DOCSLIB.ORG

Timeline / Before 1800 to 1890 / MUSIC, LITERATURE, DANCE and FASHION

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Timeline / Before 1800 to 1890 / MUSIC, LITERATURE, DANCE and FASHION Timeline / Before 1800 to 1890 / MUSIC, LITERATURE, DANCE AND FASHION Date Country Theme 1769 - 1785 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) in literature (i.e. the works of Goethe, Schiller, Hölderlin and Herder) is characterised by lyricism, fantasy, freedom, juvenility and idealism, which is felt most keenly in the dramatic writing of the period. 1786 - 1832 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Classical era in literature (i.e. the work of Goethe, Schiller, Wieland and Herder) is characterised by a will to preserve beauty, maintain goodness in order to gain harmony, and sees nature as an entity. The centre for this movement in literature is the city of Weimar. 1786 United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Scotland’s most famous poet Robert Burns (b. Alloway, Scotland 1759; d. Dumfries, Scotland 1796) is set to immigrate to the West Indies when a collection of his poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect, is published in the county town of Kilmarnock in 1786. The publication launches Burns’ career. About 1790 - About 1850 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Romantic movement develops at the beginning of the 19th century under the influence of writers such as François-René de Chateaubriand. The movement, inspired by imagination, individualism, a taste for the outrageous, and exoticism, is marked by the poetry of Alphonse de Lamartine and Victor Hugo and then extends to the theatre with Hugo’s masterpiece Battle of Hernani, and then to literature. Hugo was the uncontested leader of this literary movement. Music and dance were both influenced by Romanticism; in choreography and in costume design (the tutu and points) the feminine was accentuated. Around 1800 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion "Disire for the orient" arises because of the breakovers around 1800, as the Enlightenment already had changed peoples life to a more rationalistic way of thinking and the scientification of the public. Also the sumless wars, especially the Napoleonic Wars, produced nostalgia and desire for the distance, the unknown, the paradise... Authors and philosophers from the era of romanticism bothered this topics (e.g. Friedrich Schlegel) and they tried to escape into something magical- the orient seemed to be a imaginary world. 1795 - 1848 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of Romanticism or Blaue Blume in literature (i.e. the works of Tieck, von Kleist, Hebel, Hoffmann, the Brothers Grimm and von Eichendorff) is characterised by the desire for far-away places, and imbued with irony, passion, nocturnal mystery and mythical creatures. 1809 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), philosopher, scholar and one of the greatest Italian poets of all times, writes his first poem. 1810 - 1862 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) One of the most prominent Macedonian poets, folklorists and educators, Dimitar Miladinov(1810–62) is born in Struga. He spends most of his life teaching in the Ohrid region. His greatest achievement is the collection of folk songs between 1854 and 1860. 1811 - 1886 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Franz Liszt is born in Austria. He becomes one the leading composers and a piano virtuoso of the 19th century. He dies in Bayreuth. 1814 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The first book in Macedonian, History of the Frightening and Second Communion of Jesus, written by Joakim Krchovski (c.1750–1820) is published in Budim. Krchovski was a herald of the Macedonian cultural revival and went on to publish more books on religious matters. In the early 19th century in Macedonia only priests and other Christian dignitaries were educated enough to enlighten Macedonian people through literature in their mother tongue. 1815 - 1848 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Biedermeier era in literature (i.e. works by Mörike and von Droste-Hülshoff) is characterised by melancholia, a desire to escape to an idyll and to recapture religion and the homeland. 1816 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Gioachino Rossini (1795–1868), the young director of the San Carlo Theatre of Naples, the most important opera house at the time, puts on stage in Rome the Barber of Seville. The opera, thanks to its easy and passionate pacing, sets a new benchmark for the light operatic style, namely, the opera buffa (comic opera). 1816 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The book titled Mirror by Kiril Pejchinovic (1771–1845) is published in Budim. This great Macedonian educator was born in Tearce near Tetovo. The first books in Macedonian published in the early 19th century were on religious subjects, which was understandable given that they were written by people of the Church. 