DOCSLIB.ORG

Chanos Chanos (FORSSKAL, 1775), FRY SEASONALITY in VANUATU: THEIR AVAILABILITY and ABUNDANCE in the COASTAL SHORELINE of EFATE ISLAND

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chanos Chanos (FORSSKAL, 1775), FRY SEASONALITY in VANUATU: THEIR AVAILABILITY and ABUNDANCE in the COASTAL SHORELINE of EFATE ISLAND MILKFISH, Chanos chanos (FORSSKAL, 1775), FRY SEASONALITY IN VANUATU: THEIR AVAILABILITY AND ABUNDANCE IN THE COASTAL SHORELINE OF EFATE ISLAND By Ronnick Spenly Shedrack A Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Marine Science Copyright © 2017 by Ronick Spenly Shedrack School of Marine Studies Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific November, 2017 Declaration of Originality Statement by Authoor I, Ronick Spenly Shedrack, declare that this thesis is my own workk and that, to the best of my knowledgee, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with matterial submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except whhere due acknowledgement is made in the textt. Signature: Date: 10 November 2017 Name: Ronick Spenlly Shedrack Student ID No: S11062153 Statement by Supervvisor The research in this thhesis was performed under my supervision annd to my knowledge is the solee work of Mr. Ronick Spenly Shedrack. Signature: Date: 20/11/22017 Name: Dr. Marta Feerriera Designation: Princippal Supervi Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my dear parents Belinda Toa Spenly and Spenly Shedrack Salemomo. iii Acknowledgements I express my sincere thanks and appreciation to the Australian Centre of Agricultural Research (ACIAR) for funding me for the Master of Science degree under the ACIAR-USP scholarship Scheme and to USP for facilitating the sponsorship and funding another 6-month for the write up until completion of the program. The completion of my thesis was made possible through the invaluable support from my principal supervisor, Dr. Marta Ferreira and co-supervisor, Dr. Susanna Piovano who provided constructive criticism, suggestion, comments and encouragement during the course of the study. Dr. Marta is also immeasurably valued for providing me with support to Otolith analysis technique that is necessary to complete the thesis. I also acknowledge Dr. Susanna for various constructive criticisms polishing this study. I express my appreciation to Mr. Sompert Gereva for his invaluable support, advice and assistance throughout the project with the field data collection, sampling materials and providing me space at the Vanuatu fisheries department to complete the thesis write up. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Timonthy Pickering for his various advices on the field data collection techniques. I also express my gratitude to the Vanuatu Meteorological and Geo-hazard Department staff particular, a special thanks to Melinda Natapei, David Gibson and Philip Mansale for supporting with the data collection until the completion of the fieldwork. I would like to thank Martinez and his colleagues (2006) for allowing me to reproduce their figure of milkfish life stages in Figure 1.2. My heartfelt gratitude is extended to my family members, in particular Christian Shedrack, Semion Shedrack, Ajay Shedrack, Susila Salemomo and Welpi Tane for assisting me throughout the field data collection. Lastly, I am thankful to my then girlfriend and now my wife, Rose Charley for her love, support and assistance with lab work, food preparation and for everything, she did for me. iv Abstract This study describes the seasonality and abundance of milkfish Chanos chanos fry in the coastal shorelines of Efate Island in order to assess the feasibility of milkfish aquaculture in Vanuatu. The study will enable the knowledge of fry collection so that this species can be cultured for food. Four sampling sites have been assessed in February 2016 for the presence of milkfish fry namely, Erakor, Kawenu, Mele and Teouma. The site with the highest abundance was selected for further seasonality sampling over a one-year period from February 2016 to February 2017. Milkfish fry were collected from February to May and October to December 2016 and, again from January to February 2017. Milkfish fry was absent in other months of the year. Two peaks of fry occurrence were observed, the 1st peak was in April and the 2nd peak was in November. The fry abundance in Teouma was high (relative to other locations such as Erakor, Kawenu and Mele) over the period of seasonality sampling. The abundance between Moon phases showed that more fry were caught in New Moon and 3rd quarter Moon whereby a non-significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed. Milkfish fry collected on Teouma coast measured between 8 mm to 15 mm total length (TL) and the weight range was between 3 mg to 9 mg. The fry were aged 13 to 25 days old, which mean that they spend 2 to 4 weeks in the surf zone before disappearing into other habitats. Environmental variables assessed showed cloud cover is positively correlated with fry abundance, similarly, wind