Biological Activity of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni and Their Relationship to Health
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ISSN: 1040-8398 (Print) 1549-7852 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/bfsn20 Biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and their relationship to health Jorge Carlos Ruiz-Ruiz, Yolanda Beatriz Moguel-Ordoñez & Maira Rubi Segura-Campos To cite this article: Jorge Carlos Ruiz-Ruiz, Yolanda Beatriz Moguel-Ordoñez & Maira Rubi Segura-Campos (2017) Biological activity of Steviarebaudiana Bertoni and their relationship to health, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57:12, 2680-2690, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1072083 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1072083 Accepted author version posted online: 19 Oct 2015. Published online: 01 May 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1272 View Crossmark data Citing articles: 7 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=bfsn20 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION 2017, VOL. 57, NO. 12, 2680–2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1072083 Biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and their relationship to health Jorge Carlos Ruiz-Ruiza, Yolanda Beatriz Moguel-Ordonez~ b, and Maira Rubi Segura-Camposc aDepartamento de IngenierıaQuımica-Bioquımica, Instituto Tecnologico de Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; bInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrıcolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Mococh, Carretera Merida-Motul, Yucatan, Mexico; cFacultad de IngenierıaQuımica, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan Col. Chuburna de Hidalgo Inn, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has nutrients and phytochemicals, which make it an adequate Stevia rebaudiana; extracts; source for the extraction and production of functional food ingredients. Preclinical and clinical studies steviol glycosides; bioactivity suggest therapeutic and pharmacological applications for stevia and their extracts because they are not toxic and exhibit several biological activities. This review presents the biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and their relationship to antidiabetic, anticariogenic, antioxidant, hypotensive, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Consumption and adverse effects were also reviewed. Introduction b-carotene, vitamin B2, and vitamin B1. Include antioxi- dants compounds like apigenin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, Stevia rebaudiana is native to the northeast of Paraguay. Actu- luteolin, miocene, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic ally is cultivated in other regions of the world, including North acid. Also, include minerals as cobalt, magnesium, iron, America, Asia, and Europe (Lemus-Mondaca et al., 2012). Ste- potassium, and phosphorus (Gupta et al., 2013]. via consists of a group of annual and perennial herbs, sub- Stevia has been used for various purposes throughout the shrubs, and shrubs that occur in mountain regions, open world; the Guarani tribes used S. rebaudiana, as a sweetener in forests, borders of rivers, and dry valleys. Its first botanical herbal infusions. Japan was the first country in Asia to market description is attributed to M. S. Bertoni. The plant was first steviol glicosides in the food and drug industry. Since then, cul- called Eupatorium rebaudianum Bert. in honor of Rebaudi, the tivation has expanded to China, Malaysia, Singapore, South first chemist to study the chemical characteristics of the sub- Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand (Lemus-Mondaca et al., 2012). stances extracted. Its name was later changed to the current Steviol glycosides have been used to replace sucrose, for one, and it was recommended not only for food production, treatment of diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and caries but also for the medicinal effects that were attributed to it. The (Jaroslav et al., 2007). Studies have suggested that stevyol glyco- genus Stevia included 230 species but only S. rebaudiana gives sides exhibit therapeutic benefits with antihyperglycemic, anti- the sweet essence. Botanically S. rebaudiana is described as a hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiarrheal, perennial low shrub with extensive roots, brittle stems, and diuretic, and inmunomodulatory effects (Chatsudthipong and small, elliptical leaves. Under some environmental conditions Muanprasat, 2009). The leaves of stevia have functional and and management situations, it behaves as an annual or a mix- sensory properties superior to those of many other sweeteners ture of plants of both types. The cultivated plants are reported (Jaroslav et al., 2007). to be more vigorous. Some other related species include Stoma- The purpose of this review is to bring together a selection of tanthes eupatoria, Salix lemmonii, Scaphyglottis micrantha, basic data coming from scientific studies on stevia. With Shorea ovata var. texana, Stevia plummerae, S. plummerae var. emphasis on functional and health-promoting properties. alba, Sida rhombifolia, Spiraea salicifolia, Scylla serrata, Stevia viscida, Sorbus commixta, Stevia satureiaefilia, Sorbus leptophylla, Serianthes myriadenia, Stevia ophryphylla, Stevia Antidiabetic activity selloi, Stevia nepetifolia, Senna oligophylla, Stevia origanoides, and Stevia triflora (Kumar et al., 2011). Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a loss of glucose homeo- Several natural products have been isolated from stasis with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein S. rebaudiana, the best known of which are the steviol and metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion or its glycosides, stevioside, rebaudioside (A–F), steviolbioside, insulin action (Barcelo and Rajpathak, 2001). Without enough dihydroisosteviol, rubusoside, and dulcoside A (Savita et al., insulin, the cells cannot absorb sufficient glucose from the 2004). Nutrients in Stevia include water (80–85%), protein, blood; hence, blood-glucose levels increase (hyperglycemia). If fiber, monosaccharaides, lipids, essential oils, vitamin C, glucose level in blood remains high during a long period, this CONTACT Maira Rubi Segura-Campos [email protected] Facultad de IngenierıaQuımica, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Periferico Norte. Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Col. Chuburna de Hidalgo Inn, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. CP. 97203. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION 2681 can result in damage to kidneys, liver, nerves, and cardiovascu- volunteers. Aqueous extracts of 5.0 g of leaves were adminis- lar system (Pari and Saravanan, 2004). The two types of diabe- tered to volunteers at regular six-hour intervals for 3 days. Glu- tes are insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or type I, cose tolerance tests were performed before and after extract and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), or administration. A second group of six healthy volunteers who type II. The WHO classification also recognized malnutrition- ingested an aqueous arabinose solution was also studied. The related diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. According to extract of S. rebaudiana increased glucose tolerance. The Suanarunsawata et al. (2004) several ethnobotanical studies extract significantly decreased plasma glucose levels during the report that more than 500 plants are used for diabetes mellitus test and after overnight fasting in all volunteers from a basal treatment, and more than 1200 species exhibit hypoglycemic value of 82 mg/dl at the beginning of the analysis to 68 mg/dl activity (Okyar et al., 2001). Before the discovery of insulin by after three hours of ingestion. According to Curi et al. (1986),it Banting and Best in 1922, the only options for diabetes treat- is possible that Stevia extract, by increasing the mitochondrial ment were those based on traditional practices (Ribnicky et al., respiration rate and inhibiting the gluconeogenesis pathway, 2006). Plants have been used as dietary adjuvant and for treat- can indeed lead to hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, a possible effect ment of diseases even without knowledge on their functions of this plant of insulin secretion or peripheral action should be and constituents. Although numerous synthetic drugs were considered. developed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but the safe Jeppesen et al. (2000) elucidated the impact of stevioside and and effective treatment paradigm is yet to be achieved (Patel its aglucon steviol on insulin release from normal mouse islets et al., 2012). Among those plants used for the treatment of dia- and the beta-cell line INS-1. Both stevioside and steviol betes is S. rebaudiana (Li et al., 2004). (1 nmol/L to 1 mmol/L) dose-dependently enhanced insulin Suanarunsawata et al. (2004) evaluated the glycemic effect of secretion from incubated mouse islets in the presence of stevioside (250.0 mg/kg body weight) and S. rebaudiana extract 16.7 mmol/L glucose (P < .05). The insulinotropic effects of (4660.0 mg/kg body weight) in diabetic rats induced with strep- stevioside and steviol were critically dependent on the prevail- tozotocin for 8 weeks. These authors observed that plasma glu- ing glucose concentration, that is, stevioside (1 mmol/L) and cagon (PG) level was slightly but significantly raised in normal steviol (1 mmol/L) only potentiated insulin secretion at or rats fed with stevioside since the third week. S. rebaudiana above 8.3 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05). According to these extract had no effect on the PG in normal rats. Stevioside had authors, the insulinotropic