice or with the Gendarmerie have failed so though both police forces are concerned lar missions, they are confronted with quite far because of the resistance of the mayors with law enforcement and fighting crime, different problems due to the geographic against the confinement of their executive there are many substantial differences to and demographic differences between ur- powers and because the two national po- be noted. First, the status: members of the ban and rural areas. The gendarme lives in lice forces refuse to allow the municipality national police are considered civil serv- the barracks, while his colleague from the police to raise to their level. ants, while members of the gendarmerie police lives in his own house. Of course, are part of the French military. The zones in each police force disposes of its own tradi- "Une Guerre des Polices" which they operate, are also quite different: tions, modus operandi, uniforms, chain of although both forces are responsible for command, equipment, and ranks. The Police nationale and the Gendarmerie the whole of the French territory, the po- All three police forces have more or less nationale share the same emergency call lice are more present in urban areas while distinguished responsibilities and their ter- number 17 and both fall under the opera- the gendarmerie exercises its powers in the ritorial authority is well defined. However,

54 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES  there is a huge overlap and sometimes competition between the police forces, leading to a real “guerre des polices” from time to time. In recent years, efforts were made to streamline the different police and Photo: Police Nationale paramilitary forces in France, but so far, it has been a very sensitive, difficult, and ex- pensive experiment. The overview of the two most import police forces in France will clarify why that is.

Police Nationale

The Police nationale was created in 1941 during the Vichy regime and is attached to the Ministry of the Interior. Its missions are to guarantee the individual and col- lective liberties, to defend the institutions of the French republic, to maintain peace and public order and to protect individuals and property. The jurisdiction of the police nationale extends to the entire territory of France. At the head of the national police is general director Eric Morvan, a 62-year Members of the Police Nationale are considered civil servants, while old administrator from Nevers. The national members of the Gendarmerie Nationale are part of the French military. police is around 150.000 officers strong. Nine entities fall under his direct control: At the operational level, there is first of tures that favour cooperation among police besides a unit to support the decision mak- all the protection service, in charge of the forces. In organised crime, the following ing process, an information and communi- protection of the president of the French main topics are handled by the Judicial cation service, and a service that conducts republic and of French or foreign govern- police: great-scale financial delinquency, research with regard to the history of the ment members or other authorities that the trafficking of drugs and of human be- French police, there is a branch for the need protection. The protection of impor- ings, serious violence against persons, the coordination of the fight against drugs, a tant buildings and ceremonies is also part fight against counterfeiting, the trafficking service that is concerned with victims of of the job. Different units offer either static of cultural goods, the fight against cyber- crime and terrorism, a unit in charge of the or mobile protection. crime (since 2000), infringement of com- security on the public transport network, Four central directorates are in charge of mercial law and the fight against financial and one in charge for big public events. the real police work: the Judicial police, and economic fraud. In 2002, so-called Two units that have become prominent the Public security, Border police, and the Di- Regional Intervention Groups were estab- last years are the UCLAD, the unit that co- rection Centrale des Compagnies Répub- lished in each territorial direction to counter ordinates the combat against terrorism and licaines de Securité, commonly known as the underground economy and the differ- that is in charge of evaluating the terrorist the CRS. ent forms of organised crime that come threat level, and the RAID, an elite unit that with it and form a source of insecurity and is part of the Intervention Force of the Po- The Judicial Police social disintegration in numerous “sensi- lice nationale, established after the Munich tive” quarters. Olympic games of 1972 and always ready The Judicial police has a general staff and to intervene at major crises. 7 specialised services; it counts 5300 of- Central Direction General director Morvan also directs 11 di- ficers that concern themselves with crime, for Public Security rectorates: some in a more supportive role, economic and financial cases, police tech- like the human resources and competences niques and scientific research, and external The Central Direction for Public Security directorate, the directorate for international affairs. Its area of operations is the whole of guarantees public safety and security all cooperation, or the directorate for public the French territory, including the overseas over the French territory at any time. It is institutions, including the National Police territories, but excluding the prefecture of permanently present in the streets of France Academy or the National Institute for Po- Paris, which has its own direction régionale and guarantees safety and security for per- lice Science; the directorate for logistics, de la police judiciaire de Paris. There are 11 sons and their property on a daily basis. It purchase and equipment, as well as the territorial directions, 2 regional (Versailles also assumes a big role in crime preven- Music Chapel of the police, also fall into for the city of Paris and Ajaccio for Cor- tion. As such, it is the most important active that category. The General Inspection of sica) and 9 interregional, including one for Direction centrale of the Police nationale. the National Police, the service in charge Antilles-Guyana. Its activities are aimed at Its missions are as follows: interventions of inspecting the services and units of the preventing and countering specialized, or- to support people that called the emer- police by conducting audits, formulating ganised and transnational delinquency and gency number 17; the fight against crime recommendations and by investigating crime. It is also in charge of the surveillance and serious city violence, countering road complaints against police officers, con- of casino’s and race fields. The Judicial insecurity, countering drug trafficking and cludes the list of the supporting units and police is also actively engaged in the fight fighting hooliganism at major sports events services. against terrorism and in international struc- (for which a national division was created).

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 55  ARMED FORCES

The territorial organisation of the CRS con- sists of 3 levels: a general direction within the National police in Paris, as well as 7

Photo: via author regional directions and territorial units. There are 60 companies for keeping order, 1 company dedicated to the protection of VIP’s, 9 highway companies, 6 regional motorcycle units, a CRS for the Alps and mountain sections, and the music chapel of the French police.

Gendarmerie Nationale

The gendarmerie is the successor of the maréchaussées, an embryonal police force dating back to the Middle Ages. The Police Municipale is the smallest of the three French police forces. In 1791, while the French Revolution was raging, the Gendarmerie (deduced Other missions include the prevention and sions regarding the regulation of transna- from les gens d’armes, or ‘the people the dissuasion of crime through an active tional transport, answers legal questions who bear arms’) was established to bring and visible presence in the public space with regard to border control in close co- the police forces under the control of and through the development of partner- operation with other services and admin- the revolutionary regime. Since then, its ships with local actors, like schools, social istrations. It also contributes to European responsibilities have gradually been ex- workers, etc. Finally, the Central Direction legislation and institutional cooperation to panded. Army General Richard Lizuray is for Public Security oversees major events enhance the safety and security of interna- the general director of the Gendarmerie like street demonstrations, the transport tional transport via railways, harbours and nationale since 2016. He is the head of of important people and the protection of airports that fall under the competence of the general directorate that encompasses sensitive places. It is responsible for imple- the Border police. a department that controls and inspects menting these measures and commanding The department for combatting illegal im- the gendarmerie (the IGGN) and advises the public order police units. It covers 40% migration coordinates, at the national level, the general director in policy matters, an of the French population, and 617 or 75% the fight against al forms of illegal immi- organ that studies and reflects on the of the ‘sensitive’ quarters, being the equiv- gration and workers without a permit. It evolution of the military role of the gen- alent of 1596 villages. It handles over 62% is responsible for the deportation of illegal darmerie, a Planning Centre and a Crisis of the crimes commited on French territory. immigrants and analyses migratory fluxes. Management Centre in which a variety of The last department of the Border police crisis management experts support the Border Police manages the budget and the human and director general, territorial units or other material resources of this central direction. administrations with their expertise. Four The French Border Police (direction centrale Finally, the Border police assures the opera- central offices complete the general di- de la police aux frontières) was created in tional coordination at the European level rectorate: an office that coordinates the 1999 and profoundly reorganised in 2003. of the 10 police and customs cooperation fight against illegal workers in France, It comprises a general staff, a ‘new tech- centres with Germany, Belgium, Spain, Ita- an office for itinerant cross-border crime nologies’ unit, a railway police, and three ly, Luxemburg and Switzerland and of the 4 gangs, an office for crimes against the departments concerned with international police stations that it shares with Germany. environment and public health, and an affairs, the fight against illegal immigration office with regard to crimes against hu- as well as human and material resources. Compagnies Républicaines manity, genocide and war crimes. The railway police is responsible for assur- de Sécurité The authority of the gendarmerie ex- ing the security of the French railway net- tends to the whole of the territory of work, together with its operators. For that Created by General De Gaulle in the after- France, in peacetime as well as in war- purpose, it is composed of 7 special units, math of the liberation of France in 1944 to time, and in all types of crises that may ‘Brigades de Chemins de fer’, with each contribute to the reestablishment of law occur. Securing and maintaining public brigade responsible for a certain zone. It and order in the French republic, the Com- order and guaranteeing general public also takes care of controlling the railway pagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS) are safety and security are the two missions traffic to neighbouring countries and takes mobile units that form the general reserve of the gendarmerie. part in mixed patrols with police officers of the Police nationale specialised in preserv- The military organisation of the gendar- from Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, ing order. Throughout the years, the CRS merie, from the general direction to the and Spain. Needless to say that the railway has started doing other police work too, basic unit of the mobile (MG) or the de- police plays an important role in the fight like traffic control, assistance at sea and in partmental gendarmerie (DG), allows a against illegal immigration, particularly on mountainous areas, the fight against petty permanent operational posture, a short the railway network. crime, the surveillance of ports and airports, response time in case of an incident, The Department for International and and escorting and protecting VIP’s and their and a large capacity for mobilisation. Its Transnational Affairs and Security is con- residences in France. Most of all, however, manoeuvrability and adaptability makes cerned with the legal framework regarding the CRS is known for the suppression of riots it able to respond to any sudden crisis, transnational transport. It produces texts, and urban disturbances, for example, the anytime, anyplace, with deployable com- takes part in national and European discus- recent uprising of the gillets jaunes. mand posts, units and support units.

56 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMED FORCES 

Gendarmerie Mobile terventions within the framework of judicial trative, judicial and military tasks that are actions, protection of persons and property confined to it. The mobile gendarmerie is specialised in sensitive sectors, etcetera. The protection While the GD operates in rural and semi- in maintaining public order in the whole of sensitive buildings (like the embassies in urban areas, a brigade is the basic unit re- spectrum of crises. The general reserve of France) or escorting VIPs are also part of the sponsible for a defined territorial zone. A the gendarmerie is at the disposal of the package. Military operations abroad and the brigade has lot of autonomy and its chain government, not only for police tasks, but protection of French embassies in foreign of command, its human and material re- also for purely military missions, side by side countries are also missions in which the GM sources and its support functions can with territorial units. It can be deployed on can take part. Last but not least, the GM can vary significantly in function of the mis- the whole territory of France, including the also be ordered to participate in the execu- sions it has to accomplish. A quiet rural overseas territories and the Paris region, tion of special plans from the government, area or a vibrant suburb, a mountainous and on theatres abroad, within the frame- like counter piracy operations or the fight area or a coastal region, all require a dif- work of military operations. against illegal immigration. ferent approach to which the gendarme- The GM counts approximately 13000 rie is adapted. If needed, specialised units personnel, divided over 109 squadrons, Gendarmerie of the territorial army, e.g. engineers, are 17 groupings and 1 armoured group. It is Départementale at the disposal of the Gendarmerie dé- responsible for keeping order and for fight- partementale. ing crime and delinquency on a day to day The departmental gendarmerie is con- This concise overview of the police and basis. On average, a GM squadron is sent cerned with general public safety. Day and paramilitary forces in France show that, on missions outside the garrison for 180 night, the GD is active to guarantee the from a policy point of view, the situation days per year. protection of persons and property, to gain is complicated. In the last decades, sev- Besides maintaining or restoring public or- information, to alarm, and to come to the eral initiatives have been launched by the der, the following missions are trusted to aide of persons in distress. The GD is also French government to unify and integrate the GM: it can function as reinforcements keen to keep in contact with the popula- the different police forces for economic for the departmental gendarmerie, particu- tion and to master the fluxes of people and reasons and for reasons of efficiency. larly in the so-called ‘zones de sécurité pri- traffic on its territory. With 51.000 person- However, the resistance against reform is oritaires’ (ZSP), where they can be deployed nel in active service, the GD is a formidable harsh, within, and outside the respective for safeguarding and security missions, in- police force that takes care of the adminis- police forces. 

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 57  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Northern Innovation th for the 6 Generation Photo: Team Tempest

Georg Mader

In view of ongoing upgrades for TYPHOON, RAFALE or GRIPEN, it seems far off today to speculate about which aircraft will one day succeed these types. Nevertheless, their successors are already appearing. Several voices call for a joint European fighter project, as the three major European manufacturers should not compete for small quantities on the world market.

t the moment, however, it looks as PEST was the improved successor of the TEMPEST Fact Box Aif at least two concepts are starting fighter bomber TYPHOON. And now the side by side. In addition to the German- TEMPEST is supposed to once again suc- The current TEMPEST mock-up shares French-Spanish NGF (Next Generation ceed the TYPHOON. design similarities with other LO Fighter), which was presented this year as “Initiated" is the appropriate term for the (stealth) aircraft, such as a planform FCAS () in Paris, status of what was first presented in Farn- reminiscent of the F-22, with a saw- the British are pursuing a similar high-tech borough in 2018. A first prototype should tooth trailing edge as used on the B- project under the name TEMPEST, and be in the air around 2025/26 – a few years 2A or X-47B, trapezoidal twin tails like Sweden and SAAB want to join this British ahead of the continental EU rival. But none those of the YF-23 and intakes similar feasibility study. of the ministers, captains of industry, air to the F-35. The manned/optionally- Perhaps the British were looking for a chiefs or even the British programme direc- manned design is quite large, clearly good-sounding name from the rich his- tor RAF Air Commodore Dan Storr or his bigger than F-35. There are no official tory of the RAF. At the annual RIAT Air Swedish colleague Michael Cherinet want- measurements but if the 1:72 resin Tattoo in Fairford this was jokingly high- ed to predict what the "Team TEMPEST" model shown at RIAT is more or less lighted, because in 1944 the Hawker TEM- would one day produce. Not even whether accurate, it would indicate a length of 18 to 19 metres and a span of 13,5 to 14 metres. As it looks today, it is clearly “size driven” by the require- ment for a large internal payload bay to accommodate weapons, sensors

Photo: BAE SYSTEMS or additional fuel, while still having sufficient performance and agility to survive challenging combat environ- ments. From many conversations with pilots and mission leaders, the author now knows that any FCAS would be larger than an F-35, which is often considered too small, too short and with an insufficient (internal) payload for potential future challenges.

a fully virtual cockpit, directional energy/ laser weapons, optional unmanned opera- tion including collaboration on swarm in- telligence, network cooperation with the The TEMPEST is intended to be a 6th generation successor to the – yet to be developed – novel unmanned UK`s TYPHOON. effectors MOSQUITO or LANCA (Light- weight Affordable Novel Combat Aircraft). Author a prototype would look like the plastic model standing in front of the VIP chalets. Supercharging the System Georg Mader is a defence corre- Nevertheless, all project partners are sure spondent and freelance aerospace that all emerging and future technologies At Farnborough, a TEMPEST pavilion journalist based in Vienna, Austria, and unorthodox ideas will be incorporated. showed all these innovations via models, and a regular contributor to ESD. For example, artificial intelligence, 3D print- graphics, videos and housed all the various ing of intelligent materials, ionized plasma, programme partners like BAE-Systems (air-

58 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 frame), Rolls-Royce (propulsion), Leonardo- UK (avionics) and MBDA (Weapons). All of them are “Team TEMPEST, under the coor- dination of a so-called RAF Rapid Capabili- ties Office (RCO), a streamlined procurement unit established two years ago and led by Air Vice Marshal “Rocky” Rochelle. According to him, the RCO has “injected a sense of in- novation and urgency by supercharging and not subverting the system.” Like all the oth-

er participants, he stressed that in order to Photo: Georg Mader build the TEMPEST aircraft, the British must Some observers see the Dassault-led FCAS unveiled in 2019 at be open to attracting other programme Paris Le Bourget Air Show as a competing aircraft to the TEMPEST. partners, and he stressed that they will be addressed all over the world, with talks be- Not much out there so far software-based capabilities, as described by ing held with Japan, India, South Korea or SAAB as a "giant smartphone", is seen as Saudi Arabia. As for Europe, it is only Italy And this means that for the foreseeable an appropriate contribution to a future air that remains as a nation with the necessary future two 6th generation European air combat system such as TEMPEST. experience and industrial base. combat systems are under development. Both have teams, and even if – in contrast Railway Wagons full A Viking Spirit of Discovery to "Tempest" – one cannot climb into a of Tax Money Dassault-led continental mock-up, the At Fairford on 19 July 2019, the realisa- two are leaders and openly look for other Given the enormous financial and intellec- tion of Britain`s ambitious project came strong partners. Besides them, there are tual resources that governments will have a good deal closer. The day before, Brit- not many other projects worldwide – at to provide, it will be exciting to see whether, ish Secretary of Defence Penny Mordaunt least nothing is known so far. The USAF over the course of several legislative peri- (meanwhile replaced by Ben Wallace) and is researching the 'Penetrating Counter-Air ods, the two current designs will continue her Swedish counterpart Peter Hultqvist – 2030', and there are also plans in China to be pursued or whether, in the end, one with SAAB behind – signed a £2Bn FCAS and Russia, accompanied by beautiful art- will be financially forced into a single Eu- feasibility-study, to be concluded by the ist impressions that often resemble science ropean combat aircraft project. European end of 2020. In the presence of about 50 fiction fantasies. In Japan there is the Mit- defence officials and business leaders such airchiefs from all over the world, British subishi F-3 project, which is derived from as Leonardo's CEO Alessandro Profumo or Minister for Defence Procurement Stuart a flown small X-2 'Shinshin' demonstrator. the former director of the Eurofighter, Volker Andrew, Minister Hultqvist, RAF Chief In Turkey there is the TF-X project, in India Paltzo, warn it is irresponsible to repeat the of the Air-Staff ACM Sir Stephen Hillier, there is AMCA and the Korean-Indonesian mistakes of the past when European efforts and Chief of Staff of the Swedish Flygvap- KF-X design. However, these will be all 5th were divided into the three current “Euroca- net Gen. Mats Helgesson, their partner- generation developments developed step nards”. But when listening to the British and ship. For the industry, BAE-Systems` CEO by step anyway – from sophisticated wind Swedish officials at Fairford, one realises that Charles Woodburn and SAAB's Chairman tunnel models to 1:1 models. there are different threat perceptions and of the Supervisory Board, Marcus Wal- operational approaches on both sides of the lenberg, repeated brave and far-reaching Backup for TYPHOON channel and the and that there plans of what the future might bring. All of are sufficient resources to develop two com- them as well as their technical programme and GRIPEN peting systems. Another general approach managers were subsequently available for Fairford has clearly confirmed the existence for a future FCAS became apparent: The press talks. of a Nordic axis from the North Sea to the British and Swedes see the Franco-German Does all this mean that the Swedes would Baltic, at least when it comes to the percep- project led by Dassault more as economi- also put TEMPEST and its unmanned tion of threats and the pursuit of a future cally motivated to maintain industrial capac- "wing men" into service, as it seems quite air combat lead. However, both countries ity and as a high-tech job engine, while they certain for the RAF? No, not for the time need the available services much earlier. themselves see TEMPEST and its efforts only being. Officially, no joint development The Swedish-British partnership means that in the focus of what their air forces will have contract is planned at the moment. There Leonardo-UK's AESA radar will be avail- at their disposal to win a future air battle. is only one agreement with Sweden to able in the future Gripen-E, as will SAAB's Speaking of Leonardo, the UK branch of the support Britain in researching future mul- self-defence subsystem in the TYPHOON. Italian state conglomerate – with 7,000 em- tiple collaborations that could lead to the And both technical programme managers ployees at Yeovil, Edinburgh, Luton, Basildon, later development of combat aircraft. At emphasised that, as far as possible, all in- Southampton and Bristol – at Fairford, the moment it is about researching the novations and solutions found or achieved Leonardo UK was commissioned to pro- technological possibilities to which both on the long road to TEMPEST should again vide a testbed aircraft for subsystems and renowned development departments in flow into the two platforms TYPHOON and aggregates for the future TEMPEST, based Warton and Linköpping will contribute. GRIPEN-E, which are expected to fly well on a Boeing 757 and available from early The agreement is not as binding for Swe- into the 2040s. Although the latest version 2020 on. By the way, Italy was also strikingly den as the British had hoped. Between of the JAS-39 was recently "too young" for represented in the programme of 2019 RIAT the lines and in the conversation, how- a Swiss country evaluation, its complete sep- with the PAN “Frecce Triccolori” team and ever, the impression was clearly one of a aration of structural hardware, flight control T.346 MASTER, C-27J SPARTAN and an AMI determined joint departure. software and mission and/or later added TYPHOON in solo displays.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 59  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

The RAF‘s last TYPHOON

In early August 2019, the RAF’s final Tranche 3-standard TYPHOON made its second flight from BAE’s Warton final-assembly site in Lan- cashire. It is now undergoing sub-equipment installation and trials and will be handed over later this year. The RAF is currently flying an active fleet of 116 TYPHOONs, the oldest of which are 14 years old. Under current plans, the type should remain in UK frontline-ser- vice until 2040 and then to be replaced by

the TEMPEST, while operating alongside the Photo: Georg Mader 138 STOVL Lockheed Martin F-35Bs. A cut On 19 July 2019, BAE Systems CEO Charles Woodburn and Mark Wallen- in the latter’s numbers was clearly denied at berg of SAAB shook hands after formally announcing their cooperation RIAT-2019.  in the TEMPEST project. Talking TEMPEST at RIAT The recently sealed British-Swedish partnership is sponsoring an extensive GBP2Bn UK-funded feasibility study to develop a combat air system to be available by 2040. Sweden (SAAB) will now bring expertise and development to this Future Combat Air System Technology Initiative (FCAS-TI), but for the time being will not join Team Tempest, the planned centrepiece of Brit- ish efforts. Following the opening of the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT) on 19 July 2019, ESD's Georg Mader was able to conduct interviews with the key people in the TEMPEST initiative. A selected and abridged summary: “Sweden is an ideal partner”

Interview with Stuart Andrew, then Minister for Defence

Photo: Georg Mader Procurement at the UK MoD, meanwhile Government Whip

Andrew: A pillar! It is now put on an initial nations, also between our two industries. In track with “Team TEMPEST”, a co-funded regards to cost-efficiency, by aligning com- partnership between government and our mon requirements and systems-architecture industry partners towards aligning incen- and thus keeping also our today‘s platforms tives, pooling expertise and sharing costs. current and a technological bridge to our And of course others are invited to discuss future ones. With this experienced aviation UK Defence Procurement Minister or participate, yet we even underline the no- nation joining, it shows that TEMPEST is not Stuart Andrew talking to ESD`s tion of international cooperation. yet another paper plane, like some gloomed Georg Mader it would never happen. ESD: Reportedly with nations like India, Italy, ESD: TEMPEST has been around since Farn- Saudi-Arabia, Turkey, and so on? ESD: In light of TEMPEST showing up on borough 2018. What are the main features Andrew: There is a very good possibility of distant horizon, is there anything to change of the initiative, what are the objectives? other strong partners coming along – and on the 138 F-35B LIGHTNING-II for RAF and Andrew: With threats accelerating, with that also may very well include nations from RN, like cutting their numbers? competitors constantly seeking to gain an outside Europe. Andrew: No. I have no such information in edge at every opportunity, the UK must this direction. think the long term – to guarantee we can ESD: Now Sweden has become your first dominate the skies for the decades to come! confirmed partner in this feasibility study, ESD: How relevant is Brexit in this context? And by launching our Combat Air Strategy, but is not directly joining Team TEMPEST. On Andrew: I’m surprised this subject did not we went towards replacing TYPHOON from what level does this partnership play out? come up in your very first question. No, 2040 on. That Future Combat Air System Andrew: On important levels, no doubt. many of our collaborations we have under- (FCAS) – expected to yield an initial report Since launching our strategy and study, it taken in defence, happened outside of EU. by late 2020 – looks for gamechanging while rapidly became clear that Sweden is an ideal And of course we remain members of NATO, affordable future technologies. It lays the partner. Our past cooperation has created closely working with our allies. Even as we foundations for our tomorrow air warfare the game-changing METEOR BVR missile are leaving the EU‘s institutions, we are not efforts. and they were the first introducing it opera- leaving Europe and are also not stepping off tionally. While for now SAAB will not join the world’s stage. No, we are here to stay. ESD: And within these efforts, TEMPEST our UK’s Team TEMPEST, Sweden will work Especially in defence – even maybe better is what? with the team to deliver benefits to both off.

60 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

“For us it is not about TEMPEST”

Interview with Peter Hultqvist, Sweden’s Minister of Defence

ESD: Minister, why did Sweden opt for but across the At- the British way towards a 6th generation lantic as well, for our fighter jet and not for the European Das- American and Cana- sault-led project? dian friends. And a Hultqvist: This has many reasons. Britain strong transatlantic is one of Sweden’s closest partners and link is remaining vi- friends and we signed this partnership as tal for European and a confirmation of our bilateral relation- American security. ships. And – Brexit or not – Sweden has a strategic interest in the future relation- ESD: This is why ship with the UK. The two nations already you both see the air participated in recent joint exercises in the component as the

Arctic and over Eastern Europe, with the most important ele- Photo: Georg Mader largest British military presence in the Bal- ment? Sweden`s Minister of Defence Peter Hultqvist tic Sea region in a 100 years. This is a clear Hultqvist: Natu- talking to Georg Mader signal to act together if needed, also in rally! Air-combat ca- common threat assessment. And the sub- pability and its tools and endurance is the these studies, we lay the foundations for sequent aspiration, to pursue towards the key component of our defence strategy well-informed decisions, regarding fu- cutting-edge up there – and not in the and posture. It is defined by parliamentary ture steps of technical and combat-air first place for an industry-political tool. decision as a national security interest. And collaboration. We thus recognise each Sweden has a long tradition of advanced other’s strengths and we complement ESD: Is Sweden's assumed strategic en- aircraft technology, of world-respected each other’s industrial ability. We see vironment really as similar as the British fighter-systems. But to continue develop- great potential in this cooperation; we one in order to explain your bilateral ap- ing cutting-edge technology, is time and have done a lot together and will do a proach? resources-consuming, a great challenge to lot good together in the future. Hultqvist: Assumed? We both live in any nation. Both UK and Sweden intend to more challenging times, in both our stra- remain on the forefront of combat air, to ESD: What exactly did you do jointly in tegic environment but also beyond. In our meet our national security objectives and the air-combat segment? East, we see a more assertive Russia which to protect our nations also from above. Hultqvist: This began post-war, with repeatedly has shown to use military And for that, you have to go for “air domi- SPITFIREs and later early British jets in means for political and strategic goals. nance” ability, in your airspace and over Swedish service, like the HUNTER and We saw that in Georgia in 2008 and with the region. Not only via aircraft, but with British engines in Swedish jets like the AV- the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, radar, crypto-datalinks, and so on. ON. Today is illustrated by Swedish-made and with the ongoing aggression in East- self-defence deployed on TYPHOON, or ern Ukraine. We also see a more aggres- ESD: So it is both a security-based as well the AESA-radar for GRIPEN-E coming sive Russian military posture in the Baltic as an industry-driven approach. from Leonardo-UK. Or the METEOR air- region. By deploying new long-range Hultqvist: Well, in such a quest it turns to-air missile, manufactured at MBDA in weapons, conducting “snap exercises” out as of mutual security interests, to Lostock, jointly developed by Sweden and and by acting aggressive, provocative and look to go with a partner who is just as the UK. sometimes careless towards Western sea skilled industrially as he is operationally. vessels and aircraft. Russian behaviour has Both our nations have the industrial base ESD: Does Brexit affect your collabora- affected the security situation in a nega- to provide our countries with the need- tion? tive way, no doubt. In this environment, ed future air-combat tools, as well as to Hultqvist: I have been assured once we first need to take responsibility for our constantly upgrade our existing GRIPEN more that the UK will remain a partner in own national security. Thus, Sweden is and TYPHOON. But there are justified the current and future security situation re-enforcing our national defence, includ- thoughts however, what might come in Europe, that they would fulfil all their ing overall resilience in “total defence”, after GRIPEN in a more distant future. commitments and that one can continue which also relates to hybrid warfare. But That is why Sweden now signed up with to count on them. Anyway, for Sweden it to keep stability in Northern Europe, in the UK to analyse operational, economic is important to look for an equal-footed the Baltic region and further in all Europe, and industrial prospects for partnering partnership with the UK in any future we also have to deepen our bilateral and towards what is called the 6th genera- aircraft programme. With half an eye on multilateral defence and security coop- tion. This is to the benefit not just of our export markets, at the moment for us it is eration with others. In these challenging own air capabilities but also for our inter- not about TEMPEST but about upgrades times, we need more cooperation, not national GRIPEN partners. One purpose to GRIPEN-E resulting from research for less. Added to all this, we face a more ac- is to also explore the feasibility for an af- TEMPEST. An interesting merge of 4+ tive China, with implications for both our fordable and substantial industrial base and 6th generation. I’m keen to see US- wider security. Not only within Europe, for the UK and Sweden. By conducting reactions.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 61 “You can’t have prosperity without security”

Interview with Charles Woodburn, CEO BAE SYSTEMS Photo: Georg Mader air-combat technologies in support to the Woodburn: You can’t have prosperity with- UK’s position as a world-leader in fielded out security. Of course, this also is an opportu- and deployed air-power. And at Farnbor- nity to bolster our already world-class combat ough last year, I was delighted to be part of sector, which here in the UK has an annual the launch of the UK’s combat-air strategy turnover of more than £6.5Bn, while sustain- and acquisition-programme, the signing ing more than 18,000 highly skilled jobs and of the “Team TEMPEST contract and the further 28,000 jobs in the supply-chain across unveiling of our concept-model aircraft, some 2,000 companies. The military aviation which outlines a bold and exciting vision sector generated 85% of all British arms ex- for the future. And the team is on track to ports in the last decade. And the sector today delivering 17 European-firsts and 7-world is resembled in Team TEMPEST by LEONAR- firsts. Since launching that national en- DO-UK and MBDA-UK. Or by experienced RR, deavour, we have however consistently with their EJ-200 proven exceptionally capable BAE Systems CEO talked the importance of international co- in service in powering the TYPHOON. And a Charles Woodburn operation in making this vision a reality, via fruitful collaboration with Sweden is up and collaboration between nations and indus- running. LEONARDO-UK provides the wide- ESD: It looks as if TEMPEST has been getting tries. By their very nature such programmes field RAVEN E-scan radar for every coming into gear since Farnborough 2018. are best delivered by sounding and decent GRIPEN-E aircraft, delivering advanced target- Woodburn: I am proud that this UK-initi- partnerships. Thus in this undertaking we ing modes. SAAB also offers LEONARDO’s ated FACS has now become a true inter- again said, that we want the best play- world-leading BRIGHT CLOUD active-decoy national endeavour. But it is not just about ers involved, nations and industries that as an EW-option for all GRIPEN models. TEMPEST as another new aircraft. Today, it share our vision to deliver a world-leading, MBDA and SAAB worked together with is on us to define and delivering all the fu- competitive and deterrent next generation other partners to realise the fantastic ME- ture air-based capabilities required beyond combat-air system. Like Sweden. TEOR BVR-missile, that today arms both TYHOON. In tradition for over a century, RAF TYPHOON and Swedish AF GRIPEN. in working in partnership with the RAF, ESD: What does the programme and its vi- On all that, we will build-up towards 6th our industry hasdeveloped and delivered sion mean to the UK industrial sector? generation.

“So we have to evolve, too”

Interview with Marcus Wallenberg, Chairman of SAAB AB Photo: Georg Mader vation and development. And 80 years ago, ponent of the SKY SABRE air-defence system we joined efforts to set up, to create the and we also have participated in deployment defence-company SAAB. With the single of METEOR. So, our company’s commitment purpose to support the defence of Sweden. to the relationship with the UK has stood And that is still the purpose today, with my strong for many years. And we expect that family still involved in SAAB. Their aerospace to grow, both in spirit and presence over heritage, with more than 5,000 aircraft built the years to come. At the same time during over several decades, includes the DRAKEN, these decades of partnership, the world has VIGGEN and GRIPEN fighters. But also the evolved – as have the threats we are looking full spectrum of air-, land- and sea-capabil- into face today. And so we have to evolve, ities. Thus there is so much genuine Swed- too. That’s when new technologies come ish in that new step – and that‘s why I am into play. One of our recent projects – called nevertheless somewhat exited. WASP – involves AI, autonomous systems, Marcus Wallenberg, Chairman of quantum-computing and related software SAAB AB ESD: And now, this is all about future tech- engineering. And it turns out as one of our nologies, some maybe years away until it largest industrial research-projects ever. It ESD: That shouldn't be so new for you, emerges from the labs. will be extremely important to use these should it – the baptism of a new "baby"? Wallenberg: Yes, fascinating, isn’t it? But new technologies as a part, yet as a base for Wallenberg: No, it isn’t. While I was ex- they all are born out of current ideas and the FCAS feasibility. In this context, just last tremely happy to share the stage here, rep- cooperation. Like the one we are already ac- month we opened the SAAB-UK Innovation resenting a company that has a long tradi- tually involved with the UK, the RAF. Our EW Hub at Imperial College at White City cam- tion in working with the British partners for and self-protection systems supported RAF- pus, an initial step for further R&D spend- decades, you have to reflect that my family pilots in HARRIERs, TORNADOs and now in ing here in the UK. For SAAB this in order was active in industry, finances and support TYPHOON. And our GRIPEN supply chain to keep up and stay ahead of technological of contemporary and basic science for 160 here in the UK supports thousands of UK- development. Like we also do with Brazil on years, to invest in research, education, inno- jobs. Our GIRAFFE-radars are a critical com- GRIPEN-E and with Boeing on the T-X.

