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Towards Energy Efficient and Shared Mobility Services

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Towards Energy Efficient and Shared Mobility Services Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Towards Energy Efficient and Shared Mobility Services Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference 2017 Clement Rames Sacramento, California, October 15-18, 2017 NREL/PR-5400-70305 Session 1D: The Future of Mobility, October 16, 2017 Outline • Define & introduce shared mobility services • Zoom in on 3 cities: modal share, urban form • Energy impacts – back of the envelope calculations • Moving the needle on shared mobility – key takeaways NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 2 Motivation • Environment: fossil-fuel dependence, greenhouse gas emissions • Public health: air quality issues, stress, road safety • Equity: access to transit, jobs, education, healthcare • Cost: traffic congestion, parking, car ownership Photo credit: Odyssey NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 3 Bringing Sharing to the Center Stage • Electric vehicles taking off • Self-driving cars on-road testing • Use TNCs as an analogy to study impacts of self-diving cars (shared, autonomous fleet) • Look beyond U.S. borders: sharing is much more prevalent in other parts of the world TNC: transportation network company Photo credit: CleanTechnica NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 4 Shared Mobility: Recent Developments Early 2010s: Late 2010s: Late 2000s: - 4G, NFC, BLE: - Machine learning, - 1st smartphones: ubiquitous computer vision: maps, mobility apps, connectivity automation geo-localization - EV car-sharing - OEM run car-sharing - Zipcar & Flexcar, (Autolib’), P2P (Turo, (Car2go, Maven, Avis-Hertz-Enterprise, Getaround) ReachNow) City & eGo CarShare - Dockless bike- - Public, municipal - Denver B-cycle, sharing, ebike-sharing bike-sharing (Vélib’) Bay Area Bike-share - UberPool, LyftLine, - UberX, Lyft, Sidecar local and non-profit - Inter-city carpooling - Commutes (Waze (BlaBlaCar) Carpool, BlaBlaLines) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 5 Modal Share in Three Cities 70% Commuting modal share, 2015 60% 50% Data Sources: - NHGIS 2015 (www.nhgis.org) 40% - INSEE 2015 (www.insee.fr) 30% 20% 10% 0% Drove alone Carpooled Public transit Walked or biked Denver San Francisco Paris NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 6 Urban Form x Mobility Behavior % Car-free Households 70 60 Denver San Francisco Paris 50 40 Data Sources: 30 - NHGIS 2015 (www.nhgis.org) 20 10 - INSEE 2014 (www.insee.fr) 0 Population density Daily VMT VMT: vehicle (1000/sq. mi.) miles traveled Denver San Francisco Paris, France Car-free 11 % 30 % 63 % Households Daily VMT 25 mi. 21 mi. 16 mi. Population 4,520/sq. mi. 17,240/sq. mi. 55,670/sq. mi. Density NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 7 Congestion, Parking, Ownership, Public Health, Equity • Empty or “dead-heading” TNC trips add to congestion, while other modes tend to reduce VMT and single-occupancy vehicle trips • TNCs reduce the need for parking in dense areas • Impacts on car ownership remain unclear – work in progress • Shared services both substitute and complement active modes – depends on initial modal share • Synergies with public transit (on-demand, first/last mile) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 8 Energy Impacts: Back of the Envelope Calculations 25 % Change energy use resulting from 10% adoption of shared modes, electric vehicles, and autonomous vehicles 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 Car-pooling Car-sharing Ride-hailing Electric Autonomous NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 9 Overcoming Barriers: Scaling Shared Mobility • Unified payment system: integrated mobility package with car- and bike-sharing, public transit, etc. • Need for a user-friendly car-pooling platform enabling both shared commutes and long-distance trips available across the United States • Incentivize ride-splitting for TNC drivers & passengers • Urban planning: replace parking with pickup lanes & car- share-only spaces. Multi-modal hubs connecting transit with bike-sharing & first/last mile solutions NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 10 Key Takeaways • Individual ownership shared, access-based paradigm • Potential for energy savings – and the opposite • Shared services complement public transit & active modes • Sharing & electrification should precede automation • Need to move the needle on policy & urban development NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 11 Thank you! Questions? www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Backup Slide: Methodology and Data Sources • Car-pooling: derived using vehicle occupancy data from 2009 National Household Travel Survey • Car-sharing: Chen and Kockelman, 2016, “Carsharing’s Life- cycle Impacts on Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions” • Ride-hailing: derived from Henao, 2017, “Impacts of Ridesourcing -Lyft and Uber- on Transportation including VMT, Model Replacement, Parking, and Travel Behavior” • Electric vehicles: assumed 28 kWh/100 mi. (120 MPGe) BEV energy consumption and 36-mpg gasoline fuel consumption • Autonomous vehicles: derived from Stephens et al., 2016, Estimated Bounds and Important Factors for Fuel Use and Consumer Costs of Connected and Automated Vehicles NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 13.
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