speed and current speed with length, and rainfall and turbidity with weight. Other variable such as temperature in situ do not significantly correlated with fry abundance, weight and length. The prolonged fry seasonality in Vanuatu is advantageous for milkfish fry aquaculture, however the very low abundance documented in Teouma are not. Before a final decision on the viability of milkfish culture in Vanuatu is made, an assessment of multiple sites is recommended. To be cost-effective such a study could be informed by this research with sampling limited to the months when fry abundances peaks. If milkfish culture does proof to be viable, then the landowners of fry collection ground may need to manage activities along the coast to reduce impacts on fry recruitment habitat. Furthermore, fishers may want to consider v managing fishing of milkfish during spawning periods in order to protect spawning stocks. vi Abbreviation and Acronyms ACIAR Australian Center for International Agricultural research ANOVA Analysis of variance BOD Biological demand for oxygen CT Concentration test oC Degree Celsius DO Dissolve oxygen FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GSI Gonadosomatic Index IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change VFD Vanuatu Fisheries Department PIC Pacific Island Country ppt Parts per thousand VMGD Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazard Department COSPPac Climate and Ocean Support Program in the Pacific SST Sea surface temperature SPC Pacific Community USP The University of the South Pacific TL Total length vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iv Abstract ........................................................................................................................ v Abbreviation and Acronyms ...................................................................................... vii List of figures ............................................................................................................... x List of tables ............................................................................................................... xii Thesis organisation.................................................................................................... xiii Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Milkfish aquaculture ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Reviews on milkfish (Chanos chanos) .......................................................... 1 1.2.1 Systematics .................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Morphology ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Habitat and life history .................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Life history ................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Food, Growth and Feeding Habit .................................................................. 7 1.5 Milkfish distribution ...................................................................................... 7 1.6. Milkfish aging, spawning and fry seasonality ................................................... 8 1.6.1 Milkfish spawning ....................................................................................... 9 1.6.2 Seasonality of fry ....................................................................................... 10 1.7 Migration and movement of fry ....................................................................... 11 1.8 Predation on milkfish fry .................................................................................. 12 1.9 Overview of main methods of fry collection .................................................... 12 1.10 Food demand in the Pacific island countries .................................................. 14 1.11 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 16 1.12 Research objectives ........................................................................................ 16 Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................ 18 2.0 Site selection and description ........................................................................... 18 2.1 Sampling materials and methods ...................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Sampling materials .................................................................................... 20 2.1.2 Bulldozer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fishers and Fish Traders of Lake Victoria: Colonial
