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Inauguraldissertation Zur Erlangung Des Akademischen Grades Eines Doktors Der Philosophie Am Fachbereich III Der Universität Trier

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Inauguraldissertation Zur Erlangung Des Akademischen Grades Eines Doktors Der Philosophie Am Fachbereich III Der Universität Trier Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich III der Universität Trier Ina Scherder Kommunale Armenfürsorge in Galway. Eine Studie zum Zusammenhang der Entwicklung von Armenadministration und lokaler Verwaltung in Irland, 1838-1921 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Andreas Gestrich 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Lutz Raphael Trier 2007 Tag der muendlichen Pruefung: 3. September 2007 Vorwort Waehrend meiner Promotionsphase wurde ich von zahlreichen Freunden und Kollegen unterstuetzt, denen ich herzlich danke sagen moechte. Sie haben mich fachlich und persoenlich begleitet und mir mit zahlreichen inhaltlichen Hinweisen, Kommentaren und kritischen Anmerkungen geholfen. An erster Stelle ist hier Professor Dr. Andreas Gestrich zu nennen, der jederzeit „ein offenes Ohr“ fuer Fragen oder Schwierigkeiten hatte und der mich mit Hinweisen und Anmerkungen unterstuetzt und begleitet hat und mir dabei alle Freiheit fuer meine Forschungen gewaehrte. Herrn Professor Dr. Lutz Raphael danke ich fuer seine Bereitschaft, freundlicherweise die Arbeit als Zweitgutachter begleitet zu haben. Fuer die finanzielle Foerderung der Arbeit durch Stipendien geht mein Dank an das Deutsche Historische Institut London und die Oxford Brookes University sowie an den Sonderforschungsbereich 600 „Fremdheit und Armut. Wandel von Inklusions- und Exklusionsformen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart“ an der Universitaet Trier. Weiterhin moechte ich den freundlichen Mitarbeitern der Archive und Bibliotheken danken, die mir bei der Archivrecherche und Literaturbeschaffung behilflich waren. Mein Dank geht besonders an Patria McWalter vom Galway County Archives. Fuer das Korrekturlesen der Doktorarbeit danke ich besonders meiner guten Freundin und Kollegin Reinhild Kreis von der LMU Muenchen sowie Katrin Marx- Jaskulski, Nicole Longen und Sonja Scherder. Meinen Eltern Anne und Helmut Brackmann und meinem Mann Dirk gebuehrt der groesste Dank fuer ihre Unterstuetzung und ihr Verstaendnis im privaten Bereich! Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1.1. Kommunale Armenfürsorge in Irland – eine Einführung ........................... 1 1.2. Abgrenzung des Themas, Fragestellungen und Thesen .......................... 10 1.3. Methoden.................................................................................................. 17 1.4. Forschungsstand ...................................................................................... 24 1.5. Quellen ..................................................................................................... 33 2. Die Grafschaft Galway: Ökonomische und soziale Rahmenbedingungen 2.1. Lage, Größe, Bevölkerung, Infrastruktur, Wirtschaft................................. 38 2.2. Die Verwaltungsstruktur............................................................................ 49 2.2.1 Galway Poor Law Union.................................................................... 54 2.2.2 Gort Poor Law Union......................................................................... 57 2.3. Nicht-Kommunale Unterstützungsmaßnahmen in Galway........................ 60 3. Gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen, Akteure, Zuständigkeiten und Maßnahmen 3.1. Irish Poor Law Act 1838: seine Einführung und seine Elemente .............. 63 3.2. “Spezifische Ausprägung” irischer Institutionen der Armenverwaltung (im Vergleich zu England, Schottland)............................................................ 67 3.3. Armenverwaltung auf lokaler und zentraler Ebene .................................. 74 3.3.1 Die zentrale Behörde: Poor Law Commission und Local Government Board .........................................................................................................74 3.3.2 Die Verwaltungsbezirke .................................................................... 76 3.3.3 Die lokalen Aufsichtsgremien der Armenverwaltung: Boards of Guardians ................................................................................................. 79 3.3.4 Die Arbeitshäuser.............................................................................. 88 3.4. Gesetzliche und administrative Neuerungen: Entwicklung des Poor Laws bis 1921.......................................................................................................... 94 4. Die (Armen-)Steuerzahler in Galway und Gort 4.1 Einfluss der (Armen-)Steuerzahler ........................................................... 115 4.2 Zusammenfassung: Das Verhältnis der Aufsichtsgremien der Armenverwaltung zu den Steuerzahlern .................................................... 