62 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  UK and Italy to Partner for TEMPEST

Luca Peruzzi

t DSEI 2019, leading British compa- two nations is a strong fit for TEMPEST TEOR air-to-air missile,” said Pasquale Anies including BAE Systems, Leon- and demonstrates the growing momen- di Bartolomeo, Managing Director of ardo UK, Rolls Royce and MBDA UK, to- tum behind this important international MBDA Italia. gether with Italian industry players repre- endeavor. Today’s announcement will Elettronica, Italy’s champion in Elec- sented by Leonardo Italy, Elettronica, Avio expand existing partnerships with MB- tronic Warfare, already works closely Aero and MBDA Italy, signed a Statement DA and Leonardo”. alongside Leonardo-UK, this country’s of Intent (SOI) to part- ner on the TEMPEST programme. UK and Italian governments had previously declared to cooperate on future Photo: BAE-Systems Combat Air capabilities, including the TEMPEST programme. The SOI outlined a number of commitments, includ- ing “closer Government alignment on future Eu- rofighter TYPHOON en- hancement” as well as “deepening discussions on TEMPEST military requirements.” The SOI also includes the com- mitment “to develop a combat air roadmap, identifying opportuni- ties to integrate ad- vanced technologies from Eurofighter TY- PHOON into TEMPEST as well as developing an Flexible, connected and cooperative – the concept layout of the TEMPEST innovative, agile and co- operative industrial framework to deliver Alessandro Profumo, CEO of Leonardo, leading supplier of airborne electronics TEMPEST”. added: “I am very pleased that Italy has and electronic warfare. Though natu- The agreement was the result of a joint taken the decision to joint TEMPEST at ral competitors, the two companies Government feasibility study, which was this important stage in the programme, are working together on the Praetorian launched following publication of the which is great news for Italian industry Defensive Aids Suite for the Eurofighter UK’s Combat Air Strategy at Farnborough and the future prosperity of our nation”. TYPHOON. Air Show in July 2018. The study con- Similarly, MBDA is a fully integrated In July 2018, the UK and Sweden had cluded that the “UK and Italy are natu- enterprise with important activities in signed a Memorandum of Understand- ral Combat Air partners, with both Air both Britain and Italy. The METEOR sys- ing (MoU) on future combat air, com- Forces operating the same, potent fleet tem is just one example of cutting-edge mitting the parties to work on a joint of and F-35”. technology which is collaboratively de- combat air development programme. The SOI will see the parties develop a signed and provided to the Air Forces of The Statement of Intent (SIO) signed partnership model which will include both nations. “Today’s announcement between the UK and Italy MoD and in- knowledge sharing, product definition further reinforces MBDA’s contribution dustries is an attenuated commitment and technology development for the to TEMPEST programme, exploiting the to the programme. “The launch of this joint development of future combat industrial excellences offered by the na- important partnership between Italy air systems. Charles Woodburn, Group tions involved. In addition to its future and the United Kingdom, in a strate- Chief Executive Officer, BAE Systems, weapons capabilities presented by the gic sector such as aerospace, is a very speaking at DSEI on behalf of the lead- TEMPEST Team during the show, MBDA positive result’, the new Defence Min- ing UK defence companies, said, “Our Italia will be able to contribute with its ister Lorenzo Guerini said. According to proven record of successful collabora- system expertise developed thanks to Guerini, this agreement is “yet another tion with Italian industry makes us cer- the ten-year participation in multina- confirmation of the excellence of the tain that this partnership between our tional programmes, such as the ME- Italian defence industry.” L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 63  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Spain Needs New Trainer Aircraft

Esteban Villarejo

The Spanish Government has issued a call for tenders to buy 24 jets and 4 simulators. The US-made T-6C TEXAN II is the favourite.

he needs another adequate training should be available by According to official sources, the €225M Ttrainer plane. In 2021, the CASA that time”, an MoD official told ESD. contract is for the acquisition of 24 air- C-101 AVIOJET will reach the end of its The replacement of these 60 C-101 air- craft, 2 flight training simulators, 2 op- service life, and for this reason the Span- craft is one of the priorities of the Span- erational flight simulators, and 1 ejec- ish government has issued a call for ten- ish Air Force in the coming years. The tion seat trainer. “Nowadays, there is a ders for the purchase of a new model. veteran C-101 entered into service in 50-50 proportion between the hours of In April 2019, the Government approved 1980. This type is an advanced train- training in flights and simulators”, the a budget of €225M for this acquisition. ing aircraft that allows a complete aero- MoD underlines. The tender documents In total, there will be an additional €75M nautical formation from the first flight stipulate that the company that finally per year in 2020, 2021 and 2022, the phases until the transition to the fighter wins the contract will train eight pilots. date by which the replacement of the planes. It was built entirely in Spain by C-101 is expected to be completed. Construcciones Aeronáuticas S.A. (CA- A Tender Favouring “The Air Force has determined that the SA), which later became part of Airbus. “Made in USA” date on which the current C-101 system The C-101 is also the plane used by the will not be able to continue providing “Patrulla Águila”, the aerobatic demon- The Spanish procurement authority basic training for Air Force students is stration team with seven aircraft. There- DGAM is receiving possible options until September 2021. A new system with the fore, the new model will also replace this 23 September. So it is still a secret which technological capabilities that guarantee symbol of the Spanish Air Force. companies compete for the tender but there is an obvious favourite: the “made in USA” Beechcraft T-6C TEXAN II man- ufactured by Defence, a turboprop aircraft that has already been evaluated by Spanish Air Force. “The Beechcraft T-6C is a next-gener-

Photo: EJÉRCITO DEL AIRE ation military trainer designed for all levels of instruction – from ab initio to advance operational training. The T-6C TEXAN II was purpose-built for a wide range of training capabilities, long-term reliability and cost-effective operations”, the US company presents. Its low operational cost, the advanced Esterline CMC Cockpit 4000 avionics suite, and the turboprop engine Pratt C-101 AVIOJET aircraft during a flight from the Air Force Academy & Whitney PT6A 68 are the main char- in San Javier (Murcia) acteristics that make the T-6 TEXAN II the preferred option for the Spanish Air Force. The T-6 TEXAN II is operated by the Luftwaffe, Mexico, Argentina, Can- ada, and US Air Force and Navy, among other clients.

Photo: EJÉRCITO DEL AIRE The Swiss Option: PC-21

Another preferred and evaluated tender is the Swiss PC-21 (Pilatus Aircraft). “The PC-21 has better aerodynamic perfor- mance than any other turboprop trainer on the market, pushing the speed and climb rate into a domain previously re- served for jets only”, the Swiss company In 2021, the C-101 AVIOJET will reach the end of its service life. defends.

64 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

Its cockpit avionics with the display and control system can emulate latest gen- eration front-line aircraft. Fuel consump- tion and associated costs are also the advantages of this type of trainer.

“Pilatus has also developed a fully inte- Photo: EJÉRCITO DEL AIRE grated training system to accompany the PC-21. It comprises the latest simulators, computer-based training and pilot class- room instruction. Nine customers have bought 211 PC-21s since its maiden flight in 2002”, a company spokesperson said. France, Jordan, Australia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore and Switzerland are among the clients of this trainer aircraft. Among the requirements put forth by the Spanish Air Force, the new trainer The C-101 is also the plane of the Spanish aerobatics team should accomplish: a maximum speed “Patrulla Águila” between 370-425 km/h at an altitude of 7,600 metres and with half a tank; a flight between 7,600 and 9,150 metres; an autonomy between an hour and a half and 2 hours at a speed of between 370-425 km/h; an on-board oxygen system; and the company that offers a smoke system for aerobatic displays will receive more points. Photo: Textron Aviation Defence The trainer aircraft that has been award- ed the contract will be part of a sophis- ticated integrated training system for the General Academy of the Spanish Air Force in San Javier (Murcia).

Another Spanish Option The turboprop Beechcraft T-6 TEXAN II Required by 2027 Apart from this first acquisition (Beech- craft T-6C TEXAN II or Pilatus PC-21), an- other type of jet will be required by 2027 to complete the new training concept: the 50 Spanish F-5 fighters that instruct Photo: Pilatus Aircraft Ltd the military pilots in the combat flight and the 40 smaller T-35C Pillán (first flights) will also have to be replaced. In an interview with journalists, the head of the Spanish Air Force, General Javier Salto, defended the choice of a Spanish industry aircraft for this second aircraft procurement programme be- cause " it creates jobs directly in Spain". And the answer to this requirement is Airbus, the European manufacturer with The Swiss PC21 factories in Getafe (Madrid) and Seville. “We are working to make that project would cover all military training needs will be a last generation aircraft. It will real”, sources at Airbus told ESD. and would be interconnected with the be a strong step to maintain the capa- Airbus is leading an alliance with the A400M, the EUROFIGHTER and its fu- bilities in Spain: design, build, certify Spanish companies Indra, ITP, GMV, Tec- ture substitute, the Future Combat Air and maintain a complete aircraft. This is nobit or Cesa (controlled by the Cana- System (FCAS). something that only a few countries can dian company Héroux-Devtek) to reach "It is a great opportunity for the Spanish do”, sources at Airbus told ESD. that objective and present an offer to industry in simulators, sensors, equip- The new model would also be an export the Air Force. All of these companies are ment. We are going to make all of the opportunity for Spain that would join now designing the “made in Spain” air- avionics; the propulsion systems will be to the C-295, A330 MRTT and A400M craft called Airbus Flexible Jet (AFJ) that also specific and new for this model. It aircraft. L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 65  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Containers for a Multitude of Applications Gerhard Heiming

Sixty years after the introduction of containers, two thirds of the international trade in goods is carried out with standardised metal boxes. The separation of transport and handling of cargo has quickly led to the development of functional containers that can provide mobile capabilities.

container is quickly described in terms Separation of Transport mission-specific equipment by system Aof length, width, height and maximum and Function companies. By using multiple containers, weight and geometrically determined by in which the surface area can almost be the distances between the twist lock fas- In addition to intermodal transport, the doubled or tripled by means of sliding tenings at all eight corners. While 40' con- use of containers makes it possible to mechanisms, or by coupling containers, tainers predominate in world trade (mainly separate means of transport and func- the working area that can be used with- sea trade), functional containers are mainly tion. To do this, the container must be out partition walls can be enlarged within designed in size 20'. With a width of 2,438 set down from the transport vehicle. wide limits. For users, modularity, mobil- mm and a height of 2,591 mm, the 20' ISO Some lorries, such as the Bundeswehr's ity and protection are important aspects standard containers can be transported on MULTI A4 swap body truck, have de- that are largely independent of missions. normal roads. With a length of 6,058 mm vices for depositing containers. In 2018, and a weight limit of 24 tonnes, standard Rheinmetall and Supashock presented Container Superstructure

The main task for the container is to pro- vide a defined and protected interior. The minimum requirement for the walls, ceil-

Photo: Drehtainer ing, floor, doors and windows is there- fore tightness against water and dust during loading, transport and stationary operation. The walls are given stability by beads that characterise the appearance of the container. All-round thermal in- sulation is required for operation at high and low temperatures. Depending on the temperature spectrum and work require- ments, the internal temperature must be maintained within the required range by cooling or air-conditioning equipment. For armed forces in operation, protection against the threat of fire or explosives is often required. A field camp may comprise a multitude of different containers. While on the outside threats and harsh conditions are to be prevented, the walls lorries are suitable as means of transport. an Automated Load Handling System on the inside are the carriers of the equip- With their standardised dimensions, con- (ALHS) for trucks, with which contain- ment. Standardised mounting rails are tainers determine intermodal transport. ers can be safely set down or picked mainly used for the secure placement of All modes of transport (ship, rail, air and up by one person even under off-road the interior fittings or transport goods truck) have twist locks and can accommo- conditions (for example, dirt, inclines of and their fastening (including transport date containers. In intermodal transport, terrain and vehicle). Otherwise, either an securing). The elements to be accommo- for example, the cheapest means of trans- appropriate infrastructure is required, or dated are delivered as finished modules port can be selected. Ships (inexpensive) the presence of industrial lorries espe- and assembled in a few simple steps ac- and aircraft (fast) are suitable for (strategic) cially laid out for handling containers. In cording to the assembly plan. In addition, long-distance transport. On the long and special cases, containers are equipped rail systems make it possible to quickly medium haul ashore, an extensive railway with hydraulic supports with which the change the inner workings depending on network is available, especially in Europe. individual (or coupled) container is lifted the mission requirements. Only lorries are suitable for (tactical) trans- from the vehicle chassis at the point of Against the background of these numer- port to the final destination - even off the use and lowered to working height after ous requirements, the outer skin of the beaten track. Modern military logistics lor- the vehicle has moved away. container becomes a complex structure ries and trailers are equipped with contain- Functional containers are built by spe- that must be laid out within the weight er support frames for this purpose. cialist companies and are fitted out with limits of the container.

66 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

tions, residential and office containers can be used to quickly erect accommodation

Photo: KMW and workplaces in room-cell construction for larger numbers of people. The high demand measured in units is covered by a large number of suppliers. In Germany alone, Procontain, CHS-Container and Los- berger, among others, are active in this field – in addition to Drehtainer, as mentioned above. The containers can be delivered with removable walls. Then it is possible to flex- ibly produce rooms of different sizes on site. Doors and windows (on the outer walls) are standard equipment, as is the electrical in- stallation, including network cabling and lighting. After the mechanical construction with up to three floors, only the electrical connections must be made, and the con- German MuConPers protected transport container for 18 troops tainer is ready for operation. The interior furnishing with the homely de- Protected Containers met if containers are coupled in groups, as sign of the walls and the furniture forms a is the rule in field camps with residential separate trade. Containers used for military applications and office containers. This is no problem The flexible and at the same time robust are exposed to the threat of hostile forces. for blast and ballistic protection. For ra- construction predestines the containers for In particular, personnel - but also impor- diation protection and NBC protection, the construction and operation of emer- tant facilities such as command posts and the connections to corridors or connect- gency infrastructure for fast and highly mo- mission-critical equipment - must be pro- ing wings must also be "sealed". For NBC bile use worldwide.

Field Camp

For the accommodation of troops in the

Photo: Drehtainer theatres of operation, stationary field camps are set up due to the lack of avail- able infrastructure. They are the basis for all activities and at the same time a safe retreat for the forces deployed. For tasks such as operations planning (headquarters), repairs and even airports, accommodation for high performance work on a permanent basis must be provided. While tents are mainly used for short-term accommodation, con- tainers are used for medium-term periods (one to two years). The Bundeswehr is currently planning to procure ten container-based, protected field camp modules with accommoda- tion capacities of 500 persons each. The Containers also provide protection for transportation of battlefield containers - either in combination or in- casualties. dividually assembled - are equipped with the relevant specialist technology. The in- tected from access and fire from weapons protection, a protective ventilation system tegrated ballistic protection in accordance of all kinds. The protection requirements is required in addition to the seal, which with resistance class C4 (STANAG 2280) relate to ballistic protection, protection provides filtered breathing air with posi- is intended to prevent the fragmentation against blast, radiation safety/HF shielding tive pressure. Access must be structurally and blowing effect of projectiles that fall and NBC protection. controlled through a sluice, which pre- at close range. The company Drehtainer, for example, has vents any contamination. The more than a dozen modules listed re- already delivered a large number of contain- quire performance from almost all trades ers, the protection of which is certified ac- Residential and of real estate operation. Individual building cording to the NATO STANAG 2280 (for in- Office Containers blocks such as energy supply or field camp frastructure) and STANAG 4569 (for vehicles operation use complex technology and af- and superstructures) standards. Such con- Among the most frequently used func- fect all other building blocks. Therefore, the tainers can also protect personnel against tional containers are residential containers, modular field camp system requires effec- direct hits with 107mm or 122mm rockets. which are also used extensively in civilian tive, comprehensive coordination in devel- The protection requirements must also be environments. After preparing the founda- opment and production.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 67  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

MuConPers) for the protected transport of persons outside secured field camps. The container has been given a highly Photo: Marshall protected structure against asymmetric threats such as booby traps and fire and offers 18 seats for emergency personnel including their equipment. A MULTI (see below) serves as a means of transport, which can pick up and set down the Mu- ConPers without external assistance. Drehtainer has developed a protected casualty transport container (GVTC), in which wounded persons can be trans- ported between medical facilities or home accompanied by two paramedics. Depending on the configuration, the GVTC can accommodate four persons Expandable container for the Dutch DVOW programme seated and four lying or six persons ly- ing. The persons are protected against ballistics and blast as well as against NBC attacks. The GVTC has been tested by the Bundeswehr and is ready for series production. A delivery order has not yet been placed. Photo: Thielmann WEW

Work Stations in Coupled Containers In order to quickly create a work infra- structure (e.g. medical equipment, com- mand post, checkpoint, etc.) without external help, Drehtainer has developed a system for the attached coupling of containers. A special sliding frame is im- plemented between the carrier vehicle and the container, which can compen- sate for uneven terrain, height differ- ences and vehicle spacing. As soon as The 8,000L fuel container system from Thielman WEW is designed to the trucks with loaded containers have provide an autonomous, mobile, deployable system able to dispense reached their positions, the contain- diesel or kerosene directly into vehicles or other containers. ers are moved with the sliding frame in such a way that they are connected to Tank Containers quickly implement the high-quality stand- each other using the coupling principle ards comparable to hospitals, container proven in field camp construction. This The supply of bulk consumer goods such solutions designed for assembly configura- creates spaces from several containers as fuel or drinking water (if not produced tions on site, from the rescue station to the which can be hydraulically separated locally) to the end consumer is almost ex- emergency hospital, are used. This ensures from the carrier vehicles and brought clusively carried out with tank containers. initial and continued medical care under to the desired height. Design (e.g. pro- Specialists such as Gocher Fahrzeugbau operating conditions. The components tected) or equipment depend on military GOFA and Thielmann WEW have de- selected according to requirements are requirements. signed and built complete solutions within transported to the site of operation in in- ISO container dimensions. The focus is on termodal transport (including air transport) Workshop Equipment the tank container, which must meet high and can be used in the shortest possible BwFuhrparkService is the mobility service safety requirements and in some versions time. provider of the Bundeswehr and provides is also hardened to withstand fire. Pump The German Navy´s naval rescue centre vehicles in full service. This includes main- and distribution systems are of impor- (MERZ) consists of 26 containers, which tenance and repair in operation. If - e.g. tance for practical applications, which - in are fully equipped on land and installed abroad - it is not possible to fall back on compliance with safety regulations - can on the upper deck of a task force supply authorised workshops, BwFuhrparkService make it possible, for example, to set up a ship. This means that a medical service provides workshop equipment in contain- field filling station. capacity, which can also be reached by ers (WSA). The - previously trained - Bun- helicopter, can be provided worldwide. deswehr personnel will find the necessary Special Applications special tools and a basic set of spare parts Passenger Transport (including tyres) necessary for daily opera- Modular Medical Facilities The Bundeswehr has procured a crew tion. The container solution makes it pos- Medical support is one of the core tasks transport container (MULTI-capable, pro- sible to follow the troops to a certain extent during missions. In order to be able to tected container for passenger transport, and to be positioned correctly.

68 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 Modular Tanks for Fuel Farms Western Global is a UK-based manufacturer of fuel tanks and bowsers. In 1962, West- Container System ern Global was established as a family business in Stoke Gifford, UK as a tank fitting outfit. From its humble beginnings, Western expanded from the UK into European and The Netherlands have recently launched North American markets. In 2014, Western acquired the business of TransTank Pty Ltd, a comprehensive containerisation pro- bolstering its containerised tank capability and expanding its footprint into Australia and gramme as part of the military renew- South Africa. As a provider of portable tanks and dispensing equipment for the storage al of tactical vehicles (Defensiebrede and handling of fuels, lubricants and other fluids, Western Global is certified according to Vervanging Operationele Wielvoertui- ISO 9001:2015; 14001:2015 BSOHSAS 18001:2007, and it has local and global product gen, DVOW). Until 2024 Marshal ADG approvals including (UN), Underwriters Laboratory (UL & ULC), KIWA will deliver 1,400 ISO 20' containers. The (Netherlands), British Standards (BS) and Australian Standards (AS). containers are equipped in variants for Meanwhile, Western Global operates fabrication and assembly facilities in Australia, Af- the tasks of management, communica- rica, Europe and North America. Its most successful product is the TRANSTANK PRO tion, maintenance and goods storage. – a stationary bulk fuel container for heavy-duty, on-demand fuel supply applications. Most containers have air conditioning TRANSTANK PRO offers effortless connectivity and a reduced storage footprint and has a and are protected against harmful exter- capacity ranging from 12,200 litres to 89,400 litres. The containers can be linked together nal radiation. Containers for command to create an effective fuel farm. With their modular design, the tanks can provide unlimit- and control applications can be extended ed storage capacity, ideal for to a working area of 36 m². large scale power projects Marshall is also responsible for the main- and refuelling. Storable fuel tenance of the containers in operation. types include Diesel, Gaso- The containers are equipped with a Track line, Aviation and JP8. Plus, and Trace system and a Health and Usage the double-walled design Photo: Western Global System (HUMS). The system will be acti- eliminates the need for sec- vated when the first maintenance con- ondary containments. The tainers are delivered in February 2020. units can be relocated easily, This enables users to track, control and as they are built to ISO con- monitor a range of functions. These in- tainer dimensions. Available clude performance and use of subsys- in 10ft, 20ft, 40ft. tems, including heating, ventilation and air conditioning, humidification, dehu- midification, generators, CBRN, various to pick up and set down containers with armed forces have been using PLS trucks tank sensors, alarms and maintenance their own means. The lorry must be able to from Oshkosh, which can carry a payload conditions. carry at least 15 tons of military payload to of 15 tons on a 10x10 chassis and carry its The operator, Marshall, can thus plan and accommodate a 20' ISO container. own handling unit. control the movement and availability of The MULTI A4 FSA, which is in service the container systems for the Dutch mili- with the Bundeswehr, has both a hook Containers on the Advance tary in order to achieve optimum avail- with which so-called roll-off contain- ability. ers can be lowered and an X-frame for This small and certainly not complete in- lowering containers. The carrier vehicle sight into the use of containers by the Carrier Vehicles is a SX45 truck from Rheinmetall MAN armed forces shows a considerable po- Military Vehicles with a protected cabin. tential for the increase in capabilities us- More and more lorries are gaining ground The new all-round transporter, the un- ing containers. Rapid strategic and tactical in the armed forces, which are, for example, protected militarised transport vehicle deployability enables a rapid shift of focus. equipped with supporting frames for trans- (UTF mil), is also equipped with a con- The personnel deployed find optimal work- porting containers. Palletised Loading Sys- tainer support frame and can transport ing conditions - if necessary, under protec- tems (PLS) or Demountable Rack Offload 20' ISO containers in the 8x8 version. tion - and do not have to do without sensi- and Pickup Systems (DROPS) are equipped For more than twenty years, the US tive electronic equipment. L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 69  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Training and Simulation Update

William Carter

This year’s European International Training Equipment Conference (ITEC) was held in Stockholm with the theme "Interoperability – Connecting People, Technology and Nations".

he Keynote Speaker was Major Gen- Teral Karl Engelbrektson, Swedish Army Chief of Staff, who noted that two panel

members were from the civil area and that Photo: via author both military and civil authorities are in- volved in crisis management and it is essen- tial that they operate together. Continuing the theme of military/civil interaction, Rear Admiral Simon Williams of ITEC organisers Clarion Defence noted that many civil per- sonnel were attending the conference. Oth- er members of the Keynote Panel were Dr Frank DiGiovanni, US Navy Warfare Division; Hans Lindgren, Saab Training & Simulation, and the two civilians were Dan Eliasson, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and Dr Raed Arafat, Head of Romania’s Depart- ment of Emergency Situations. On numbers attending, the ITEC web site says that there were "more than 2,000 BAE SYSTEMS` SCEPTRE system attendees from 45 countries". This is the lowest number of ITEC attenders for many Recent Projects Spain: Indra Sistemas, headquartered in Ma- years. A survey on ITEC by the European drid and the iAltitude company have supplied Training and Simulation Association (ETSA) In the review below, in addition to conven- a new type of hypoxia flight trainer to the showed that 67% of responders thought tional training devices, there is a portable Spanish Air Force Aviation Medicine Training that the exhibition was not as good as containerised system, mixed reality systems Center in Madrid. This models the cockpit previous years, and its size may have be- that combine real and synthetic worlds, a of a C101 jet trainer and enables a realistic come less than the "critical mass" for such VR headset that can be used in the field, an mission to be simulated including hypoxia an international event. Key companies not Air Control trainer, a hypoxia (lack of oxy- incidents and how to deal with them. Pre- attending included Airbus training, Barco, gen) trainer based on an aircraft cockpit, a viously, hypoxia was trained in a so-called Boeing training, L-3 Technologies, Meggitt, trainer for cyber events, and training devices "hypobaric" chamber in which atmospheric QinetiQ, Rheinmetall and RUAG. Respond- for UAVs. Countries receiving new training pressure can be reduced, but without a real- ers also expressed a preference for the event devices include Argentina, Bangladesh, Lat- istic cockpit environment. In the new Indra to be held in London. This will happen next via, Qatar, and the UAE, showing increased cockpit model, the atmospheric pressure is year at the Excel exhibition centre near Lon- world awareness of the cost-effectiveness of normal but different ratios of oxygen and ni- don City Airport from 28 to 30 April 2020, modern simulation and training technology. trogen are supplied through the pilot’s face preceded on 27 April by the usual seminar mask. This allows controlled symptoms of hy- of the Simulation Interoperability Standards Fixed Wing Aircraft poxia to be experienced in a realistic cockpit Organization (SISO), currently planned at environment. the Royal Aeronautical Society headquar- Argentina: TRU Simulation + Training, head- UAE: SoftekSim of Riga, Latvia, is to supply ters in central London. ITEC has a tradition quartered in Charleston, South Carolina, is a Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer of moving from place to place rather than to deliver an operational flight trainer (OFT) (FNPTII) for Multi Crew Coordination (MCC) staying at one venue like its much larger for the Beechcraft T-6 TEXAN II turboprop to Fujairah Aviation Academy in Oman. Fujai- American counterpart that stabilised in Or- trainer for the Argentine Air Force. It will have rah trains pilots and engineers including for lando many years ago and quickly increased a visual display from Redifun Simulation with flying using Night Vision Goggles (NVG). in size. It might be better to stabilise future 270 by 80 degree view in a 10-foot radius UK. Thales UK and UK training aircraft ITECs at one or two popular venues, such dome. manufacturer Aeralis are to develop training as London, Cologne, or perhaps Stuttgart Qatar: Boeing Defense Training Systems and systems for the UK TEMPEST future fighter where the conference centre is in the airport Services, headquartered in St. Louis, has a programme. This includes simulator systems complex itself and no extra travel is needed US$500M contract for F-15QA aircrew and for basic training through to lead-in fighter if you stay at one of the many hotels near maintenance training for the Qatar Emiri Air training, courseware, data on student perfor- the airport. Force for completion in 2026. mance and aircraft utilisation.

70 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

for the Hellenic Army Aviation Command. UK: Inzpire Ltd. has upgraded its Targeted Fidelity Simulator (TFS) with higher fidelity in- struments and displays. It models an EC135 helicopter and uses Bohemia Interactive Sim- ulations software. Rear cabin crew use VR headsets with 360-degree view for weapon and winch operator training. USA: CAE USA of Tampa, Florida and Leon-

Photo: CAE ardo Helicopter Division, headquartered in CAE has upgraded the UAE Presidential Guard’s Joint Fires Training Rome have signed a Memorandum of Agree- Simulator (JFTS) with the latest version of MetaVR’s Virtual Reality ment (MoA) to collaborate in helicopter train- Scene Generator. ing packages in the USA and for Foreign Mili- tary Sales (FMS). The companies will provide UK: BAE Systems is to deliver the SCEPTRE Australia Defence Force (ADF). Thales has de- aircraft and training centres including simula- computerised mission planning system for livered three Level B Reality H Full Flight Simu- tors, other training devices, and courseware. Royal Air Force TYPHOON fighters. SCEPTRE lators; trainers for rear-crew; part task trainers combines cockpit views, flight and perfor- and classrooms with desktop trainers, plus Air Control System mance data, potential hazards and conflict devices for the Joint Helicopter School. detection, real time weather, intelligence, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UAE: Collins Aero- UK: QuantaDyn Corporation is to upgrade and other data. It is for mission rehearsal and space Simulation & Training Solutions has the UK version of its QFires Joint Fires Mobile can be used on tablets, computers and in- a US$30.95M contract for a Transportable Trainer (JFMT) with VBS Blue IG by Bohemia teractive touch tables such as those used for BLACK HAWK Operations Simulator (T- Interactive Simulations (BISim). The JFMT is briefing and de-briefing. BOS) for the National Guard of Saudi Ara- a self-contained mobile classroom to train bia. Other customers include Bahrain and JTACs, FACs, and JFOs, produced under the Rotary Wing the UAE. T-BOS is containerised and can be Close Air Simulation and Support System deployed to Forward Operating Bases (FOB). (CAS&S) contract with Elbit Systems as prime Australia: Thales Australia has achieved Ini- Greece: Pinnacle Solutions is to maintain OH- contractor. QuantaDyn provides the trailer- tial Operating Capability (IOC) for their Heli- 58D KIOWA helicopters and Training Aids, based training system and Elbit UK provides copter Aircrew Training System (HATS) for the Devices, Simulators and Simulations (TADSS) training and logistics. A four-person brief

THE WORLD’S LARGEST MODELING & SIMULATION EVENT

Why I/ITSEC? u 16,200 attendees u 485 exhibitors u 186,000 sq ft exhibit hall u 1,800 international attendees, from 50 countries

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11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 71  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

area has a large screen display and the main trainer has a 1.8m diameter dome with 220 x 58-degree view. Photo: via author UAVs

UK: The Top Cover Solutions (TCS) Consor- tium is to provide simulator support for the Royal Air Force MQ-9 REAPER UAV. TCS in- cludes 3SDL and Eagle Eye Innovations. It will interact with the MALET-JSIL Aircrew Trainer (MJAT) based at RAF Waddington, UK, and the RAF’s 39 Squadron at Creech Air Force Base (USA).