1820s United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion British interest in classical Arabic culture including literature sometimes originates in India where the first printed Arabic version of One Thousand and One Nights is published. Date Country Theme 1820 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Les Méditations Poétiques by the Romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine. 1825 - 1848 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion This era, one marked by the politician and statesman Klemens von Metternich, a supporter of restoration politics and conditions prior to the French Revolution, is satirised by the Junges Deutschland, a movement in literature (i.e. the works of Büchner, Heine and Grabbe) that is characterised by a rejection of these beliefs in support of a free press and freedom of expression. 1825 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Johann Strauss creates his Wiener Walzer Kapelle, an orchestra specialising in the Viennese Waltz. 1825 - 1827 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873) publishes I promessi sposi (The Betrothed), one of the most widely read Italian novels. His use of the Italian language stands out as a model. 1825 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The poets Alexandros and Panayotis Soutsos compile their first works, and introduce European Romanticism to a newly liberated Greece. 1827 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Franz Schubert composes his Winterreise. 1828 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The poem Hymn to Liberty by Dionysios Solomos becomes the Greek National Anthem with music composed by Nikolaos Mantzaros. 1829 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Gioachino Rossini puts on stage in Paris his last opera, Guillaume Tell, featuring the fight of the Swiss people for freedom from Habsburg domination. He wrote 39 operas, characterised by a style aiming at pure musical beauty (bel canto). Great attention is paid to the sound of the voice and to technical virtuosity, with little emphasis on the different dramatic situations and to the personality of the different characters. 1830 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Battle of Hernani, a drama by Victor Hugo. 1831 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme 11 November: The first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish, Takvim-I Vekayi, published by the state. 1831 - 1835 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Once Rossini has left the stage, his place is taken by Gaetano Donizetti (1797– 1848) and Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835). They introduce the new romantic spirit into melodrama and establish a tighter link between words and music. Their style is characterised by greater attention to the psychology of the different characters. 1831 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion George Sand (Amantine Aurore Dupin) writes Indiana, a novel about a woman’s emotional journey. 1832 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra, a collection of essays, verbal sketches and stories that Irving began to write while he was staying in the Alhambra in Granada. The book is influenced by Romanticism and includes Spanish legends and traditions. 1832 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion La Sylphide is a Romantic ballet by Fillippo Taglioni in which his daughter, Marie, danced en pointe in the title role. 1833 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The death of Luísa Todi (b. 1753), the most celebrated mezzo-soprano opera singer in Portugal. Luísa began her musical career when she was 14 years old. She performed in major European cities and was invited to perform in the courts of Catherine of Russia and Frederick William of Prussia. 1834 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) The birth in Ohrid of Kuzman Shapkarev (1834–1909), eminent Macedonian folklorist, ethnographer, educator and author of textbooks. Owing to his collecting activities a great deal of Macedonian intangible heritage was spared from oblivion. He was a teacher in Ohrid, Bitola, Prilep and Kukush. Later he worked and lived in Sofia. Although his collections of oral folk literature were published as Bulgarian, most of his works originated from Macedonia. 1835 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The premiere of Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duke of Rivas marks the beginnings of Spanish Romanticism in the theatre, especially tragedy, further developed in Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla. All the Romantic plays have elements from poetry and novels and some have a historical background. 1835 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme Le Père Goriot by Honoré de Balzac tells the tragic story of a father’s love for his two daughters. 1840 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Top hats begin to be worn in the United Principalities, where they were called joben, from the name of Jobin, the French merchant who first sold them in Bucharest. 1840s United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Western classical music penetrates the courtly circles of the Ottoman Empire. The imperial Ottoman family includes composers, such as Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz who composes dance music. On a visit to London in 1867, the band of the Grenadier Guards plays one of the Sultan’s own compositions at a reception for him.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VLADIMIR PUTIN: an ASPIRANT METTERNICH? by Mitchell A
