A Political Economy of Affect in Restaurant Service

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A Political Economy of Affect in Restaurant Service On Waiting: A Political Economy of Affect in Restaurant Service By By Emily Raine, B.A. (Hons.), M.A. McGill University, Montreal, Canada April 2012 A dissertation submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art History and Communications Studies Communication Studies Program ii Acknowledgements I’d like to thank all of the many people who have looked at or commented on drafts of this work: Jonathan, Tom, Sound n’ Stuff reading group, Douglas Hanes, Morgan Charles, Jeffrey Malecki, and everyone who asKed smart questions and recommended compelling Books at conferences and in class. ThanKs also to my committee, for reading this and talking to me aBout it, which is so appreciated. Special thanks to Tom Lamarre and the political economy reading group for helping me sort through political economy literature, and above all to Jonathan Sterne for Being a better teacher, mentor, editor, boss, friend and cooK than a girl could hope for in an advisor. Your generous pedagogy, formidable intelligence and overall general kindness inform every page of this book, or the good ones, at least. Morgan and Dave & Baba and Benito, Mady and Howie, Jason Lindop, Aaron Gordon, Vanessa Chung, Krzysztof Welfeld, Michael Mulley, Krista Varady, Corin Payie, Mel, Dad and Jonah, Mom, Laurence & David Sprott and their awful family: I like you. Thanks for helping me do things and feel things. Finally, I could never have worKed through this project without generous funding assistance from the SSHRC Research Council and Media@McGill, nor without everything I learned from all the salty wenches and Boys of The Cottage, PastaworKs, Loose Change Louie’s, The Butcher’s Daughter, The Second Cup, Peel Pub and Taverna. As ever, all errors, omissions and gross mischaracterizations are entirely my own. iii Abstract This research project attends to the social and political relations surrounding casual restaurant servers’ production of “good service.” Service standards have Become so normalized as to be largely invisiBle in day‐to‐day life, yet their performance reproduces and reinforces sexualized gender roles and social differences. Restaurant service is consumed as part of the “experience economy,” such that the interactions with service worKers become a constituent part of the service commodity, maKing servers’ intersubjective work directly productive for capital in a way that requires novel disciplinary and compensatory regimes, effectively entrepreneurializing service worKers to motivate the good service that restaurants promise their customers. Good service depends on a series of illusions that enaBle customers to enjoy the subjective role of the sovereign consumer by engaging in the fetish of good service, where there is some understanding that the service relationship is normalized and habitual worK for the server, but both parties pretend that it is autonomous, sincere and organic, a fetish I term the “illusion of spontaneity.” Maintaining this illusion requires selectively eliding some features of restaurant work, in what I term the “eclipsed exertion,” while other kinds of labour are showcased; for instance, the productive worK of food production and cleaning is mostly performed in hidden kitchens, while servers’ (often highly sexualized) Bodies circulating on the restaurant floor are staged for their seated customers. The division between kitchen and dining room mimics the broader process of offshoring materially productive laBour in the post‐Fordist economy, but it does so within the space of the restaurant itself; the restaurant can in a sense Be thought of as a microcosm of the processes of contemporary global capitalism. The structure of labour processes in restaurants thus directs attention to how theoretical accounts of affective and immaterial labour might be expanded to include the manual labour that makes this kind of worK possible, as well as to the worK and citizenship conditions extended to the repetitive manual workers in service’s backstages. iv Eclipsed exertion also refers to the hidden worK of servers, though, both the tasks (such as cleaning and restocking) that servers regularly do but that are not as prominently displayed as service rituals, and those parts of service, like the emotional modulation of presenting the mandated cheerful demeanor that are not cast as “work” per se in the service exchange, instead resting on a parasitical adoption of social habits of mutuality and reciprocity. Such occlusions, of service labour’s status as labour, also interfere with considerations of service’s status as skilled or meaningful worK, since many of the traits of service, such as deference and care, are cast as “natural” aptitudes innate to the women who mostly do this work. Public recognition of affective labour’s status as labour is crucial, particularly in restaurants where customers’ proximity to workers appears to give them privileged access to workers’ labour processes, and where customers play a central role in their disciplinization and compensation by tipping. The notion of