    FISHERS AND FISH TRADERS OF LAKE VICTORIA: COLONIAL POLICY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISH PRODUCTION IN KENYA, 1880-1978. by PAUL ABIERO OPONDO Student No. 34872086 submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: DR. MUCHAPARARA MUSEMWA, University of the Witwatersrand CO-PROMOTER: PROF. LANCE SITTERT, University of Cape Town 10 February 2011 DECLARATION I declare that ‘Fishers and Fish Traders of Lake Victoria: Colonial Policy and the Development of Fish Production in Kenya, 1895-1978 ’ is my original unaided work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. I further declare that the thesis has never been submitted before for examination for any degree in any other university. Paul Abiero Opondo __________________ _ . 2 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to several fishers and fish traders who continue to wallow in poverty and hopelessness despite their daily fishing voyages, whose sweat and profits end up in the pockets of big fish dealers and agents from Nairobi. It is equally dedicated to my late father, Michael, and mother, Consolata, who guided me with their wisdom early enough. In addition I dedicate it to my loving wife, Millicent who withstood the loneliness caused by my occasional absence from home, and to our children, Nancy, Michael, Bivinz and Barrack for whom all this is done. 3 ABSTRACT The developemnt of fisheries in Lake Victoria is faced with a myriad challenges including overfishing, environmental destruction, disappearance of certain indigenous species and pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Reefs; 2003
    POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 1 A GLOBAL OVERVIEW IMM Ltd Emma Whittingham, Jock Campbell and Philip Townsley IMM Ltd Innovation Centre Rennes Drive Exeter University Campus Exeter EX4 4RN IMM Ltd United Kingdom http://www.ex.ac.uk/imm DFID Department for International Development 1 Palace Street London SW1E 5HE United Kingdom http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ IOC/UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1 Rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15 France http://www.ioc.unesco.org POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 1: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW Emma Whittingham Jock Campbell Philip Townsley i © 2003 IMM Ltd, Exeter, UK Typeset by Exe Valley Dataset Ltd, Exeter, UK Project Management by Swales & Willis, Exeter, UK Printed in France. Reference number: IOC/UNESCO/INF-1188, Poverty and Reefs, Volume 1: Global Overview, Volume 2: Case Studies. 260pp. Citation: “Whittingham, E., Campbell, J. and Townsley, P. (2003). Poverty and Reefs, DFID–IMM–IOC/UNESCO, 260pp.” Printed and distributed free by: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1, Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10, Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org, Email: [email protected] DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the elimination of the frontiers of any country or territory. This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Coral Reefs
    POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 1 A GLOBAL OVERVIEW IMM Ltd Emma Whittingham, Jock Campbell and Philip Townsley IMM Ltd Innovation Centre Rennes Drive Exeter University Campus Exeter EX4 4RN IMM Ltd United Kingdom http://www.ex.ac.uk/imm DFID Department for International Development 1 Palace Street London SW1E 5HE United Kingdom http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ IOC/UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1 Rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15 France http://www.ioc.unesco.org POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 1: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW Emma Whittingham Jock Campbell Philip Townsley i © 2003 IMM Ltd, Exeter, UK Typeset by Exe Valley Dataset Ltd, Exeter, UK Project Management by Swales & Willis, Exeter, UK Printed in France. Reference number: IOC/UNESCO/INF-1188, Poverty and Reefs, Volume 1: Global Overview, Volume 2: Case Studies. 260pp. Citation: “Whittingham, E., Campbell, J. and Townsley, P. (2003). Poverty and Reefs, DFID–IMM–IOC/UNESCO, 260pp.” Printed and distributed free by: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1, Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10, Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org, Email: [email protected] DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the elimination of the frontiers of any country or territory. This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Past and Current Aquaculture Inititives in Selected
    SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS TCP/RAS/3301 LESSONS FROM PAST AND CURRENT AQUACULTURE INITIATIVES IN SELECTED PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES Prepared by Pedro B. Bueno FAO Consultant ii Lessons learned from Pacific Islands Countries The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www. fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Community-Based Aquaculture in Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa and Vanuatu