Cyber Systems

Spain: Indra Sistemas, headquartered in Ma- Kongsberg’s Rigid Inflatable Boat Gun Simulator drid, has supplied its Cyber Range system to the Joint Cyber-Defence Command of the Germany – US Army: Raytheon has a and two new licenses were purchased. The Spanish Army. US$159M contract to support training ex- upgrade also includes MACE software from ercises at the US Army Joint Multinational Battlespace Simulations, and a new class- Land Systems Readiness Center (JMRC) in Hohenfels and room with a 4-projector 8m display from Im- other US forces in Europe. This includes the mersive Display Solutions. The RG-31 AGRAB Austria: Calytrix Technologies is to supply Raytheon Mobile Instrumentation System for 4-wheel vehicle mortar simulator can be its TITAN real-world terrain modelling sys- distributed training. used with JFTS so that AGRAB Fire Teams tem to the Austrian Army. TITAN will be used Latvia: Cubic Defense Systems has supplied can train with joint forward observers (JFO) in school houses and have combined arms their Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement and joint terminal attack controllers (JTAC). capabilities with its integration with eSim Simulation system (MILES) to the Latvian Games Steel Beasts. Armed Forces in a €2.7M contract. MILES can Naval Systems Bangladesh: MASA Group, headquartered be attached to military equipment, weapons in Paris, has a contract with the Bangladesh or vehicles, and records engagement, firing Australia: Kongsberg Digital of Norway is to Army for its MASA SWORD war gaming and casualty data. Indo-Pacific Region. Cu- deliver two K-Sim full mission bridge simu- system at the Bangladesh Army War Game bic has US$150M contracts from various cus- lators to the Royal Australian Navy Watson Center (AWGC). AWGC uses SWORD for tomers in the Indo-Pacific (IPAC) region. This Bridge Simulator Facility in Sydney. Also, ship- command post training from Battalion to is for Air Combat Manoeuvring Instrumen- handling and engine room simulators will Division levels. tation (ACMI), training support for Combat be delivered to training facilities across the Finland: Saab has a €9M contract to supply Training Centres, upgrades and maintenance country. This includes training for ARAFURA simulators for marksmanship and combat services for live fire ranges. This includes Cu- class offshore patrol vessels, the new HUNT- training to the Finnish Defence Forces Logistics bic’s Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement ER class anti-submarine Future Frigates, and Command. This will include Saab’s Ground Systems (MILES) and range maintenance. Supply Class Auxiliary Oiler Replenishment Combat Indoor Trainer (GC IDT) system. UAE: Close Air Solutions (CAS) has upgraded (AOR) vessels. Germany: Systematic A/S has supplied the UAE Presidential Guard (PG) Joint Fires Canada: CAE has a contract from Lockheed the German Army with an e-learning pro- Training Simulator (JFTS) with the latest ver- Martin Canada in the programme for the gramme for the SITAWARE training product sion of MetaVR’s Virtual Reality Scene Gener- future Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC) for army HQ staff. ator (VRSG). 49 VRSG licenses were renewed ship. CAE will provide Training Needs Analy- sis (TNA), engineering, and other services. The CSC ship design is based on BAE Systems Global Combat Ship and will include the CMS 330 combat management system developed

Photo: via author by LM Canada. Greece: VSTEP B.V. of Rotterdam, Nether- lands is to provide three of its NAUTIS Con- sole simulators for the Greek Navy training facility in Piraeus, Athens. They will have three screens with a 120-degree view, and 15 types of vessels will be modelled. Sweden: CAE is to upgrade the Naval War- fare Training System (NWTS) at the Swedish Naval Warfare Centre (NWC) in Karlskrona. NWTS was originally developed by CAE in 2016 and has 52 student stations and 13 instructor stations. It trains for sensor opera- QuantaDyn`s Remotely Piloted Aircraft Simulation System tions and Command, Control, Communica-

72 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  tions, and Computing (C4). Upgrades include Simulation and Training located at the so-called "Imaginarium" in sonar and electronic warfare training, and Systems Tourcoing. improved training scenarios. CAE will also Spain: Indra Sistemas has developed a VR add friendly and enemy Computer-Generat- Belgium: Barco NV has developed its XT LED headset that can be used by soldiers when ed Forces (CGF). system. The LED displays are accessible from training with real equipment. The headset UK: QinetiQ Group plc has a contract with the front and have a shallow depth, conveni- adds a virtual environment and is part of the the Royal Navy for the POINTER data analy- ent for wall-mounting. An Assisted Module iVictrix marksmanship simulator, related to sis and measurement system. Developed Extraction feature allows tiles to be removed some 40Victrix simulators used by the Span- together with the UK Defence Science and for maintenance or replacement. ish Army. Technology Laboratory (DSTL), also at Farn- Czech Republic: Bohemia Interactive has borough, POINTER links Command and introduced the VBS3 Bundle, bringing to- Conclusion Control functions with weapon operators gether VBS Control Behaviour Pack 1, VBS for training to counter threats from Fast In- Chalkboard Pro, VBS Radio Pro, and Terrain This article lists recent training devices sup- shore Attack Craft (FIAC) including swarms Pack. This adds features to its VBS3 system, plied to organisations in 19 nations by 28 of craft. It will be used in exercises on a including Artificial Intelligence, behaviours, different suppliers based in 15 countries. range of platforms under the Royal Navy simulated radio, expanded connectivity, and Subject areas include land, sea and air Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST). Weapon- more content. equipment, UAVs, multi-role systems, and mounted laser rangefinders are used, and Finland: Varjo Technologies of Helsinki has cyber. It also points out that the 2019 Eu- position and state of weapon systems is re- developed the XR-1 headset with imagery ropean ITEC exhibition in Sweden has been corded together with GPS-tracked threats. and eye-tracking. This adds a front plate to assessed as less than the "critical mass" Weapon effects are calculated, and results the earlier Varjo VR-1 device that includes for such a potentially major event. Perhaps are displayed in real time. two 12 mpx cameras. it could be rescued by changing the ITEC UK: Saab is to supply its AUV62-AT underwa- France: Antycip Simulation has developed habit of going to a different place each year, ter vehicle for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) The Open Reality Experience (TORE). This and stabilising at one, perhaps two, popu- training to the Royal Navy. USA. Cervus De- is a 4 x 8 x 8 metre visualisation system on lar European exhibition locations. See you fence Ltd UK and its US partner Stucan Solu- two-floors of a training building, and uses in 2020 at ITEC in London and later at the tions has a contract for Risk-Reduction Pro- curved screens rather than the flat screens really big event, I/ITSEC in Orlando, which totyping of the US Marine Corps Wargaming of a cube-shaped Cave Automatic Virtual anyone with an interest in state-of-the-art Capability Center. This will include post-game Environment (CAVE). TORE has been de- cost-effective training and simulation sys- analysis using the STUCAN-HIVE system. veloped for the University of Lille and is tems, should plan to attend.   ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY CBRN Training and Simulation

Dan Kaszeta

The CBRN defence discipline, and its corresponding CBRN defence industry, are often viewed in terms of equipment and technology. Indeed, this is a segment which confronts technological threats.

tors, and their close collaboration with the various major detection manufactur- ers adds great value to their products. Other players in the market space pro- viding useful hardware and software include Hotzone Solutions (NL), Saab (Sweden), Prometech (NL), Bruhn New- tech (Denmark), and Hazsim (USA). Hot- zone’s simulation kit continues to be a useful addition in this market-space. It is a set of chemicals that have the exact same physical characteristics as major chemical warfare agents. This much is not new; Battelle Institute (USA) fielded such a kit in the 1990s. But the Hotzone kit gives results on the major detection hardware identical to the chemical war- fare agents they are meant to detect. The effect is stunning, so much so that one must take care when transporting the kit through security screening check- points. It does a disservice to ESD readers if I were to discuss the CBRN training and simulation purely in terms of hardware and software. This is very much a seg- ment where both the activity and the money are concentrated in services. Ser- vices, in particular the provision of train-

Photo: Argon ing is very much the core of this segment The British company Argon is the market leader in CBRN training and and the running of training courses, simulation. Depicted is a French CBRN recce team approaching an exer- schools, and institutes very much drives cise site with Argon`s AP4C-SIM chemical detector simulator and the SS2 the purchase of training and simulation radiological survey meter. technology and hardware. Hotzone Solutions, already mentioned any of the solutions and counter- The Training Market above, is hard at work in the CBRN Mmeasures to the CBRN threat are Segment training arena. They are quite active in items of equipment and sophisticated tech- the Middle East, having set up a sub- nologies. However, addressing the threat Technology and equipment are still im- sidiary operation in United Arab Emir- adequately needs things beyond hardware. portant in training simulation, but few ates. Their current UAE course catalogue Doctrine and philosophy play an important new products have emerged of late. leans heavily to basic and intermediate role, as do simulation and training. These The article that this author wrote on this radiation protection, and they seem softer areas of CBRN defence are as valid as same subject in 2017 is valid with little busy, with classes every month. Cubic, the hard equipment areas like protection, or no revision. The overall shape of the the global defence conglomerate, has detection, and decontamination. marketplace in this sector remains very won a number of CBRN training con- similar since this magazine addressed tracts around the world. Notably, Cubic Author the subject two years ago. Argon Elec- has recently landed a major contract to tronics (UK) is still very much a leader in support Australian defence forces with Dan Kaszeta is Managing Director at this space and provides both hardware CBRN training, an effort that includes Strongpoint Security Ltd. and a regu- and software for realistic simulation of some significant threat simulation ef- lar contributor to ESD. CBRN detection. They produce simula- forts. Leidos (USA) has several large tors that look and feel like actual detec- contracts to provide CBRN simulation

74 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  support, particularly for the US Defense CBRN Education – There are some fine institutions doing ex- Threat Reduction Agency. Military and Civil cellent work in this arena. Although mili- One often-overlooked part of this mar- tary CBRN schools are too numerous to ket space are the underlying equipment A core component of CBRN training list, there are a number worthy of men- manufacturers. Most of the manufactur- around the work is the professional tion. The US Army CBRN School (formerly ers of protection, decontamination, and military education given both to CBRN US Army Chemical School – this author is detection equipment will provide train- specialists and the broader rank-and- an alumnus), in Missouri, has decades of ing to customers on use of their equip- file of militaries. The CBRN component experience training students from other ment. Anecdotally, this training ranges of general basic military training is of- nations. American public sector civilian from the bare minimum to very good, ten rudimentary or even non-existent institutions, such California’s Specialised although it often depends on what the in some militaries, but can be as much Training Institute, the Maryland Fire and customer actually demands and pays as a day or two in others. But for mili- Rescue Institute, and the FEMA National for. Certainly, some of the best CBRN tary and other CBRN professionals, it Fire Academy to name but a few all have instructors in the field, often retired is another story altogether. Normally, trained foreign students in hazardous military specialists, work as instructors in-house training for one’s own forces materials operations, which are valuable for equipment manufacturers. Statis- would only rate a nominal mention in to civil-sector CBRN response. tics are not freely available, but if one a magazine such as this. But a crucial An interesting development has been were to make an educated guess, the factor, and one occasionally overlooked, the advent of civilian training courses in number of training hours provided by is the fact that dozens, if not hundreds, academic settings. In October 2018, the the original equipment manufacturers is of such schools and institutes will take first course of “CBRN security manag- a reasonable proportion of the global foreign students. Some do this routinely, ers” graduated from University of Lodz CBRN training effort. Equipment-based while others do it on an occasional basis. (Poland), where this new programme is training has its limits. The manufacturer This is not a new phenomenon. During managed by the faculty of biology and is very good at teaching technicians how the decades of the Cold War, the Soviet environmental protection in cooperation to use their detection instrument, but Union trained numerous CBRN defence with Polish police and various institutes that same manufacturer is not likely to (and, given the times, offence) special- in Poland and Slovakia. Graduates were be the best source of instruction as to ists at specialty institutes. Likewise, the not just Poles. Students from eight other what to do when the detector alerts the US provided similar training to the rest EU member states were in the first class operator. of the world. of graduates. The University of Rome-Tor  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Vergata (Italy) has, for a number of years was widely fragmented. Several efforts The effort is organised into eight regional now, offered a Master’s Degree course have been made to streamline and ra- secretariats – West Africa, Central Asia, in CBRNe, with two levels – a responder tionalise the situation. A European Union Central and East Africa, the Gulf, the level and an advisor’s level. Cranfield Uni- Horizon 2020 project has been funded to Middle East (e.g. Jordan, Iraq, and Leba- versity (UK) offers a CBRN defence sci- help the overall CBRN training situation. non), North Africa and Sahel, South East ence course. Project eNOTICE (European Network of Asia, and Southern and Eastern Europe. CBRN Training Centres) started in late Many, but not all, of the projects under- European Efforts 2017 and is coordinated by Catholic Uni- taken have been involved in training to versity of Louvain (Belgium) and has 11 help partner countries with CBRN situa- Europe is replete with institutions that other consortium partners across both tions. One example of a training project train students on varying levels of CBRN military and civilian institutions. JCBRN- is CofE Project 61, which is still ongoing. skills. Most of the major European states CoE is a member, as is the CBRN master’s It seeks to help improve consequence have a military CBRN centre or school. programme at University of Rome-Tor management after CBRN incidents in Winterbourne Gunner is home to the Vergata. The eNOTICE project seeks to ten Southeast Asian countries. Project 61 UK’s Defence CBRN Centre. Spiez, coordinate with training and joint exer- held training in Laos and Singapore this summer and will hold workshops in Viet- nam and Cambodia this autumn. It should be noted that only part of the CBRN CofE projects actually involve de- livery of training courses. But most have some spin-off effect in the training are-

Photo: Hotzone Solutions na. Many of the projects have involved improvements to capacity, knowledge, and/or infrastructure to allow the part- ner nations to conduct better CBRN training. As one example of many, CofE Project 53 helped rebuild and rehabili- tate the Afghan National Public Health Institute, to enable biosecurity and bi- osafety training. INTERPOL has embarked on some ef- forts to improve the ability of police in its member states to respond to crimes involving CBRN materials and scenarios. (This author is part of a working group supporting this effort.) The Chemical Analysis Recovery and Sampling (CHARS) The Hotzone Identifier HazCat kit is a set of chemicals that have project aims to improve the ability of po- exactly the same physical characteristics as major chemical warfare lice and security services to recover and agents. handle forensic evidence in CBRN envi- ronments, and is aimed to help member Switzerland is home to ABC-Zentrum, the cise programmes all over Europe. It also states who have not been able to achieve Swiss military’s CBRN school, which also includes non-EU members in this effort, a level of readiness on this subject. supports civil protection units. NATO has promoting access to training courses in long had a series of CBRN courses at the Uzbekistan, Serbia, and Ukraine. Fundamental Issues with NATO School in Oberammergau, offering CBRN Readiness a wide variety of 1 week modules. Taking Europe to the Rest The Joint CBRN Centre of Excellence (JC- of the World CBRN training and Simulation suffers BRNCoE) is located in the Czech Republic from a fundamental philosophical prob- and is chartered to provide CBRN training Although this is a European publica- lem in that it is all too often focused on across NATO. Recognising that coalition tion, there are notable efforts to export CBRN specialists, who in turn are a small and joint operations are the status quo European knowledge and expertise to fraction of their respective militaries. An in this current age and not just a novelty, other parts of the world. It is important army with a small cadre of good CBRN this centre seeks to provide a common to mention long-running efforts by the specialists, but a very poor level of train- framework across the NATO member European Union CBRN Centres of Excel- ing and readiness in its combat units will states. It is led by a Czech Colonel, with a lence (CBRN CofE) programme. Based not do well on the battlefield in CBRN Germany deputy and an American chief on the EU “Instrument for Stability” and conditions. Small or even larger units of of staff. 14 NATO member states sup- dating back to 2010, the EU CBRN CofE well-equipped CBRN specialists, while es- port the centre. The Centre runs a num- programme has executed a wide variety sential for many tasks, are not a substitute ber of training courses, and is geographi- of projects and programmes outside of for combat forces that can perform their cally well-suited to access the Czech live EU member states. The level of effort has wartime tasks under actual CBRN operat- chemical warfare agent training facility. been very large – €250M over a period of ing conditions. Likewise, even excellent The wide variety of CBRN courses in Eu- ten years. Projects have been undertaken instructors teaching basic CBRN skills in rope once meant that the overall picture in approximately 60 partner countries. initial training environments will not help

76 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  much if those skills are not kept up with refresher and sustainment training. Two decades of deployments to Afghanistan, Iraq, and various peacekeeping missions have served, more often than not, to reduce CBRN training in favour of more urgent operational needs. The key to the survival and resilience of Photo: Safety Innovation Center manoeuvre and combat support forces in hazardous and contaminated environ- ments is that every person and every sys- tem needs to be able to operate in those environments. Initial training, specialist CBRN soldiers trained in professional in- stitutes, and excellent simulator technol- ogy are only going to go a short way towards making sure that infantry and armour battalions can work and fight for hours or days in contaminated environ- ments. CBRN training often begins and ends with training in specific CBRN tasks, like donning masks or conducting decon- tamination tasks. But what about driving vehicles in protective clothing or directing artillery fire? The entire point of CBRN survivability is to fight battles. But all too Established in March 2019, the EU research project eNOTICE aims to often, CBRN defence tasks are treated establish a European network of CBRN training, test and demonstration as end unto themselves. This might save centres. Depicted is a recent training exercise. lives from direct CBRN attack, but it will not help armies prevail in battle. In one of the more promising CBRN train- exercise series visits a different air base It is necessary to conduct warfighting ing exercises in recent years in a NATO in a NATO member state each year. Toxic exercises in imaginary hazardous environ- member state, the UK’s 40 Commando, Trip 2019 is being hosted in Italy. ments in order to gain this level of readi- executed Operation Toxic CBRN exercises do occur outside of the Eu- ness. Unfortunately, such exercises are Dagger. In early 2018, this three-week ex- ropean space, although often they get less often rare. In some militaries, they are ercise saw over 300 Royal Marines exer- notice. Japan and South Korea, no doubt practically non-existent. Such an empha- cise in a wide variety of operations, with cognisant of potential threats from North sis in training often requires both support CBRN tasks and situations integrated in- Korea, conduct CBRN defence exercises. and directives from higher headquarters. to the overall scheme. The Atomic Weap- South Korea sent military units to a CBRN Sadly, CBRN readiness often competes ons Establishment and Porton Down, the exercise called “Atropian Phoenix” in the with other necessities. The effective an- UK’s chemical and biological centre of USA in 2014 and has a reasonable calen- swer is rarely “have a big CBRN exercise” expertise, supported the exercise. It re- dar of domestic training. In August 2018, as an end unto itself, but integrating hours mains to be seen if further exercises of US Army and Japanese Ground Self De- or half of day of operations in CBRN pro- this magnitude appear in the UK. fence Forces conducted joint CBRN training tective posture into an exercise that was NATO plays a large role in CBRN exercises. at Camp Zama, a US base. In April, 2018, already going to happen anyway is a good Operation “Coronat Mask 18” was led the Jordanian military conducted a major start to improving defensive posture. by the Germans and hosted in Bruchsal, CBRN defence exercise. In early August of Germany in September 2018. It included this year, over 2000 Russian CBRN special- Major Exercises 1300 personnel from 14 allied nations. ists and support troops conducted a large “Toxic Valley” is a series of annual exer- CBRN exercise at Tsugol training range in While they are not a miracle cure, exer- cises habitually hosted by Slovakia, with Russia’s Trans-Baikal region. cises do help. It is clear that militaries and much participation from other nations. defence ministries around the world take “Precise Response” is yet another annual Conclusion this as a given, and a variety of CBRN set of NATO exercises, hosted by Canada exercises have been noted over previous at DRDC Suffield, in Alberta. Training and simulation, while not nec- years. The US Army has a long history CBRN training is sometimes seen as an essarily the most popular of all subjects, of integrating CBRN situations and sce- “army only” phenomenon. However, requires care and attention. It competes narios into its major exercises at the vast persistent chemical warfare agents can with many other requirements and pri- National Training Center (Fort Irwin, Cali- be used to contaminate airfields. As orities, but neglect in this area could fornia) and the Joint Readiness Training such, CBRN training for air forces is very cause casualties in future conflicts. All Center (Fort Polk, Louisiana). However, important, given the vulnerabilities of of the CBRN hardware in the world is the frequency and emphasis of CBRN the necessary support infrastructure. JC- not going to make militaries or civil training in major training deployments BRNCoE seeks to address this issue by responders ready to respond to CBRN has varied greatly over the years as pri- holding an annual series of CBRN exer- threats. Training is not a luxury, but a orities compete. cises at air bases called “Toxic Trip.” This necessity. L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 77  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Protecting Critical Infrastructure

Tim Guest

In the face of danger from multiple threats in today’s uncertain geopolitical morass, protecting critical infrastructure is one of the highest-priority security issues for most governments.

efining what constitutes Critical in- chemical plants, nuclear reprocessing services – including those services whose Dfrastructure (CI), also referred to in plants and others. integrity, if compromised, could result in the UK as Critical National Infrastructure This article takes a brief look at what typi- significant loss of life, or casualties – tak- (CNI), follows pretty much the same ap- cally constitutes CI. It cites the kind of ing into account significant economic, or proach across the globe, though with governmental organisations responsible social impacts; and/or, some variations. The designation CI for and involved with protecting CI, cit- b) Significant impact on national security, typically relates to facilities, sites, instal- ing certain national and international ex- national defence, or the functioning of lations, networks, information, and pro- amples, and then looks at a few specific the state.” cedures on which a nation’s population areas of CI protection, namely: physical In the UK, the Centre for the Protection of depends for day-to-day life and essential access control, surveillance and physical National Infrastructure (CPNI) is the govern- services. Interpol describes CI as acting barrier protection. ment authority responsible for delivering ‘as the life-support system of our every- protective security advice to the nation’s day existence’, although the caveat is that Critical Infrastructure and national infrastructure. It includes the fol- some CI sites may actually be non-critical its Guardians lowing 12 national sectors on its CI list: to everyday living, but are still critical be- cause they need protecting to avoid dan- The UK Government’s official definition of Chemicals Food ger to the population. Such might include CNI is “Those critical elements of infrastruc- Civil Nuclear Government Communications Defence Health Emergency Services Space Energy Transport Finance Water Photo: Axis Communications These are further sub-divided, if neces- sary, for example, the emergency ser- vices are split into Ambulance, Coast Guard, Fire Services and Police. Each CNI sector has at least one Lead Gov- ernment Department (LGD) looking after it and making sure critical assets have protective security in place, though under the collective umbrella of the CP- NI. The CPNI itself is accountable to the Director General of MI5, the UK's do- mestic counter-intelligence and security agency, and protects national security by helping to reduce the vulnerability of national infrastructure to terrorism and other threats by providing advice and The new AXIS Q1798-LE Network Camera. Surveillance cameras com- assistance to those with direct respon- bined with powerful analytics can allow operators at CI sites, such as sibility for protecting physical CNI from major transport links, to determine the further intelligence required such security threats. When it comes to after an initial alarm to assess if action is needed. the protection of CNI IT networks, data and related systems from cyber-attack, Author ture (namely assets, facilities, systems, net- responsibility for this falls to the UK’s works or processes and the essential work- relatively new National Cyber Security Tim Guest is a freelance journalist, ers that operate and facilitate them), the loss Centre (NCSC), which launched in Oc- UK Correspondent for ESD and for- or compromise of which could result in: tober 2016. It works in partnership with mer officer in the UK Royal Artillery. a) Major detrimental impact on the avaia- the CPNI to deliver comprehensive ad- bility, integrity, or delivery of essential vice on all aspects of protective security.

78 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

For comparison, in the US, the Depart- ment of Homeland Security (DHS) is re- sponsible for CI advice/directives across Photo: ATG the nation. Its Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21): Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, lays down a national policy to “strengthen and maintain secure, func- tioning, and resilient critical infrastruc- ture”; on the DHS list are 16 CI sectors: • Chemical • Commercial facilities • Communications • Critical manufacturing • Dams • Defence industrial base • Emergency services • Energy Retractable bollards like these from ATG have become widely used to • Financial services protect utilities and other critical infrastructure, airports and datacentres. • Food and agriculture • Government facilities ner countries, met at NATO HQ to dis- NATO’s Critical Infrastructure Protection • Healthcare and public health cuss CI interdependencies across what (CIP) efforts focus on establishing a shared • Information technology it terms ‘NATO’s seven resilience base- awareness and understanding about the • Nuclear reactors, materials and waste lines”. These are listed as: potential cascading impact of the degra- • Transportation systems • Energy dation or failure of these critical resilience • Water and wastewater systems. • Communications sectors. The meeting in December 2018 • Food and water brought together more than 230 govern- As a collective, NATO also has CI pro- • Transportation ment representatives, civil servants and civil tection high on its agenda. At the end • Mass casualties preparedness experts from allied countries of last year, officials and experts from • Population movements and interoperability partner countries, as across the Alliance, as well as from part- • Continuity of government services. well as representatives from the Europe-

TO BE good here

BALT MILITARY EXPO 16TH BALTIC MILITARY FAIR

THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL TECH-SCIENCE CONFERENCE ON NAVAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEFENCE AND SECURITY.

GDAŃSK, POLAND 22–24 JUNE 2020 WWW.BALTMILITARY.PL Photo: Locken At a further strategic level, the United Nations (UN) is also on the ball when it comes to CIP. Its Counter Terrorism Imple- mentation Task Force (CTITF) under the Office of Counter Terrorism (OCT), has a Working Group on the Protection of CI, including Vulnerable Targets, Internet and Tourism Security; the collective respon- sibility of these departments is to work with member states in developing and supporting efforts in these three areas. In 2017, the UN departments unanimously adopted resolution 2341 on the “Protec- tion of Critical Infrastructure and Enhance- ment of States’ Capacities to Prevent At- tacks against Critical Infrastructure”. This invites members to consider the possible The Locken company provides first line access control for the electricity preventative measures they might take supply facilities and infrastructure of UK Power Networks (UKPN). as part of overall national strategies and builds on the UN’s own Global Counter- an Commission, academia and industry. tecting CI was a part of overall collective Terrorism Strategy under which member It was one of several such meetings that defence strategies, but this approach has states have already resolved to “step up form part of NATO’s overall efforts to im- now evolved as new asymmetric threats all efforts to improve the security and pro- prove civil preparedness against a range of complicate the picture, particularly as tection of particularly vulnerable targets, threats to its allied states and populations, computerisation involvement in so many such as infrastructure and public places”. by implementing the “Resilience Commit- CI scenarios means cyber threats are per- In 2018, these UN departments, under ment” agreed by NATO heads of state and vasive and changing all the time. NATO the chairmanship of Interpol, published a government at the NATO Summit in War- has, therefore, made it part of its mission comprehensive document titled “The Pro- saw in 2016. Dr. John Manza, NATO’s As- to develop a deep and sophisticated un- tection of Critical Infrastructures against sistant Secretary General for Operations, derstanding of today’s asymmetric, hybrid Terrorist Attacks: Compendium of Good said at the time that resilience is now the threats, together with expertise in recog- Practices”. In the document, Interpol em- Alliance’s core business, critical for NATO’s nising and countering those threats, par- phasises, amongst many other things, deterrence and defence posture and criti- ticularly from cyberspace. It is, however, how the overlap between the physical and cal for the stability of its partners. He said an expertise and understanding that is the digital world, including the ubiquitous resilience is an essential first line of defence having to grow and evolve all the time to availability of anywhere anytime connec- against a broad range of threats. Since the keep pace with this increasingly complex, tivity, means that even the most strategic Alliance’s inception, CIP has been high on fast-moving, ever-changing and danger- and important CI can now have both its its list of priorities. In the Cold War, pro- ous area. cyber and physical elements controlled from almost anywhere in the world. Whilst this might be convenient for those running the CI, this new era of technologi- cal magic also makes CI, (that’s control- Photo: Locken lable in such a way), extremely vulnerable to potential threats and makes effective and comprehensive CIP more important than ever before.

Considerations for Physical Access Control One of the key areas for consideration in CIP is that of Access Control. At any CI site, this provides either the first line of defence against man-made threats as they approach a perimeter entrance, or it may offer a level-by-level approach to a secure, interior control room. In ei- ther case a range of procedures and sys- tems will be employed and represent the boundaries between public/unrestricted and private/restricted areas. Access control is one of the most crucial Locken is using the LPCB4 electronic high-security padlock, which allows areas of CIP. Sites, such as nuclear power only registered, authorised personnel to access work locations. stations, hydro-electric power plants and

80 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 dams, oil refineries, transportation networks and others will not only have extensive exterior and perimeter areas and main entrances to watch and secure, but they will also have secure control rooms of one sort or another. These are where site personnel carry out critical operational processes and from which operations are monitored and controlled. Access to such control rooms is always restricted to authorised personnel only, those with business to be there based on the personnel secu- rity policies the CI site has in place. When considering access control security, not only must organisations think about mat- ters ‘on site’, but they must also look to the wider world from where potential threats to their infrastructure, networks, IT and databases may come. Organisations need to have clearly defined access control guidelines in place with clear delegation as to who is respon- sible for their implementation. They need to consider where every access point is and how staff, visitors and vehicles are all to be processed. Staff may all have passes, while visitors may need security clearance and will often need to be escorted at all times. Special procedures may also need to be in place for peo- ple making deliveries. Doors, windows, gates, will all require an accepted level of security apparatus/procedure in place involv- ing such things as appropriate locking mechanisms, security lighting, CCTV, or other sensors and equipment. Each access point will need to be monitored and protected, with video analytics in place to analyse whatever information external/ internal monitoring equipment detects, in order for appropri- ate responses to be set in motion. When it comes to interior CI control rooms, security of such areas has typically placed its emphasis on the control of physi- cal access by personnel. Individuals typically have to go through several access stages before reaching the control room itself, perhaps passing through more than one security area by showing a personal access card before eventually reaching the locked control room and opening it using the same access card, one final time. Once inside the control room, worksta- tion security then presents another area of ‘access’, this time to the organisation’s computer network, and the security and protection of an organization’s cyber domain is a subject area in its own right and is not dealt with in this article.

Access Control – Keep Them Locked Out In some utility sectors, where CI facilities are often remote and isolated, with doors or gates located out of doors, companies or local authorities can easily set up an efficient and cost- effective access control solution to secure their facilities. Smart keys and intelligent locking systems are on the increase in this area. One company involved in providing first line access con- trol solutions for major CI, in this case for the electricity supply facilities and infrastructure of UK Power Networks (UKPN), is Locken. The company has equipped over 1,500 distribution sites with its digital access control smart locks allowing UK Power Networks to move away from mechanical key-locking systems to a solution built around smart keys and electronic cylinders. The Locken solutions deployed for UKPN include the LPCB4 electronic high-security padlock, which allows only registered, authorised personnel to access work locations. Each lock opening, or attempted opening, can be tracked on the system for subsequent analysis. Energy to power the all-digital system is supplied by the smart key itself; it has no mechanical key pattern, is reprogrammable to update ‘rights access’ info when necessary, and is impossible to copy. The corresponding  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

telecommunications sites), saboteurs, or to a full-blown terrorist attack. The

Photo: HGH surveillance system employed must of- fer sufficient clarity and information to be able to determine the appropri- ate course of action in all scenarios and while elements of traditional surveil- lance systems like microwave barriers, motion and seismic sensors could all fall foul to false alarms from the likes of wildlife and weather events new systems can overcome these drawbacks. Surveil- lance cameras combined with powerful analytics can allow operators at CI sites to determine the further intel required after an initial alarm to determine if ac- tion is needed; latest IP-based surveil- lance cameras featuring advanced video analytics can differentiate between a The HGH company claims that its SPYNEL system’s 360° thermal sensor false alarm and a real situation. They can will detect any object, hot or cold, day and night. determine movement and also direc- tion and ‘remember’ patterns that have electronic cylinders are passive, unlock- keyed sites at any time, from anywhere caused real or false alarms previously. ing only on contact with a key, which in the world. It maintains and provides For thermal image cameras, advances in provides the correct access rights and comprehensive audit trails on cylinders image sensor technology and chip de- supplies the power. No data regarding and padlocks, recording who used each sign have led to greater uptake enabling access rights is stored in the cylinders, key, where and when, and can remove improved surveillance of CI sites in total so changing access rights does not re- permissions quickly and easily for lost or darkness without even having to rely on quire going out to the actual locks. Latest stolen keys from the system, thereby pro- infra-red sources to be present, purely Bluetooth, wireless and WiFi technology viding tight key management at all times. using the heat radiated from a target is employed by the Locken systems. The object itself for a ‘visual’. While they company’s solutions are used in a wide Keeping an Eye on Things – can’t deliver detailed images and clear range of CI sectors including the avia- Surveillance identification, they can detect warmth tion sector in locations such as Toulouse through vegetation and radiating, for Blagnac airport in France. One critical element in CI protection is instance, around the edge of walls, or Abloy UK is another advanced lock solu- surveillance, where such systems as lat- even through obscured weather condi- tion player offering such systems as its est thermal and low light surveillance tions. Something detected by a thermal PROTEC2 CLIQ Connect system, as well cameras can provide exacting informa- camera can then be further analysed us- as secure electric locks, and LPCB-rated tion about approaching threats to a CI ing a low light camera, (which will be padlocks designed to protect against ad- facility. Operators using these need to alerted by the first camera), to then cap- vanced criminal and terrorist threats. Its be able to identify the kind of threat in- ture colour video even in extreme low- PROTEC2 CLIQ is a web-based security volved; intruders detected might range light conditions, improving the chances management solution that allows the from lost ramblers accidentally trespass- of identifying the target subject. Em- remote management of dispersed, re- ing, to local vandals, criminals intent on ploying such IP-based surveillance mote, or large-campus electronic master- theft of some sort (such as copper from systems allows users to incorporate mobile devices into their surveillance apparatus, so that text messages can A Market for Solutions be sent automatically to alert control According to the market report “Global Critical Infrastructure Protection Market 2018- of an alarm, thermal images can be ac- 2028” available from ResearchAndMarkets.com, the CIP Market is expected to be cessed and displayed remotely using a worth more than USD118Bn annually by 2028. Major global CIP markets include North smartphone, all designed to make the America (the largest), Europe and Asia Pacific. In terms of actual market segment im- surveillance of a CI site as effective, ef- portance, the report identifies physical security as that segment expected to account ficient, and secure as possible. It also for the highest proportion of spending, driven primarily by the need to deploy adequate makes systems scalable and capable of manpower across all those CI areas and establishments identified as potential terror covering large and potentially remote targets. The US is the largest spender on physical security due to its vast infrastructure areas with a real-time service. network, which includes thousands of essential facilities and plants, transportation One player active in the area of surveil- systems and information technology structures. During the 10-year period covered by lance camera solutions for critical infra- the report the physical security market is expected to account for a cumulative invest- structure is Axis Communications, which ment of over USD920Bn, while the network security and other segments are projected has just announced its AXIS Q1798-LE to account for around USD189Bn and USD31Bn, respectively. Together with physical Network Camera that combines 4k reso- security facts and figures, spend on the network security segment and others are also lution with an ultra-high-light-sensitive detailed in the report. 4/3” image sensor for exceptional light sensitivity and forensic images in almost