    JANUARY 2015 VLADIMIR PUTIN: AN ASPIRANT METTERNICH? By Mitchell A. Orenstein Mitchell A. Orenstein is Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at Northeastern University in Boston and an affiliate of both the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies and the Minda de Gunzberg Center for European Studies at Harvard University. As Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered his military into Ukraine in 2014, people were quick to compare him to Adolph Hitler, whose annexation of Austria and invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland set off World War II. Hillary Clinton commented in March 2014 that if Putin’s justification for taking Crimea to protect ethnic Russians sounded familiar, it was because, “it’s what Hitler did back in the ’30s. Germans by ancestry were in places like Czechoslovakia and Romania and other places, [and] Hitler kept saying they’re not being treated right. I must go and protect my people.” Since that time Ukrainian Euromaidan supporters have published dramatic images of Putin as “Putler,” mashups that have trended wildly on social media and become a staple of public protests. Yet, Putin’s approach to world affairs is more similar to that of another Austrian, Prince Klemens von Metternich. Like Metternich, the dominant force in post-Napoleonic era diplomacy, Putin is a conservative imperialist who seeks to create a balance or “concert” between the great powers in Europe, while suppressing liberal democratic politics and the aspirations of small nations. By comparing Putin’s worldview with that of Metternich, one can gain more insight into Putin’s approach to world affairs than can be understood from much contemporary debate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe
    The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon had finally been defeated in 1815, the European monarchs breathed a huge sigh of relief. After all, the French Revolution and the development it had triggered had dominated European politics for more than a quarter of a century. Napoleon had not always been a passionate advocate of the French Revolution, yet his con- quest and occupation of Europe had contributed substantially to the spread of its ideas – liberty, equality, and fra- 5 ternity – all over the continent. Having defeated Napoleon, the monarchs of Europe were eager to ensure the restoration of peace and order. They were particularly anxious about the legacy of the ideas of the revolution, and therefore the governments of Europe were determined to follow policies that provided stability and squelch any kind of political turmoil. The Congress of Vienna, a conference of diplomats from all over Europe, tried to settle political and territ- 10 orial questions that had arisen from the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress began in 1814 when Napoleon was still exiled on Elba. In the beginning, delegates could not agree on any solutions which helped Napoleon re-establish his rule in France after his return from exile. However, after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna took up its work again. The countries that had made the most vital contributions to defeat Napoleon were Russia, Great Britain, 15 Prussia, and Austria. Their representatives at the Congress were Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Lord Castlereagh – foreign secretary of Great Britain – King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens von Metternich* – chief minister of Austria and chairman of the conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Developments in Europe During the 19Th Century
    Political Developments in Europe During the 19th Century TOPICS COVERED: -The Congress of Vienna -European nationalism -Changes to the Ottoman, Austrian, and Russian empires -The Unification of Italy -The Unification of Germany The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, European heads of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent. • The goal was collective security and stability for all of Europe. • A series of meetings known as the Congress of Vienna were called to set up policies to achieve this goal. This went on for 8 months. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • Most of the decisions were made among representatives of the five “great powers”- Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France. • By far the most influential representative was the foreign minister of Austria, Klemens von Metternich. • Metternich distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution and had 3 primary goals: 1. Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. 2. Restore a balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others. 3. Restore Europe’s traditional royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon’s conquests. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Results of the Congress of Vienna: • France’s neighboring countries were strengthened (ex: 39 German states were loosely joined to create the German Confederation; the former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands were united to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands) • Ruling families of France, Spain, and several states in Italy and Central Europe regained their thrones (it was believed this would stabilize relations among European nations) The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Although France had been the aggressor under Napoleon, it was not severely punished at the Congress of Vienna.
