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The U.S. Arms Embargo of 1975–78 and Its Effects on The View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-09 þÿThe U.S. arms embargo of 1975ÿ–1978 and its effects on the development of the Turkish defense industry Durmaz, Mahmut Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43905 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE U.S. ARMS EMBARGO OF 1975–1978 AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TURKISH DEFENSE INDUSTRY by Mahmut Durmaz September 2014 Thesis Advisor: Robert E. Looney Second Reader: Victoria Clement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS THE U.S. ARMS EMBARGO OF 1975–1978 AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TURKISH DEFENSE INDUSTRY 6. AUTHOR(S) Mahmut Durmaz 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The defense industry is one of the most important and fastest-growing industries in Turkey. It not only provides for the Turkish military, but also exports many systems and equipment to other countries. While Turkey has a vibrant defense industry now, it had almost no industry 40 years ago before its military operation in Cyprus. Due to the rise of the internal conflict in the Republic of Cyprus, Turkey sent its troops on July 20, 1974, in order to protect thousands of Turkish Cypriots on the island. The United States opposed the Turkish operation and imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in 1975 that lasted for three years. This thesis tries to assess the effects of the U.S. arms embargo on Turkish defense capability and examine how the embargo influenced the development of the Turkish defense industry. The embargo had a serious impact on the Turkish economy and defense capability because the Cyprus campaign required continuous logistical support, and Turkey was dependent on the United States for many of its military supplies. Feeling the effects of the embargo, Turkey initiated a program to develop its own defense industry, which still progresses today. The thesis concludes that while the embargo created problems at the time, it eventually helped Turkey to create a strong defense industry and become less dependent on other countries. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Turkey, United States, Republic of Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots, Turkish 15. NUMBER OF Military, U.S. Arms Embargo, Turkish Defense Industry PAGES 93 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THE U.S. ARMS EMBARGO OF 1975–1978 AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TURKISH DEFENSE INDUSTRY Mahmut Durmaz First Lieutenant, Turkish Army B.S., United States Military Academy, West Point, 2006 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2014 Author: Mahmut Durmaz Approved by: Robert E. Looney Thesis Advisor Victoria Clement Second Reader Mohammed M. Hafez, Ph.D. Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The defense industry is one of the most important and fastest-growing industries in Turkey. It not only provides for the Turkish military, but also exports many systems and equipment to other countries. While Turkey has a vibrant defense industry now, it had almost no industry 40 years ago before its military operation in Cyprus. Due to the rise of the internal conflict in the Republic of Cyprus, Turkey sent its troops on July 20, 1974, in order to protect thousands of Turkish Cypriots on the island. The United States opposed the Turkish operation and imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in 1975 that lasted for three years. This thesis tries to assess the effects of the U.S. arms embargo on Turkish defense capability and examine how the embargo influenced the development of the Turkish defense industry. The embargo had a serious impact on the Turkish economy and defense capability because the Cyprus campaign required continuous logistical support, and Turkey was dependent on the United States for many of its military supplies. Feeling the effects of the embargo, Turkey initiated a program to develop its own defense industry, which still progresses today. The thesis concludes that while the embargo created problems at the time, it eventually helped Turkey to create a strong defense industry and become less dependent on other countries. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................2 B. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES ...............................................................2 C. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................3 D. METHODS AND SOURCES .........................................................................7 E. THESIS OVERVIEW .....................................................................................8 II. THE CYPRUS ISSUE UNTIL THE TURKISH INTERVENTION ......................9 A. TURKEY’S PLANS TO INTERVENE IN 1964 AND THE U.S. REACTION ....................................................................................................12 B. TURKISH REACTION TO THE JOHNSON LETTER: THE ROOTS OF ANTI-AMERICANISM ...........................................................15 III. TURKISH INTERVENTION AND THE INITIATION OF THE U.S. ARMS EMBARGO ................................................................................................................19 A. TURKISH INTERVENTION OF 1974 .......................................................20 B. INITIAL U.S. REACTION TO THE INTERVENTION ..........................21 C. DECISION-MAKING PROCESS BEHIND THE U.S. ARMS EMBARGO ....................................................................................................22 D. TURKISH POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REACTION TO THE U.S. ARMS EMBARGO ........................................................................................24 IV. TURKISH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BEFORE AND AFTER THE EMBARGO ................................................................................................................27 A. TURKISH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT UNTIL THE EMBARGO ..28 1. Turkish Economic Development: The 1923‒1929 Period ..............28 2. The 1930‒1939 Period........................................................................29 3. The 1940‒1945 Period........................................................................29 4. The 1946‒1961 Period........................................................................30 5. The 1962‒1976 Period........................................................................31 B. TURKISH-AMERICAN ECONOMIC AND DEFENSE RELATIONS ..33 1. Turkey’s Strategic Importance .........................................................33 2. Economic and Defense Relations ......................................................34 3. Economic Assistance ..........................................................................34 4. Military Assistance.............................................................................41 C. EFFECT OF THE ARMS EMBARGO ON THE TURKISH ECONOMY AND POLITICS ......................................................................44 D. EFFECTS OF THE ARMS EMBARGO ON TURKISH DEFENSE CAPABILITY ................................................................................................48 E. EFFECTS OF THE ARMS EMBARGO ON TURKISH NATIONAL PRIDE .............................................................................................................51
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