    Final report Project Improving community-based aquaculture in Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa and Vanuatu project number FIS/2012/076 date published 1/06/2019 prepared by Robert Jimmy co-authors/ Tim Pickering & Beero Tioti contributors/ collaborators approved by NA final report number FR2019-52 ISBN 978-1-925747-28-7 published by ACIAR GPO Box 1571 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia This publication is published by ACIAR ABN 34 864 955 427. Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However ACIAR cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2019 - This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected]. Final report: Improving community-based aquaculture in Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa and Vanuatu Contents 1 Acknowledgments .................................................................................... 5 2 Executive summary .................................................................................. 6 3 Background ............................................................................................... 8 4 Objectives ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • HLPE Report on Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food
    HLPE REPORT 7 Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition June 2014 2 HLPE Steering Committee members (June 2014) Per Pinstrup-Andersen (Chair) Maryam Rahmanian (Vice-Chair) Amadou Allahoury Marion Guillou Sheryl Hendriks Joanna Hewitt Masa Iwanaga Carol Kalafatic Bernardo Kliksberg Renato Maluf Sophia Murphy Ruth Oniang’o Michel Pimbert Magdalena Sepúlveda Huajun Tang HLPE Project Team members Christophe Béné (Team Leader) Gro-Ingunn Hemre Moenieba Isaacs Vijay Gupta Modadugu Meryl Williams Ningsheng Yang Coordinator of the HLPE Vincent Gitz This report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) has been approved by the HLPE Steering Committee. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Committee on World Food Security, of its members, participants, or of the Secretariat. This report is made publicly available and its reproduction and dissemination is encouraged. Non- commercial uses will be authorised free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate this report should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] with copy to [email protected]. Referencing this report: HLPE, 2014. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee
    [Show full text]
  • Final Technical Report
    "Strengthening Fisheries Management in ACP Countries" Final Technical Report Study on Aquaculture Policy Frameworks in the Pacific Region Project ref. N°: PAC-1.2-B4 REL Region: Pacific September 2013 Assignment by: “This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. Project Funded by the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of PBLH Consulting SRL. and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.” “The content of this document does not necessarily reflect the views of the concerned governments.” Study on Aquaculture Policy Frameworks in the Pacific Region FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT (DRAFT) Table of Contents 1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 2 2 APPROACH TO THE ASSIGNMENT ............................................................................................................ 3 2.1 OUTLINE OF THE APPROACH ........................................................................................................... 3 3 COMMENTS ON TERMS OF REFERENCE .................................................................................................... 4 4 ORGANISATION
    [Show full text]
  • Results Reporting Against FAME Business Plan – 2020
    13th SPC Heads of Fisheries Meeting 1-4 June 2021, Noumea, New Caledonia Original: English Paper reference: Working Paper 1 Title: Results reporting against FAME Business Plan – 2020 Author(s): FAME MEL Team Summary/short description/key points: FAME annually collates key results against its Business Plan to report to various stakeholders – including contributing to the SPC-wide results reporting, implementing partners, donor partners and the Heads of Fisheries. With COVID-19 impacts on travel and social distancing, 2020 has been a challenging year for FAME and its members. This summary results highlights the 2020 achievements against the FAME Business Plan. FAME is also developing an interactive results dashboard for members and partners to explore FAME’s results. The results dashboard is available online for members and stakeholders to view (https://fameresults.org/results/). Recommendations: Members and partners are invited to: • note and review FAME’s results for 2020 and provide any feedback. 13th SPC Heads of Fisheries Meeting Working Paper 1 — p. 2 Results reporting against FAME Business Plan – 2020 Overview 1. This working paper provides a summary of the performance of the Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystem (FAME) Division of SPC in 2020. It provides an overview of performance against the current Results Framework set out in the FAME Business Plan. About FAME 2. FAME is one of SPC’s oldest Divisions, providing scientific and technical expertise to support fisheries management and sustainable development in the Pacific for over 60 years. Fish remains a fundamental and integral part of the Pacific narrative and will be for the foreseeable future.