82 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 Marketing Report: IAI

DRONE GUARD Against New Menaces

Since their appearance in the late 2000s As they become more common in our approach for detection, classification and multirotor drones have taken the world by daily life, drones also become potential targeting. For detection, the company’s surprise. Unlike unmanned aerial systems menaces, when used by criminals and ELM-2026B X-band radar and passive (UAS) pursued by the world’s military forces terrorists. So far, lethal use of drones was Communications Intelligence (COMINT) under military research, development and limited to the combat zones in Iraq, Sy- can detect and classify targets from up to supply channels, these drones, originally in- ria and Afghanistan, but security forces 5 kilometres. Electro-optical sensors may troduced for recreational use by hobbyists, around the world are certain that future also be used to detect targets that main- tain minimal or no radar signature. Once a drone presence is verified, the radar directs the Electro-Optical (EO) system Photo: IAI to identify it. The combination of radar and SIGINT is part of Elta’s multilayered detection capability that maximises the system’s efficiency. Once detected and identified, targets are mitigated by DRONE GUARD, using multilayered effects. The most basic ef- fectors are electronic emitters used to jam and disrupt the drone’s control and navigation channels, following different protocol that can fend off the drone from the guarded premises or bring it down safely using cyber takeover methods. El- ta’s effector portfolio may also include other effectors such as electronic warfa- re (EW) and ‘hard kill‘ measures, to deal with specific environments and defeat existing and evolving threats. DRONE GUARD’s agility and adaptability sets it apart from numerous C-UAS sys- tems available in the market. Relying on DRONE GUARD relies on software defined radar and sensors effective, advanced, software defined to fend off drones. radar and sensors, the system provides the range and accuracy necessary for and filmmakers utilised highly integrated, drones’ lethal use will not be limited to quick reaction, tracking and pointing of miniaturised, cutting edge electronics de- warzones. In fact, the uninterrupted ac- EO sensors while the integral COMINT signed for consumer communications sys- cessibility of drones could turn critical in- package automatically classifies targets tems that pack ultra-advanced capabilities frastructures such as gas and oil tanks, or and reduces false alarms. Software de- including remotely controlled and autono- chemical facilities into mega-explosives if fined jammers enable users to tailor jam- mous systems (RC), that perform remote exploited by terrorists. ming against a specific target or swarms surveillance, precision navigation, secure As small, slow and low flying vehicles or employ takeover protocols that ad- communications and agile, jam-resistant multirotor drones are hardly spotted apt to evolving threats and scenarios. communications. from the ground by radar, camera or All these systems are controlled through Drone uses have expanded dramatical- the human eye and, when strapped a common interface that integrates ly in recent years. By 2020 more than with rudimentary weapons, their simple all functions to simplify the operator’s 100,000,000 drones are expected to yet effective control enable operators to mission. roam our skies, used in civilian, commer- use them as loitering weapons. In Iraq DRONE GUARD is tailored to address a cial and scientific roles. They carry remote they were used by ISIS to spread havoc wide range of applications, from rela- monitoring, metering, sensing and secu- among Iraqi forces, defeated only with tively simple deployments to the most rity missions, infrastructure surveillance, dedicated Counter-UAS (C-UAS) equip- complex. The system is designed to and agricultural services, fishery, forestry ment that was rushed to the combat counter present and evolving threats and monitoring and control, delivering par- zone. endure the most challenging operating cels and medical supplies, carry video ca- One of these C-UAS weapons is the Is- environments. meras to cover sports events and more. raeli DRONE GUARD, an integrated sys- Offering a sophisticated and agile C-UAS Using open-source navigation and flight tem that relies on multiple sensors to de- capability, DRONE GUARD is well po- controls, amateurs and experts can hack tect, classify, identify and defeat drone sitioned to secure civilians and military drones to carry out missions they were targets. Developed by IAI Elta Systems, forces against the growing menace of never designed to do. DRONE GUARD employs a multi-layered drones.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 83  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

engineering, architectural constraints, and other considerations that must be

Photo: HGH taken into account in the development of such barrier systems, we’ll at least take a quick look at a couple of players and offerings currently in the market to protect CI sites. In addition, the increas- ing need to protect public sites such as bridges and major thoroughfares in ur- ban areas means that barriers and bol- lard systems are increasingly in demand for such deployments. From barrier specicalist Frontier Pitts which has supplied bi-folding and slid- ing gate systems and bollards to utili- ties and other critical infrastructure, airports and datacentres. The com- pany’s Terra Rising Bollard, which has been successfully impact tested to the CYCLOPE intrusion detection is in use at civilian airports. new International IWA-14 specifica- tion, stopping a 7.2t vehicle travelling any scenario. With a x4 zoom and Canon to detect, track and classify any types of at 80kph (50mph), is a fully automatic, lens, the new camera, (available as of Oc- drone in such a scenario no matter what easy-glide, hydraulically-driven rising tober 2019), has IP66, IP67 and IK10 rat- their configuration, whether fixed wing, bollard mechanism providing 360° hos- ings, can handle extreme temperatures multi-rotor, GPS-guided, autonomous tile vehicle mitigation protection from ranging from -40°C to +60°C and in- and emitting low or no electromagnetic the threat of VBIED’s (vehicle-borne im- cludes Axis’ LIGHTFINDER 2.0 technology signature. HGH said that SPYNEL’s 360° provised explosive devices). The com- for increased light sensitivity, more life- thermal sensor will detect any object, pany also produces its Terra 180° bi- like colours in almost complete darkness hot or cold, day and night. Supporting directional, lightweight HVM barriers and sharper images of moving objects. SPYNEL is the CYCLOPE intrusion detec- for access points to sites, which need December last year saw serious drone tion software, which provides advanced to be secured with occasional access, incursions disrupting London’s Gatwick features to monitor and analyse the out of hours security, or remote loca- Airport CI in the UK. A leading player 360°, high-resolution images captured tions with power supply restrictions. in protecting against such threats is HG by SPYNEL sensors, with its ADS-B pl- The Terra 180° barriers require a shal- Infra-Red Systems whose SPYNEL fam- ugin enabling aerial target identification low foundation embedment depth of ily of drone/UAV detection systems for and aircraft ADS-B data to be fused with just 350mm and can secure entrances defence and security applications is at thermal tracks to differentiate airplane up to six metres and is secured by an the forefront of protecting against this from drone. Its forensics analysis offers anti-tamper locking mechanism, which latest threat to CI. A few years back its timeline, sequence storage and playback encases the barriers locking pin and is SPYNEL system was trialled by the French possibilities, and it is also possible to go resistant from attack by a wide array of National Research Agency on behalf of back in time to analyse the behaviour of hand tools and battery powered tools. the General Secretariat for Defence and the threat since its first appearance on It has been successfully impact tested National Security (SGDSN), and was duly the CYCLOPE interface. By using several to the new IWA 14-1 specification stop- selected to be part the French national SPYNEL sensors at the same time 3D pas- ping a 7.2t vehicle travelling at 48kph protection plan against drone intrusions sive detection of targets by triangulation (30mph). over critical infrastructure. Able to detect is possible. Designed to help protect facilities against and track drones over 360 degrees, day emerging threats such as hostile incursion and night, SPYNEL, sometimes described First-line Protection – and swarm attack, Gilgen Door Systems’ as ‘infrared radar’ showed that it provides Barriers Rolegard SR5-B security shutter is said the benefits of a thermal camera, that to combine the highest physical attack it can visualize threats day and night in Physical security will attract the largest standard achieved in a security shutter total darkness, and offers the benefits spend in the protection of CI in the com- with unrivalled ballistics and blast protec- of radar by automatically detecting and ing years, not least of which will be in tion properties. To achieve its very high tracking an unlimited number of threats the form of barriers of one sort or an- security rating the shutter was tested simultaneously through 360 degrees. other. The space available in the article to LPS1175, issue 7, level 5 using a wide Unlike conventional radar, SPYNEL does not permit a detailed look at this range of professional attack methods in- is completely passive and cannot be extensive and expanding industry sec- cluding the use of high-end power tools. jammed. It doesn’t operate with a library- tor, where bollards and shutters and a The FB3 and FB4 ballistics ratings where matching mechanism and, therefore, can wide range of other barriers are being achieved following stringent tests to sat- detect even newly released UAVs, or developed, impact tested and deployed isfy the requirements of BS EN1522:1999. modified commercial models. to meet the ever-increasing threat from SR5-B also features a newly tested Auto- Following the London Airport event, vehicle-borne terrorist attack such as matic Self Locking (ASL) system designed HGH said its SPYNEL IR imaging cam- lorry suicide bombers. Though a few to ‘lock down’ facilities without the need eras provide a surveillance solution able lines hardly do justice to the science and for secondary locks. 

84 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  Geoinformation: Demands and Developments

Giulia Tilenni

Geoinformation is the representation and analysis of data on a map by an information device. The increas- ing number of Earth observation satellites and the possibility of using artificial intelligence to manage and prioritise the information collected are driving their use for military and security purposes.

he demand of geoinformation re- Tlated products is growing along with the development of geospatial intel- Photo: NGA ligence applications (GEOINT). GEOINT is a predictive analysis method focused on monitoring given variables on a map over time. Information gathered through GEOINT are then presented to users on an interactive multi-layered map integrat- ing a scatter-plots. The more detailed the scatter plots are, the more comprehen- sive is the situational awareness of the users with regard to the issue that they are investigating. GEOINT techniques have been used for decades, particularly by domestic security services in the US, in order to monitor the activities of large groups. For instance, the National Security Agen- cy’s (NSA) PRISM programme, which be- came famous with the 'Snowden case', The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) applications feeds the proliferation is based on the gathering of metadata of geoinformation applications based on GEOINT methods. about words used. Given a normal distri- bution of words in an average conversa- (AI) applications feeds the proliferation resolution, night and day monitoring of tion, the programme would automatical- of geoinformation applications based on land, air and sea over a given time frame, ly “red flag” conversations containing a GEOINT methods. As these applications providing continued observation of a higher number of occurrences in a given have large potential, the demand for given area. Once the user has designated time frame. In case of a recurrence of geoinformation services is increasingly the area of interest, observation satellites these red flags over time, the NSA would focusing on developing currently existing can be redirected to adapt GEOINT to the initiate an investigation in the area where GEOINT tool sets while also developing analysts’ needs. As the number of satel- they occurred. Today, this principle can more ambitious new ones as well. lites is expected to increase consistently be applied to even more complex applica- until 2024, reaching up to 1,700 pieces, tions capable of monitoring multiple do- Game Changers in GEOINT 1700 pieces, the amount of information mains at once. Big data, sensors, satellites that will be collected by space sensors is and other sources are so abundant now The impact that data gathered through expected to grow accordingly, thus en- that multiple aspects of an issue can be GEOINT apps have on decision-making hancing GEOINT performances. In addi- monitored over time, thus providing the is strongly dependent on the amount of tion, the fact that a growing number of decision-maker with accurate situational information obtained and on their rel- satellites have synthetic aperture radars awareness and even with some predic- evance over time. The increasing number (SAR) instead of classic electro-optic sen- tion capabilities based on behavioural of earth observation satellites and minia- sors served to strengthen image quality, analyses. The rise of artificial intelligence turisation have been "game-changers" as it allows for the collection of images in the development of GEOINT, as they irrespective of the weather condition – Author make the collection of spatio-temporal in- a crucial issue in the past, especially in formation more regular and more afford- geographical areas with harsh weather Giulia Tilenni is an analyst in interna- able. The 200 meteorological and earth conditions. ASI’s COSMO-SkyMed con- tional affairs based in Paris, France. observation satellites that have been stellation is one of the most remarkable launched in the last decade provide high- examples of dual use space-earth obser-

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 85  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

vation systems. Consisting of four-medi- be used along with them to provide the combined, the more time and professionals um sized satellites, each one featuring a best results possible. Indeed, nano-and are needed to deliver insights about the is- microwave high-resolution SAR, the con- micro-satellites can provide persistent sue being analysed. The biggest drawback stellation has all weather/day and night even if not high-resolution images of an is that the advantage of capturing real-time acquisition capabilities. The large number issue, which can then be better observed information is lost because the delay be- of radar images that this constellation can due to the information collected by more tween capturing information and providing analysis can be weeks or even months in more complex cases. Digital technologies can help solve these problems by automating part of the analy- sis cycle and making it faster. This has led Photo: US Airforce to the development of new Activity Based Intelligence (ABI) methods that include the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). ABI is a set of spatio-temporal analytic methods based on the integration of metadata collected through different intel- ligence gathering solutions. It helps ana- lysts to overcome difficulties derived from the data’s variety, volume and veracity, al- lowing for analysing quicker elements “in motion”. ABI is an important support to GEOINT activities, as the rapid merging of information allows for discovering relevant patterns that could then be reshaped ac- cording to the changes identified to en- hance the quality of intelligence gathering. The ABI deductive method allows analysts Traditional imagery analysis involving a map and a pen has been slow to maximise the widespread information and tedious and has been replaced by computerised geointelligence. gathering that modern technologies can bring, as they can adapt collection to their gather are increasingly exploited for feed- performing satellites in order to provide needs and rapidly merge consistent and ing GEOINT applications. This capacity is analysts with more comprehensive data. heterogeneous data sets. exploited both in-house, with products Miniaturisation has also an important role Applying AI to this process makes it even such as SEonSE (Smart Eyes on the SEa), when it comes to processors as it con- faster. For instance, AI software can rap- and by external service providers (see also stantly increases technical capabilities in idly, if not instantly, select useful informa- below). stocking and processing a vast amount of tion according to given criteria, or merge data. More performing stocking and cal- information on the same issue but gath- Miniaturisation culating power raises GEOINT efficiency, ered by different tools to show them on as it allows for better populating maps a unique thematic map. Moreover, AI can Miniaturisation as well has been maxim- and, consequently, to considerably raise merge heterogeneous data sets into ho- ising the utility of information gathered users’ spatio-temporal situational aware- mogeneous outcome. The emergence of through GEOINT applications, as it makes ness of the area of interest. deep learning techniques relying on a neu- data flows more consistent due to ap- ral network approach, coupled with hard- plications in satellites and processors. Adapting GEOINT to ware evolution, makes classification, de- The development and deployment of Metadata tection and segmentation more accurate. nano- and micro-satellites, over the last By being applicable to several ABI needs, decade, is expected to rise in the coming The important contribution of satellites from very high-resolution satellites to con- years. As a result of miniaturisation, sat- and miniaturisation to GEOINT in terms of stellations of micro-satellites, deep learning ellites are now much smaller than in the data supply has multiplied the amount of techniques make ABI more efficient. past and, therefore, cheaper in terms of information to be analysed. In particular, construction and launch costs. Modular- analysts have to cope with a large number Applications ity in payloads given by products such of high-resolution images collected in near as CUBESATs has made producing and real time that have to be merged with rel- AI is a push factor for the development of launching satellites more affordable for evant information collected through other GEOINT-tailored technical services that a growing number of actors interested tools (for example, social media) before transform raw information into usable data. in GEOINT activities, from institutions to they can be converted into meaningful da- Indeed, AI software can map and monitor private companies. Even if some technical ta. However, dealing with such a flood of several issues, from critical infrastructures to obstacles remain, such as propulsion and information is time-consuming. Although crisis management and maritime security. power storage, these satellites can be the digital tools that analysts rely on are be- Not surprisingly, the demand for AI applica- launched in large numbers to compen- coming increasingly powerful, especially in tions in the GEOINT domain is particularly sate for their limits. Moreover, despite terms of computing power, analysts remain strong in countries, who are heavily invest- the fact that image resolution is lower at the core of raw data processing. The ing in AI Research and Development,namely compared to bigger models, they could broader the spectrum of information to be Japan, China and US.

86 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

The US-based company Orbital Insight is For example, the Italian company e- niques developed by the US company to one of the leading companies in geospa- GEOS (a joint venture of ASI and Teles- analyse high-resolution images collected tial analytics. As a result of its remarkable pazio) with its service portfolio, which by the Italian company. cloud computing, machine learning and combines images from the Cosmo-sky On 24 April 2019, Airbus Defence and AI tools, the company can provide cloud- med constellation with metadata from Space and Orbital Insight launched their based products that gather, process and various unclassified data sets, is a leading partnership in the development of the transform multiple geospatial datasets. provider in the field of geoinformation. Earth Monitor analytics software. This ex- Orbital Insights, which is in charge for The services will be offered in multiple plains well how merging existing librar- monitoring 85% of US refineries, offers versions to optimally adapt them to the ies and platforms with machine learning several solutions for the public sector, for application areas, including civil and mili- can maximise users’ knowledge, allowing instance for the detection of new infra- tary applications as well as applications them to allocate resources in a time-effi- structures and the characterisation of mili- for defence and intelligence services. To cient manner. Earth Monitor is expected tary activities. this end, e-GEOS offers the BraINT so- to track changes over pre-registered and Moreover, the US government is seeking lution, a state-of-the-art modular IMINT new areas of interest through Airbus’ im- to externalise data collection activities and analysis environment that integrates pro- agery archives and satellites capabilities libraries to better focus on analysis, thus prietary solutions with bespoke tools to and Orbital Insight’s dynamic algorithms encouraging the development of new so- support analysts throughout the intelli- that can detect changes in near real-time, lutions and software. gence cycle. The system can be used by for example, traffic analysis and detec- After having lagged behind, European defence ministries, defence agencies and tion of new infrastructures. countries have recently understood the im- security institutions for target analysis France will be one of the European coun- portance of entering the “AI race”. Thus, and/or monitoring, detection, damage tries who will invest the most in the de- dedicated investments in Research and assessment and mapping. Since 2018, velopment of AI technologies – €100M Development have been increasing both the company has also provided a plat- a year between 2019 and 2025, as the at the national level (namely in France) and form for the naval environment, Smart draft by Defence Minister Parly (dated at the European level, in particular in the Eyes on the SEas (SEonSE), to provide 5 April) shows. In addition to large companies, EU multiannual financial framework 2021- users with meteorological and oceano- such as Thales and Nexter Robotics, a dozen 2027. AI applications to the intelligence graphic information or the exact position digital start-ups have specialised in AI appli- cycle are part of this effort, with European of ships. Not surprisingly, E-Geos, in col- cations in the defence sector. Two of them, companies already working on the devel- laboration with Orbital Insight, is using Geo4i and EarthCube, are working on the opment of dedicated software. cloud computing solutions and AI tech- development of AI tools for image analysis.

Incorporating:

THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION ON NATIONAL SECURITY FOR ASIA

20 - 23 APRIL 2020 MITEC, KUALA LUMPUR  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

A European Approach agriculture and local planning), health, responding to crisis situations such as po- transport, civil protection and tourism. litical or armed conflicts. European collaboration in the space do- To better serve EU foreign policy activi- In April 2019, the European Commission main is one of the most remarkable suc- ties, the European Union Satellite Centre launched a call for proposals for projects cess of the EU. Indeed, European coun- (SatCen) provides the European External under the European Defence Industrial tries have been able to build a system that Action Service (EEAS) with fast and reli- Development Programme, one of the in- could not only provide raw information able analysis of information gathered by struments introduced last year to create but also perform the whole intelligence earth observation, thus providing support a genuine European defence. As proof of cycle due to the work of dedicated agen- to humanitarian and aid missions, contin- the importance that GEOINT and related cies. gency planning and general surveillance. disciplines have for European countries, For what concerns information gather- SatCen also monitors and analyses critical the ISR-PEO call focuses on improving ing, European companies working in the infrastructures, military capabilities and persistent Earth observation from space GEOINT domain could rely on informa- weapons of mass destruction. Following through "automated interpretation of data and information, including artificial intelligence, cloud solutions and real- time on-board processing by sensors".

Photo: NGA The prototype to be developed by the contractor shall implement the ABI con- cepts by automatically extracting units from different data sources in order to gain insights from the aggregation, cor- relation and monitoring of such units with respect to patterns and anomalies. In line with these developments, the ABI systems should be applicable as a new tool for Intelligence, Surveillance and Re- connaissance (ISR) missions. The require- ments also include support to GEOINT analysts in defining the most appropri- ate data planning and collection strat- egy to perform ABI tasks, in particular for sea and land applications. Due to its AI features, the ABI method is expected to reduce the workload of analysts for data preparation in order to focus on the contextual analysis of GEOINT.

GEOINT permitted the US Special Forces to locate, identify, describe, and Final Remarks define Osama Bin Laden´s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, prior to engagement. Shown here is an NGA model of the compound. It is expected that GEOINT will gain in im- portance in the future. The multiplication tion gathered through one of the most the delegation agreement signed in 2016, of Earth observation satellites, including ambitious Earth observation programmes the European Commission entrusted Sat- nano- and microsatellites, provides real- in the world – Copernicus. Born out of Cen with the operations of the Coperni- time information on the evolution of cer- the collaboration of the European Com- cus Service in Support to External Action tain issue occurring in a given area over a mission with the European Space Agen- (SEA), the EU geo-intelligence service, period of time. This information can then cy (ESA), this user-driven programme which became operational in 2017. This be merged with that collected by other is aimed at developing European infor- provides relevant national and European methods. Technological innovations help mation services based on information stakeholders (EU Commission, EEAS and to cope with the enormous volume of in- gathered due to the Copernicus Sentinel people serving the Common Security and formation as they speed up the transfor- satellites constellation (with the eventual Defence Policy) with increased situational mation into exploitable intelligence. If the support of Contributing missions) and in awareness on crisis prevention and man- ABI method allows better management situ-sensors managed by the European agement. of sources of complexity and uncertain- Environment Agency. Users who are interested in detecting ties in data, the AI software can perform Raw data collected by Kopernikus' satel- and/or monitoring events outside the some tasks autonomously. These techno- lites will then be converted into usable EU, but who have a potential impact logical advantages have allowed analysts information by six Kopernikus services on the EU, can request geo-information to focus on the most challenging tasks, with different environmental and security on demand, which will be analysed and bringing great benefits to the entire intel- specialisations – land, sea, atmosphere, delivered in tailor-made news products. ligence cycle. climate change, emergency manage- Satellite images can be presented in vari- This innovative approach to geo-informa- ment and security. As a result, the infor- ous forms, from short reports to detailed tion, which focusses on the analysis of mation collected under the programme thematic maps. The service can provide data flows, improves the reaction time helps decision-making in areas such as both continuous monitoring of the issue of decision-makers and thus realises the structural policies (for example, fisheries, as well as rapid intelligence support in information superiority of users. 

88 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 Stunning photos from exciting perspectives

Peter Hundert BACKSTAGE ELBPHILHARMONIE Peter Hundert has taken portraits of the »heroes« of the Elbphilharmonie – artists, technicians, visitors. His photos – shot at shows, rehearsals, and sound checks – are testimony to real emotions and provide an exclusive look behind the scenes. This book also includes guest contributions from two very different artists, Alan Gilbert, the principal conductor of the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra, and Bryce Dessner, guitarist of The National, who share their personal view of the Elbphilharmonie. Hardcover • 29 x 29 cm 288 pages • 185 b/w and colour photos € (D) 39,90 I € (A) 40,10 I SFr* 54,60 ISBN 978-3-7822-1330-1

Photographs by Martin Elsen THE ENCHANTING BEAUTY OF THE NORTH SEA COAST Once again, the renowned photographer, Martin Elsen took off into the skies. After the success of his photography book of the Baltic Sea coast, he as now captured the beauty of the North Sea coast from Sylt to Borkum. This book presents cities, islands, and their fabulous coastal landscapes from a bird’s eye view. This time, Elsen’s route took him to top destinations like St. Peter Ording and Sylt as well as to scenic attractions like the Wadden Sea and the Jade Bight. Hardcover with jacket • 29,5 x 25,5 cm 240 pages • numerous colour photos € (D) 29,95 I € (A) 30,70 I SFr* 35,90 ISBN 978-3-7822-1356 -1

*Recommended retail price  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Lead-Free Ammunition: Technical and Tactical Advantages

Thomas Nielsen

Ever since the beginning of the handheld firearm, lead has been a choice material for projectiles. This con- tinues to this day, where lead remains the most common core material for small arms projectiles.

ead has many advantages for this pur- duction and in use. Consequently, consid- is an advantage or a disadvantage often de- Lpose: It is dense, lending mass and erable effort has been expended in finding pends on the situation. thereby momentum to the projectile, and alternatives, especially in recent years, with it is relatively soft, which allows the pro- the increasing focus on the environment, Internal Ballistics jectile to deform, and adapt to the rifling and on our activities' impact on same. of the weapon without undue wear and Indeed, when lead-free ammunition was As already mentioned, lead is a relatively tear. It is also relatively inexpensive and it initially developed for large scale use (i.e. soft metal and, as such, it deforms easily, allows the projectile to easily be designed military service ammunition), this was allowing a lead projectile to conform to to deform on impact with a soft target, if mainly due to increasing environmental the rifling in the firearm without causing that is a requirement. concerns on (military) firing ranges. undue wear. Source: men-defence

Example of lead-free training ammunition

However, lead is not without its problems. As such, lead-free ammunition is nothing If the lead is replaced with a harder metal, It is toxic, both to humans and to the envi- new in this day and age, with the “lead- such as mild steel, this will inevitably have ronment, which is an issue both during pro- freeness” of the ammunition extending an impact on the deformability of the pro- to either the projectile, the primer or jectile and, as a consequence, may increase Author both. barrel wear. However, in some areas there has been Other materials with approximately the Thomas Nielsen serves in a techni- considerable resistance to the introduc- same malleability as lead, such as tin, cal capacity with the NATO Support tion of lead-free ammunition, mainly due lack the density of lead (tin being approx. and Procurement Agency’s Ammuni- to a perceived reduction in performance. 7.280 kg/m3 vs. leads approx. 11.340 tion Project, with a particular focus Taking this as a starting point, and acknowl- kg/m3). Lack of density can lead to less on technical audits and inspections. edging that much has already been written optimum ballistics, especially at longer Much of his recent focus has been in about the environmental issues surrounding ranges (see next section). support of small arms ammunition re- lead-free ammunition, the present article quirements. He worked previously for will investigate potential “non-environmen- External Ballistics the Danish Ministry of Defence, and tal” advantages to lead-free ammunition. holds a degree in engineering from As the discussion progresses, the reader As indicated above, almost all the alterna- Aalborg University in Denmark. should keep in mind that whether a particu- tives to lead for projectile construction, lar feature of a projectile or an ammunition at least the ones that are priced to allow

90 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  Source: Author

Test of lead-free expanding ammunition in ballistic medium – penetration approx. 23cm large-scale bulk use, are less dense than projectile mass, a lead free projectile will, cally being less dense than lead, have lead. This of course means that, for a simi- typically, show improved external ballistic less momentum, which tends to reduce lar projectile geometry, the lead-free pro- performance. penetration. The above-mentioned FBI jectile will be lighter. Since the projectile The author stresses, however, since many Test requires a minimum of 12” (approx. is lighter, it can typically be launched at other factors influence external ballistics, 305mm) penetration in ballistic medium, higher muzzle velocities without exceed- including the quality of the projectile con- a requirement that is more problem- ing permissible pressure levels. struction and its shape, this should be atic for lead-free projectiles due to the A lighter weight projectile will also have taken as a general rule of thumb rather aforementioned reduced momentum. less momentum, and will therefore loose than as a ballistic commandment. However, as the test shown below dem- velocity at an increased rate, thereby re- onstrates, lead-free ammunition can still ducing effective range. Terminal Ballistics give good account of itself in terms of In some scenarios, primarily law enforce- penetration: ment or military operations in close Terminal ballistics are, in the opinion of Depending on the situation, reduced mo- quarters, this can be an advantage, the author, the place where the most mentum and the resulting reduction in since the downrange hazard in case of gain can be achieved by using lead-free penetration can also be an advantage. a missed or perforating shot is kept to a projectiles. In the case of small-arms pro- For operational use, there are situations minimum. Similarly, due to the reduced jectiles, terminal ballistics almost per defi- where minimising the risk of overpene- momentum, penetration in the target nition means anti-personnel. tration is vital, such as most hostage res- is limited, which again reduced the risk There exists a number of yardsticks for cue scenarios. A previously mentioned, of a perforating shot and the ensuing terminal ballistics, but the one that seems for training ammunition, using projectiles danger to anything behind the intended to have gained the most popularity is the with reduced momentum, especially if target. When used for training, reduced so-called “FBI Test”. Without going into combined with a deformable or frangible penetration will typically also mean too much detail, the FBI Test consists projectile design, reduces wear and tear reduced damage to firing range back- of a series of live-fire tests, where the on backstops. stops, which in turn leads to reduced ammunition in question is fired against life-cycle cost. ballistic medium, both “bare” as well as Conclusion As stated in the introduction, there are of covered by simulated clothing, or behind course also situations where this limited simulated automobile glass or automo- There is no question that lead-free am- penetration will be a disadvantage, such bile door frames. The performance of the munition is here to stay, primarily due to as tactical scenarios involving intermedi- ammunition in terms of straightness of environmental concerns. However, when ary targets. trajectory, expansion and penetration is considering and evaluating a change to So far for identical projectile geometries. then assessed. lead-free ammunition, it behoves the However, if we are allowed to adjust the Especially when fired against automobile ammunition technician and logistician to projectile geometry to account for the glass and ditto doors, one of the primary keep in mind that lead-free ammunition decreased density of the projectile, the projectile failure modes is core-jacket will not necessarily have reduced perfor- situation changes somewhat. separation where, during penetration of mance, and may indeed have operational Given a particular (non-lead) projectile glass or metal, the stresses imposed on advantages. L material with less density than lead, and the projectile cause the jacket (typically a given calibre, the only option if we are a copper alloy) to separate from the lead Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this to maintain projectile mass is to make the core. Such a loss of projectile integrity article are those of the author, and do projectile longer. naturally has a severe negative impact on not represent the opinions or standpoints Increasing the length of the projectile, terminal ballistic performance. of the NATO Support and Procurement keeping other parameters unchanged, For a monolithic lead-free projectile, typi- Agency or associated organisations. The increases the coefficient of form for the cally made from a copper alloy, this of course inclusion of specific products or produc- projectile. This in turn leads to an increase ceases to be an issue, since there is no longer ers is not to be taken as an endorsement in the ballistic coefficient, and thereby a distinct jacket and core to separate. or recommendation by the author, the improved velocity and energy retention As mentioned above under external NATO Support and Procurement Agency at range. In other words, for the same ballistics, lead-free projectiles, typi- or associated organisations.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 91  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Italy to Strengthen its Amphibious Power Projection Capabilities

Luca Peruzzi

Built under the Legge Navale fleet renewal programme, the Italian MoD and Fincantieri recently celebrated the launch of the TRIESTE Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD).

ith a ceremony attended by Italy’s WPresident of the Republic Sergio Mat- tarella and his daughter Laura, the latter as the the ship’s godmother, the former Min- ister of Defence Elisabetta Trenta, the Italian Chief of Defence, General Enzo Vecciarelli, and the former Chief of the Navy, Vice Ad- miral Valter Girardelli, at Fincantieri’s Castel- lammare di Stabia (near Naples) shipyard on 25 May 2019, the Italian MoD and Fincan- tieri celebrated the launch of the TRIESTE Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD), the largest warship built under the Legge Navale fleet renewal programme. Built and under fitting- out by a consortium led by the Fincantieri shipbuilding group as prime contractor, and Leonardo as combat system integra- tor and main sub-contractor, the contract worth €1.1Bn was awarded by the Italian

MoD’s Naval Armament Directorate (NAV- Photo: Luca Peruzzi ARM) and became effective on July 2015. Italy’s new TRIESTE Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) after launch The contract includes a logistic and train- ing package with support during the ship- national contexts, to maintaining the Com- ment highlights the need to maintain an building (including courses, spare parts and munity by supporting civil protection and amphibious power projection capability technical documentation), and in-service multinational organisations in disaster re- to be provided at joint armed forces level support for the first ten years. Leonardo is lief, humanitarian, medical and evacuation through the “National Sea Projection Ca- the prime contractor and integrator for the operations, will also be able to perform the pability” thanks to an Amphibious Ready combat system , and is the main contribu- command functions of complex amphibi- Group with a minimum of four platforms, tor of equipment, together with Fincantieri, ous operations as a CATF/CLF (Commander including a larger platform for command Elettronica and MBDA Italia. Amphibious Task Force/Commander Land- and control (LHD) and the remaining plat- With the first steel cut celebrated in July ing Force) platform. “The new TRIESTE LHD forms acting as “primary ships”. The latter 2017 followed by the keel block laying cer- is planned to replace the current GARIBAL- are today represented by the three SAN emony in February 2018, the shipbuilding DI LHA platform, maintain the operational MARCO/SAN GIUSTO class LPDs. takes place at Fincantieri’s Castellammare capabilities provided during its lifetime, in With an overall length of 245 metres, an over- di Stabia shipyard, where the ship will com- addition to the intrinsic amphibious, trans- all beam of 47 metres and 36 metres at flight plete the propulsion and ship management port, medical, command and control, and deck level, a construction height of 27.7 me- fitting-out in order to launch the sea trails support capabilities of the LHD”, said the tres and a displacement of over 33,000 tonnes by March 2020. The ship will then move former Chief of Italian Navy. As with the with a draught of 7.2 metres, the new LHD under its own propulsion to the Fincan- GARIBALDI LHA, which is currently replac- has a full length deck with a ski-jump, and tieri’s Muggiano shipyard near La Spezia ing the CAVOUR STOVL aircraft that have a starboard-positioned island based on two on June 2020 to complete the platform undergone an important overhaul and up- separated blocks, similarly to the new Royal systems and combat system outfitting. Sea grade to accommodate the Lockheed Mar- Navy’s QUEEN ELIZABETH class aircraft carri- trials are set for August 2021, with delivery tin F-35B STOVL aircraft, it is assumed that ers, two lateral elevators connecting the flight planned for June 2022. the LHD will perform the same operations deck with the hangar in the central-stern area, The new ship, designed under the dual use when maintenance stops occur or when an hospital, accommodation and C4ISR facilities and multi-purpose by design concepts to additional deck is required for a national or in the bow-central areas in the lower decks carry out a wide range of missions, from international operation. and a stern well deck with forward heavy-ve- supporting amphibious and power projec- The recently published Italian Navy’s “Stra- hicles garage with lateral and stern ramp doors tion operations at sea in national and multi- tegic address lines 2019-2034” docu- for ground vehicles and naval craft.

