Global Education Systems Wolfgang Hörner Hans Döbert Lutz R. Reuter Botho von Kopp Editors The Education Systems of Europe Second Edition Global Education Systems This series of handbooks presents analytical descriptions of the educations systems around the world. It provides easily accessible, practical, yet scholarly, sources of information about the structural features of the respective education systems, including the history of the education system, the socio-cultural context of the education system and the organizational context. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13430 Wolfgang Ho¨rner • Hans Do¨bert Lutz R. Reuter • Botho von Kopp Editors The Education Systems of Europe Second Edition With 47 Figures and 6 Tables Editors Wolfgang Ho¨rner Hans Do¨bert University of Leipzig University of Erfurt Leipzig, Germany Erfurt, Germany Lutz R. Reuter Botho von Kopp Helmut Schmidt University German Institute for Pedagogical Research Hamburg, Germany Frankfurt/M., Germany ISBN 978-3-319-07472-6 ISBN 978-3-319-07473-3 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-07474-0 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07473-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940773 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London 1st edition: # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 2nd edition: # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Albania .............................................. 1 Michael Schmidt-Neke 2 Andorra .............................................. 21 Wendelin Sroka 3 Armenia ............................................. 25 Susanne Bandau and Davit Ganjalyan 4 Austria ............................................... 39 Ferdinand Eder and Josef Thonhauser 5 Azerbaijan ............................................ 61 Eric Lepisto 6 Belarus .............................................. 77 Stephan Malerius 7 Belgium .............................................. 99 Christiane Brusselmans-Dehairs 8 Bosnia-Herzegovina .................................... 117 Katarina Batarilo-Henschen and Volker Lenhart 9 Bulgaria .............................................. 141 Peter Bachmaier 10 Croatia .............................................. 155 Marko Palekcˇic´, Igor Radeka, and Nenad Zekanovic´ 11 Cyprus ............................................... 173 Petros Pashiardis and Andreas Tsiakiros 12 Czech Republic ........................................ 187 Botho von Kopp 13 Denmark ............................................. 207 Palle Rasmussen and Tobias Werler v vi Contents 14 Estonia ............................................... 227 Viive-Riina Ruus and Priit Reiska 15 Faroe Islands .......................................... 251 Wendelin Sroka 16 Finland .............................................. 255 Matti Meri 17 France ............................................... 269 Wolfgang Ho¨rner and Guillaume Many 18 Georgia .............................................. 293 Natia Andguladze and Iva Mindadze 19 Germany ............................................. 305 Hans Do¨bert 20 Greece ............................................... 335 Panos Xochellis and Anastasia Kesidou 21 Hungary ............................................. 355 Magdolna Re´bay and Tamás Kozma 22 Iceland ............................................... 371 Thorarinn Stefansson and Ragnheidur Karlsdottir 23 Ireland ............................................... 385 Marie Clarke and Maureen Killeavy 24 Italy ................................................. 403 Sara-Julia Blo¨chle 25 Kosovo ............................................... 425 Lulzim Dragidella 26 Latvia ............................................... 437 Irēna Zˇ ogla, Rudīte Andersone, and Emīlija Cˇ ernova 27 Liechtenstein .......................................... 457 Botho von Kopp 28 Lithuania ............................................. 473 Dalia Kiliuviene˙ 29 Luxembourg .......................................... 495 Siggy Koenig 30 Macedonia ............................................ 509 Wolf Oschlies and Wolfgang Ho¨rner Contents vii 31 Malta ................................................ 523 Christopher Bezzina 32 Moldavia ............................................. 545 Reinhard Hannesschl€ager 33 Monaco .............................................. 557 Wendelin Sroka 34 Montenegro ........................................... 561 Sasˇa Gavric´ 35 Netherlands ........................................... 581 Bob van de Ven 36 Norway .............................................. 603 Nina Volckmar and Tobias Werler 37 Poland ............................................... 621 Wolfgang Ho¨rner and Inetta Nowosad 38 Portugal .............................................. 645 Jesus Maria Sousa and Carlos Nogueira Fino 39 Romania ............................................. 659 Laura Dumbra˘veanu 40 Russian Federation ..................................... 679 Gerlind Schmidt 41 San Marino ........................................... 707 Wendelin Sroka 42 Serbia ............................................... 709 Vera Spasenovic´, Emina Hebib, and Slavica Maksic´ 43 Slovak Republic ....................................... 725 Beata Kosová and Sˇtefan Porubsky´ 44 Slovenia .............................................. 743 Jozˇe Mlakar 45 Spain ................................................ 759 Marı´a Jesu´s Martı´nez Usarralde 46 Sweden .............................................. 779 Tobias Werler, Silwa Claesson, and Ola Strandler 47 Switzerland ........................................... 797 Lucien Criblez viii Contents 48 Turkey ............................................... 825 Yasemin Karakas¸og˘lu and Yilmaz Tonbul 49 Ukraine .............................................. 851 Marina Zˇ eludenko and Alla Sabitowa 50 United Kingdom ....................................... 869 Neville Harris and Stephen Gorard Editors Wolfgang Ho¨rner Professor of Comparative Education, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Research Profile: Methodology of Comparative Education; Analysis of Educa- tional Systems; Education in Central and Eastern European Countries; School and Work Hans Do¨bert Professor, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Research Profile: Empirical and Comparative Educational Research; Education and Monitoring; Research on Schools and Teachers Lutz R. Reuter Professor of Educational Policy Research, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany Visiting Professorships: Northwestern University, Chicago, USA Visiting Professorships: University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa Visiting Professorships: University of Maputo, Maputo, Mocambique Visiting Professorships: Technical University of Nanjing, Nanjing, China Research Profile: Education Systems and Comparative Education; Educational Governance and Law; Education Policy and Politics Botho von Kopp Associated Researcher, German Institute for Pedagogical Research, Frankfurt/M., Germany Research Profile: Comparative Education Research; Education Policy and Governance Research; Education Stratification Research ix Contributors Rudīte Andersone University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Natia Andguladze Research Division, MoES, Georgia Peter Bachmaier University of Vienna, Wien, Austria Susanne Bandau University of Omsk, Omsk, Russia Katarina Batarilo-Henschen Georg-Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research, Braunschweig, Germany Christopher Bezzina Faculty of Education, University of Malta, Msida, Malta Sara-Julia Blo¨chle Bundesinstitut fur€ Berufsbildung, Bonn, Germany Christiane Brusselmans-Dehairs University of Gent, Gent, Belgium Emīlija Cˇ ernova University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Silwa Claesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Marie Clarke University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Lucien Criblez University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Hans Do¨bert University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Lulzim Dragidella University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo Laura Dumbra˘veanu National Institute of Educational Research, Bucharest, Romania Ferdinand Eder University of Linz, Linz, Austria Carlos Nogueira Fino University of Madeira, Madeira, Portugal Davit Ganjalyan University of Giessen, Gießen, Germany Sasˇa Gavric´ Sarajevo Open Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Stephen Gorard School of Education, Durham University, Durham,