    [Show full text]
  • Compiled by Moses John Amos Fisheries Department, Port Vila VANUATU
    Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profile VANUATU FISHERIES RESOURCE PROFILES Compiled by Moses John Amos Fisheries Department, Port Vila VANUATU Sponsored by The International Waters Programme of the Vanuatu node funded by GEF, Implemented by UNDP and executed by SPREP 1 Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profile The PREFACE The International Waters Programme of the Vanuatu node funded by GEF implemented by UNDP and executed by SPREP was requested to provide funding assistance for the review and up date the “Republic of Vanuatu Fisheries Resource Profiles” prepared by Lui A. J Bell and Moses J. Amos in 1993. The purpose of the profiles were to: • provide information for the Government on the level of fresh water and marine resources available for appropriate development planning and instigating regulatory controls for resource conservation and management; • facilitate the dissemination of information and data that are required within government, local communities as well as regionally and internationally; and, • facilitate the provision of concise and timely information required by potential investors. The Terms of Reference for the review are as follows: • Undertake library research to collate and assess all existing documentation, data. Images, etc.., which provides information relating to the resource identity, and abundance, distribution, exploitation, marketing and current management measures in Vanuatu; • Based on the information examined and the Fisheries Resource Profile for Vanuatu prepared by FFA in 1991: i. provide and update list for fresh water and marine resources to include their identity, abundance and local distribution, ii. describe the utilization of the resources including the exploitation and marketing information of each resource, and; iii. describe current management (including proposed management plans) for each resource described.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Sixth National Report
    The Clearing-House Mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity Document status Draft Generated on 08 AUG 2019 06:45 TH National Report for the Convention on 6Biological Diversity 1 Table of contents Section I. Information on the targets being pursued at the national level ................................................................ 3 Section II. Implementation measures, their effectiveness, and associated obstacles and scientific and technical needs to achieve national targets........................................................................................................................ 39 Section III. Assessment of progress towards each national target ....................................................................... 217 Section IV. Description of national contribution to the achievement of each global Aichi Biodiversity Target ......... 277 Section V. Description of the national contribution to the achievement of the targets of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation .................................................................................................................................................... 320 Section VI. Description of the national contribution to the achievement of the targets of indigenous peoples and local communities ............................................................................................................................................. 322 Section VII. Updated biodiversity country profile ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • VANUATU Aquaculture Development Plan 2008-2013
    VANUATU Aquaculture Development Plan 2008-2013 VANUATU Aquaculture Development Plan 2008-2013 produced by the Vanuatu Department of Fisheries © Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) 2008 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, edu- cational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. Original text: English Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data Vanuatu Aquaculture Development Plan 2008–2013 / produced by the Vanuatu Depart- ment of Fisheries. 1. Aquaculture – Vanuatu. 2. Fishery management – Vanuatu. I. Title. II. Vanuatu. Fisheries Division. III. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 639.809 595 AACR2 ISBN: 978-982-00-0230-2 This plan was produced by the Vanuatu Department of Fisheries. Financial and techni- cal assistance was provided by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Appreciation is extended to other government agencies, NGOs and private sector companies in Van- uatu who contributed to the formulation of this document during a national planning workshop and follow-up consultations. Secretariat of the Pacific Community BP D5 98848 Noumea Cedex New Caledonia Tel: +687 26.20.00 Fax: +687 26.38.18 [email protected] www.spc.int Prepared for publication at Secretariat of the Pacific Community headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia CONTENTS Acronyms and abbreviations ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Priority Adaptations to Climate Change for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Vanuatu
    Priority Adaptations to Climate Change for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Vanuatu Report based on consultations with stakeholders Port Vila 30–31 May 2013 1 Table of Contents Background ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Adaptations for food security and livelihoods .................................................................................. 4 1.1. Adaptations to minimise the gap in fish for food security in rural areas ...................................... 4 1.2. Adaptations to fill the gap in fish supplies in rural areas .............................................................. 6 1.3. Adaptations for urban areas ......................................................................................................... 9 1.4. Adaptations for livelihoods ......................................................................................................... 10 2. Suggested policies to support adaptations for food security and livelihoods ............................... 11 3. Adaptations to maintain the contribution of tuna to economic development ................................ 13 4. Suggested policies to support contributions of tuna to economic development ........................... 13 References ............................................................................................................................................ 14 2 Background This document summarises the outputs from a workshop held on 30
    [Show full text]