92 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

the ship can reach the following maximum speeds: 10 knots with the two electric mo- tors for amphibious flight and transit opera- tions in environmentally restricted areas, 18 knots with the two diesel engines for transit Photo: Marina Militare and repositioning operations and 25 knots with the two gas turbines for high-speed repositioning. The ship`s range is 7,000 nau- tical miles at 16 knots. With a maximum length of 230 metres, a beam of 36 metres and a 7,400 sqm area, the flight deck of the LHD has a port-side ski-jump, which features a 12 degrees ramp (the same like the CAVOUR STOVL aircraft carrier), and a flight deck port runway for the Lockheed Martin F-35B LIGHTNING II STOVL aircraft, together with nine landing The internal bay of the TRIESTE and take-off spots (including one for SAR and two for emergencies) for Italian Navy’s The new LHD is classified by RINA Services tric) based on two shafts with controllable EH-101, SH-90, AB-212 and future Light according to the international pollution pitch propellers (CPP) and rudders provided Utility Helicopter (LUH) in addition to large prevention conventions – such as those by Fincantieri two Rolls-Royce MT30 gas CH-47 and CH-53 helicopters and MV- addressed in the MARPOL Convention turbines with 36 MW each, two MAN 22 or future national tilt-rotors, all being and those not yet binding, such as those 20V32/44CR diesel engines with 12 MW moved to the hangar and vice versa with covered in the Hong Kong Convention in- each, and two 2.21 MW-each Marelli Mo- two lateral elevators (14x15 metres) with troducing the concept of the "Green Pass- tori electric motors. The electrical power a 40-tonnes payload capacity. The LHD is por t". generation package for both ship systems also fitted for unmanned air vehicle (UAV) The new platform has spacious accommo- and propulsion is based on four 5.2 MW- operations including dedicated command dation for a total of 1,064 people, including each MAN 9L32/44CR gensets. The propul- and control capabilities and facilities. The beds for 360 crews, while the remaining sion and electrical power supply packages ship’s starboard island features two sepa- beds are divided between aviation and sup- are accommodated in two separated and rate superstructure blocks to accommo- port, command and control, and amphibi- not contiguous compartments, each host- date the operational centres for ship and ous. TRIESTE LHD will be able to ensure ing a gas turbine, a diesel engine, and an flight operations management, in addition the support of a 600-man amphibious electric motor connected through a Renk to surface and air surveillance sensors and battalion thanks to its aviation, naval and gearbox to one shaft line, each assisted communications equipment. Each of the transport capabilities. Other facilities are by two diesel generators. The platform is two superstructures blocks accommodate dedicated to the NATO Role E Hospital, and equipped with two retractable stabilising two of the four fixed faces (4FF) X-band the interoperable C4ISR in NATO, European fins to support operations in high-sea states STARFIRE Active Electronically Scanned and international contests. as well as two bow and one stern thrusters Antenna (AESA) new-generation radar The new LHD features a CODOGOL pro- to facilitate operations in restricted waters. to ensure 360 degrees’ coverage around pulsion (Combined Diesel Or Gas Or Elec- Based on the required speed and mission, the ship and the long-range and ballistic- missile defence capable L-band fully-digital KRONOS Power Shield radar positioned on the forward island block, both provided by Leonardo together with the Distributed Static Staring (DSS) IRST sensors. The com- Photo: Rolls-Royce munications and EW mast is installed on the rear island block, together with the flight operational managing sensors. The forward and midships areas of the under- neath decks accommodate the mess and various compartments, the combat opera- tional centre, afloat C4I, and flight depart- ments in addition to crew accommodation areas, while various compartments around the hangar perimeter are devoted to a range of uses. The hangar deck accommo- dates the NATO Role 2E hospital, crew ac- commodations and the hangar areas. The hangar has a size of 2,200 sqm (21x107 meters with a height of 7.8-10.7 meters) and can accommodate helicopters, aircraft or vehicles. The hangar is equipped with A Rolls-Royce MT30 gas turbine fitted on the TRIESTE facilities for third-level maintenance on heli-

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 93  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY copters as well as dedicated facilities for the F-35B operations and support, including two 10-tonnes overhead travelling cranes. The fully-equipped NATO Role 2E hospital (expandable with sheltered solutions in the Photo: Luca Peruzzi hangar) with a size of 770 sqm has operat- ing rooms, radiology and analysis rooms, a dentist’s office, and patient rooms capable of hosting 27 seriously injured patients. The underneath decks forward-central are- as are for crew and troops accommodation. The garage deck (55x18 meters) has a 700 sqm surface and up to 235 linear metres of parking for heavy vehicles up to 62 tonnes like the ARIETE main battle tanks, while the well deck (50x15 meters) can accommo- The TRIESTE is multi-purpose by design and can carry out a wide range date up to four new type L23 LCM (Landing of missions Craft Medium) with a 70 tonnes payload capability specifically built by Cantiere Na- vale Vittoria under Italian Navy’s require- ments to enter-into-service with the new ship, as well as one LCAC and the landing craft in service with NATO and the Marina Photo: Luca Peruzzi Militare. In addition to the four L23 LCMs, the organic LHD assets package include two 15 meters type FFC15 high-speed mul- tirole boats under construction by Baglietto Defence for the programme and two-each 7.1 and 9.3 meters RHIBs. The movements between the two transport decks (hangar and garage) are assured by a 4 metres inter- nal ramp and a 40-tonnes elevator, while the rear well deck (18x6 metres) and the starboard (6.5x5 metres) ramp doors of the same garage deck have a maximum capability of 62 tonnes. Smaller elevators for the hospital and ammunitions are avail- able together with two 30-tonnes cranes on the flight deck for materiel, vehicles A prototype of the new multipurpose console for Leonardo’s Combat and boats embarkation/disembarkation. Management System The hangar and garage decks have a total area of 4,500 sqm and the additional flight ment System (CMS) develop by Leonardo manned platform and naval surface firing deck has an area of 1,500 sqm, while the for the Italian Navy. The CMS has an open support (NSFS). The interoperability in naval C4I facilities have an area of 740 sqm. The architecture with a modular and scalable and amphibious environments as well as in new amphibious assault ship can also carry structure to satisfy the requirement of the other operational scenarios require a high 2,600 m³ of F76 fuel and 2,000 m³ of F44 different types of platforms and missions; level of data and voice connectivity which fuel, in addition to 600 m³ of water and it is centred on innovative and lightweight is ensured onboard the Italian Navy’s new 350 tonnes of munitions. composite-built consoles with a single warships by the extended multi-standard large 43-inch touch-screen multifunction communications suite based on Leonardo’s Ship Management display, available on board in 32 units (plus SWAVE family of Software Defined Radio and Combat System one integrated on the bridge together with with conformal and conventional antennas. the same commander station used on the The LHD will be equipped with an exten- The Italian Navy and NAVARM requested PPA), and which user-friendly operational sive integrated suite with V/UHF, HF radios, the industry to develop common ship man- reprogrammable software, processing multiband (C/X/Ku and X/Ku/Ka) military agement and combat system suites for all power and database management are and commercial SATCOM, LTE, wireless, the Legge Navale’s vessels, including the provided by remotely-based processing GMDSS and tactical data Link 11, 16, 22, PPA, LHD, LSS and UNPAV with the oppor- and data management centres with par- VMF and JREAP managed by Leonardo’s tune diversities based on the unit types and ticular attention to cyber protection. The Multiple Data Link Processor (MDLP), voice different tasks. The Integrated Platform main bridge and the combat operational (telephone, recording, broadcast, intercom Management System (IMPS) is provided by centre are equipped with five tactical ta- and emergencies) and data (data network, Seastema, a Fincantieri subsidiary, and it bles developed by Leonardo together with large-band (LTE) wireless, Wi-Fi, video tel- belongs to SEASNavy, a new generation Seastema and Martec, as well as large wall econference and internet protocol televi- product family, while the SADOC Mk4 is displays, all together with amphibious op- sion), with over 50 RTX channels in addition the latest generation Command Manage- eration managing capabilities including un- to the data link ones and advanced cyber

94 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

but tailored on LHD ship requirements. lia TACAN with lightweight electronically The integrated suite includes RESM (Ra- scanned antenna and Calzoni visual land- dar Electronic Support Counter-Measure), ing aids. CESM (Communication ESM) and RECM The ship’s protection against air, missile and Photo: Luca Peruzzi (Radar Electronic Counter-Measure) with surface threats is ensured by an ILDS (Inner an extremely powerful electronic attack Layer Defence System) suite based on three subsystem based on solid-state AESA ar- 76/62mm SUPER RAPIDO Multi-feeding ray with GaN (gallium nitride) technology- gun mountings in the STRALES configura- applied T/R modules capabilities managed tion with DART guided ammunition and by a EW C2 unit to be effective in both VULCANO long-range ammunition, each blue water and littoral operation, with controlled by a new-generation NA-30S an enhanced Maritime Surveillance and Mk2 fire control system with dual-band (‘X’ Situation Assessment through advanced and ‘Ka’) radar and EO/IR suite. For short- features, including innovative SEI (specific range self-protection, Leonardo provides emitter identification) algorithm capa- three remotely controlled KBA 25/80mm bilities. The EW suite is interfaced with a guns with EO/IR FCS, the first such ap- multi-type decoy launching system and a plication for the Italian Navy and foreign reaction management system (RMS) con- customers. The ship is also fitted-for but trolling the two ODLS-20 (Oto Melara De- not equipped with the MBDA Italia SAAM coy Launching System) launchers for air, Extended Self-Defence (ESD) air-defence surface, and underwater defence. system based on two vertical launching Graphics: Italian Navy

A model showing the two-blocks island with the KRONOS Power Shield defence capabilities both for the IPMS and the combat system. The navigation suite includes inertial systems, GPS, WECDIS and AIS systems, as well as dual-band (‘X’ and ‘Ka’) GEM Elettronica’s GEMENI DB naviga- tion radars. The integrated sensors’ suite includes the same new-generation Leonardo 4 fixed- faces (4FF) X-band StarFire AESA radar used on the First-of-Class (FoC) Thaon di Revel PPA (and part of the Dual-Band – ‘X’ and ‘C’ band – Radar (DBR) suite, to be in- stalled on the PPA’s Full capable platform to be delivered in 2024) with provisions for the ‘C’ band addition, and the new-gen- eration Leonardo L-band KRONOS Power Shield early warning radar characterised The LHD will also share the same Distrib- system (8 cells each) for the ASTER 15/30 by an AESA rotating antenna and fully uted Static Staring (DDS) IRST EO/IR suite on the starboard ship’s side. The underwa- digital architecture with ‘digital beam- equipping the PPA in order to ensure 360 ter protection is provided by the Obstacle forming’ for long-range surveillance, de- degrees coverage around the ship, as well Avoidance System (OAS) sonar provided by tection and tracking of both air breath and as a Sitep Italia surveillance and protecting Leonardo together with the BLACK SNAKE ballistic missiles targets. These radars are suite consisting of Multirole Acoustic Sta- towed-array torpedo detection system integrated with Leonardo`s new SIR-M5- bilised Systems (MASSs) with long-range (TDS) integrated with the RMS (Reaction CA IFF system equipped with conformal surveillance and non-lethal weapons sys- Management System) to operate the new antenna and electronic beam scanning, tems. Mobile Jammer Target Emulator (MJTE) compatible with most recent NATO stand- The air traffic and approach are managed underwater decoys being deployed by the ards, sided by advanced transponder. The by the Leonardo SPN-720 solid-state, low two OLDS-20 decoy launchers, in addition Electronic Warfare suite (EWS) is based probability of Intercept (LPI) naval precision to Sonardyne International SENTINEL 900 on the same configuration designed and approach radar, an AN/SPN-41 Instrument diver detection system as Leonardo sub- provided for the Italian Navy’s PPA class Carrier Landing System (ICLS), Thales Ita- contractor supply. L

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 95  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Unmanned Surface Vehicles – an Emerging Resource USVs in the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)

Guy Toremans

The rapidly expanding portfolio of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) brings innovative warfighting capabilities to maritime operations. Unmanned systems have started to play an important role in the modern naval battlefield.

he growing interest lies in the fact that landing platform dock RSS RESOLUTION. the nation’s forces for 2030 and beyond, TUSVs are well suited to carry out a wide During RSS RESOLUTION’s three-month by means of a progressive increase on un- range of missions (such as mine counter- deployment to the Northern Arabian Gulf manned vehicles in all domains. measures (MCM), anti-submarine warfare in 2004/2005, the PROTECTORs were used The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) up- (ASW) and intelligence, surveillance and to assist in protecting critical infrastruc- coming fleet renovation will focus on the reconnaissance (ISR)), are able to be de- tures, such as the Basrah Oil Terminal, from integration of unmanned surface vessels and the latest developments in robotics, artificial intelligence and data analytics. The navy is arguably further advanced in the area of experimental USVs for future naval combat. This is not only the result of antici-

Photo: Guy Toremans pating the navy’s future operational needs but also in view of Singapore’s manning constraints (the low total fertility rate con- tinues to affect the Republic of Singapore’s Armed forces in general) and the desire to reduce the vulnerability of its personnel.

The VENUS Family

The RSN is experimenting with different USV types for various tasks, such as the VENUS family, developed by the Marine Di- vision of the Singapore Technologies Engi- neering company (ST Engineering). The VE- NUS USV is an indigenous effort believed to have grown out of Singapore's previous One of the RSN’s VENUS 16 USVs with two Expendable Mine Disposal involvement in the US Navy's Spartan Scout Systems onboard Advanced Concept Technology Demon- stration (ACTD) programme. The VENUS ployed from a variety of host platforms, terrorist attacks. Line-of-sight communi- series ranges from the 5.5 tonne VENUS can be manufactured at much lower costs cations and control was exercised from 9 with a payload capacity of 2.5 tonnes and be operated without onboard human aboard RSS RESOLUTION. Their mission over the 11 tonne VENUS 11 with a payload operators. payload comprised a TOPLITE electro-op- of 4.5 tonnes, to the 26 tonne VENUS 16 Within Southeast Asia, the Republic of Sin- tical director for surveillance and weapon with a 10 tonnes payload capacity. These gapore Navy (RSN) was the first to deploy control, a Mini-Typhoon stabilised weapon craft can operate autonomously with mul- USVs during real operations, for example station, a searchlight, a Long Range Acous- ti-modal collision detection and collision the 9 metre Rafael PROTECTOR USV em- tic Device (LRAD) and a microphone. The avoidance (CDCA) software, using radar barked on-board the ENDURANCE class RSN still operates an undisclosed number tracker and vision-based obstacle/target of 9 metre Rafael PROTECTOR USVs, a rigid detection, multi-sensor fusion and naviga- Author hull inflatable USV. tion chart processing and capable to per- In a document titled “Building the Next form autonomous waypoint navigation, Guy Toremans is a freelance naval Generation Singapore Armed Forces”, screening and blocking, while the modular journalist based in Belgium. published in March 2019, the Singapore approach facilitates the integration of a Ministry of Defence outlines the future of wide range of mission modules. Seen as

96 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 a critical issue for the still embryonic future surface combatant programme – the Multi- Role Combat Vessels (MRCV) – the RSN is in the midst of testing several variants of the VENUS 16 USVs. In May of this year, ST Engineering Marine Division unveiled the latest iteration of its VANGUARD series of modular surface vessels – the VANGUARD 130 – at the IMDEX ASIA 2019 Maritime Exhibition in Singapore. The VANGUARD 130 design

combines a full-fledged surface combat- Photo: Guy Toremans ant with a mother-ship capable to deploy The racks to store the ECA K-STER Inspection and EMDS ROVs onboard a and recover a wide array of unmanned sys- VENUS 16 USV tems such as UAV, USV and UUV. Flushed doors on its port and starboards sides support launch and recovery of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The platform

can be equipped with an ST Engineering Photo: Guy Toremans in-house designed launch-and-recovery system (LARS) for handling a wide range of small crafts and unmanned surface vehi- cles such as RHIBs and USVs, known as the Q-LARS 2.0.

The Anti-Mine VENUS

The VENUS 16 Mine Countermeasure con- cept, where one VENUS 16 is fitted with a Towed Synthetic Aperture Sonar (TSAS) to conduct underwater scans to detect and classify mines, while another VENUS 16 embarks the ECA K-STER Expendable Mine Disposal Systems (EMDS) to carry out the mine detection and neutralisation The RSN’s 9m Rafael PROTECTOR USVs were deployed onboard the to conduct mine disposals. Both versions ENDURANCE class landing platform dock RSS RESOLUTION during the feature autonomous collision avoidance latter’s three-month deployment to the Northern Arabian Gulf in and Satcom systems to cancel any blind 2004/2005. spots caused by geographical and ship- ping reasons. This waterjet-propelled USV to be completed by the end of 2019. The cavitating weapons or lightweight torpe- can attain speeds in excess of 30 kn and RSN is expected to effectively commence does before those targets have a chance has an endurance of up to 36 hours. The patrols around Singapore with these USVs to threaten the larger surface combatants. craft is controlled by a 2-person crew in from 2020 onwards. Eventually, these USVs a 20 ft TEU container that can be located will take over the patrols that are currently Surveillance USVs either ashore or deployed from a ship. This undertaken by the navy’s VICTORY class concept will eventually replace the navy’s patrol boats and the Independence class In the coming years one will see the USVs ageing BEDOK class mine countermeasure Littoral Mission Vessels (LMVs), thus freeing being used in in a very pronounced role vessels (MCMVs). up these units to be deployed at further carrying out intelligence, surveillance ranges and for more complex missions. and reconnaissance (ISR) tasks. These The Coastal Defence Venus craft should feature extensive commu- The Anti-Submarine VENUS nications capabilities, using recoverable Another type undergoing trials is the VE- tethered optical fibre buoy-type acoustic NUS 16 coastal defence variant, specifically The RSN and the ST Engineering’s Marine communications (ACOM) and satellite configured for maritime security and force Division are also testing an anti-submarine communications (SATCOM), have the protection operations. The USV can navi- warfare (ASW) variant of the VENUS 16 fit- capability to operate at long stand-off gate by waypoint navigation and maintain ted with a launch and recovery system for distances and be able to remain on sta- its position relative to other vessels and dipping sonars, a hull-mounted sonar sys- tion for extended periods. Such USVs operate autonomously in proximity with tem performing active and passive search would be especially suited for ISR mis- other vessels thanks to the in-built Collision and tracking incoming torpedoes warning sions in constrained waters. The tran- Detection and Collision Avoidance system and small object avoidance system. This sit to their area of operations would be (CDCA). A series of tests in the Singapore type of USV could be deployed in high-risk conducted in a passive mode in order to Strait, the busiest shipping lane in the shallow water zones and prosecute targets gather intelligence on the signatures of world, began late 2015 and are anticipated such as UUVs that are using small, super- passing vessels or to provide target-ac-

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 97  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

plex challenges for Singapore’s defence planners, from identifying and prioritis- ing emerging technologies, to adapting them to new force structures using novel

Photo: Guy Toremans operational concepts. One must see how the USVs can be fully integrated with the manned units, their impact on concepts of operations (CONOPS) and proce- dures, their implications for operational doctrines and on the rules of engage- ment (RoE), the effect on education and training, as well as on how autonomous robots and humans will be able to inter- act more closely on the battlefield. One cannot ever talk about autonomous and unmanned systems without bringing up the cyber vulnerabilities; there must The Singapore-based company ZyCraft displayed its 16,6m VIGILANT also be a strong focus on defending the Independent Unmanned Surface Vessel (IUSV) and, in the background, unmanned surface vehicles from cyber- the M75 unmanned target boat USV. attacks. The inherent vulnerabilities are the linkages. quisition data. ST Engineering’s Marine nautical miles or a 25-day of endurance Ultimately, the strategic logic and goal Division is responding to this future need at a 6 kn loiter speed. The IUSV can carry remain unchanged: to create viable de- by offering its SUPER SWIFT Interceptor fuel and mission payload of up to 7,000 kg. fence options and political effects. In this USVs. Designed for a variety of missions, In a surveillance role they are fitted with a context, the key lesson from past military including pursuit and arrest, search and radar, an automated identification system innovations is this: breakthroughs in tech- rescue, offshore and border patrols, es- (AIS) and high-definition cameras featuring nology alone will not guarantee successful corting other vessels and (covert) surveil- smart sensors for automated surveillance innovation. lance operations, the company already and transmit the images in real time. This Obviously the utilisation of USVs will con- offers three versions: the SUPER SWIFT type of USV was originally designed to es- tinue to increase and show that craft with 17 Ultra Fast Interceptor / Patrol Craft; cort merchant ships as they made their way much higher autonomy levels will allow to the SUPER SWIFT Special Operations through waters known for piracy and sea operate at a much longer time without the Craft / Coastal Security Craft and the robbery activities. intervention of human operators. The most SUPER SWIFT 35 Ultra Fast Patrol Ves- Zycraft recently completed an unmanned important trend is the intelligence levels of sel. These craft feature the advanced Air deployment of a VIGILANT IUSV for 22 the USVs. With the advent of the AI, previ- Cavity Hull (ACH) designs, are capable continuous days during with the vessel, ously impossible task such as recognising to achieve high speeds without com- sailing at 5 knots, travelled some 1900 nm enemy vessels through the camera images promising stability, manoeuvrability and and command and control done via satel- can be automated. seakeeping. lite communications. The IUSV was run on The interceptors, either equipped with a auto-pilot mode and carried out autono- Future Concepts waterjet propulsion, or surface-piercing mous vessel and obstacle avoidance using propellers allowing speeds in excess of 60 its proprietary software and information A number of companies are also look- knots, can be equipped with small calibre from its on-board cameras. ing into the integration of large- and guns, remotely controlled weapon sta- medium-sized USVs. Again, the marine tions (RWS) and explosive ordnance dis- Challenges division of ST Engineering is anticipating posal (EOD) systems. this trend by offering its conceptual 45 While today’s USV concepts represent an metres Long Endurance Unmanned Sur- The VIGILANT impressive vision, there is still a significant face Vessel (LEUSV), designed to perform amount of work to be done. Although anti-submarine warfare, maritime patrol Another likely contender for the RSN’s tremendous efforts have been dedicated and surveillance tasks. The hull-form unmanned surface vehicles procure- to make USVs more autonomous, there enables good sea-keeping even during ment programme is the Singapore-based remain numerous key technical issues to the monsoon seasons, while their hybrid Zycraft’s 16.6m VIGILANT Independent be solved in order to bring the autonomy combined diesel and electrical propulsion Unmanned Surface Vessel (IUSV). up to the level required for more sophis- system allows long range operations at This USV has a resin hull, reinforced with ticated and hazardous applications, such loitering speeds. Other trends that are carbon nanotubes, and is equipped with as communications robustness, continuous being looking into are to convert manned a SEAKEEPER stabilisation system enabling bandwidth availability and sufficient power vessels into unmanned platforms, and for the IUSV to operate in high sea states, even for propulsion and to operate them at very ‘optionally manned’ USVs. With the in- during monsoon seasons. A SIMRAD 4G long ranges, but also have sufficient power creased interest in reducing ships’ crews, radar and collision avoidance software en- to make a sustained and full use of the there is potential for 'retrofitting' smaller sures safe operations in congested waters. ‘power-hungry’ organic sensors and com- vessels and turn them into fully autono- The two YANMAR 6LY3-ETP engines allow munications systems. mous or into a 'mix and match' approach the VIGILANT IUSV to attain a top speed The pursuit of next-generation defence where certain elements of the ship can in excess of 30 kn, achieve at least 3,000 innovations presents a range of com- be controlled autonomously. L

98 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY & MARKETS  German Naval Shipbuilding in the European Context

Dieter Hanel

As an industrial nation, Germany is dependent on exports. As an exporting country, Germany has consider- able economic and security interests, which is why German security policy must have a maritime component.

he privately managed German naval Tshipbuilding industry has achieved a strong market position in Germany and Photo: tkMS abroad with new high-performance prod- ucts. However, the industrial policy ob- served in numerous European countries, in particular with state-owned companies in France, Italy and Spain, to secure national defence capacities and key technologies and to support export activities by the government increases competitive pres- sure. This pressure is also intensified by the restrictive German arms export policy. As a consequence, the inevitable consolida- tion of Europe's highly fragmented naval shipbuilding industry has become a distant prospect.

Capacities and Strategic Orientation As a large industrial nation, Germany is highly dependent on exports and, as a Against the background of the bilateral 212CD submarine programme, leading exporting country, has consid- thyssenkrupp Marine Systems and ATLAS ELEKTRONIK have established erable economic and security interests. kta naval systems as a 50/50 joint venture with Kongsberg of Norway. This is why German security policy must kta naval systems is to become the supplier of submarine CWCS for all have an important maritime component. future submarine programmes of tkMS. In terms of security policy, economy and technology, Germany needs an efficient, efficiency and international competitive The German naval industrial base com- globally active naval industry to preclude position of the German naval industry to prises the shipyards and the supply indus- overdependence on foreign countries and this day: firstly, maintaining defence tech- try and can be divided into the following to ensure participation in international ar- nology as a core business, secondly, de- system areas: Surface combatants, con- mament cooperation. veloping technologically market-leading ventional submarines, MCMV and combat Since the end of the Cold War, three trend- products, and thirdly, intensifying the de- boats, naval support vessels and subsys- setting strategic corporate decisions, also velopment of foreign markets. tems, including propulsion systems, CWCS determined by the security situation, have The construction of naval ships requires a and radar systems. contributed decisively to maintaining the special technological competence and a high system capability in the integration of The Shipyards Author complex technological fields such as sen- sor technology, propulsion technology, Nine shipyards and around 400 suppliers Major (ret) Dieter Hanel is Chair- electronics, weapon system technology, are active in German naval shipbuilding. man of the Working Group on protection technology and lightweight These shipyards are system houses and Defence Technology at the Business construction as well as efficient project global technology leaders in their specific Associations in Schleswig-Holstein management. In particular, the demands product areas. They have undergone con- and author of the book “Military Link. on IT security and networks as well as on siderable consolidation and restructuring in Security Policy Time Travel of an Officer the command and weapon control system recent years, and at the same time Ger- and Defence Industry Manager”. (CWCS) network and on missile defence man Naval Yards Holdings has entered the are increasing. market. The current ownership, capacities

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 99  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

The Class 212A and 214 submarines can thus operate submerged for considerably

Picture: A&R longer than comparable purely diesel-elec- tric boats. In exports, thyssenkrupp Marine Systems is currently particularly successful with its Class 214 submarines, which are also equipped with a fuel cell propulsion system and take extended deployment sce- narios into account. The core business of thyssenkrupp Marine Systems also includes the development and design of state-of-the-art frigates, and naval support vessels as well as a wide range of services. Together with the Lürssen shipyard, thyssenkrupp Marine Systems is currently supplying the four F125 class frigates for the German Navy in the ARGE F125 consortium. With the abandonment of the surface shipbuilding shipyards, which have be- longed to German Naval Yards in Kiel Abeking & Rasmussen can offer the APEX PROTECTOR MCMV with a since 2011 and to Lürssen Werft in non-magnetic steel hull. Hamburg since 2016, the thysssenkrupp Group has made a far-reaching strategic and structures make it clear that a German ter sensors and weapons – a unique selling decision in this market segment. Hellenic shipyard alliance, as it has long been fa- proposition among German shipyards. Shipyards (2010) and Kockums (2014) voured by the German government, has Today thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, were also sold as part of the focus on the little chance of success. with annual sales of more than €1Bn, core business. The thyssenkrupp Group made a major employs over 5,000 people at its Kiel, thyssenkrupp's decision to abandon contribution to the consolidation and re- , Hamburg and Emden sites. The the Emden site of thyssenkrupp Marine structuring of naval shipbuilding. The Kiel- company is the world leader in the devel- Systems was suspended until 31 Decem- based company was formed in 2005 from opment and manufacture of non-nuclear ber 2020 due to the announcement by the merger of the former Howaldtswerke- submarines. Since 1960 it has signed con- the Ministry of Defence and the coali- Deutsche Werft (HDW) in Kiel, HDW-No- tracts with 20 states for 165 submarines, tion agreement between the Christian biskrug in Rendsburg, Blohm+Voss and 112 of which were built in Germany and Democratic Union (CDU) and the Social- Blohm+Voss Repair in Hamburg, Nordsee- 53 of which were made from prefabri- Democratic Party (SPD) that surface ship- werke in Emden, Kockums in Sweden and cated material packages with technical building is regarded as a key technology Hellenic Shipyards in Greece. ATLAS ELEK- support from Germany in the respective in Germany. TRONIK has also been part of thyssenkrupp customer country. With approx. 2,700 employees the Lürs- Marine Systems since 2017. This means that A technological quantum leap was made sen Werft group of companies, to which thyssenkrupp Marine Systems can not only with the development of an air-independ- the Bremen-based Fr. Lürssen Werft with cover shipbuilding, but also a significant ent submarine propulsion system based the Aumund, Berne and Lemwerder share of CWCS and in particular underwa- on noiseless and emission-free fuel cells. divisions, the Lürssen-Kröger Werft in

MISSIONREADY From o shore patrol vessels to corvettes – Lürssen has more than 140 years of experience in building naval vessels of all types and sizes. We develop tailor-made maritime solutions to meet any of your requirements. Whenever the need arises, our logistic support services and spare parts supply are always there to help you. Anywhere in the world. Across all of the seven seas.

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Schacht-Audorf (since 1986), the Neue Jadewerft in (since 2004), the Norderwerft in Hamburg (since 2012), the Wolgast-based Peene-Werft

(since 2013) and Blohm+Voss (since 2016) Photo: Federal Police belong, has pursued a successful strategy of growth and specialised orientation in recent decades. Lürssen is the lead com- pany in the K130 joint venture, which also includes thyssenkrupp Marine Systems and German Naval Yards Kiel. The contract to build five K130 corvettes for the German Navy was signed on 12 September 2017. German Naval Yards is a new shipyard group in the German State of Schleswig- Holstein, to which the three shipyards German Naval Yards Kiel, Nobiskrug and Lindenau belong. It is owned by the Priv- invest Group, which also includes CMN in The first new Federal Police (Germany) vessel was launched at the France, Isherwoods in Great Britain and Fassmer shipyard in Berne in December 2018. PISB with the shipyards Hellenic Shipyards and Abu Dhabi Mar. Privinvest has over The Fr. Fassmer shipyard has developed the world in their mission to ensure mari- 2,500 employees worldwide. special units for the integration of flexible time safety. The company, which can look In addition to working on the construc- warfare and surveillance systems based back on frequently changing ownership tion of the five German class K130 cor- on a modular design concept. These in- structures, has been a wholly-owned sub- vettes, German Naval Yards Kiel, which clude the 1,850 t displacement OPV 80 sidiary of thyssenkrupp AG since 2017 and employs 450 of a total of 950 people in class blue water patrol veselss. According has been assigned to the thyssenkrupp Ma- defence technology, is currently building to Fassmer, the company employs 1,500 rine Systems division. ATLAS ELEKTRONIK's four corvettes for the under people worldwide. product range includes sonars and sensors, the leadership of thyssenkrupp Marine command and control systems for subma- Systems. German Naval Yards, as general The Supply Industry rines and surface vessels, mine warfare contractor in cooperation with thyssen- systems, unmanned underwater vehicles, krupp Marine Systems, has submitted a The German naval shipbuilding industry radio and communication systems, naval final bid for the development, design and has a broad-based, efficient, medium- weapons and coastal protection systems. construction of the German MKS 180 sized supplier industry that has successfully In October 2017, thyssenkrupp Marine Sys- multi-role combat ship. positioned itself at German shipyards and tems and ATLAS ELEKTRONIK established With 440 employees in the naval busi- abroad. The locations are not limited to the the 50/50 joint venture kta naval systems ness area the Abeking & Rasmussen coastal states – a large part of the supply with the Norwegian company Kongsberg shipyard develops and manufactures in industry is located in Baden-Württemberg in view of the forthcoming joint Norwe- Lemwerder mine countermeasure ves- and Bavaria. gian-German programme of six Class sels, patrol boats as well as special ships ATLAS ELEKTRONIK, as a system house for 212CD submarines. The company is head- up to 125 m in length. naval electronics, supports navies all over quartered in Kongsberg, Norway, with a

MISSIONREADY From o shore patrol vessels to corvettes – Lürssen has more than 140 years of experience in building naval vessels of all types and sizes. We develop tailor-made maritime solutions to meet any of your requirements. Whenever the need arises, our logistic support services and spare parts supply are always there to help you. Anywhere in the world. Across all of the seven seas.

