•• •• aCl lC Cl lzen

National Publication of the Japanese American Citizens League Newsstand: 25¢ Postpaid $0.75

ISSN: 0030-8579/Whole No. 2,3211 Vol. 100 No. 1 244 S. San Pedro St., #506, Los Angeles, CA 90012-3981 (213) 62&6936, 628-3768 January 4-11, 1985

JACL representatives meet with Nakasone LOS ANGELES-Demonstrating ing from the trade deficit to the bridging the gap between the two a new regard for Japanese Amer­ U.S.S.R.'s relations with the U.S. nations." icans, the Japanese government and Japan. He added. "1 also feel that it invited two representatives from Most significant for Japanese was very significant that the the J ACL to meet with Prime Americans was Nakasone's as­ prime minister invited JACL, Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone dur­ surance that he would do every­ particularly when he was here ing his visit here Jan. 2. thing he could to promote better only a short time. " Frank Sato, JACL president. at­ U.S.-Japan relations. And, in re­ Nakasone was in Los Angeles tended the private audience along sponse to a comment by Sato, the for about 24 hours. The private with Rose Ochi , local JACL coor­ prime minister said he under­ discussion took place just prior to dinator for U.S.-Japan relations. stood that the U.S. Nikkei com­ a press conference about his As inspector general of the Veter­ munity was affected by the tenor meeting with President Reagan ans Administration, Sato is the ofthe U.S.-Japan relationship. and the return flight to Japan. highest-ranking Nisei in the fed ­ Controversial Issue -by Karen Seriguchi eral government. Ochi too, emphasized the con­ Also participating in the 25- cern of Japanese Americans, be- minute meeting were Noritoshi cause, she said, "We suffer the ~";1l~•. ~'l' E.~•• ~B~.II Kanai, president of Gumma-ken­ social consequences of anti­ jinkai; Kaoru Tsutsui, president Japan trade baiting. Thus, while Redress bill is put Photo by Ken Kitamura, K-West News of the Kenjinkai-kyogikai, an um­ the trade deficit is essentially an brella organization of all the pre­ economic issue, it becomes both a in House hopper Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone (right) discusses U.S.-Japan rela­ political and social issue as well, fectural groups in Los Angeles ; WASHINGTON - Legislation tions with JACL President Frank Sato and Vice President Rose Ochi. and accordingly, must be ad­ and Koshiro Torii, president of to obtain monetary redress for J apanese Chamber of Commerce. dressed on all these levels. " Sa to stated that JACL's highest the 120,000 Americans and per­ manent residents interned in Japanese an exception ignificaot Visit prior ity. next to redress. was WW2 was introduced into the therefore the improvement of Nakasone told the group that he House last week. announced U.S.-Japan relations. Asians better off than other immigrants felt it was significant that he and Reps. Robert Matsui and Nor­ Characterizing the meeting as President Reagan had met in Los man Mineta of California. WASHINGTON-A ians who $12,521, and those from Laos, " upbeat, " Sato said he felt that Angeles, an important city for House Majority Leader Jim come to the U.S. are generally $5,634. " the Japanese government is be­ U.S. -Japan trade, and that the Wr ight .D-Texasl is the bill's better educated than other immi­ Discrepancy for Japanese coming more and more aware ' vis it took place in the first days of sponsor, and about 100 repre­ grants, according to recently re­ Although 24 c of the immigrants. that Japanese Americans could the new year. The prime minister sentatives are co-sponsors thus leased census figures. Except fo r born in Japan have a college de­ then commented on issues rang- playa much more effective role in J apanese, Vietnamese, and Lao­ gree, the median household in­ far. tians, they also earn more than come of$16,016 for the Japan-born H.R. 442, so named to honor most Americans. population is lower than the na­ the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental A special tabulation of 1980 cen­ tional average of$16,841. Onizuka to go Up in partial secrecy Combat Team, is known as the sus data shows that percentages The median income for all for­ Civil Liberties Act