good service provides a constructive access point to the intersection of emotional labour with other economic and social habits, norms and institutions because it illustrates how either self‐motivated or imposed gestures of goodwill and courtesy are underscored by economic incentives, power relations and social norms. In short, it enables the study of how interpersonal communication Between individuals are organized as commodities, providing a platform for thinKing about service relationships politically, as well as addressing how capitalism adapts to incite the increased subjective labour needed as the services come to make up an ever greater part of the economy. v Abrégé Ce projet de recherche étudie les relations politiques et sociales qui encadrent la production d’un « service de qualité » par des serveurs de restaurants de catégorie moyenne. De nos jours, les standards de service ont été normalisés au point de passer largement inaperçus. Cependant, la prestation de ces services sert la reproduction et l’intensification de rôles de genre sexualisés et de différences sociales. Le service au restaurant est consommé dans le cadre d’une « économie de l’expérience », de sorte que les interactions avec le personnel de service font partie intégrante du service marchand. Il en résulte que le travail intersuBjectif des serveurs devient directement productif pour le capital et requiert des régimes compensatoires et disciplinaires nouveaux qui transforment le personnel de service en entrepreneurs motivés à offrir le service de qualité que les restaurants vendent à leur clientèle. Ce service de qualité est tributaire d’un ensemble d’illusions qui permettent au consommateur de jouir du rôle subjectif de consommateur souverain en se livrant au fétiche du service de qualité. Même s’il est entendu que la relation de service est ici normalisée et relève d’un travail pour le serveur, les deux parties font comme si elle était autonome, sincère et organique, phénomène que nous nommons « illusion de la spontanéité ». Le maintien de cette illusion demande qu’on élude certains aspects du travail en restaurant au profit de certains autres, procédé que nous appelons « occultation de l’effort ». Ainsi, les travaux productifs de ménage et de production des aliments sont en grande partie effectués à l’abri des regards dans les cuisines, tandis que les corps des serveurs (souvent fortement sexualisés) circulent dans la salle comme sur une scène destinée aux clients. La division entre la cuisine et la salle de service reproduit, dans le cadre spatial du restaurant, le processus plus large de délocalisation du travail productif matériel qui caractérise l’économie postfordiste; il est ainsi possible de concevoir le restaurant comme un microcosme des processus du capitalisme global contemporain. La structure des processus de travail en jeu dans la restauration permet ainsi de voir de quelle manière les descriptions théoriques sur le travail affectif et immatériel pourraient vi être enrichies et inclure le travail manuel qui en est la condition de possibilité, attirant l’attention, du même coup, sur les conditions de travail et de citoyenneté consenties à ceux qui effectuent les tâches manuelles et répétitives dans les coulisses du service. Le concept d’occultation de l’effort renvoie aussi au travail caché des serveurs, qu’il s’agisse de tâches (comme le ménage ou le réassortiment) effectuées sur une base régulière sans avoir pour autant la même visiBilité que les rituels de service, ou de ces éléments (comme la modulation émotionnelle qu’implique une aménité de rigueur) qui ne sont pas considérés comme du travail en tant que tel dans l’échange de service mais plutôt comme le résultat de l’adoption parasitaire d’une habitude de réciprocité. Ces formes d’occultations du travail propre aux services sont aussi liées à des considérations sur le statut du service comme travail qualifié et significatif, dans la mesure où bon nomBre des caractéristiques du service, telles que la déférence et la sollicitude, sont présentées comme des aptitudes « naturelles » innées aux femmes qui, la plupart du temps, exercent ces emplois. La reconnaissance publique du travail affectif comme travail proprement dit est essentielle, particulièrement dans les restaurants où la proximité des clients avec le personnel leur donne un accès privilégié aux processus de travail de ces derniers et où les clients, par la pratique du pourBoire, jouent un rôle central dans leur disciplinarisation et leur compensation. La notion de service de qualité fournit un point d’accès intéressant sur la rencontre du travail émotionnel avec d’autres pratiques, normes et institutions économiques et sociales. Elle permet ainsi d’illustrer la façon par laquelle des attitudes d’affabilité et de politesse, auto‐induites ou imposées, sont renforcées par des incitatifs économiques, des relations de pouvoir et des normes sociales. En résumé, cette notion permet de comprendre comment la communication interpersonnelle entre des individus peut prend la forme d’une marchandise et constitue par conséquent une base pour saisir les relations de service de manière politique.
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