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worldwide. HENSOLDT generates 24% of its sales in the maritime segment, which includes radars, optronic systems, Photo: Lürssen periscopes as well as electronic and data transmission systems. Class 212A subma- rines, Class K130 corvettes and Class 125 frigates are all equipped with HENSOLDT products. Raytheon Anschütz, a subsidiary of , USA, is one of the world's leading manufacturers of inte- grated bridge systems and nautical equip- ment such as gyro compasses, autopilots, rudder control and monitoring systems, radar equipment, electronic charts, radio and communication systems. Strategical- ly, the company has undergone a trans- formation from a pure component sup- plier to a systems supplier, with the result that integrated navigation and bridge systems are increasingly being supplied The Peene-Werft shipyard based in Wolgast on the Baltic Sea has been today, combining its own and third-party part of the Lürssen Group since 2013. products into a single system. Renk is a leading transmission manufac- branch in Bremen. kta naval systems is nication systems and one of the world's turer with 2,319 employees and a turno- to become the exclusive supplier of com- leading manufacturers of integrated ra- ver of €502M in 2018. The Maritime mand and weapon control systems for dio communication systems. Transmissions business unit develops and thyssenkrupp Marine Systems. As part of its strategic reorientation and produces transmissions for naval vessels. Gabler Maschinenbau is a leading sup- concentration on the aerospace industry, The ships of 35 navies worldwide are plier of hoistable masts, special equip- the Airbus Group has disposed of ex- equipped with Renk transmissions. Class ment and other components exclusively tensive parts of its defence electronics 125 frigates and Class 130 corvettes also for submarines. business, which in 2017 became the new have Renk transmissions. Hagenuk Marinekommunikation, an in- defence technology company HENSOLDT The Rohde & Schwarz technology dependent subsidiary of the ATLAS ELE- with around 4,000 employees and sales group develops, produces and markets KTRONIK Group, is the European market of around one billion euro. This puts it communication, information and secu- leader for integrated submarine commu- in 63rd place among defence companies rity technology products, which it also supplies to naval forces. In 2018, the European Frigate Programmes company had 11,500 employees and a Country Programme Scope Contractor turnover of 2.04 billion euro. R&S Ma- rinesysteme GmbH was founded with Germany Class F125 4 frigates, ARGE F125 (thyssenkrupp contract award 2007 Marine Systems, Fr. Lürssen) the aim of concentrating development activities at the Kiel location on the na- Denmark IVER-HUITFELDT- 3 frigates, contract award Odense Staalskibsværft, tional and international naval business. Class 2006, commissioning 2011 closed 2012 The company develops and implements France FREMM 8 frigates, Armaris system solutions for secure communi- deliveries until 2022 (Naval Group/Thales) cation and reliable telecommunications FTI (frégate de taille 5 frigates, Naval Group and electronic reconnaissance on board intermédiaire) 1st unit 2023 naval vessels. UK Type 26 Frigate 3 (1st batch) of 8 Frigates BAE Systems Rolls-Royce Power Systems, headquar- contract award 02/07/2017 tered in Friedrichshafen on the Lake Type 31e Frigate 5 frigates (1st batch) con- Babcock Constance and a division of Rolls-Royce tractor selection 09/2019, plc, supplies diesel engines for naval delivery of 1st unit 2023 vessels. Class 212A submarines, Class 130 corvettes and Class 125 frigates are Italy FREMM 10 frigates, OSN deliveries 2012-2020 (Fincantieri/Leonardo) equipped with Rolls-Royce diesel engines from MTU. The Nether- DE-ZEVEN- 4 frigates Damen Schelde Siemens supplies drives, switchgear and lands PROVINCIËN Class commissioning Naval Shipbuilding automation systems for naval vessels. 2002-2005 Major ongoing projects include Class Norway FRIDTJOF-NANSEN 5 (4) frigates, contract Navantia 212A and Class 214 submarines and Class Class award 2000, commis- 125 frigates. The Siemens PERMASYN sioning 2006-2011 propulsion engines and fuel cells are core Spain F-110 5 frigates, contract Navantia components of the air-independent sub- award 23 April 2019 marines.

102 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 Thales Germany realigned its naval organisation in 2018 and merged the Wilhelmshaven and Kiel sites into a new, cross-location unit. This integrat- ed business unit will further expand marine competence in joint teams. This will enable them to develop and supply customer solutions in the areas of mission control systems, submarine solutions and naval communications

solutions. Photo: Orizzonte Sistemi Navali In 2015 Finnish Wärtsilä took over the L-3 The Italian frigate CARLO BERGAMINI is one of ten Italian FREMM Class Marine Systems International group from frigates, the last of which is scheduled for commissioning in 2020. the L-3 group, which includes Wärtsilä ELAC Nautik and Wärtsilä JOVYATLAS creased cross-border cooperation, there val forces. FREMM stands for the French EUROATLAS. ELAC is a market leader are still considerable capacities to be Frégate Multi-Mission and the Italian in the field of hydroacoustics with in- found which are supported by national Fregata Multi-Mission. The LSS is also a novative areas of digital underwater industrial policy, domestic procurement Franco-Italian project for supply vessels communication and the introduction of projects to secure technologies and jobs, of both countries' navies. open system architecture for submarine and successful foreign projects. The discussion of creating a "Naval EADS" sonars. Cross-border procurement programmes or "Naval Airbus" analogous to the Eu- are still rare in naval shipbuilding. The ropean aerospace industry, which has Capacities and Perspectives FREMM frigates and the Logistic Sup- been recurring for decades, has not yet in Europe port Ship (LSS) are the only bilateral been generated results. With the acqui- naval shipbuilding projects of 13 Euro- sition of the Swedish shipyard Kockums In contrast to the aerospace industry, na- pean programmes managed by OCCAR. in 1999 and the takeover of the Greek val shipbuilding in Europe remains highly FREMM is a series of frigates that France Hellenic Shipyards by thyssenkrupp in fragmented. In France, Great Britain, and Italy have been building since 2007 2002 and their integration into HDW, a Italy, Sweden and Spain in particular, de- in a joint project in different configura- European shipyard alliance was created spite a strong shrinking process and in- tions and designs for their respective na- for the first time. The establishment of a

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11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 103  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

European naval alliance, analogous to the erful companies with strong political sup- The shipyard Constructions Mécaniques de EADS and Airbus aviation groups, was port and international strategic success in Normandie (CMN Group) was taken over thus increasingly propagated, and HDW's naval shipbuilding. by Iskandar Safa in 1992 and belongs to the 1998/1999 annual report announced this Naval Group is a European leader in naval PRIVINVEST Group based in Lebanon. "as an early orientation towards a Euro- shipbuilding, developing, manufacturing With 19,274 employees and a turnover of pean market". However, this strategy was and servicing aircraft carriers, frigates €5.47Bn, the Italian shipyard Fincantieri not successful. Nor was the "Joint Dec- and submarines. In addition, Naval Group is one of the world's largest shipbuilding laration by German Chancellor Gerhard has expanded its business activities in the companies and the largest naval shipyard in Schröder and German naval shipbuilding field of drones. In 2018, the group had a Europe. It is a partner of foreign shipyards companies of 28 October 2000" to view turnover of €3.6Bn with 14,800 employ- in major supranational naval shipbuilding the strategic alliance between Babcock ees. The company is owned directly by programmes. Its broad product range in- cludes aircraft carriers, frigates, corvettes, OPVs and submarines. The Italian state has a direct stake of 71.6% in the company. Since 2014, Fincantieri has been coop- erating with Leonardo, Italy's largest Photo: Michael Nitz defence industrial element and number 13 worldwide, with 46,262 employees and a turnover of €12.24Bn, with the aim of bundling expertise in naval ship- building and developing markets. For this purpose, both companies have founded the joint venture Orizzonte Sistemi Navali (OSN) as a system integrator (Fincantieri 51%, Leonardo 49%). OSN is the system integrator for the ten Italian FREMM frig- ates, the eighth of which was handed over to the Italian Navy in April 2019. In addition to the strong focus of the Ital- ian naval industry's surface activities on France, there are still close relationships in submarine construction with Germany. The German-Italian cooperation in the The most recent product from German Naval Yards is the Israeli corvette procurement of Class 212A submarines, INS MARGEN, shown here during outfitting in Kiel, Germany. which began in 1996, was regulated by an intergovernmental agreement be- Borsig and Thyssen Krupp Industries "as the French state (62.25%) and by Thales tween the MoDs of both countries and a decisive element in the restructuring of (35%). In 2002, Naval Group founded the by an industrial agreement between the the European defence industries" a suc- 50/50 consortium Armaris with Thales. German submarine yards and the Italian cessful one. Major programmes include the FREMM shipyard Fincantieri as licensee. Italy now In 2003, Jean-Marie Poimboeuf, then frigate project, the construction of nu- intends to continue the German-Italian CEO of the French shipyard group Direc- clear submarines for the submarine cooperation and has signed tion des Constructions Navales (DCN), and conventional submarines for foreign a government memorandum of under- now known as the Naval Group, advo- navies. standing with Germany on 10 March cated an "EADS of the Seas" and saw Eu- On 14 June 2019, Naval Group and Fin- 2017 for the planned procurement of a fur- ropean defence policy and joint industrial cantieri signed a cooperation agreement ther four Class 212A submarines. projects as the key driving force. How- with the objective of establishing a 50/50 The British naval shipbuilding industry has ever, both are still lacking today. In 2005, joint venture based in Genoa for the PO- undergone profound restructuring in recent under the heading "European Shipyards SEIDON project by the end of the year. years in the form of mergers and plant clo- Unlikely to Consolidate", Defense News The aim is to "strengthen cooperation sures. Vosper Thornycroft was taken over by listed the six largest European compa- in naval shipbuilding and create a more BAE Systems Maritime in 2011 and the DML nies in naval shipbuilding: BAE Systems, efficient and competitive European ship- Appledore shipyard, taken over by Babcock DCN (now Naval Group), Fincantieri, Na- building industry". in 2007, was closed in 2019. On the basis of vantia, Thales and thyssenkrupp Marine In 2017, the Italian shipyard Fincantieri the "National Shipbuilding Strategy" pub- Systems. These continue to exist as inde- took over 50% of the shares in the French lished on 6 September 2017, the future ori- pendent shipyards, and so, as shown in STX shipyards and continues to operate entation of British naval shipbuilding is being the following, there are still substantial them under the old name Chantiers de undertaken in connection with the planned nationally determined capacities in naval l´Atlantique . The French Government procurement programmes of the Royal Na- shipbuilding in Europe. This strong na- retains a 34.3% stake. Chantiers de vy. This is primarily driven by national inter- tional orientation and fragmentation is l'Altantique and Naval Group have jointly ests. The industrial policy aims to build the exemplified by the major European frig- developed the MISTRAL Class landing hel- ships in Great Britain with British design and ate programs of the day. icopter dock and command vessel. Chan- the involvement of foreign partners and to In France, Naval Group, Thales, Chantiers tiers de l'Altantique is building the four support British industry in its export efforts de l´Atlantique and CMN are three pow- ships planned for the French Navy. by the Government in order to maintain the

104 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019

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For more information please contact us: [email protected] www.udt-global.com +44 (0)20 7384 7788  INDUSTRY & MARKETS national shipbuilding capacities, so success- With the construction of aircraft carriers, de- and the formation of cross-border joint fully done in the Australian HUNTER Class stroyers, frigates, submarines, patrol boats ventures; frigate programme (nine frigates) and in the and support ships, the government-owned 2. Harmonised procedures for the develop- Canadian Medium Service Combatant (up Spanish shipyard Navantia has a broad prod- ment, procurement and operational ap- to 15 ships based on the Type 26 Global uct range in naval shipbuilding. The com- proval of military equipment, coordinated Combat Ship). pany, which has around 5,000 employees, throughout Europe and oriented towards This Government strategy is closely linked to has developed the SCORPÈNE submarine to- NATO standards; the Royal Navy's major naval programmes gether with the French Naval Group. It was 3. To organise competition in the European such as the Type 31e frigate, also known as successfully marketed abroad, but neither Union under equal conditions ("level play- the General Purpose Frigate, the Type 26 in Spain nor in France. Navantia is currently ing field"); frigate, the ASTUTE nuclear submarine pro- building four S80 class submarines for the 4. Harmonisation of European arms export gramme and the QUEEN ELIZABETH class Spanish Navy. regulations to ensure equal opportunities aircraft carriers. The strong government and the ability of the German defence in- support is also reflected in the successful Need for Political Action dustrial base to cooperate in international marketing of British naval products abroad. competition, With 85,400 employees and a turnover of The consolidation of European naval ship- 5. Abolition of the protectionist and compe- £18.4Bn in 2018, BAE Systems is the largest building has been pushed into the distant tition-distorting offset laws which exist in European defence company and number future by an increasingly national industrial many countries and which require com- seven worldwide. Of these, 16,000 are em- policy and the massively state-subsidised pensation for defence materiel contracts ployed in the maritime sector, which has a arms export policy of numerous countries and thus, particularly in the case of reloca- turnover of £2.98Bn. The two British aircraft to support their state-owned enterprises. tion of production shares and licensing, carriers of the QUEEN ELIZABETH class, the In order to ensure equal opportunities for put the German small and medium-sized Type 26 frigates and the ASTUTE subma- German naval shipbuilding run by the pri- supplier industry at a considerable disad- rines make a decisive contribution to the vate sector and to safeguard our national vantage. utilisation of maritime capacity. defence capacities and key technologies, These industrial policy measures will Babcock International Group, with 35,075 there is still a considerable need for political strengthen naval shipbuilding in Europe, en- employees and a turnover of £4.47Bn, 47% action to promote international coopera- able naval shipbuilding in Germany to suc- of which is in the defence sector, is the sec- tion, negotiate "at eye level" and promote cessfully meet international challenges and, ond-largest defence technology company in the consolidation of companies in Europe: with its innovative products, expertise and Great Britain and a major participant in the 1. To step up the creation of European flexibility, remain a strategic partner for the Royal Navy's major naval programmes. In military joint projects as an indispensable Bundeswehr and the allied armed forces as the naval sector, sales amounted to £1.69Bn. prerequisite for international cooperation well as for the foreign naval industry.  The privately-owned Dutch company Da- men Schelde Naval Shipbuilding had a turn- tkMS: New Orders, €250 Million Investment, 500 New Jobs over of €2Bn in 2018 with 12,000 employ- (jh) thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, Germany's third-largest defence company and world ees, including 3,500 in the Netherlands. The market leader in conventional submarines, has recorded a positive development: by 2023, naval shipbuilding programme includes frig- the company will invest €250 million at its Kiel location. The objective is to develop the ates, patrol boats and MCMV. The shipyard shipyard to an international competence centre for conventional submarine construction. has submitted a final offer for the procure- As a result from positive commercial developments and new orders, around 500 new ment of the German MKS 180 and intends employees will be hired throughout the company by the end of 2020, the majority thereof to have the ship built by the Lürssen-owned in Kiel. The company is looking primarily for engineers and skilled workers, particularly in shipyard Blohm+Voss in Hamburg. R&D, construction and manufacturing. Saab Kockums is a division of the Swedish thyssenkrupp Marine Systems has recently succeeded against strong competition in the Saab Group, which in 2018 had a turnover surface combatant sector: In August 2019, the company was contracted by an African of SEK33.2Bn with 17,096 employees. Koc- customer to build four frigates. The company is in charge of building Germany's most kums employs around 1,200 people, and modern naval vessels, the F125 class frigates, the FoC of which was commissioned by the the company's product portfolio includes German Navy in June 2019. In May of this year, the first of four state-of-the-art corvettes naval surface vessels, the national A26 was christened for the Israeli Navy. In April 2019, Brazil selected the company as preferred Class submarine programme currently un- bidder for the production of four corvettes. In Germany, thyssenkrupp Marine Systems is der development, autonomous underwater involved in the construction of the 2nd batch of K130 corvettes. vehicles, weapons and other naval systems During the first few months of this year, thyssenkrupp Marine Systems christened the for communication, underwater reconnais- largest conventional submarine ever built in Germany for Singapore and the third of sance and protection. four submarines for Egypt. With the 212CD project for building a total of six identical After the acquisition by HDW in Kiel the submarines for Norway and Germany, thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, together with its Swedish shipyard belonged to thyssenkrupp customers and partners, intends to create the European NATO standard of the future in Marine Systems until mid-2014. On 22 July the field of conventional submarines. Already today, 70 percent of NATO's conventional 2014 Thyssen-Krupp Industrial Solutions submarine fleet is produced by thyssenkrupp Marine Systems. sold the shipyard to Saab, now known as Saab Kockums. With this industrial policy shift toward more national sovereignty, the

Swedish Government expects to retain its Photo: tkMS submarine construction capabilities in the country, secure foreign markets and enter into international cooperation.

106 European Security & Defence INDUSTRY & MARKETS  “The chemical defence standards defined in the NATO triptych are outdated”

Proengin is a leader in chemical and biological detection thanks to its flame spectrometry technology that ensures fast and reliable detection. Today, more than 70 countries rely on Proengin for chemical and biological protection, from small handheld AP4C detectors to vehicle- and building- mounted AP4C-V and AP4C-F detectors. ESD spoke with Eric Damiens, Vice-President Marketing & Sales at Proengin. Photo: Peter Bossdorf

ESD: What kind of chemical and biological offer a range of services that allow the user upgrade as we detect phosphorus inside threats do troops have to be aware of in to be informed about the situation and all the Novichok molecules. Anyone who theatres of operation? how to proceed so they can decide what has purchased an AP4C 10 years ago, can Damiens: There was a time when a chemi- to do. detect Novichok and Fentanyl today. cal war was to take place against the armies Nowadays, military and civilian customers of the Warsaw Pact along the Elbe and the are exposed to similar threats, but have ESD: What are the particular challenges list of chemical warfare agents was limited different ways of responding to them. We when detecting biological agents? How do to four or five gases. At that time, the bio- need to adapt our systems to different user you deal with them? What technologies do logical threat was purely theoretical. groups. these threats implement? This scenario is obviously outdated and a Damiens: The concept of biological detec- chemical attack can take place anywhere, ESD: All of your chemical detection devices tion is quite complex. There is no physi- can take place without weapons and may are based on flame spectrometry technol- cal technology allowing to differentiate a involve toxic products of industrial origin. ogy. Can you briefly elaborate on this tech- non-pathogenic bacteria from a patho- In recent years we have also had to learn nology? genic bacteria. Only bio processes such as the term PBA: Pharmaceutical active in- Damiens: The science of flame spectrom- immuno-assay process, PCR or DNA analy- gredients. The chemical defence standards etry is very simple. Burning an element will sis can do that. It takes time and it requires defined in the NATO triptych are therefore emit a light. The wavelength of the light a sample. It is therefore impossible to do a outdated. is specific to the atoms that are burned. continuous monitoring of an area. There are no more CWA detectors, only Astronomy has been using that science for Technologies such as flame spectrometry chemical detectors. I think the term CWA ages to determine the types of gases they are there to tell the user when he should is obsolete. find in stars. We are doing the same in our take a sample and make a test. However, detectors. The real know-how of Proengin the main challenge is to reduce the cost of ESD: What capability portfolio does Pro- has been our capacity to use that science this operation. Our AP4C-VB is a big step in engin offer to military and civilian cus- to find several gases simultaneously and at this direction as we are able to use only one tomers? very low concentrations. sensor to simultaneously perform chemical Damiens: CBRN threat management is We have chosen to detect phosphorus, sul- and biological detection. what we want to offer to our custom- phur, arsenic and the chemical liaison HNO ers. A simple chemical or bio alarm is not for chemical detection and potassium and ESD: Reliable performance and a superior enough. Sharing Information and raw data, sodium for biological detection. It enables durability are basic requirements for CBRN situation awareness, assistance to decision- us to be able to detect thousands of gases response equipment. How do you ensure makers are key in threat management. without having to upgrade any library. that your products meet these require- Next to our traditional hand-held, vehicle- This is why our AP4C product range can ments and how do your devices perform mounted or 24/7 operation detectors, we detect any Novichok agent without any in this regard?

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 107  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

countries have jumped. Besides our tradi- tional markets Australia, the US and India, we have just signed a record contract in our

Photo: Proengin own country, France. However, our expan- sion will be based not only on a geographic expansion but on new markets like critical infrastructures, vehicles and Navy Ships in countries where we have already users.

ESD: How much does Proengin invest in R&D? What are the R&D priorities of your company? Do you cooperate with scientific institutions? Damiens: Proengin was born as a R&D Proengin’s AP4C is a portable chemical contamination control device company in the seventies. Our first serial used to detect chemical agents in the form of vapour, aerosols and product was launched only in the 1990s. dust; and liquids with the S4PE. At least one third of our staff is working in the R&D department. We are obviously fo- Damiens: There are two factors allowing Proengin has designed military field prod- cussing on improving flame spectrometry our detectors to reach this high degree of ucts since 35 years and this experience is technology that is the core of the company, reliability and durability: Flame spectrom- recognised by our users. but we are also working on the ergonomics etry is a simple science and does not require of the detector and connectivity technolo- complex assemblies of many high tech ele- ESD: Proengin devices are in use in many gies that we develop with partners. ments. Our know-how is much more in the countries. What markets / regions do you Usually, we use our own money to fund process, the settings and the algorithms focus on? R&D to remain independent but we are co- than in the parts themselves. Damiens: Proengin has always been active operating with prestigious scientific institu- Proengin is not a manufacturer of lab on the global market and our detectors are tions such as TNO and FOI to exchange in- equipment trying to adapt their products in service in 70 countries on all continents. formation and to perform specific testing. to a military field use. From the first sketch, We are opening markets in new countries our products are designed to be used in every year. This year we had our first con- This interview was conducted by harsh field conditions. tract in Uzbekistan and our sales in GCC Peter Bossdorf.

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anz-abo_ESD_A5_quer_2019_Oktober.indd 1 01.10.19 11:47 108 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY & MARKETS  Partner of NATO – Heckler & Koch Turns 70

Jan-P. Weisswange

For 70 years the small arms company Heckler&Koch, based in Oberndorf am Neckar, has been supporting the armed forces and security forces of Germany, NATO and NATO-associated countries. This traditional German company - also known as "HK" - enjoys a legendary reputation worldwide.

eckler & Koch was founded on 28 De- cember 1949. The company found- H Photo: HK ers were Edmund Heckler (1906 - 1960), Theodor Koch (1905 - 1976) and Alex Sei- del (1909 - 1989). From the very begin- ning, Heckler & Koch was characterised by a high level of engineering and weap- ons expertise, as well as by the proverbial Swabian inventive and entrepreneurial spirit. All three company founders had started their professional careers in the famous Mauser factories in Oberndorf. Heckler & Koch is still based in the town known for its metal-working industry and weapons forge.

An Exciting History

Heckler & Koch initially produced spare parts for sewing machines and bicycles, but re- ceived early permission from the French oc- cupation authorities to manufacture small arms. First customers were the police, the German border police and the allied armed The HK headquarters in Oberndorf has state-of-the-art infrastructure forces. With the rearmament of Germany and machinery in 1955, HK turned into an arms factory. From 1959 on, the company was the main the G11 caseless ammunition assault rifle on dorf. Infrastructure and machinery were supplier of the G3 assault rifle for the Ger- behalf of the Bundeswehr. When the Cold modernised. A new, expanded logistics cen- man armed forces. In the mid-sixties, the War ended, however, the order was termi- tre was built in 2007. Heckler & Koch has MP5 submachine gun was a second major nated which spelled financial difficulties for also had a new training centre since 2010. success based on the reliable roller-delayed the company. In 1991, HK became part of blowback mechanism known from the G3. Royal Ordnance, a subsidiary of the British HK Today The MP5 achieved worldwide success after BAE Systems. During this time, HK received the British SAS ended the hostage situation large orders: From 1997 HK supplied the Today, the H&K AG Group includes the sub- in the Iranian embassy on Prince’s Gate in Bundeswehr with the G36 assault rifle and sidiaries Heckler & Koch GmbH and Heckler London in 1980 – better known as Opera- the P8 pistol. In addition, the company re- & Koch Management GmbH (both locat- tion NIMROD. vised the British standard weapon SA80/L85 ed in Oberndorf), Heckler & Koch France During the Cold War, HK, together with which was originally developed by Enfield. S.A.S. in Saint-Nom-La-Bretèche/France, Hensoldt and Dynamit Nobel, developed In 2002, the private investors Andreas Hee- Nottingham Small Arms Factory Limited in schen and Keith Halsey took over Heckler Nottingham/UK, as well as Heckler & Koch, Author & Koch The investors reorganised the com- Inc.(Columbus/Georgia), Heckler & Koch pany and realigned HK to an internationally Defense Inc. (Ashburn/Virginia) and Small Jan-P. Weisswange PhD is a operating defence company headquartered Arms Group Holding Inc. (Ashburn/Virgin- communications manager in the in Oberndorf. The product portfolio was di- ia). The corporate headquarters is located defence industry. This article reflects versified, sales were internationalised, and in Oberndorf am Neckar. Since 2018, Jens his personal opinion. substantial investments were made in the Bodo Koch has been CEO of the company. headquarters and production site in Obern- By the way, Koch is not related to the com-

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 109  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

In the field of pistols, a complete product range based on the STRIKER Fire Pistol 9mm x 19 was recently developed; sever- al German state police forces have fielded Photo: Bundeswehr the SFP9 as the new service pistol.

The HK416/417 Small Arms Family The development of the HK 416/417 fam- ily began in the beginning of this mil- lennium. It combines the battle proven operating concept of Eugene Stoner's AR assault rifle architecture with the legend- ary short-stroke gas piston system of the G36. Series production of the HK416 and the "bigger brother" HK417 in calibre 7.62mm x 51 started in February 2005. First procurements quickly followed. One of the first customers was US SOCOM, followed by Special Forces from France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany. The first major order was received in 2007. The MG5 (alias HK121) is the standard MG of the German armed forces. The Norwegian armed forces procured the HK416 as their new standard assault rifle. pany founder Theodor Koch. Björn Krönert Family Idea Another major success overseas came in holds the position of CFO. 2010 when the US Marine Corps replaced Heckler & Koch maintains extensive re- Already during the Cold War it was one of a portion of its M249 light machine guns search and development capacities in the strengths of the Oberndorf armour- with the 16.5-inch barrel version of the order to be able to meet the constantly ers to think in families. The G3 assault HK416 as the Infantry Automatic Rifle evolving demands of the armed forces rifle was surrounded by a whole family M27 with the intention to enhance the worldwide. Within the framework of its of weapons, ranging from submachine automatic rifleman’s manoeuvrability. In own projects and on behalf of the Ger- guns to belt-fed light machine guns. The September 2016, the French procurement man government and other NATO coun- reliable short-stroke gas piston system of authority Direction Générale d'Armament tries, HK is a market leader in developing the G36 not only made the Enfield SA80 (DGA) ordered the HK416 assault rifle sys- weapons and weapon systems and in a field-ready assault rifle, but also laid the tem as the new standard French handgun improving existing ones. foundation for the successful HK416/417 "Arme Individual Future (AIF)". Heckler & Koch's strictest internal compli- assault rifle family. The weapon family also gained a foothold ance and security rules are a cornerstone Despite different manufacturing pro- in Germany. The HK417 is used by the of the business model. Key components cesses, the MG4 and HK121/MG5 ma- Bundeswehr as the G27, the HK416A5 are produced exclusively in Oberndorf, chine guns are also distinguished by their by various security authorities as the G38 even if licences are granted. The company similarity. In the German armed forces, and the German special forces selected and its quality assurance system are certi- the MG5 is currently replacing the MG3 the A7 version of the HK416 as the G95K. fied to EN ISO 9001 and meet the require- as the standard universal machine gun, The most recent successes of the 416/417 ments of NATO's quality standard AQAP while the MG4 and MG5 inventories are family can be seen in the US. In July 2019, 2110. being further harmonised. the US Army announced the acquisition of several thousand semi-automatic G28Es as M110A1 Semi-Automatic Des- The HK Number Key ignated Marksman Rifles. HK has developed a two-digit number key with the weapon family around the roller- The HK416, together with the newly de- delayed blowback mechanism. The first digit indicates the type of weapon, the second veloped HK433 modular assault rifle sys- the calibre. Since the beginning of this millennium, a three-digit numerical code has tem, is currently reportedly in the race for been introduced – independent of marketing names such as 416 or 417. The first digit the new Bundeswehr assault rifle system. stands for the generation, currently 1 - 4. The middle digit now stands for the type of weapon, namely 1 for magazine-fed MG, 2 for belt-fed MG, 3 for assault rifle, 4 Outlook for semi-automatic rifle, 5 for submachine gun and 6 for grenade launcher. The third digit indicates the calibre: 1 stands for 7.62mm x 51, 2 for 7.62mm x 39, 3 for 5.56mm Especially with regard to national and alli- x 45, 4 for 9mm x 19, 7 for special calibres and 9 for 40mm x 46. According to the ance defence, the development, produc- new nomenclature, a G36 is called HK133, a HK417 is called 331 and the MG5 trades tion and sustainable technological support under HK121. The products of the old weapon family such as G3 (HK31) G8 (HK21) or of handgun systems represent key tech- MP5 (HK54) would carry according to the new nomenclature a "0" in the first place, nologies. In this particular field Heckler & whereby that number is not written out. Koch is one of the European global players with worldwide success. L

110 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY & MARKETS  “The law enforcement market is very important to us”

ACS Armoured Car Systems markets protection solutions for civil, police and military use and is a leading developer of protected vehicles, of which ENOK is the best known. ESD had the opportunity to talk to Tanja Paeske, Member of the Executive Board at ACS.

for offensive vehicles for the Special Opera- equipment with weapon station and gun tion Forces (SOF) of both the military and mounts. In short: It offers the best pos- police is increasing worldwide, and in my sible balance between outstanding mobil- view the ENOK meets the needs of the users ity, payload, and a high level of protection. best. This is the reason why different police And on top of that, through-life support units like the German Federal Police and the and the availability of spares are guaran- Finnish Police already have the ENOK 5.4 teed by the global network of licenced and ENOK 6.2 in service. ACS is adapting Mercedes dealers. the vehicles individually according to their

Photo: ACS needs. Thanks to their modularity, they can ESD: Your third business line are civil vehicles be quickly changed for different scenarios fitted with discreet armour. Can you tell us a ESD: ACS is best known for its Light Ar- or mission challenges, in terms of protec- bit about your activities in this field? moured Patrol Vehicle ENOK, of which the tion, armament, storage space concept or Paeske: Triggered by the 2016 shooting in German Armed Forces have 250 in service in number of seats. Munich’s Olympia Shopping Mall, we devel- different versions. Which other military pro- oped concepts for the protection of patrol grammes are you working on? Are you look- ESD: Military and police operations, how- vehicles. Such special operations show: the ing at the future air-transportable wheeled ever, place different demands on a vehicle. Is platform for the German Army, or at certain it difficult to adapt, and where are the syner- export projects? gies – and potential added benefits – for the Paeske: ACS is the specialist for protected police customer? Photo: ACS and special vehicles in sensitive weight rang- Paeske: Of course, vehicles suited for the es, especially the class up to 10 tonnes gross law enforcement market have to meet a vehicle weight. So wherever high tactical couple of specific requirements. First of mobility in connection with air transportabil- all, they must be suited for urban environ- ity as internal or external load is required, our ments; they need to be agile, small and well vehicles are strong candidates. manoeuvrable even in narrow streets. At Next to the known variants of the ENOK the same time, they must retain their off- we offer a Special Operations Vehicle (SOV) road capabilities, with extended ground based on the combat proven ENOK chassis. clearance, wading depth and good perfor- The open passenger cabin can be modu- mance on unpaved roads, and be able to larly adapted for two to six fully equipped overcome obstacles in the city, for example The armoured LAPV 5.4 designed soldiers. The modular concept of the vehicle stairs. Like military vehicles, they must meet by ACS also allows a mission related stowage of the high security requirements, such as protec- equipment. The ENOK SOV offers ballistic tion against ballistic threats like Kalashnikov first forces on site are usually patrol officers. and mine protection. The vehicle was de- fire, blast, and the intrusion of gas. And They have the situational awareness until signed as an open crew cabin, but it can finally, flexible equipment options are im- special forces move up, but their equipment be quickly closed completely with little ef- portant: weapon stations, windows with is limited. Our concept is based on protec- fort thanks to a tarpaulin cover and modular gun ports, and other armament options, tion kits with protection Level NIJ-IIIA or VR4 doors. This system allows protection against sufficient stowage, and so on. as upgrade solution for existing vehicles. The all weather conditions, and the doors also As a proven, highly protected, and very advantage is a high degree of protection, allow complete ballistic protection from the compact off-road vehicle, the ENOK meets the OEM status of existing vehicles is main- side. all those requirements: One of the main tained, there is no intervention necessary in features of the ENOK is its agility. In rela- the vehicle’s electrical/electronic system, and ESD: With the military being your main cus- tion to the vehicle size it offers a very high after all, the protection kit can be retrofitted tomer, how important is the law enforce- protection class, generous space with high at the end of its service life. ment market for ACS? payload, and a low vehicle signature. It Paeske: The law enforcement market is very still has high off-road capabilities, and can This interview was conducted by important to us. It is a fact that the demand be fitted for an offensive role, including Andreas Himmelsbach.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 111  ARMED FORCES 19th NATO Days in Ostrava

Michał Jarocki

The NATO Days and Czech Air Force Days, which were held at the Leos Janacek Airport in Ostrava, are one of the biggest defence and security shows in Europe. According to the motto, “Our security cannot be taken for granted and there is no prosperity without security”, the event is always expected to present a wide array of weapon systems and capabilities of the Czech and allied armed forces, which lays the ground for stabilising and strengthening the security system on the continent.