of 1985. Its of college graduates among native­ eign-born people is $14,588, while HOUSTON-Until now, all manned launching facilities at Vandenberg provision~ are virtually identi­ and foreign-born adults are both that for native-born Americans is U.S. space missions have been Air Force Base in California. All cal to H.R. 4110, introduced in around 16%. However, the per­ $17,010. open to the media and essentially future flights carrying military 1983. centages are much higher among Recent Immigration civilian in nature. The next planned payloads will be bound by the those born in most Asian coun­ Of the 14.1 million people born launch on Jan. 23 of the space same secrecy rules applying to the tries. in other countries, 3.3 million shuttle Discovery, with Air Force Jan. 23 launch: no news confer­ Those from India ranked high­ came to this country between 1975 Major Ellison Onizuka, the first ences with astronauts, no press American woman into space. est, with 66% having graduated and 1980. Of these recent arrivals, Asian American astronaut, on kits, no information on cargo, no However, according to one report, from college, followed by Taiwan, 1.2 million came from Asia. board, will signal a change in that public access to astronaut com­ Onizuka "may become one of the with 60%, and Iran and Hong Sizable numbers came from policy. munications while in orbit. most famous shuttle astronauts of Kong, both with 43%. Those born Vietnam (209,000), the Philippines Mission specialists Onizuka and Defense Dept. officer Brig. Gen. all. " in Vietnam and Laos were below (172,000) , Korea (152,000) , India Marine Lt. Col. James Buchli, Air Richard Abel said that some fu­ Writing in the Tozai Times, Jon the national average, with 13 and (90,000 ), China (78,000 ), and Japan Force Lt. Col. Loren Shriver, the ture military shuttle missions may Takasugi quoted an "unofficial 6.5%, respectively. (70,000 ). pilot, and Navy Capt. Thommas be completely closed to the media, source" as saying that "there is a Income Also High The influx of immigrants from Mattingly, the mission command­ with no advance information good chance NASA will send Oni­ Correlation between education­ the Philippines pushes that coun­ er-all of NASA-will be joined by available. zuka on a worldwide 'goodwill allevel and income is high. India­ try to sixth among the foreign­ a Dept. of Defense astronaut, Air The January flight was origi­ mission' post-flight. In addition, born residents have the highest born population with a total of Force Major Gary Payton, who nally scheduled over a year ago. NHK-TV in Japan has been fol­ median household income at 501,440. First is Mexico with will manage the mission's mili­ After numerous delays and space­ lowing the Nikkei's career closely, $25,644. Those born in the Philip­ 2 ,1~9,221 , followed by Gennany tary payload, reportedly a signal craft changes, it seems that all is and unconfIrmed reports indicate pines, with 42 % college graduates, (849,384 ), Canada (842,859), Italy and electronics spy satellite. It ready to send the first Japanese a documentary on the astronaut's come in second with $22 ,7ffl. Me­ (831,922), and Cuba (607 ,814) . will be launched from the Discov­ American into space. life may not be too far away. " dian incomes for those born in The total Korea- and China-born ery into a geosynchronous orbit Many Asian Americans have Born in Kona, Hawaii, the 38- China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and populations are almost the same- 22 ,300 miles above the western been disappointed that the first year-old Onizuka attended Hono­ Korea were all in the $18,000 to 289,885 and 286,120, respectively. portion of the Soviet Union. mission with an Asian on board is kohau Elementary and Konawae­ $18,500 range. The total from Vietnam number The Dept. of Defense has already subject to a news blackout, in con­ na High before going on to Univer­ By contrast, those from Viet­ 321 ,120, and those born in Japan booked 20% of the next 70 shuttle trast to the flights that carried the sity of Colorado at Boulder to nam have a median income of number ~1 , 794 . missions and has built its own first Black American and first study aerospace engineering.

