FINDING NEW USES FOR IRISH DEMESNES: AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITY ISSUES A Dissertation submitted for: MSc in Architectural Conservation University of Edinburgh by M. MacDonagh First Reader: Ruxandra-Iulia Stoica SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE EDINBURGH COLLEGE OF ART 2009-10 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Scope ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Research Question .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Aims .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 IRISH DEMESNES ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Defining a Demesne ........................................................................................................... 5 3.0 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMESNES IN IRELAND ....................................................... 9 3.1 The Earliest Demesnes ....................................................................................................... 9 3.2 The Creation of a ‘Demesne Passionate’ Landed Gentry ............................................. 9 3.3 Demesne Development, Form and Layout .................................................................... 11 4.0 DEMESNE STRUCTURE IN THE IRISH LANDSCAPE .................................................. 18 4.1 The Historical Role of a Demesne .................................................................................. 18 4.2 The Symbolic Role of a Demesne .................................................................................. 18 4.3 Tenant Farmer Perceptions of Demesnes ...................................................................... 20 4.4 Common Characteristics of Demesnes .......................................................................... 20 4.5 Continuity: Survival of Historical Nuclei within Demesnes ...................................... 22 4.6 The Requirements of Demesnes ..................................................................................... 24 5.0 THE ABOLITION OF LANDLORDISM IN IRELAND ..................................................... 25 5.1 A Gradual Reappraisal of the Cultural Heritage Value of Demesnes ....................... 26 5.2 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 30 6.0 DEVELOPMENT THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF DEMESNES ........................... 32 6.1 Vulnerable Elements of the Demesne Concept ............................................................ 32 6.2 Current Development Threats to Demesnes in Ireland ................................................ 36 i 6.3 The Precarious State of Derelict Demesne Landscapes .............................................. 36 6.4 Contemporary Land Uses ................................................................................................ 37 7.0 CONSERVATION LEGISLATION IN IRELAND .............................................................. 38 7.1 Cultural Landscapes: Authenticity and Integrity .......................................................... 38 7.2 Conservation Legislation for Cultural Heritage in Ireland .......................................... 41 7.3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ireland .................................................................... 44 7.4 The Effectiveness of Conservation Legislation in Ireland .......................................... 48 8.0 CASE-STUDY ANALYSES ..................................................................................................... 49 8.1 Bective Demesne, Co. Meath .......................................................................................... 49 8.2 Rockingham Demesne, Co. Roscommon ...................................................................... 54 8.3 Humewood Demesne, Co. Wicklow .............................................................................. 57 9.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... i APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................... xv Appendix A: Case-Study Selection Methodology ............................................................... xvi Appendix B: The Evolution of Demesnes in Ireland ......................................................... xvii Appendix C: The Character of Landownership in Ireland .............................................. xxxv Appendix D: The Economics of Emparking .................................................................... xxxix Appendix E: How a Demesne was Formed .......................................................................... xli Appendix F: The Location and Size of Demesnes in Ireland ............................................... li Appendix G: Features Characterising Demesnes ................................................................. liv Appendix H: The Decline of Landlordism in Ireland .......................................................... lvi Appendix I: The Nationalist Revolution 1919-1923 ........................................................ lxix ii Appendix J: The Irish Heritage Trust .................................................................................. lxx Appendix K: Positive Recent Decisions from An Bord Pleanála .................................... lxxii Appendix L: Threatening Development to Demesne Integrity ...................................... lxxvi Appendix M: Conservation Legislation in Ireland ............................................................. lxxx Appendix N: The Main Conservation Tools for Cultural Heritage in Ireland ............ lxxxiv Appendix O: The Development of Bective Demesne ........................................................ xcii Appendix P: The Development of Rockingham Demesne ............................................ xcviii Appendix Q: The Development of Humewood Demesne .................................................. civ iii List of Figures Figure 2.1: Castlelohort Demesne, Co. Cork as mapped on the 1846 Ordnance Survey of Ireland. The demesne was shaded a darker colour than the surrounding landscape in these surveys to signify their presence as a topographical entity. (Source: NIAH, 2010). ............................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3.1: Carton House, Co. Kildare in the 1680s. (Source: Aalen et al, 1997: 199). .......................................... 12 Figure 3.2: Stradbally Hall, Co. Laois. (Source: Aalen et al, 1997: 197). ............................................................... 13 Figure 3.3: Powerscourt Waterfall in c.1760. (Source: O’Kane, 2004: 150). .......................................................... 14 Figure 7.2: Extract from the 2002 ‘Brú na Bóinne’ World Heritage Site Management Plan showing the “Core” and “Buffer” zones. (Source: Meath County Council, 2002). ........................................................................................ 47 Figure 8.1: Location of each Case-Study Demesne within Ireland. ........................................................................ 50 Figure B.1: Stradbally Hall, Co. Laois. The eighteenth century gardens of Stradbally Hall, Co. Laois represent a logical extension of this approach. The house was surrounded by closed squares of trees crossed by paths.. .... xxvii Figure E.1: The Growth of Carton. (Source: Horner, 1975: 54). ........................................................................... xliv Figure E.2: Lands acquired 1739-1750. (Source: Horner, 1975: 54). .................................................................... xliv Figure E.3: Carton Townland 1744. (Source: Horner, 1975: 62). ........................................................................ xlvii Figure E.4: Carton Townland 1837. (Source: Horner, 1975: 62). ........................................................................ xlvii Figure E.5: An extract from the mid-nineteenth century Ordnance Survey of Ireland showing Carton Demesne. The demesne remained largely unchanged up to the 1990s. (Source: NIAH, 2010). ................................................. l Figure F.1: Density distribution of demesnes of more than fifty acres in size by county, c. 1840. The value of each category represents the ratio of the extent of the total area to each demesne of over fifty acres (20.23 hectares). (Source: Graham and Proudfoot, 1993: 247). ........................................................................................................... lii Figure F.2: Landscape parklands of over 49 acres (20 hectares) between 1830 and 1900.. .................................... liii Figure K.1: Carton Demesne, Co. Kildare on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland First Edition 6" Series 1846. The site of the planning application is circled in