    [Show full text]
  • *First Quarter
    Modern European History AP This year long course is divided into four quarters consisting of a total of eighteen chapters broken down further into sections ranging from three five per chapter. Each chapter unit is then tested over using twenty to twenty-five question multiple-choice tests, a group of five identifications and a choice of one of three thematic essay questions. Each chapter will be introduced with a summary and listing of “People Places and Events” relevant to that specific chapter they are to be defined and turned in the day of each chapter test. In addition a minimum of one DBQ will be assigned per quarter. Art History lectures, slides and video presentations will be held on Wednesday class periods throughout the year. Each art history presentation will be followed with a short answer, fill in the blank format quiz. Primary Text: Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt, Theodore K. Rabb, Isser Wooloch and Raymond Grew, The Western Experience. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing 8th edition copyright 2003 Supplemental Text Resources: Felix Gilbert, David Clay Large, The End Of The European Era, 1890 To The Present, New York: W.W. Norton and Company Publishing 4th edition copyright 1991 John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe From the French Revolution to the Present, Volume 2, New York W.W. Norton Publishing 2nd edition copyright 2004 John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, John Buckler, A History of Western Society, Houghton Mifflin Publishing 8th edition Primary sources: Various paintings and maps from the Mortimer Chambers text will be used and are listed along with the FRQ question portion.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Jon Cowans Office: Conklin 305; 973 353-3893 Class Meets: Mon & Wed
    Dr. Jon Cowans Office: Conklin 305; 973 353-3893 Class meets: Mon & Wed. 6-9:30, Conklin 342 email: [email protected] Office Hours: Mon & Wed. 5:30-6:00pm WESTERN CIVILIZATION II 21:510:202 Sec. H6, index #02744 Summer 2017 This course examines Western Civilization since 1700. The main requirements are to attend class regularly, to do every reading by the day we discuss it, and to participate in class discussions. Summer courses are intensive: we do in five weeks what would take fourteen weeks in fall or spring. You will need to allot several hours for homework each week. READINGS Course reader, available only at Porta Print, Affordable Copies, 33 Halsey St., 973 622-1828 Note: The reader is not available at the campus bookstore or at New Jersey Books. GRADING Students are bound by the university’s academic integrity policy, which appears here: http://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/office-dean-student-affairs/academic-integrity-policy. TESTS: There will be a midterm on Wed. July 27 and a COMPREHENSIVE final exam on Wed Aug. 17, 6-9pm. The format for these tests will be a series of short essays (1/2 to 1 page). You should read the exam instructions in the reader very carefully before each exam. LECTURE QUESTIONS: At the end of each lecture, you must hand in one or two brief questions or comments on the material covered in the lecture. Grades are based on the number of sessions when you attend class and hand in a card; each unexcused absence will lower the attendance grade by five points.
    [Show full text]
  • Unifications Balance of Germany Italy
    LEGACY OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE . UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO UNIFY EUROPE UNDER FRENCH DOMINATION . AWAKENED FEELINGS OF NATIONALISM AND NATIONAL PRIDE . NAPOLEONIC CODE (SINGLE LAW CODE FOR ALL OF FRANCE/EUROPE) CONGRESS OF REVOLUTIONS . ANGER OVER THE NEW VIENNA CONGRESS OF VIENNA (MEETING TO . ESPECIALLY IN: o ITALY CLEAN UP AFTER o GERMANY NAPOLEON) . UNSUCCESSFUL 1848 UNIFICATIONS BALANCE OF GERMANY ITALY . OTTO von BISMARCK led . COUNT CAVOUR UNIFIES PRUSSIA in UNIFICATION THE NORTH . REALPOLITIK . GARIBALDI UNIFIES THE o JUSTIFIES ALL MEANS TO SOUTH HOLD POWER . PAPAL STATES ARE THE . CULMINATES IN THE LAST TO JOIN POWER FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR RETURN OF NEW MAP MEANWHILE IN GREAT BRITAIN… VS Conservative Liberal TO LEADS NATIONALISM EXPANDED POLITICAL RIGHTS ENDED SLAVERY INTRODUCTION TO NAPOLEON th Using pp. 204-212, find out more about the 19 century’s most influential leader. November 9, 1799 Describe how Napoleon got involved in the Military (p.204). __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Why would Napoleon have_______________ earned an award in October of 1795? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Voice of Conservatism: Metternich of Austria