he rich programme of the event includ- Ted presentations and demonstrations of various weapon systems, such as fighter, trainer and transport aircraft, helicopters and bombers, main battle tanks, infantry Photo: Michal Jarocki fighting vehicles and armoured tactical platforms, in addition to small arms and personal equipment of soldiers and Spe- cial Forces operators, as well as firefighters, policemen, customs officers, the prison ser- vice and municipal police. The 19th edition of NATO Days in Ostrava welcomed over 220,000 visitors, includ- ing professionals and representatives of the media, who could follow 70 dynamic and static displays showcased by 17 par- ticipating countries, including Romania, which was the Special Partner Nation of this year’s edition of the show. The Roma- nian Air Force, Army, and Department for Romania, as the Special Partner Nation of this year’s NATO Days, Emergency Situations presented a number presented the locally manufactured IAR 330 PUMA multirole helicopter. of air platforms from its inventory, such as MiG-21 fighter jets, the IAR 99 ȘOIM ad- capabilities in cooperation with partner na- “We came out to build camaraderie with vanced trainer and light attack aircraft, the tions and demonstrated integrated, proven our NATO partners; we’re getting a chance IAR 330 PUMA multirole helicopter as well and effective training system of allied forces, to meet and exchange information we as C-27J SPARTAN transport aircraft. improving the security system in Europe. might not have had prior to this NATO Day Among other participants were Austria, According to Maj. Gen. John B. Williams, event”, said Capt. David Fink, 68th Airlift Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Air Force Reserve Mobilization Assistance Squadron C-5M Super Galaxy pilot, Joint Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Neth- to the Commander, USAFE-AFAFRICA, the Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas. erlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Switzer- US presence in Ostrava was “to show our land, the UK and the US as well as NATO’s support for the [NATO] alliance. (…) It is Bell Enhances Sales E-3A Component with all-Polish crew. all about our partners. It is important for Opportunities us to show our support, all of our aircraft US Air Force Capabilities ready to together represent the alliance. The American company Bell was one of on Focus We stand together for the common good”. the most important representatives of the The USAF was represented by a number aviation and defence industry present in The US Air Force (USAF), as one of the major of aircraft and aircrew from Air National Ostrava. The manufacturer showcased its participants of NATO Days in Ostrava, un- Guard, Air Force Reserve, and active-duty AH-1Z VIPER attack and UH-1Y VENOM derlined the fact that the event increased US units. The platforms showcased during multirole helicopters, assigned to the US the show included one MQ-9 REAPER as- Marine Corps. These platforms make up Author signed to the 52nd Expeditionary Opera- for Bell’s sales offer for most of the Central tions Group Detachment 2 in Miroslawiec, and Eastern Europe countries and all other Michał Jarocki is is an independent, Poland, one B-52 STRATOFORTRESS from states in the so-called Three Seas region. Warsaw-based defence expert who the 307th Bomb Wing at Barksdale AFB, The manufacturer came to Ostrava shortly has reported on security issues and La., one KC-135 from the 155th Air Refuel- after the Czech Republic decided to pro- developments from a qualified “in- ling Wing, Nebraska ANG and one C-5M cure four AH-1Z VIPER attack and eight UH- sider” position for many years. Super Galaxy from the 433th Airlift Wing, 1Y VENOM utility/multirole helicopters to Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas. modernise the country’s armed forces and

112 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 enhance their operational capabilities. “We reviewed the offers received, and based on military recommendations, we decided on a variant that includes eight UH-1Y VENOM multi-purpose and four AH-1Z VIPER attack helicopters. We would like to conclude the contract by the end of the year”, said Lubomír Metnar, head of the Czech MoD in August 2019, shortly after the decision to acquire Bell’s helicopters was announced. “This is something we have worked on for over 5 years. We were here in 2014 and we explained the value proposition of having a

combat multirole, UH-1Y and a dedicated Photo: Michal Jarocki attack, the AH-1Z, flying and operating BAE SYSTEMS presented its CV90 infantry fighting vehicle, which is a them together’, said Joel Best, Director of contender in the Czech Army’s tender for over 200 such platforms. Global Sales and Strategy at Bell during the show in Ostrava. Bell is also positive about sales perspectives flight tests in October. We are very well on According to the Czech authorities, deliver- in other CEE region countries, such as Po- time”, said Dieter John, President & CEO ies of new rotary-wing aircraft should com- land or Romania. “We believe that there of Aero Vodochody Aerospace. “We offer mence in 2023. However, despite the sig- are capabilities and elements across most three configurations: the basic trainer, the nificant involvement of the local industry, of the V4 countries”, said Best. advanced trainer and light attack version”, the manufacturer denies the possibility of Poland has a requirement of several doz- he added. transferring the technology directly to the en modern combat helicopters under the The manufacturer plans to use three aircraft Czech Republic. “Because there’s 12 air- KRUK programme in order to replace the in the development, testing and certifica- craft, there is not going to be any co-build its Soviet-era Mi-24D/W aircraft. Similarly, tion process of the L-39NG platform. The of the aircraft. However, the integrators for Romania is looking to procure a number of first one, a L-39CW technology demon- the maintenance, repair, overhaul come to attack/multirole helicopters and Bucharest strator, commenced flight testing in March the US to help build the aircraft”, said Best. has already sent a Letter of Request to the 2019, which subsequently was proceeded Best underlined the fact that the Czech VI- US DoD in 2017 regarding the potential by intensive avionic, stall, and spin testing. PER/VENOM helicopters will have a similar sale of Bell aircraft. The first prototype of the L-39NG initiated standard to the ones which are operated a pilot static and basic performance test- by the US Marine Corps. “They’re essen- The Czechs’ New Trainer Jet ing in September, while the second plat- tially buying the Marine Corps variant and form is expected to start flight tests by will stay on the growth path with the During NATO Days in Ostrava, the largest the end of 2019. Dieter John added that USMC. There will be some minor modifi- Czech aviation manufacturer revealed a all three flying test aircraft shall complete cations. They want a weather radar. They handful of new facts about the ongoing full L-39NG flight test campaign in sum- have very minimum integration require- development of the L-39NG next genera- mer 2020. Certification of the full trainer ments”, said Best. tion advanced trainer jet and light attack and light attack configuration should be The manufacturer also acknowledges that aircraft. The company confirmed that the finished by the end of 2021. the number of platforms that the Czech project is running on schedule and that the The manufacturer also referred to export Republic is buying is insufficient to satisfy fully capable platform will be delivered in plans and sales opportunities of the L- the requirements of the country’s armed the coming years. 39NG platform, confirming that a number forces. Therefore, Bell is looking forward to “We are on track. We have one flying pro- of potential buyers have already been iden- receiving more orders in the future. totype. The second prototype will enter tified, such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Austria, Hungary, Greece, Sen- egal, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam. It has already been confirmed that the Slo- vak Air Force is looking for a number of advanced trainer jet to train a new gen- eration of pilots, who in the next years will start operating a fleet of 14 F-16V Block 70/72 multirole , which the

Photo: Aero Vodochody Aerospace government in Bratislava contracted late last year. It has not yet been announced what requirements will be sent out to po- tential bidders; the Slovak MoD is still work- ing on that issue. However, the new aircraft will replace the currently operated, legacy trainers, including five L-39CM and two L- 39ZAM, at these platforms are said to be incapable of offering the level of training L-39NG, the Czechs’ next generation advanced trainer jet and light required to prepare pilots to operate the attack aircraft, during the first flight future F-16s. 

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 113  INDUSTRY & MARKETS “We can train any small arms”

Meggitt Training Systems is a leading supplier of integrated live fire and simulation weapons training systems for defence forces, law enforcement agencies and commercial shooting range Photos: Meggitt Training Systems owners around the world. At the AUSA Annual Meeting & Ex- position, ESD had the opportunity to talk to Johnathan Ayala, Virtual Systems Sales Manager, and Jon Read, Director Live Fire Sales & Programs at Meggitt Training Systems. Johnathan Ayala Jon Read

ESD: Meggitt Training Systems comprises spiked up again with the advancing tech- from the targetry scoring perspective. We the two brands Caswell and FATS. How nologies. And with everybody leaning to- have the radar scoring, the infantry scor- is your work shared between these two wards virtual training as a measurable cost ing, and the armour scoring. All three of entities? savings, it has definitely picked up. Plus those products really fit well together on Ayala: We are 50:50. We work hand in with the FATS systems, you can perform the large live fire multipurpose ranges. hand every day with FATS virtual systems after action reviews on the trainees to see and live fire ranges serving the same cus- their weapon trace, cant, butt pressure and ESD: Let us stay on the live fire side for tomers, such as the allied military forces, so much more. The diagnostics you get on a moment. Showcasing a Stationary In- law enforcement and commercial shoot- a virtual system provide invaluable informa- fantry Target (SIT) at AUSA at first glance ing range owners. We provide both sides tion to the trainer, allowing them to help does not look too exciting. So what are of their training, simulation and live fire, the recruit so much more than before. its peculiar features? as they all go hand in hand. Typically, Read: Yes, it is pretty utilitarian from the Meggitt’s virtual training is presented ESD: To go back a bit in this history, the perspective of “it goes up and down, it turns first to get the trainees up to speed. Then Meggitt group serves a broad range of side to side“. But it has to be robust, it has they move on to live fire training using rather diverse markets, and traditionally to last. There is a requirement with the US real ammunition. military training was none of them. Why Army that we have to sustain that product was the decision taken to expand into for twenty plus years. So it is a robust prod- ESD: Is there a tendency for simulation to that field? uct, it is IP 67, and what makes our product replace the live fire training, or is this still Read: As I stated earlier, FATS introduced unique compared to other products is that really just a complement? virtual weapons training to the world in ours is fully compatible with existing ranges Ayala: Virtual systems complement live 1984, with the primary customer being with equipment on them that may be 10 fire training. It’s typically about cost sav- law enforcement. After the military saw or 15 years old. We can actually take our ings on the front end with simulation, the innovation and technological ad- new generation targetry and add that in to saving the customer time, logistics, and vancements of the system, they decided supplement these old ranges. Because they the cost of ammunition. That‘s the goal. to move their training to simulation as a can all work in concert together. So this is Meggitt Training Systems increases the starting point. Obviously, the synergies an advantage for Meggit Training Systems. students‘ marksmanship proficiency with with Meggitt’s other defence activities virtual technology. Once they’re qualified helped us reach this market. ESD: And you have the LOMAH (Location on the virtual system, the trainee moves of Miss and Hit) system. Is this an integral on to live-fire training. That’s where the ESD: Does that mean Training Systems part of the SIT, or is it a modular design? rubber meets the road. cooperates a lot with the Defence Sys- Read: It is definitely modular. You can tems (MDSI) division within the Meggitt add it or subtract it. It actually can stand ESD: So there has not been a shift to- group? alone without the SITs. But it scores any wards more simulation during the recent Read: On the live fire side, Meggitt De- small arms projectiles that are travelling years? fence Systems has some radar scoring sys- faster than the speed of sound. You can Ayala: When FATS first introduced virtual tems they use for aircraft scoring and we do shoot these at a thousand, two thou- weapons training to the world in 1984, partner internationally with them to work sand metres, as long as the velocity of it was a huge deal. We’ve seen ups and on existing live fire ranges and new prod- the round is supersonic. And that scoring downs over the years, but recently it has ucts. So we do work together with MDSI system is accurate up to 5 millimetres.

114 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 And it gives an instant feedback on the student station, so wherever the shoot- ers are shooting from, they will have a display that will give them immediate re- sults of that round once it crosses over the sensor, so they can make adjustments to whether it is their optics or the way they are shooting or the trigger squeeze, whatever it may be, to be more accurate.

ESD: On the simulator side you are pre- senting the FATS 100MIL. Can you tell us a few words about that and its specific With the FATS systems, trainers can perform after action reviews to see characteristics? the trainees’ weapon trace. Ayala: It is related to programmes of records for the US Army and the US Marine Corps. important, because mortars are very ex- Ayala: It is very broad, because we have They use our simulators for their qualification pensive. You have a 30-man mortar team, the main large military forces, smaller mili- and practices in basic and advanced marks- and each live shot for example here in the tary units which have their own funds, and manship. The FATS 100MIL is our COTS US costs US$250, times thirty. So you are law enforcement. Our customers are the system for other militaries that also want only going to give each person one shot, UK MoD, Canada, Italy, Belgium, Singa- to train on simulator systems. We use our that is it, and they cannot learn from it, be- pore, the UAE, Australian Defence Forces, patented BLUEFIRE weapons that commu- cause they need multiple repetitions. We and in South America with Paraguay, nicate wirelessly with the FATS system. The can replicate all that, which means cost Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. BLUEFIRE weapon knows when you load the savings for every user around the world, Read: For live fire we have made good magazine, and when you load a round in that is where they benefit. successes in Europe this year with Lithu- the chamber. When you fire all the rounds ania and Latvia. We are going to do a out, it will lock back to the rear, causing the ESD: So the BLUEFIRE system can be at- demo with the German Army soon, and student to handle the weapon exactly like tached to live weapons or how does it we are building systems now for the UK they would a live fire weapon, but now in a work? MoD. In Morocco we are installing a very virtual environment. So now the student can Ayala: It is integral. What we do is we large outdoor military training facility. Of practice everything with ballistics included take apart a live fire weapon and perma- course, in the Middle East we are prob- into it, and accurately on a simulator. nently modify the insides to utilise our ably the number one supplier for live fire We also have a portable virtual system that proprietary BLUEFIRE sensors, pneumat- indoor and outdoor ranges. you can literally pack up and move, set up ics, and laser to communicate with the in a classroom in 15 minutes, train your system. And we can integrate almost eve- ESD: A final question: With the level of soldiers, and pack it up again. This is ideal ry weapon system. We have 300 BLUE- technology achieved today, what is still if the framework is not there, because you FIRE weapon variants available today. to be expected for the future? do not have to build a specific room for it. Ayala: The virtual market is looking at You can of course permanently mount it if ESD: Speaking about the overall market the transition into virtual reality (VR). you wish. We can train any small arms: pis- for training systems again: You won a big And it is always about quality. You can tols, rifles, machine guns, rocket launch- contract for the US armed forces. Where have a lot of similar products, but obvi- ers, even mortar systems. This is really are your other core markets? ously the one with the best quality is the superior product. We at Meggitt Train- ing Systems, as the leader in live fire and simulation training around the world, are also leaders in innovation, and we want to continue that. So if the next step is VR, we definitely will be going forward there. Read: In the live fire arena, today we have unmanned aircraft, drones, and robotic au- tonomous “soldiers“, and targets. I have heard from several officers in the Army that they are going to start transitioning the ex- isting infantry ranges to more robot-type training. Autonomous or robotic targets that are controlled from a distance for me is probably the future for live fire. That is ten or fifteen years from now, but with the technology advancements of robots and autonomy, it is right in front of us.

Meggitt’s LOMAH (Location of Miss and Hit) system gives instant The interview was conducted by feedback at the student station; shooters receive immediate results. Andreas Himmelsbach.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 115  INDUSTRY & MARKETS Russia’s Military Aviation Industry

Eugene Kogan

The Russian military aviation industry largely depends on a balance of domestic orders and exports providing the companies with a medium and long-term perspective.

lthough the full scope of the State a joint MRO, technology transfer (ToT) and Altogether, lack of financial transparency AArmaments Programme (Gosudarst- know-how, counter-trade programmes, a pushes researchers back to the era of the venaya Programma Vooruzheniya – GPV) compensation package, low-interest loans former Soviet Union, when financial data 2018-25 published in May 2017 is un- and financial assistance. These are just few was not disclosed. The financial data for known, it continues to focus on the pro- of the Russian offers that come along with military aviation companies in 2018 was curement of fighter aircraft such as the the sale of fighter jets. Openly available in- not published yet. Thus, it would be inter- Su-30SM, Su-34, Su-35, as well as orders formation about combat aircraft exports esting to see the results of the aforemen- for the new Su-57 fighter and MiG-35. De- make Russian top managers proud. At the tioned concealment law. Still, it is possible to discern what is happening within the aviation industry and provide incomplete financial data.

Consolidation of the Industry

Even though the article focuses on the cur- Photo: Katsuhiko Tokunaga rent state of military aviation industry it is impossible to ignore the civil side of the same industry. Despite many challenges it faces and a low output civil aviation indus- try , it did not fall apart, and continues to be supported by the Russian government. In addition, it remains an integral part of the consolidation process presented below. The decision was made in late 2016 to con- solidate the entire aviation industry and plans related to its consolidation were finally given a green light on 24 October 2018. A SCAC/Alenia Aermacchi Sukhoi SUPERJET 100 (RA-97004) flying President Putin signed an order on that day off the coast of Italy near San Remo. The Sukhoi SUPERJET 100 is the authorising the incorporation of United Air- first airliner to be developed under the UAC brand, since Sukhoi Civil craft Corporation (UAC) into the State Cor- Aircraft is a branch of the corporation. poration Rostec (Rostec). The order states that: “The Russian government’s proposal velopment of a new long-range bomber is same time, however, a new law shows that for the transfer to the State Corporation Ros- also expected while the production of the some government officials want to return tec, of the government’s holding of 92.31% Tu-160 has been re-launched. The maiden to the old days of concealing financial data. of shares of UAC.” According to the order, flight of the Il-112V military transporter the transfer is to be completed within 18 took place in March 2019 and the upgrade Hiding the Balance Sheet months (from the signature of the order) of the Tu-22M3s to the new Tu-22M3M and thus effectively puts the aircraft industry standard with new engines and weapons is Although the full scope of the GPV is un- into Rostec’s hands. As we will see further ongoing. Exporting combat aircraft abroad known, the Russian decision of 20 Decem- below Rostec proved to be very success- is a Russian priority not only because of for- ber 2017 to hide information about com- ful corporation despite having about 700 eign exchange payments, but also because panies and individuals hampers research on companies, enterprises and research insti- it ties foreign customers to Russia for dec- the Russian aerospace and defense industry tutes under its umbrella and despite being ades to come through the training of for- and, in particular, the financial data of the blacklisted by the United States since March eign pilots, after-sales support, creation of industry. The law was signed by President 2014. Therefore, neither the size of the cor- Vladimir Putin in December 2017 and aims poration nor the fact that it is blacklisted has Author to conceal financial transactions of state damaged the reputation of Rostec. But the defense companies. In particular, the new truth might be the opposite. Eugene Kogan is a defence law allows shareholding companies to not Previous plans regarding consolidation of and security expert based in Tbilisi, disclose financial information in certain cir- the entire aviation industry and, subsequent Georgia. cumstances, as well as limiting information creation of four divisions that were broadly about certain individuals on the internet. discussed in the open press, were nixed by

116 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY & MARKETS 

Sergei Chemezov, CEO of Rostec. Chem- ezov said in February 2019 that: “UAC is to have two divisions: military technologies and civilian products.” Besides, it is too ear- Photo: Kremlin ly to comment on personal changes within consolidated UAC. Earlier announcements related to the personal changes should be taken with precaution. Chemezov added that: “Rostec plans to bring private inves- tors into second division”, since this division requires urgent financial investments. Chemezov was critical of the UAC finan- cial situation in general and its civil aviation segment in particular. He said that: “UAC requires extra funds.” Chemezov criticism should come as no surprise since over the last two decades officials within civil avia- tion segment spoke about grandeur that proved to be a pipe dream. Russian officials claim that country’s civil aircraft can com- pete on par with Airbus and Boeing failed During a videoconference with Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG in to materialise. In part because of subsidies 2017, Vladimir Putin was briefed on the start of flight tests of the new that Russian government provides for, and multipurpose MiG-35 fighter. in part because of lack of new technolo- gies and lack of healthy competition of the Thus, making commercial liners competi- Russian civil craft manufacturers. The latter Russian civilian air carriers on the interna- tive on the international market is likely to have a long way to go to catch up with tional market. Due to the domestic orders be the goal of the future head of the civil the four aforementioned companies. For and international sales of military aircraft products division. This is an uphill battle instance, according to the Sukhoi Civil Air- the aviation industry remained competitive because even companies such as Bombar- craft Company’s (SCAC) financial report, and prosperous over the last two decades. dier and Embraer are a great way off from manufacturer of SSJ100 regional airliner,  INDUSTRY & MARKETS suffered RUB804.7M (US$12M) net losses institutes. In 2016, Rostec`s net profit In 2017, corporate sales reached RUB80Bn in the first half of 2018. SCAC has built was RUB88Bn and it increased in 2017 to while net income was RUB3.5Bn. With no just 23 SSJ100s in 2018, 11 aircraft short of RUB121Bn. According to Chemezov, “in new orders from the MoD, and no sales to 2017 output, and 3 aircraft short of 2016 2018 Rostec forecasts revenues of slightly foreign customers in 2017-19, the company output. SCAC is a member of UAC. more than RUB1.6Tn (about US$22.80Bn)Photo: Milad A380 has had to launch the manufacture of the The commercial motives for the consolida- with a net profit of about RUB127Bn,” and Il-114 regional airliner. It plans to assemble tion are fairly clear. About 60% to 70% of that despite Rostec being blacklisted by the 300 craft, with first delivery expected in the components in UAC’s aircraft are made United States. 2021. This programme is subsidised by the by Rostec companies (for example, engines, The consolidated aviation industry is in Russian government. Aside from companies under the UAC The Irkut MC-21 is a single-aisle twinjet airliner, developed by the umbrella, the holding Russian Helicopters Yakovlev Design Bureau and produced by UAC. Its name translates needs to be mentioned. According to An- as "mainline aircraft of the 21st century". drey Boginsky, Director-General of Russian Helicopters, between 2017 and 2030, the avionics, radio electronic countermeasures urgent need of successful managers, in- holding expects an increase of 3% in the and weapon systems), and the helicopter creased sales and steady income while civil segment of helicopters, since “various manufacturer Russian Helicopters is also a the professional technical and engineering factors created an unstable situation in the Rostec subsidiary. Some managers in the staff needs to be retained and rejuvenated. military segment. In many armies around aviation industry believe that UAC would Rostec seems to be the answer to these the world, rearmament programmes have benefit from changes in the management needs since financial data indicates that been completed which is why the respec- structure, as decisions would be taken by Russia`s aviation industry needs a shake-up tive share of military sales will to drop below the Rostec board, rendering the protracted with a clearly outlined strategy for putting 40%.” To compensate for such a significant inter-departmental negotiations required domestically-produced civilian aircraft on reduction in military sales, Boginsky wants within the UAC superfluous. The merger the international market. to pursue a more aggressive sales policy, would also simplify certification proce- targeting commercial operations around dures. Therefore, consolidating the Russian The Financial State the world. At the same time, the Russian aerospace industry might help to wipe out of the Industry government is trying to alleviate the situa- cumbersome practices. To streamline inef- tion by supporting medical aviation in the ficient processes and reduce costs, UAC The UAC revenues reached RUB417Bn, of country, and it allocated RUB10Bn evenly plans to cut management layers and cen- which 80% was accounted for by the sale distributed over three years beginning in tralise functions. The consolidated aviation of military aircraft. At the same time, the 2017. Sergey Khramagin, Director-General industry would be more resilient against company's loss in 2016 was RUB4.5Bn. of the State Transport Leasing Company economic sanctions imposed on Russia by Under International Accounting Stand- (GTLK) said in November 2018: “Of the 31 the West. ards (IAS), the company turned in a loss helicopters contracted for 2018, we have Consolidation would create a large aero- of RUB6.6Bn (US$114M) in the first half of signed leasing contracts for 22 aircraft at space cluster with a revenue of US$15.27Bn, 2017 – an improvement over the previous the moment, and the remaining helicop- and it would help fund UAC’s large commer- figure of RUB7.3Bn – after increasing rev- ters have already been distributed among cial projects which are currently too expen- enues by 51% to just under RUB180Bn in the operators, which means that the pro- sive and continue to drain funds. Chemezov 2017. According to UAC`s annual financial gramme is of tremendous interest and can commented on Putin's decree and said that data, revenues amounted to RUB451.8Bn, be prolonged in 2019.” It remains to be "this is a crucial moment for the aviation with a net profit of RUB21.6Bn in 2017. seen whether Boginsky`s idea to pursue a industry", as "the step involves the creation Nonetheless, sales of the company`s civil more aggressive sales policy will be suc- of a national aircraft company – the largest flagship aircraft SSJ100 fell short of the cessful. 486 Exhibitors featured AAD IN NUMBERS in Russia". In addition to the internal consoli- forecast 70. 34 craft were delivered in 2017 As a result of the reduction in military sales, dation of UAC, namely the merger of MiG and only 23 in 2018. For 2019, total deliv- revenues fell from RUR177Bn in 2015 to 40 Countries represented 2 Strategic seminars and Sukhoi into the military technology divi- eries are expected to be between 20 and RUR165.8Bn in 2016, while just 189 heli- as exhibitors sion within UAC, Russian Helicopters would 25. This amount is insufficient to keep civil copters were delivered. 16 out of 189 were 68 Aircrafts on static display 1 Mobility track now also join the same division. It is also im- aviation afloat. civil helicopters. In 2017, the MoD and portant to remember that after the merger, Chemezov said in February 2019, “We are foreign militaries bought about 150 heli- 32538 Trade visitors from 55063 Visitors at the air show 2 Engagement theaters South Africa and for hosting seminars Rostec would control the aviation industry’s currently making a UAC financial audit. To copters and civilian customers bought 70. around the globe entire export output, as Rosoboronexport, tell the truth, it does not look very good. It Inspite of the growth in helicopter sales, 15 National pavilions 112 Countries represented 40 Hospitality chalets which is responsible for concluding arms requires extra funds of about RUB240Bn to revenues declined by 23% to RUB7.55Bn as visitors deals, is already part of Rostec. Not every- RUB250Bn. The allocated funds should go in the first six months of 2017. Unspeci- one in Russia is convinced that consolidating toward building a brand new airliner MS-21 fied gross or net profit increased by 9% The trade exhibition The air show Event features the industry under the Rostec umbrella is and modernising the aviation plants.” The to RUB93.83Bn for the same period. In the right move because the too big to fail cost of the brand-new MS-21 increased 2017, the company generated a profit of Youth development STEM 4th 12500 formula means that the government will al- and the delivery date was postponed to RUB27Bn (US$430M) against revenues of programme ways come in to support the industry. 2021. As long as the UAC financial audit RUB228Bn (US$3.6Bn). In November 2018 Aviation & defence Industrial revolution Learners reached career awareness for 2018 has not been completed, we need to take Boginsky said that the company is to deliver Why Rostec? Chemezov’s statement with precaution. about 220 helicopters which means that In June 2017, Ilya Tarasenko, Director- the company remained on the 2017 level Rostec not only owns a large share of General of MiG Corporation, said that of helicopter sales. BIGGEST AAD EVER - CELEBRATING 100 YEARS WITH THE SOUTH AFRICAN AIR FORCE UAC but it successfully manages about the “corporate sales reached RUB56.7Bn, Under the leadership of Boginsky, the 700 companies, enterprises and research while net income was RUB5.2Bn in 2016.” company Russian Helicopter continues to

118 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 PARTNERS SUPPORTED BY: be successful. Boginsky has recognised that military sales alone will not compensate for the lack of civilian helicopter sales. As a re- sult, the company plans to develop after- sales support and expects civil helicopter production to increase from currently 30% to up to 50% of total sales by 2025. In order to reduce costs, the holding began to optimise human resources, reallocate responsibilities and reduce the number of top managers. Time will tell how successful the initiatives will be.

Conclusion Photo: Kremlin Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev during a visit at the Gorbunov As long as no information on the ongoing Aviation Production Association. The company currently produces audit of UAC has been made public, it is Tu-214 passenger planes and Tu-160 strategic bombers. There are also premature to make a judgement on the fi- plans to start producing Tu-334 regional airliners and Tu-330 freighters. nancial assets of the company. Therefore, we must take with caution Chemezov's the world. Probably the two companies will aircraft can compete on an equal footing statement about the financial situation of work together without unnecessary inter- with Airbus and Boeing. UAC "to tell the truth, it does not look very nal competition. As for UAVs/UCAVs, the In order to make Russian commercial air- good". Although the merger of MiG and international market is currently dominated liners competitive on the international Sukhoi is imminent, it remains to be seen by the United States and Israel. China is an market, many things need to be done, whether both companies will retain their additional competitor that Russia must take but that is beyond the scope of this ar- own identity within the newly created divi- into account. It would take some time for ticle. It also remains to be seen whether sion. Despite the uncertainty, it appears that Russia to achieve a breakthrough in the sale the current managers of the airlines both companies would maintain separate of UAVs/UCAVs on the international mar- and the company will be retained or operations and brands within a division for ket. And Russian officials should learn a les- dismissed. So at the moment there are reasons of customer recognition around son from their claim that the country's civil more questions than answers. L

486 Exhibitors featured AAD IN NUMBERS

40 Countries represented 2 Strategic seminars as exhibitors

68 Aircrafts on static display 1 Mobility track

32538 Trade visitors from 55063 Visitors at the air show 2 Engagement theaters South Africa and for hosting seminars around the globe

15 National pavilions 112 Countries represented 40 Hospitality chalets as visitors

The trade exhibition The air show Event features

Youth development STEM 4th 12500 programme Aviation & defence Industrial revolution Learners reached career awareness for 2018

BIGGEST AAD EVER - CELEBRATING 100 YEARS WITH THE SOUTH AFRICAN AIR FORCE

PARTNERS SUPPORTED BY:  INDUSTRY & MARKETS “Leverage commercial best practices to help the Government gain efficiency” Photo: Eric Young Founded in 1951, AAR Corp. is an independent provider of aviation and expeditionary services to the global commercial, government and defence aviation industries. ESD spoke with Eric Young, AAR’s Senior Vice President, OEM Solutions.

ESD: What is the core business of AAR? Young: In principle, every AAR busi- grammes, and hundreds of employees Young: We are a global aviation ser- ness addresses commercial and military are needed to support them. And so far, vices provider to commercial and gov- customers. When you look across AAR, the execution has been very successful. ernment customers. Our aftermarket the ratio is approximately 35% military But every contract is different. In some expertise and solutions help customers and 65% commercial. This comes out contracts, we train or even employ the increase efficiency and reduce costs to a revenue of US$700M generated by pilots. In other contracts, we manage while maintaining high levels of quality, military projects every year. The largest and perform the repairs of components. service and safety. We are the largest customer in this area is the US Govern- Sometimes, we own the components; independent heavy maintenance check ment, which includes the Army, Navy, sometimes, we own the warehouse and provider in North America and the third Air Force and Department of State with perform only part selection and pack- largest in the world as well. Our MRO different contracts and different servic- ing. So, it is almost like a menu. We business has seven facilities, 3,000 A&P es. The second largest military customer provide individual or bundled solutions. (Airframe and/or Powerplant) mechan- is the Japanese Ministry of Defence, and The agreements are very tailored to our ics, six million man hours, with a large outside of that, we have a dedicated customers’ needs. focus on narrow-body fleets. When I team that sells directly to 30 other for- say independent, I mean not owned by eign militaries. ESD: You support the P-8A POSEIDON an OEM, airline or operator. Addition- programme as well. ally, we have two Component Repair ESD: What are the major US military pro- Young: That is an interesting story be- Shops – one in Long Island, NY, and grammes that AAR is currently involved cause it is linked to our experience in the one in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. in? commercial airframe maintenance busi- In combination with our flight-hour Young: I would like to highlight two of ness. The P-8A POSEIDON is a Boeing support business and our component them. One is with the Air Force Sustain- 737-800 derivative – and our airframe repair management subsidiary, Airin- ment Center, Hill Air Force Base. AAR maintenance facility manages that con- mar, we are the largest independent provides total supply chain management tract for the US Navy. We are one of the provider of component repair manage- including purchasing, remanufacturing, few players for airframe maintenance. ment in the world, with 1,200 aircraft distribution and inventory control for We like to say: Leverage commercial best under management. And we are also all C-130, KC-135 and E-3 landing gear practices to help the Government gain the world’s largest independent avia- parts. Secondly, we maintain and op- commercial efficiency. And especially tion services provider with government erate the Department of State's global for the commercial aircraft derivatives, and commercial capabilities. fleet of fixed-wing and rotary-wing we are in a great position because we aircraft in the scope of its Worldwide already have the supply chain procure- ESD: What is AAR's ratio of military vs. Aviation Support Services (WASS) pro- ment knowledge to maintain the aircraft civilian business? gramme. These are very large pro- for the military.

120 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY & MARKETS 

run a competitive process as well. It is not like “Oh, you have it – I’ll buy it!” They Photo: AAR have to open it up for a bid. Therefore, in both markets we have to make sure that we are planning right, stocking right and servicing the mission accordingly to stay competitive.

ESD: Some air forces operate ageing fleets with high and exponentially ris- ing maintenance costs. To what extent can your company help them to alleviate these problems? Young: OEMs are always focused on the next big thing, on the next generation aircraft. And a lot of these parts needed to maintain legacy aircraft are out of production; they haven’t been built for AAR operates an airframe maintenance facility for the US Navy’s sometimes ten years or even more. That P-8A POSEIDON fleet. is where AAR comes in. First, we get the part number list and review it. In parallel, ESD: AAR recently signed a contract with ESD: Your civilian customers want to be we work with OEMs for certain parts and the Danish procurement authority DALO. profitable while the military primarily work with repair shops for others. We What kind of services does your company wants to be effective while accomplish- identify new partners to qualify alterna- provide for this customer? ing military missions. These are different tive sources for parts that the OEMs don’t Young: AAR's task is to perform main- ways of thinking. To what extent can you want to make anymore and source from tenance, repair and overhaul of Pratt & leverage your experience in the civilian the used surplus market as well. Addition- Whitney F100-220 engine components market to military customers? ally, we develop repair capabilities allow- on the F-16 for the Royal Danish Air Force. Young: Well, obviously they are different ing the OEM to focus on their strengths. Our Component Repair Amsterdam facil- markets with different terms, conditions There are not that many players that can ity has been supporting European Par- and requirements. But it is the taxpayers’ pull those different markets together to ticipating Air Forces either as a prime money the US Government is spending, support a legacy aircraft. That expertise is or a subcontractor performing repair so the contract valuation is very transpar- one of our competitive advantages. management, component maintenance, ent. So, yes, commercial customers are supply chain and depot services for more trying to make a profit but at the same The interview was conducted by than three decades. time on the military side, they have to Peter Bossdorf.

