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WP-SERICULTURE INDUSTRY in BANGLADESH.Pdf f t a n t f t a y s m f e c w a BIDS WORKING PAPER Working Paper No. 6 SERICULTURE INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH : A CASE STUDY* Pratima Paul Majumder Salimullah December 1988 Price Tk. 55.00 < m ? n w f s r w i i e r M r a F l ? l , BANGLADESH INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DHAKA. BANGLADESH IDS Documentation & Library Centre University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9RE, UK PLEASE RETURN Working Paper No. 6 SERICULTURE INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH : A CASE STUDY* Pratima Paul Majumder Salimullah December 1988 Price Tk. 55.00 The authors are respectively Research Fellow and Research Associate at the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, E-17 Agargaon, Shet-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, GPO Box No.3854 This paper on sericulture industry was prepared in November, 1981 under the Rural Industries Study Project (RISP) undertaken by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies during 1978-80. The authors are respectively Research Follow cind Research Associate at the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies E-17 Agargaon, Slicr-o-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh. They are grateful to Dr. Q.K. Ahmad of the then Project Director, Mr. Matilal Paul a professional Economist with United Nations, Dr. Zaid Bakht of BIDS and Prof. Clarence Melony, consultant, RISP for their guidance in preparing this report. The remaining errors are the authors alone. Foreword Sericulture in Bangladesh had a glorious past and has a bright future. It is only the present where the picture is somewhat less exciting. Silk and muslins from this region have been mentioned in the accounts of many travellers and historians from pre-Christ days. It is true that the glory of the ancient textile industry in this region was epitomised by first the muslins and later the figured muslins (jamdani) of Dhaka which flourished most during the period of the moghuls. The usual raw materials for muslins was ’karpas' a special type of cotton. But silk was never lagging behind. Kautilya’s 8Arthashashtrya' mentions both types as important products of the region. Also from various historians8 accounts it is clear that trade in silk was flourish­ ing throughout the centuries till the Brithis arrived on the scene. The decline in sericulture is quite clearly a phenomenon of the British period when indigenous textile industry as a whole underwent a tremendous setback. It is understandable why colonisation destroyed the local textile industry* but aat is not clear is why the specialised textiless at least the raw material for them, was also allowed to dwindle away. To give an indication of the decline of sericultures raw silk production came down in kajshahi district from around 400 thousand pounds in 1876 to about 22 thousand pounds in 1911 and virtual extinc- • /■:>i<- . • i tion by 1947. By this time the skills for producing the finest fabrics was also at a very low ebb. During the Pakistan period some attempts were made to improve the condition of sericulture in the then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) some nurseries and the silk factory in Rajshahi were developed and a Design Centre under EPS1C was set up to provide some design and marke­ ting support. But the lead in weaving was soon taken away by rhe more advanced weaving industries of West Pakistan. Nevertheless raw silk i production registered increase during this period. ii During the Bangladesh poriou the measures in tue sericulture sector have been comparatively more pronounced, A Sericulture Board has been established, nurseries increased and a new silk factory set up in Rangpur. A project has been undertaken with the Swiss to improve the production technology. Marketing promotion has been enhanced. The results in terns of increase in acreage under mulberry plants, employment of manpower and production of cocoon as well as finished silk have all shown marked increases during the last ten years and particularly so during the last four years of this decade. Yet the overall condition of sericulture is far from satisfactory. And the potential is far from realised. The quantity and quality are both meagre compared to other silk producing countries, the technology is backward, institutional support inadequate and the marketing structure exploitative of the raw material producers. The Sericulture Board while solving some problems has added several others particularly in the grading and purchase of cocoons. There is need of credit, services and suppplies all of which can be provided without too much strain. The hope for Bangladesh sericulture lies in the fact that the basic ecological conditions are i ght, the skills are available and the required technology is not beyond the reach of Bangladesh, and yet so little has really been done seriously. On the