    Eli Hersberger Western Civilization November 17, 2004 The Voice of Conservatism: Metternich of Austria In a time when Ludwig van Beethoven composed his Ninth Symphony, when William Wadsworth wrote beautiful poems about nature, and when Delacroix painted canvases with vivid color, a prince by the name of Klemens von Metternich was establishing a political doctrine known as “conservatism.” One must understand that the beginnings of conservatism are not very similar to “conservatism” as we know it today. This conservatism advocated a strong-handed government upon human rights, hindering equality, and controlling the economy. Begun by Edmund Burke in the 1790’s, Metternich was able to put conservatism into action. He was the foreign minister of the Austrian Empire and headed the Congress of Vienna when it met from September 1814, to June 1815. After Napoleon Bonaparte’s defeat, those he attacked desired to reestablish order in Europe. Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met in Vienna, Austria to try and prevent any further revolutions from occurring (Kissinger). Revolutions were awful for their people, and social and political order needed to be reestablished. Metternich was a strong- willed and persuasive leader and convinced the attending leaders that returning to the “Old Regimes” of monarchy and strong central government would be the best route. This stance made him a reactionary, “one who wishes to return to previous conditions” (Diem). One returned, he advocated a form of conservatism he hoped would thwart any revolution in Europe. However, his efforts were no match for the enlightenment and the ideologies of liberalism and nationalism. We see in his memoirs that Metternich was in favor of a form of empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 21 Notes
    Chapter 21 – Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850 The Conservative Order The Peace Settlement 1814 (before Waterloo) Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia agreed to stay united and ensure peace Quadruple Alliance restored the bourbons to France, with Louis XVIII Congress of Vienna – led by Klemens von Metternich (Austrian foreign minister) Principal of Legitimacy Metternich considered legitimacy (restoring the legitimate monarchs) to be the key to ensuring peace Applied to France, Spain, and Italian states Ignored with Poland (which Russia, Prussia, and Austria all claimed) Declared “independent” but ruled by the Romanovs Austria, Prussia “bought off” with other lands Austrian Netherlands was merged with Dutch Republic to create the Netherlands A New Balance of Power No country would dominate another France was held to 1790 borders – after Napoleon’s 100-day return The Ideology of Conservatism Metternich, an avowed conservative, worked to contain the liberal forces of the French Revolution Conservatism began in 1790 Edmund Burke (1729-1797) published Reflections on the Revolution in France Each generation has the duty to preserve and transmit the culture to the next Allowed for overthrow of a government but not by suddenly or violently Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) Restoration of a hereditary monarchy Divinely inspired and the only way to guarantee order Conservative ideology: a. obedience to political authority b. organized religion helped social order c. no revolutions, no liberal demands for civil liberties, no representative
    [Show full text]
  • Global History and Geography II
    The global history and geography course content outline is designed to focus on the five social studies standards, common themes that recur across time and place, and eight historical units. Each unit lists the content, concepts and themes, and connections teachers should use to organize classroom instruction and plan for assessment. This curriculum provides students with the opportunity to explore what is happening in various regions and civilizations at a given time. In addition, it enables students to investigate issues and themes from multiple perspectives and make global connections and linkages that lead to in- depth understanding. As students explore the five social studies standards, they should have multiple opportunities to explore the content and intellectual skills of history and the social science disciplines. For each historical era, students will investigate global connections and linkages. These global connections and linkages include: cultural diffusion (ideas, technology, food, disease), belief systems, migrations, trade, multi-regional empires, and conflict Methodology of Global History and Geography SOCIAL STUDIES—Global History and Geography PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES/PROCEDURES MATERIALS/SUPPLIES EVALUATION A. History 1. Skills of historical analysis a. Investigate differing and competing interpretations of historical theories- multiple perspectives b. Hypothesize about why interpretations change over time c. Explain the importance of historical evidence 2. Understand the concepts of change and continuity over time 3. The connections and interactions of people across time and space 4. Time frames and periodization 5. Roles and contributions of individuals and groups 6. Oral histories B. Geography 1. Elements of geography a. Human geography b. Physical geography c. Political geography d.