140 5. Die Aufsichtsgremien der Armenverwaltung von Galway und Gort 5.1 Biographische Eckdaten der Mitglieder der Armenverwaltung und Anwesenheit bei den Sitzungen als Einflussfaktoren auf die Arbeitsweise der Aufsichtsgremien ....................................................................................... 142 5.1.1 Soziale und religiöse Zusammensetzung der Aufsichtsgremien ....... 145 5.1.2 Das Amt des Vorsitzenden und seiner Stellvertreter......................... 153 5.1.3 Teilnehmerzahl und Anwesenheit der Mitglieder............................... 161 5.1.4 Weibliche Poor Law Guardians......................................................... 165 5.1.5 Zusammenfassung............................................................................ 167 5.2 Verhältnis zentrale – lokale Administrationsebene.................................... 169 5.2.1 Konflikte um Zuständigkeiten und Aufgabenwahrnehmung .............. 169 5.2.2 Religiöse Konflikte............................................................................. 187 5.2.3 Zusammenfassung............................................................................ 191 5.3 Politisierung der Aufsichtsgremien der Armenverwaltung ......................... 193 5.3.1 Rolle der Kommunikationsmedien und Ausweitung des Themenspektrums über die eigentliche Armenverwaltung hinaus ............. 198 5.3.2 Personelle Veränderungen ............................................................... 210 5.3.3 Selbstverwaltung und Landfrage als beherrschende Themen .......... 219 5.3.4 Zwangsräumungen und Outdoor Relief ............................................ 237 5.3.5 Gegenreaktionen von konservativ-unionistischen Mitgliedern .......... 251 5.3.6 Irland auf dem Weg in die Unabhängigkeit ....................................... 266 5.3.7 Zusammenfassung............................................................................ 273 5.4 Kommunikationswege: Parlamentarier und Kooperationen zwischen den irischen Aufsichtsgremien der Armenverwaltung ....................................... 276 5.5 „Vernetzung“ der Aufsichtsgremien der Armenverwaltung ........................ 290 6. Schlussbetrachtung, Ergebnisse, Zusammenfassung ............................. 310 7. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 7.1. Quellen und zeitgenössische Literatur..................................................... 318 7.1.1. Archivalien ...................................................................................... 318 7.1.2. Zeitungen........................................................................................ 321 7.1.3. Gedruckte Quellen und zeitgenössische Literatur .......................... 322 7.2. Forschungsliteratur ................................................................................... 327 8. Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................. 368 Anhang - Fotos - Karten - Abbildungen - Tabellen Verzeichnis der Abbildungen und Tabellen: - Abb. 1: Auszug Irish Poor Law Act, 1838 5 - Abb. 2: Steuerzahler Gort Union 230 - Abb. 3: Artikel zu Poor Law Wahlen, 1887 233 - Abb. 4: Arbeitshaus von Galway und Queen`s College Galway 299 - Abb. 5: Karte der irischen Poor Law Unions 370 - Abb. 6: Arbeitshaus von Galway 371 - Abb. 7 Fotos Galway Workhouse 372 - Abb. 8: Fotos Galway Workhouse 373 - Abb. 9: Wilkinson Modell Workhouse 374 - Abb. 10: Wahlpapiere Poor Law Wahlen 1839 375 - Abb. 11: Fragenkatalog Visiting Committee 376 - Abb. 12: Poor Law Unions der Grafschaft Galway 377 - Abb. 13: Poor Law Inquiry 1836: Interview 1 378 - Abb. 14: Poor Law Inquiry 1836: Interview 2 381 - Abb. 15: Karte Distressed Unions gesamt 384 - Abb. 16: Karte Dissolved Unions gesamt 385 - Abb. 17: Galway Finanzen 1840 386 - Abb. 18: Gort Finanzen 1840 387 - Abb. 19: Schlafquartiere nach Wilkinson 388 - Abb. 20: Auszüge Armengesetzerweiterung 1847 389 - Tab. 1: Lokale Verwaltung in der Grafschaft Galway 50 - Tab. 2: Lokale Verwaltung in der Grafschaft Galway Stadt 50 - Tab. 3: Lokale Verwaltung in der Stadt Galway 50 - Tab.4: Galway Union Wahlbezirke 1839 54 - Tab. 5: Galway Union Wahlbezirke 1899 55 - Tab. 6: Gort Union Wahlbezirke 1839 58 - Tab 7: Gort Union Wahlbezirke 1899 58 - Tab. 8: Stimmenanzahl Wahl 82 - Tab. 9: Unterstützungsempfänger 3.7.1847 99 - Tab. 10: Wettbewerb Wahlen Gort 1884 263 - Tab. 11: Zensusdaten Galway 390 - Tab. 12: Zensusdaten Gort 391 - Tab. 13: Unterstützungsempfänger Indoor + Outdoor Galway 1841-1921 392 - Tab. 14: Unterstützungsempfänger Indoor + Outdoor Gort 1843-1921 393 - Tab. 15: Insassen des Arbeitshauses von Galway 1901 394 - Tab. 16: Insassen des Arbeitshauses von Galway 1911 395 - Tab. 17: Insassen des Arbeitshauses von Gort 1901 396 - Tab. 18: Insassen des Arbeitshauses von Gort 1911 397 - Tab. 19: Nightlodgers Galway 1906 398 - Tab. 20: Vorsitzender und Stellvertreter des Aufsichtsgremiums der Armenverwaltung von Galway 399 - Tab. 21: Mitglieder des Aufsichtsgremiums
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