other hand, whatever ^ittle was done paid off so well. Sericulture, like agriculture, piscicuT ,tura, horticulture and apiculture is yet another story of unrealised potential. This report on sericulture is one amongst about a dozen case studies out of the BIDS research project on rural industries. The objective of this report was to look into the sector at some depth and clarify some of the issues in respect of problems and prospects of sericulture. We hope the report is found useful particularly by policy makers and future entrepreneurs. iii The present study on rural industries of Bangladesh was undertaken by BIDS to fill in th. gap in contemporary knowledge relating to this sector to facilitiate policy planning and project development. This research project, has been implemented under contract with the Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) coordinated by Bangladesh Planning Commission, and funded by the United States Agency for Inter­ national Development (USAID)„ I wish to record our gratitude to these organisations for their assistance and cooperation. Since the surveys were conducted over a long period of tine the respondents had to spend a lot of time to supply the information during repeated visits by investi­ gators. The cooperation of local leaders, businessmen and officials facilitated the data collection process. Our sincere thanks are due to all of them. The BIDS staff members engaged either full time or part time, in RISP and all temporary employees of the project have worked hard to complete the study successfully and fruitfully. And I hope their efforts are rewarded by adequate use of the information. Enquiries about additional information and critical comments on this and other reports from this proejct will be welcome. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword i TABLE OF CONTENTS iv CHAPTER I 1 1,1 Introduction 1.2 Importance of Sericulture Industry in Bangladesh 3 1 ,3 Review of the Literatures A Brief Note 5 1,4 Need for The Present Study 10 1,5 Scope and Methodology of the Study 11 1.6 Definition of Sericulture Industry 13 1 ,7 Nature of Sericulture Industry 14 1.7.1 Planting of Mulberry 14 1,7,2 Rearing of Silk Warm 15 1,7.3 Reeling 16 1,7,4 Weaving 17 1.8 Type of Sericulture Enterprise 17 1,9 integration of Different Stages of Sericulture 19 CHAPTER II 21 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SERICULTURE ENTREPRENEURS 21 2,1 Religion and Migratory Status 21 2,2 Sex and Age Distribution of Sericulture Entrepreneurs 22 2,3 Size of Family of the Sericulture Entrepreneur 24 2,4 Level of Education 25 2.5 Re isons for Involvement in Sericulture Activities 26 2.6 Community Roles 27 V 2.7 Land Ownership 28 2.7.1 Land Under Mulberry Cultivation 30 r . 2.8 Gross Income 32 2.9 Occupational Status 34 CHAPTER III 39 CAPITAL AND TECHNOLOGY 39 3.1 Structure and Composition of Fixed Assets 39 3.2 Requirement of Working Capital 42 3.3 Technology 44 3.3.1 Problems Involved in Improving theTechnique of Mulberry Cultivation 47 3.3.2 Technique used in Cocoon Raising 48 3.3.2.1 Rearing Appliances 49 3.3.2.2 Use of Different Varieties of Laying 51 3.3.2.3 Collective Rearing 51 3.3.2.4 Sanitation 53 3.3.2.5 Problems Involved in Improving the Techniques of Rearing 54 3.3.3 Technique Used in Reeling 58 3.3.3.1 Process of Reeling 58 a) Sorting 58 b) Drying 59 c) Storing 60 d) Boiling 61 3.3.3.2 Reeling 63 3.3.3.3 Lacing, Testing and Classification and Packing of Raw silk 64 vi 3.3.3 .4 Problems Involved in Improving the Technique of Reeling 64 3.3.4 Technique Used in Weaving 67 3.304.1 Problems Involved in Improving the Technique of Weaving 69 CHAPTER IV & ) OUTPUT, COST STRUCTURE, VALUE ADDED, PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY 70 4.1 Production of Mulberry Leaves 70 4.1.1 Cost of Production 70 4.1.2 Plan for Increasing Production of Mulberry Leaves in the Coming Year 73 4.2 Production of Cocoon 74 4.2.1 Cost of Raising Cocoon 75 4.2.2 Plan for Increasing the Production of Cocoon in the Coming Year 77 4.3 Production of Silk Yearn 78 4.3.1 Cost of Production of Silk Yarn 79 4.3.2 Plan for Increasing the Production of Silk Ya m 81 4.4 Production of Silk Cloth 81 4.4.1 Cost of Production of Silk Cloth 83 4.5 Gross Value of Output 84 4.5.1 Gross Value of Output and its Components 85 4.6 Value Added 86 4.7 Productivity 88 4.7.1 Labour Productivity 88 4.7.2 Capital Employed per Worker 90 4.7.3 Capital Productivity 91 4*8 Profitability 92 4.9 Integration vii CHAPTER V 93 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION III SERICULT RE INDUSTRY 93 5ol Size of Employment 5.2 Scope for Providing Employment to the Family Member 99 5»3 Scope of Employment for Hired Labour 103 5.4 Feminization of Sericulture Industry 104 5.5 Employment Scope for Child Worker 110 5.6 Wage Rate 112 5.7 Daily Working Period 113 CHAFTER VI 117 FINANCE 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Initial Capital 117 6.3 Current Capital 120 6.4 Problems
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