    [Show full text]
  • Dorothea Lieven and Russia's Informal Diplomacy Between 1812 and 1834
    The Princess Stateswoman: Dorothea Lieven and Russia’s Informal Diplomacy Between 1812 and 1834 Julia ten Bos Master thesis Supervisor: Dr. J. H. C. Kern Russian and Eurasian studies Leiden University Word count: 20 751 Table of content 1. Introduction 2 2. Dorothea’s upbringing, marriage and personality 7 3. Interpretations of Dorothea’s role and influence 16 4. The Russian Empire and foreign affairs in Europe 23 5. Dorothea’s diplomatic techniques 29 6. Political Results and Processes 39 Conclusion 50 Bibliography 54 1 Introduction “There never figured on the Courtly stage a female intriguer more restless, more arrogant, more mischievous, more ... odious and insufferable than this supercilious Ambassadress.”1 - The Times This fragment described Dorothea Lieven (Дарья Христофоровна Ливен, 1785- 1857), a nineteenth century figure. She was notorious in both Russia and Great Britain for a variety of reasons. Considering her reputation in 19th century diplomatic circles, it is surprising that Dorothea is not a well-known figure today. Her husband Christopher Andreyevich Lieven (Христофор Андреевич Ливен, 1774 – 1838) was the Russian ambassador to England and represented Russia in London between 1812 and 1834. Dorothea joined him in the move to England, where she established herself as a diplomatic force in the Russian embassy. Beside diplomatic involvement, she was a sensation in England’s high society and an esteemed patroness of Almack’s, London’s exclusive social club. Here she introduced the waltz in England in 1813. However, it is unlikely that the anonymous author from the Times would have described her as “mischievous” and “ supercilious” for introducing a dance to the ballrooms of English high society.
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Administrative Sciences
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences www.kspjournals.org Volume 3 June 2016 Issue 2 Too Much Idealism? Ferguson, Kissinger, and the Vietnam War By Clark JOHNSONa† Abstract. Ferguson provides evidence from Kissinger‘s early academic writings involving Kantian philosophy and nineteenth century diplomacy, but continuing much later, that his subject was not the one-dimensional realist many have taken him to be. Kissinger was in fact a Kantian idealist, thought Prince Metternich to be backward-looking, and had serious reservations about the thrust of Bismarck‘s power politics… Ferguson‘s account of his record regarding Vietnam during the Kennedy andJohnson administrations demonstrates that Kissinger never opposed overall war strategy, although he made tactical criticisms of it. Ferguson and Kissinger both neglect evidence that Kennedy was moving in an opposite direction regarding Vietnam, and that serious intra-Vietnam peace talks were underway in 1963. Such neglect leaves a misleading impression about alternatives… Ferguson‘s account provides much evidence that Kissinger‘s, and US, expectations for what might be obtained at the negotiating table in 1967-68 were unrealistic–this is a cardinal criticism of Kissinger and Nixon‘s performance… Kissinger‘s premises for continuing in Vietnam were usually geopolitical, rather than based on careful understanding of what was happening on the ground; and his view of power relations, at least during the 1950s and 1960s, gave insufficient attention to the role of nonaligned countries in contributing to international stability.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CONCERT of NATIONS: MUSIC, POLITICAL THOUGHT and DIPLOMACY in EUROPE, 1600S-1800S
    THE CONCERT OF NATIONS: MUSIC, POLITICAL THOUGHT AND DIPLOMACY IN EUROPE, 1600s-1800s A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Damien Gérard Mahiet August 2011 © 2011 Damien Gérard Mahiet THE CONCERT OF NATIONS: MUSIC, POLITICAL THOUGHT AND DIPLOMACY IN EUROPE, 1600s-1800s Damien Gérard Mahiet, Ph. D. Cornell University 2011 Musical category, political concept, and political myth, the Concert of nations emerged within 16th- and 17th-century court culture. While the phrase may not have entered the political vocabulary before the end of the 18th century, the representation of nations in sonorous and visual ensembles is contemporary to the institution of the modern state and the first developments of the international system. As a musical category, the Concert of nations encompasses various genres— ballet, dance suite, opera, and symphony. It engages musicians in making commonplaces, converting ad hoc representations into shared realities, and uses multivalent forms that imply, rather than articulate political meaning. The Nutcracker, the ballet by Tchaikovsky, Vsevolozhsky, Petipa and Ivanov, illustrates the playful re- composition of semiotic systems and political thought within a work; the music of the battle scene (Act I) sets into question the equating of harmony with peace, even while the ballet des nations (Act II) culminates in a conventional choreography of international concord (Chapter I). Chapter II similarly demonstrates how composers and librettists directly contributed to the conceptual elaboration of the Concert of nations. Two works, composed near the close of the War of Polish Succession (1733-38), illustrate opposite constructions of national character and conflict resolution: Schleicht, spielende Wellen, und murmelt gelinde (BWV 206) by Johann Sebastian Bach (librettist unknown), and Les Sauvages by Jean-Philippe Rameau and Louis Fuzelier.
    [Show full text]