ESD Spotlight

Published by New Fortnightly Newsletter 201 5

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2

ISSU E European Security & Defence is escorted by the new bi-weekly newsletter ESD Spotlight which is distributed by email. ESD Spotlight is available free of charge. You can order your subscription by sending an informal email message to [email protected]. Sweden not only chairs the Nordic Defense genera- he Swedish Ar- - med Forces have also several procurement marines projects on schedule for 2015. The largest (NG U ) . three programmes comprise the develop- for Swe- den. CONTENT The new subma - Sweden ISSUE 2 / 2015 system. that Saab Kockums has built for the Royal Aus- 5 ISSU Defence ISSU E 2 / 201 E 2 / 201 tralian Navy. 2 5 Technology But there will be changes, since the Australi- - an submarine has 4,000 tonnes and the Swe- 3 Industry

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- o: - pull-up evasi the size and scope of a new very high rea- The defence ministers also decided to

- o prove the missi t point t - (Pho IRIS-t to the launch ve manoeu (df) The defence ministers of the NATO diness force or Spearhead Force. “We deci- immediately establish six command and MAS Ad full performance vres. countries have taken several decisions to ded that this very high readiness force will control units in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, JAS Gripen E is expected within this year. IRIS-T SL is - consist of a land brigade of around 5,000 Lithuania, Poland and Romania. eSd Spotlight the missile fence. NATO Secretary General Jens Stol- troops. These will be supported by air, www..int tem demons- The JAS Gripen E will be slightly larger than -T SL) SAM sys the new Launched (IRIS jet of tenberg said the decisions would “ensure sea and special forces”, said Stoltenberg. of the O) All T the predecessors. Giving place to an increase performance. IRIS-T SLM A “European Security & Defence” (ESD) trated its full - that we have the right forces, in the right He explained the Spearhead Force would N tegrated

o: and air defence used by of the fuselage tank with the new and bigger be backed up by two more brigades “as a AH-1W Cob rect hit. and (Pho t ra helic editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf seconds with a di system rapid reinforcement capability in case of Missile, op- nose bearing most of the main gear. The com- so called d editor-in-Chief: Henning Bartels es, were directly hit. is planned to missile “CIRIT manoeuvr target drone called Spearhead Force. a major crisis. Altogether, the enhanced designed ”, an all-up CIRIT is fast and agile t round also integr Managing editors: Dorothee Frank (newslet- a very small, - be a compo- Missile o elimina ated on extreme mano e German Air and Also the NATO Response Force will be en- NATO Response Force will count up to te light armor vehicle ter) and Stephen Barnard (magazine) high agility and t of the futur ed, mounted - featuring eved at a nen hanced. The Defence Ministers agreed on around 30,000 troops.” increase of 40% in internal fuel capacity. - hit was achi em. editors: ebility. A direct Defence Syst designed e mano- euvr efence.html - trol system. e an evasiv om/en/diehl-d as the 12 km. Despit www.diehl.c main tsan) tude above - ormed ag- weapon e drone perf sys ok t R even though the NORde em of At the moment the km o: et was achieved. from Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania Germany hit of the targ by - direct ted (Phot will also have a new landing gear, modern sen- plan further improvements and uses of the tude, a will be comple and Norway. warhead and IED, which te and rock nes et motor - against - - bullet im land, Iceland, Norway and actual chaired (NBBG), that could be seen as a counter- - - infrared search and track (IRST) turret or the tems and a weight reduced armour system are - tes subsystems vehicle Kamaz contribu by Sweden, wants to improve the collec- must the roof. kW in- carry. The 50 v) with 191 result in the focus. Elements of the Leopard 2A7, in ordered o wer train that is led by Sweden with soldiers coming www.government.se A company of Tamm Media Group Army has e the Diesel po of netw (gwh) The Russian lik suspensions for mission - weigh or-

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MITTLER REPORT VERLAG GMBH Baunscheidtstraße 11 · 53113 Bonn · Germany Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 · [email protected] · www.mittler-report.de  INDUSTRY & MARKETS Forum Entreprises Défense – A Focussed Defence Event in France

David Saw

For those used to events the size of Eurosatory in France, the size and shape of Forum Entreprises Défense (FED) held at the Quartier ingénieur général Jayat, in Satory near Versailles, in October, would come as something of a surprise.

owever, FED 2019 is not designed to be The FED exhibition has been held for the major orders, for example under the Porteur Ha full spectrum defence event; it is far past 30 years in France and the 2019 FED Polyvalent Terrestre (PPT) programme. more focused that that, being aimed primar- was the 16th event to take place. FED 2019 IVECO and Soframe jointly won the PPT ily at the French military customer. was expected to have 150 exhibitors, 10 programme to deliver two truck variants: The exhibition itself is organised by the Struc- military organisations present and over Porteur Polyvalent Logistique (PPLOG) and ture Intégrée de maintien en condition opéra- 2,500 visitors were projected. The objective Porteur Polyvalent Lourd de Dépannage tionnelle des matériels terrestres (SIMMT), the of the event is to allow for better interaction (PPLD). The PPLOG is an 8x8 logistics vehicle French Army integrated structure for the op- between the user community and industry, with a gross vehicle weight of 37,000 kg and erational condition of land materiel, Chambre in particular small and medium enterprises, a payload of 16,000 kg, it is often integrated de commerce et d’industrie de région Paris who can also use FED to interact with the with its Remorque Logistique (RLOG) trailer Ile-de-France and the Groupement des indus- larger French defence corporates. Amongst that can carry a payload of 15,600 kg. The tries Françaises de Défense et de Sécurité Ter- the large French defence companies attend- PPLD is an 8x8 heavy recovery truck, with a restres et Aéroterrestres (GICAT), the French ing FED were Arquus, MBDA, Nexter Sys- gross vehicle weight of 33,000 kg. Both ve- defence and security trade association. tems and Thales. hicle variants have an armour protected cab. One aspect of FED 2019 that was immediately The vehicles entered service in 2013, a first noticeable at the outdoor exhibition area was order for 150 PPLOG and 50 PPLD trucks a significant number of trucks and other mili- being placed in 2010. A second order was

Photo: IVECO tary vehicles. The presence of so many truck placed for 250 trucks in 2014 and further manufacturers was not wholly unexpected as orders have been placed subsequently. the French Army is moving forward on a major As regards the future French Army truck vehicle programme that will see the acquisi- order, the objective is to acquire 7,050 tion of a grand total of 7,700 logistic and tacti- logistics vehicles, 400 tanker trucks and cal trucks as part of a complete replacement 250 tank transporters. As regards the lo- effort of their truck park. gistics vehicles the aim will be to acquire With such a large truck prize on offer, the both 4x4 and 6x6 vehicles, the first with presence of Arquus, IVECO Defence Ve- a payload up to four tonnes and the sec- hicles, Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles ond with a payload of up to eight tonnes. and Scania France was understandable. Al- Apart from the companies that attended IVECO Defence Vehicles is one of though it should be noted that other French FED 2019, other companies said to be the many companies looking to win and foreign truck/vehicle/systems suppliers working towards the truck order include the new French Army truck pro- have also expressed interest in the French Soframe and Texelis. gramme. They are already a supplier Army truck order. The Direction générale de As might be expected Arquus appear to see to France with the Porteur Poly- l’armement (DGA) who are responsible for the French Army requirement as a key op- valent Terrestre (PPT) programme. French defence procurement issued a re- portunity and had a new 8x8 truck at FED Shown here is an IVECO TRAKKER quest for information (RFI) in 2018 to inter- 2019, this variant had a fuel tank module GTF 8x8 truck, one of 133 ordered ested parties as regards the provision of new and is obviously directed towards the French by the German Bundeswehr. generation military trucks. The next stage Army tanker requirement. The 8x8 is the first will see the issue of a Request for Proposals of what is described as a whole new fam- Author (RfP) and this will be followed by selected ily of Arquus logistics vehicles, which would contractors providing vehicles for test and doubtless be optimised for the French Army David Saw is a specialist defence evaluation purposes leading to the selection requirement. writer based in Paris, France. He has of a contractor or contractors to supply vehi- There is no hiding the fact that FED is a small a long and comprehensive record of cles for each sector of the truck programme. and focussed exhibition, but FED 2019 dem- writing and managing defence maga- As might be expected, the current French onstrated that a small exhibition can still have zines at the highest level, from the Army truck park is dominated by vehicles plenty to offer. In this case the fact that the USA through Europe to Asia, and is supplied by Arquus, whom it would be fair French Army truck order is in process created now a regular contributor to ESD. to describe as the national champion in this a situation where the importance of this ex- sector. However, other companies have won hibition was greatly enhanced. L

122 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 INDUSTRY & MARKETS  “Oh Lord, won’t you buy me a Mercedes-Benz?” Jürgen Hensel

This song by Janis Joplin, recorded in 1970, already addressed the human desire to own quality items, including a Mercedes-Benz vehicle. To enforce this kind of desire and to take advantage of it, Daimler invited clients and the media to the Mercedes-Benz Defence Vehicle Experience (DVE).

he event’s agenda included briefings and Tlive demonstrations of logistical and tacti- cal wheeled vehicles at the company’s test site near Karlsruhe in southern Germany. Photos: Daimler

Defence Vehicle Experience

As was explained by Marcus Ernst, MBS' Head of Sales Defence & Industrial Business, one objective of the event was to draw at- tention to the company's service portfolio. The company is present in 85 countries, 39 of which had sent delegations to attend the Defence Vehicle Experience 2019 presenta- tions. Mercedes-Benz Defence Vehicles can refer to more than 210,000 vehicles sold for military applications and 5,000 global service locations. According to statistics presented by the company, the military ground vehicle market has been on the rise since 2014 and About ten years after the introduction of the first generation series is expected to continue with a growth rate of the New Generation ZETROS is offered with stronger engines of up 7% until 2035. to 375 kW (510 hp) and torque of up to 2,400 Nm. A second objective, obviously, was to take advantage of the event to introduce innova- (NGZ) family of bonnet-type trucks, laid out oriented towards the chassis of the all-terrain tions and draw attention to proven and new for transport logistics in tough and challeng- UNIMOG model series U 4000. Proven com- products. ing terrain. The 40-tonne off-roader has ponents from the UNIMOG are used for the been specifically designed for operations in all-wheel drivetrain, including the engine, AROCS markets with a high proportion of off-road transmission, transfer case and coil-sprung use. It can be equipped with engines up to a portal axles with differential locks, integrated As far as innovations are concerned, MBS power of as much as 375 kW (510 hp) as well in the torsion-free ladder-type frame. To pro- may the announcement that the modular as 2,400 Nm of torque. It has a permanent vide an example. the 9.5 chassis on display structure of the AROCS, the successor of all-wheel drive system and, compared to the was equipped with the OM 924 engine with the ACTROS series, constitutes a kind of first generation series, It features numerous a displacement of 4.8 litres and an output of baseline configuration for all heavy off-road detail improvements, including easier access 160 kW (218 hp), in a choice of emission rat- vehicles of MBS. Against this background, to the cab or a re-designed instrument panel. ing Euro V or Euro III. another interesting feature presented was It has a 35° angle of approach and a fording The chassis is supplied with a platform which the integration of Voith's auto retarder with capability of up to 800 mm. contains all the interfaces and controls for the AROCS heavy logistic vehicles. The auto Just as before, the NG ZETROS remains avail- driving the vehicle, including the steering retarder enables the driver to control for- able in Euro III and Euro V variants for mar- wheel, brake and accelerator pedal and ward and backward movements – as well as kets with poor fuel quality and thus finds its cockpit. Prepared electrical and mechanical standstill – of the vehicle with the accelerator principle markets in regions like the Middle interfaces such as a torsion-free 3-point body only and without having to shift gears, thus a East, Africa or Latin America. According to mounting and a compressor for climate con- major advantage if it comes to manoeuvring the company the NG ZETROS can be used in trol of the body area facilitate easy and fast in challenging environments. all climate zones of the world. integration of cabs for the occupants or other bodies. The numerous optional equipment NG ZETROS FGA 9.5 Special Chassis items include an increased fording depth of 1,200 mm, an increased alternator output of The major highlight of the event was the in- The 9.5 t chassis was developed with a focus 205 A, a four-channel tyre pressure control troduction of the New Generation ZETROS on civilian applications and technically it is system and tail lamps in LED technology. 

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 123 Firms & Faces

Rheinmetall Signs Risk Mitigation the contract be awarded to Rheinmetall, Over 60% of respondents agree that Activity Contract for Australia’s the LYNX KF41 fleet would be manufac- cloud-enabled technologies will play an Land 400 Phase 3 Programme tured at the MILVEHCOE, located at Red- increasingly significant role in enhancing (jh) Rheinmetall has signed a Risk Miti- bank, south west of Brisbane. and accelerating the US military's deci- gation Activity (RMA) contract with the sion-making capabilities. In addition, 81% Commonwealth of Australia, which in- Trace Systems Awarded of respondents agree that it is critical for cludes the delivery of three LYNX KF41 in- MPE-S Contract US military forces to have access to mod- fantry fighting vehicles (AIFV) to compete (jh) Trace Systems Inc. has been awarded ernised end-to-end satellite and terrestrial in trials for the AUD15Bn (€9.5Bn) LAND a US$998M Mission Partner Environment networks to make cloud-enabled technol- Services (MPE-S)contract by the US De- ogies and the Internet of Battlefield Things fense Information Systems Agency (DISA). a reality across the battlespace. The contract will provide the full range of global support services to design, im- ASELSAN to Open Factory plement, and operate the enterprise for in Ukraine Image: Rheinmetall the Department of Defense (DoD) and its (ck) ASELSAN has opened a production mission partners. The single-award, indef- facility in Kyiv, Ukraine. ASELSAN has been inite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract delivering tactical software-defined mili- has a performance period of five years. tary radios for the Ukrainian Armed Forces The Air Force Mission Partner Capabili- since 2017 and, in light of the Ukraine’s 400 Phase 3 programme. The RMA con- ties Office (MPCO) will execute the MPE-S tract has a value of AUD50M (about contract, with responsibility for mod- €30M). LYNX KF41 is a new-generation ernisation, management, integration and tracked AIFV designed to meet the re- consolidation of multiple programmes

quirements of LAND 400 Phase 3 and of- and networks, including CENTRIXS, CF- Photo: ASELSAN fers significant growth potential. Under BLNet, BICES, BICES-X, PEGASUS, APAN the LAND 400 Phase 3 RMA contract, and the MPE-IS. The Mission Partner En- Australia will undertake a technical and vironment will enable essential collabora- programmatic assessment of two bidders tion between the Department of Defense over a period of 24 months. The vehi- (DoD) and US coalition partners, connect- cles will be operated by Australian Army ing nearly 45,000 global users in support personnel and tested in Australian terrain of the mission. under extreme conditions, undertaking long-term needs and the friendly relations lethality, transportability, mobility, troop Military Communications between Ukraine and Turkey, ASELSAN assessments, blast and ballistic testing. Study Finds Current Military radios are now going to be manufactured In parallel, the Commonwealth will work Technology Falling Behind locally in Ukraine. ASELSAN sees this as a with the two bidders in a structured as- (jh) In an era of constant technological first step toward future collaborations in sessment phase in order to optimise tech- advances, defence agencies are falling other projects as well. The company says nical capability, growth, value for money short of battlefield expectations when it it will continue to seek opportunities to and national prosperity. Rheinmetall is comes to military communications tech- develop local cooperation and strategic currently delivering 211 BOXER 8x8 Com- nologies, according to a study released alliances in Ukraine on defence solutions. bat Reconnaissance Vehicles (CRV) to the by Government Business Council (GBC), Australian Army after the vehicle was se- the research division of Government Remote Sensing Network lected by the Australian Government fol- Executive Media Group, in partnership for the Arctic lowing 12 months of RMA trials in 2016- with Viasat Inc., a global communica- (ck) On 1 October 2019, a consortium 2017. According to Rheinmetall Defence tions company. Based on a survey of over of companies called IRSA Development Australia the three vehicles designated 300 US active military and Department Group (IDG) was announced at DEFSEC for RMA trials will incorporate significant of Defense (DoD) participants across the Atlantic in Halifax, Canada. IDG consists Australian industry capability. Key vehicle nation, the study investigated the role of the following companies with expertise elements of the LYNX KF41 are also being of military connectivity and evaluated in remote sensing technology: C-CORE developed and manufactured in Australia the practicality and effectiveness of US (Canada), MyDefence System Integration by local companies including the alterna- military communication technologies. (Denmark), Andøya Space Center (Nor- tor (Milspec in Albury), running gear (Su- Among others, key findings from the way), VTT (Finland), Scott Polar Research pashock in Adelaide) and cables (Cablex study include: Institute (UK), Karl Osen (Switzerland), in Melbourne). The modular LYNX KF41 • Expectations of connectivity on the ViaSat Antenna Systems (Switzerland), and vehicle includes the digital LANCE tur- battlefield are high, but largely unmet; Boeing (USA). Integrated Remote Sensing ret with electronic architecture common • The risk of falling behind new threats; for the Arctic (IRSA) is a scalable, civilian, with the BOXER 8x8 CRV. This would en- • Organisations are facing significant all-domain system-of-systems remote able the Australian crew to access sensor barriers to network modernisation efforts; sensing solution designed to provide more systems, advanced automatic tracking • Emerging cloud-based systems, artifi- persistent monitoring of the Arctic. The and targeting capabilities and weapon- cial intelligence and machine learning ca- network comprises satellites, high altitude integrated battle management, all in one pabilities will be critical to future mission long endurance (HALE) drones, medium connected and enabled platform. Should success. altitude long endurance (MALE) drones,

124 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS), sea- company Beth-El. The Czech stand at the ent data sharing. So far, the use of net- surface and sub-sea platforms, and ground fair was organised in cooperation with the work connectivity and associated data stations. Technology development for each Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech has not been standardised for pre-flight segment, and integration, is underway. Ini- Republic and the Association of Defence assessment or regulated for operational tial IRSA services are expected to be avail- and Security Industries of the Czech Re- use. However, recent drone trials in Fin- able to clients in early 2020. public. land and Estonia for the Gulf of Finland U-space project exposed this require- Counterdrone Devices EXPAL at AUSA ment and the need for connectivity to for Australia (ck) At the recent AUSA 2019 meeting, enable consistent data sharing between (ck) DroneShield Ltd, a designer of portable EXPAL USA showcased its latest develop- the UAV and the UTM system. The con- counterdrone detection devices, has won ments for the defence and security sec- nectivity platform from Dimetor, Airborn- tor. At its Propulsion Systems Technology eRF, is deployed at the operational data Centre, EXPAL designs propulsion systems centres of Mobile Network Operators for rockets, missiles and a wide portfolio (MNOs), processing confidential network of munitions, such as 2.75" (70mm) rocket data for assuring cellular connectivity for motors, artillery charges, and single and UAV operations. Flight planning tools like Photo: DroneShield multi-base propellants, providing these Frequentis’ CADAS-ATS and other U- solutions both for defence companies and space services can use the constraints in the Armed Forces. The company also pro- the pre-tactical/tactical phase of a BVLOS duces semi-processed products including drone flight and either approve or reject carpet roll, premix, wet and dry pastes and the proposed flight plan. AirborneRF can the Australian MoD tender for portable raw materials such as nitrocellulose. EX- also be used to demonstrate network ca- unmanned aerial system detection devices. PAL has been placing particular emphasis pabilities to airspace regulators and UAV The company won the contract following on recovering, recycling and re-using up service providers. The partnership be- an open tender process. The contract is to 90% of removed components, and to tween Frequentis and Dimetor then ena- for approximately AUD700,000, which is a bles the MNOs to seamlessly integrate combination of an initial purchase price and the connectivity information into the an annual subscription component. aeronautical information management

Photo: EXPAL database, and thus to become part of Czech Companies at DSEI 2019 the developing ecosystem for commercial (ck) The Czech defence industry is known BVLOS drone operations. for its high-quality products and innovative potential. Given the small size of the coun- Upgrades for GRAY EAGLE UAS try and its armed forces, Czech military pro- (ck) The US Special Operations Command ducers have had to constantly develop their (USSOCOM) has increased the ceiling on products to be competitive in foreign mar- its contract to support modifications and kets. Czech companies regularly take part capability enhancements to its Medium- in renowned trade fairs, the most recent support this work EXPAL USA has modern altitude, Long-endurance Tactical (MA- example of this being DSEI 2019 in London facilities in Texarkana and a R&D centre in LET) aircraft. The funding increase from at which they had a large presence. The Camp Minden. EXPAL also manufactures US$15M to US$93M is in response to the Czech stand featured 16 companies with initiation systems, demolition charges and expanded payload capacity of the newly a wide range of products, from fibre optic Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) equip- network solutions (OPTOKON) to harness ment for combat engineers and special assemblies (Ray Service), ammunition (Sell- operation forces for NATO and allied ier & Bellot, STV Group), small arms (Česká countries. Zbrojovka), CWA protection devices (Orit- Image: GA-ASI est), mobile surveillance and surveillance Safe BVLOS Drone Flights systems (EVPÚ Defence), armoured vehicles (ck) The initial introduction of Unmanned (SVOS), optical Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to the airspace has production (Me- been limited to visual line of sight (VLOS) opta), research operations. To extend drone applications, and develop- Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) op- ment (VTÚ), erations are essential for governmental fielded MQ-1C ER GRAY EAGLE Extend- Photo: ESD archive modular load- as well as commercial deployments, and ed Range Unmanned Aircraft System carrying systems many countries are now amending their (UAS). GRAY EAGLE ER is designed and (REDO) and oth- drone policies to allow such flights. This manufactured by General Atomics Aero- ers. During DSEI requires accurate and reliable telecom- nautical Systems (GA-ASI).The increased the Czech com- munication data. Frequentis has part- funding ceiling ensures that SOCOM has pany Ray Service nered with connectivity specialist Dime- the ability to rapidly develop, procure and signed a cooper- tor to enable network connectivity for field new capabilities, as well as conduct ation agreement command and control (C2) and payload studies, modifications and test events with the Israeli data links to ensure reliable and consist- with their fleet of GRAY EAGLE ERs.

11-12/2019 · European Security & Defence 125 Firms & Faces

Hungarians to Buy Hirtenberger the collaboration between the two com- defence applications such as embedded (ck) The Hungarian Government Commis- panies. Since entering the production con- security, high-performance RF, digital sioner for Defence, Defence Industries and tract, IAI has invested multiple resources and mixed-signal microelectronics. The the Coordination of Defence Modernisa- into advanced systems and technologies. company intends to provide chip-scale tion announced that HDT VédelmiIpari The total programme involvement offers to system-scale processing solutions op- Kft. Company has acquired the Austrian an income potential of over US$2Bn. timised for increased performance, re- Hirtenberger Defence Group. The acquisi- duced power and low latency to meet the tion of Hirtenberger is a cornerstone of the Communication for rapid growth of massive data processing Hungarian strategy to develop the Hungar- Belgian Armed Forces in edge computing applications such as ian Defence Industry Sector. HDT VédelmiI- (ck) The Belgian MoD has contracted artificial intelligence. pari will maintain Hirtenberger as it is and INVISIO, in partnership with Thales in takes full responsibility for all commercial Belgium, to deliver a communication MTU Opens New High-Tech operations and commitments to employ- and hearing protection system. The or- Test Centre ees, customers and suppliers. Hirtenberger der value for INVISIO is approximately (ck) MTU Aero Engines has built a new Defence will continue to operate from all its SEK30M and deliveries are planned for test centre for engine parts on its Munich locations and carry the well-known brand. the fourth quarter of 2019 and mid-2020. premises. The company has invested more From 29 October on Hirtenberger will op- INVISIO expects a first follow-up order of than €25M in a new building and advanced erate under the new ownership; the Hirten- SEK20M in the near future and considers test equipment and, after two years of berger management will stay on board. that the long-term potential for further construction, the test centre is now opera- orders from its new customer is consid- New IAI Office in Washington erable. The soldier radio programme is (ck) Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) North one of the Belgian Army’s largest military

America has recently opened a new gov- modernisation programmes for commu- Photo: MTU ernment relations and marketing office in nication and hearing protection; it aims Washington DC near the US Capitol. The to reduce hearing loss and improve us- facility expands the company’s presence in ers’ communication capacities in critical Washington DC. “Having a greater pres- environments. Thales in Belgium is the ence in Washington is critical to helping us prime contractor for this programme. grow our business in the US market”, said INVISIO’s communication systems are Harel Locker, IAI's Chairman of the Board. based on modularity and flexibility to IAI already sources over US$600M from US meet the communication needs of us- suppliers in over 40 states and has partner- ers in mission-critical environments, both ships with major US Original Equipment on land and when mounted. Plug-and- Manufacturers (OEMs) such as Lockheed play-integration between control units, tional. MTU’s testing capabilities comprise Martin, Boeing, Honeywell, Gulfstream intercom, headsets and cables is the key parts, components and complete engines. and General Dynamics. to the INVISIO system, since it enables The company performs development tests, connection of new INVISIO equipment certification tests and production accept- IAI Delivers 100th F-35 Wing without configuration. ance tests. In the new test centre, MTU will to Lockheed Martin be testing parts that make up compressors (ck) Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Mercury to Invest in Trusted and turbines, including blades and vanes, Lockheed Martin marked the delivery of Microelectronics Technology discs, casings, rings, and tubing. Develop- the 100th F-35 combat aircraft wing de- (ck) Mercury Systems, a provider of se- ment plans include the testing of new ma- livered by IAI at a ceremony held at the cure sensor and safety-critical process- terials, new designs and larger structures. company’s wing assembly line. The wings ing subsystems, will invest US$15M to An emerging programme in the military manufacturing centre of IAI’s aviation divi- expand its microelectronics business, segment is the Next European Fighter En- sion was established in November 2014, bringing commercial silicon technology gine, or NEFE for short. This propulsion sys- and benefits from extensive experience in to the US Department of Defense (DoD). tem will be developed jointly by MTU and making wings for the F-16 and T-38. The The technology is applicable to all de- European partners, and its parts will be put centre is now expected to manufacture fence platforms and programmes and through their paces in the new test centre over 800 F35 wings by 2034. In December offers fast, affordable and secure chip- in Munich. The facility has been designed in 2018, IAI inaugurated an innovative line for scale open system architecture (OSA) de- such a way that it can be expanded when production of F-35 wing skins, expanding vices to accelerate future modernisation needed. With the new facility, MTU has the efforts. The initiative is one of the first requisite equipment for as many as 65 dif- commercial applications of the Defense ferent test types – among them spin tests, Advanced Research Projects Agency’s air flow measurements, structural tests, Photo: IAI (DARPA) Electronics Resurgence Initiative vibration, wear, ballistic and fatigue tests. (ERI) which aims to create a more spe- The centrepiece of the new test facility is cialised, secure, and heavily automated a multifunctional rotation test stand which electronics industry that serves the needs was built up in a separate enclosure – a of both the commercial and defence sec- twin-wall reinforced concrete structure – tors. Mercury promises to bring open and rests on a special soundproof base standards architecture at chip-scale to plate weighing as much as 90 tonnes.

126 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 for Australian submarines and surface for surface and Australian submarines countermeasures anti-torpedo posing pro has been Group in Australia. Naval Group by Naval signed countermeasures to related (MoU) ofda Understanding of Memoran nine is one It ing system. launch associated its and/or equipment the fabricationwith of countermeasures MacTaggart Scott entrust will Group country. in the Naval base technological content Group’s to Naval and enlarge try Australian indus Australia to maximise Pacific´s in countermeasures projects Group for Australia Naval Taggart Scott Mac (ck) has preselected Group Naval MacTaggart Scott Naval GrouptoCooperatewith 32nd National Symposium January 14-162020 |Hyatt Regency Crystal City - - - - - Image: Naval Group called NAVIRIS. The name was presented presented was name The NAVIRIS. called venture joint owned a50/50 tablished have(ck) es Fincantieri and Group Naval Group andFincantieri Joint VentureBetweenNaval navies. blue-water in and several French Navy in the inCONTRALTO, service is already module reaction associated its with fitted system, anti-torpedo This multi-effects. on Dilution/Confusiongeneration based countermeasure latest the CANTO, with Warfare Destroyer) Air class of HOBART upgrade 4000, SEA and frigates class HUNTER 5000 Future Submarine, SEA Australian 1000 (SEA programmes ships Visit navysna.org Formore information - Photo: Naval Group four. The two KING AIR B-200s and two two and B-200s AIR four. KING two The to expanding be will and aircraft AIR KING three operates company currently The aircraft. of a new addition the with operations surveillance security-related and defence its intends toZeusch expand charter. and flights mapping grid aerial transport, medevac/organ surveillance, relay, including broadcast aerial services of aerial avariety ny provides currently in 2020. aircraft compa The AIR KING of modified fleet its to expand begin will Netherlands, in The (EHLE) Airport Lelystad at based (ck) Aviation, Zeusch Service Portfolio Zeusch AviationExpands countries. of both naval of the sectors petitiveness and, ultimately,gies com improve the technolo new develop contracts, export new capture navies, French Italian and the serve to groups better for both tunity is oppor an Group Naval and Fincantieri France Italy. alliance and between This quarter, every alternating between meets Steering Committee The in Genoa: held recent Steeringduring the Committee

- - - - Firms & Faces

KING AIR C90As have been modified to the LIFEPORT PLUS patient system which Ariel Karo Appointed as RAFAEL's meet their different operational require- incorporates a stretcher for a single pa- New EVP Marketing and Business ments. To perform relay work, a Zeusch tient. Medical equipment on board in- Development Aviation KING AIR C90A has been fit- cludes a vacuum system, compressed (pb) RAFAEL ted with extra antennas on the belly and air, a three-outlet 1,000-watt inverter Advanced De- (230VAC) and a 3,500-litre oxygen sys- fense Systems

tem with remote filling port. Photo: RAFAEL Ltd. has ap- Zeusch, as a member of the Dutch In- pointed Brig. dustry Foundation for Defense and Se- Gen. (Ret.) Ariel Photo: Zeusch curity (NIDV), recently attended the De- Karo to EVP, fense and Security Equipment Interna- Marketing and tional (DSEI) exhibition in London, UK, Business De- to specifically promote its surveillance velopment. He capabilities for military, law enforce- succeeds Giora ment and other observers of activities Katz, who is on land and water. “During DSEI, we retiring from were honoured to speak extensively RAFAEL after a 17-year career in the with our State Secretary of Defence company, during which he also served Mrs. Barbara Visser as well as with Mr. as Head of the Land and Naval divi- wings. A relay boom, approximately two Simon Smits, who is The Netherlands' sion. Ariel Karo (54) joined RAFAEL five metres long, can be extended during a Ambassador to the UK, plus several years ago, and has since then served as mission and retracted during ferry flight defence attachés. We’re confident that Head of the company's Cyber and ISTAR and landing and an extra camera has these conversations are a great first Directorate. Prior to that, he served been fitted to the belly of the plane so step towards expanding our business in the IDF for 30 years and filled vari- that the pilots can verify that the boom within the defence and security arena,” ous senior positions, including Head of has been retracted prior to landing. The said Herman van Kranenburg, Manag- Field Intelligence and Chief Intelligence medevac KING AIR 200 aircraft features ing Director of Zeusch. Officer.

Preview ESD 1/2020 · January 2020

• DRAGÓN AIFV Programme in Spain • Vehicle Decontamination Systems • Ground Mobility: Suspension; Transmission; Tracks; Wheels • Hard-Kill / Soft Kill Self-Protection Systems • Hybrid Power for Lightweight Armoured Vehicles • LTMP: Light Tactical Mobile Platform(s) • Medium Calibre Cannons and Ammo • Power Supplies for Armoured Vehicles • RCWS Challenges and Advantages • Scout / Liaison 4x4 Vehicles • The Return of the 6x6 • Turret Options for 8x8s • Vehicular Situational Awareness • UK Armoured Vehicles Programme Analysis

Mittler Report Verlag GmbH Baunscheidtstr. 11 · 53113 Bonn, Germany Phone: +49 228 35008 70 · [email protected] www.mittler-report.de · www.euro-sd.com

128 European Security & Defence · 11-12/2019 MITTLER REPORT

Mark your diary: Brussels, 28/29 January 2020 16th NATO Life Cycle Management Conference Innovation and Disruption in LCM – Opportunities, Achievements and Lessons Learned

Chaired by: Thomas E. Pedersen and J. Bo Leimand (ret), Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organisation (DALO) The annual NATO LCM Conference will continue to consider the lessons learned and achieve- ments made in areas such as Quality Assurance, Life Cycle Costing, Configuration Management, Acquisition Practices, Material Maintainability et al. as a basis for new and innovative, even dis- ruptive approaches and perspectives which will be introduced in respective presentations. The event will again be organised in cooperation with the NATO Life Cycle Management Group (AC/327) and with the support of the NATO Industrial Advisory Group (NIAG) and the German CALS Forum. The conference will be combined with a small exhibition to showcase respective capabilities and will take place at the Parker Hotel Brussels Airport on 28/29 January 2020.

Dinner Speaker: MajGen. (ret) Rudolf Maus, Director LCM, NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA)

Contributing Organisations: Brazilian MoD, Italian MoD, UK MoD, NIAG, NSPA, Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España, NIIG, Bundeswehr University, Lockheed Martin, Rheinmetall, Systecon, TFD Europe, Troika Solutions.

More Information and to register: www.mittler-report.de

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LCM_Anzeige_MRV_210x297.indd 1 28.10.19 15:57 Partnering with European industry to create security and prosperity.

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