SPECIAL PULLOUT SECTION ENCLOSED •• •• aCl lC Cl lzen

National Pubticatlon of the Japanese American Citizens League Newsstand: 25¢ PostpaJd so.75

ISSN: 0030-8579 /Whole No. 2,321/ Vol. 100 No.1 244 S. San Pedro St., #506, Los Angeles, CA 90012-3981 (213) 62&6936, 628-3768 January 4-11, 1985

JACL representatives meet with Nakasone LOS ANGELE~Demonstrating ing from the trade deficit to the bridging the gap between the two a new regard for Japanese Amer­ V.S.S.R.'s relations with the U.S. nations. " icans, the Japanese government and Japan. He added, "I also feel that it invited two representatives from Most significant for Japanese was very significant that the the J ACL to meet with Prime Americans was Nakasone's as­ prime minister invited JACL, Minister Yasururo Nakasone dur­ surance that he would do every­ particularly when he was here ing his visit here Jan. 2. thing he could to promote better only a short time. " Frank Sato, JACL president, at­ "u .S.-Japan relations. And, in re­ Nakasone was in Los Angeles tended the private audience along sponse to a comment by Sato, the for about 24 hours. The private with Rose Ochi, local JACL coor­ prime minister said he under­ discussion took place just prior to dinator for U.S.-Japan relations. stood that the U.S. Nikkei com­ a press conference about his As inspector general of the Veter­ munity was affected by the tenor meeting with President Reagan ans Administration, Sato is the ofthe U.S.-Japan relationship. and the return flight to Japan. highest-ranking Nisei in the fed­ Controversial Issue -by Karen Seriguchi eral government. Ochi too, emphasized the con­ Also participating in the 25- cern of Japanese Americans, be- minute meeting were Noritoshi cause, she said, "We suffer the ~•••••• a~ ••• Kanai, president of Gumma-ken­ social consequences of anti-~· . . jinkai; Kaoru Tsutsui, president Japan trade baiting. Thus, while Redress bill IS put Photo by Ken Kitamura. K-West News of the Kenjinkai-kyogikai, an um- the trade deftcit is essentially an· . Prime Min ister Yasuhiro Nakasone (right) discusses U.S.-Japan rela- brella organization of all the pre­ economic issue, it becomes both a . I n House hopper political and social issue as well, ti ons with JACL President Frank Sato and Vice President Rose Ochi. fectural groups in Los Angeles; and accordingly, must be ad­ WASHINGTON - Legislation .------and Koshiro Torii, president of to obtain monetary redress for Japanese Chamber of Commerce. dressed on all these levels. " Sato stated that JACL's highest the 120,000 Americans and per­ Japanese an exception Significant Visit priority. next to redress, was manent residents interned in WW2 was introduced into the Nakasone told the group that he therefore the improvement of U.S.-Japan relations. House last week, announced Asians better off than other immigrants felt it was significant that he and Reps. Robert Matsui and Nor­ President Reagan had met in Los Characterizing the meeting as "' ASHINGTON-A ians who $12,521 and those from Laos, 'upbeat," Sato said he felt that man Mineta of California. Angeles, an important city for House Majority Leader Jim come to the U.S. are generally $5,634. U.S.-Japan trade, and that the "the Japanese government is be­ better educated than other immi­ Discrepancy for Japanese coming more and more aware ­ Wright , D-TexasJ is the bill's visit took place in the ftrst days of sponsor. and about 100 repre­ grants, according to recently re­ Although 24 , of the immigrants _ the new year. The prime minister that Japanese Americans could leased census figures. Except for . sentatives are co-sponsors thus born in Japan have a college de­ then commented on issues rang- playa much more effective role in Japanese, Vietnamese, and Lao­ gree, the median household in­ far. tians, they also earn more than come of$16,016 for the Japan-born H.R. 442, so named to honor most Americans. population is lower than the na­ the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental A special tabulation of 1980 cen­ tional average of$16,841. Onizuka to go Up in partial secrecy Combat Team, is known as the sus data shows that percentages The median income for all for­ Civil Liberties Act of 1985. Its of college graduates among native­ eign-born people is $14,588, while HOUSTON-Until now, all manned launching facilities at Vandenberg provision~ are virtually identi­ and foreign-born adults are both that for native-born Americans is U.S. space missions have been Air Force Base in California. All cal to H.R. 4110, introduced in around 16%. However, the per­ $17,010. open to the media and essentially future flights carrying military 1983. centages are much higher among Recent Immigration civilian in nature. The next planned payloads will be bound by the those born in most Asian coun­ Of the 14.1 million people born launch on Jan. 23 of the space same secrecy rules applying to the tries. in other countries, 3.3 million shuttle Discovery, with Air Force Jan. 23 launch: no news confer­ Those from India ranked high­ came to this country between 1975 Major Ellison Onizuka, the ftrst ences with astronauts, no press American woman into space. est, with 66 % having graduated and 1980. Of these recent arrivals, Asian American astronaut, on kits, no information on cargo, no However, according to one report, from college, followed by Taiwan, 1.2 million came from Asia. board, will signal a c~ange in that public access to astronaut com­ Onizuka "may become one of the with 60%, and Iran and Hong Sizable numbers came from policy. munications while in orbit. most famous shuttle astronauts of Kong, both with 43%. Those born Vietnam (209,000), the Philippines Mission specialists Onizuka and Defense Dept. officer Brig. Gen. all. " in Vietnam and Laos were below (172 (00), Korea (152,000), India Marine Lt. Col. James Buchli, Air Richard Abel said that some fu­ Writing in the Tozai Times, Jon the national average, with 13 and (90,000), China (78,000) , and Japan Force Lt. Col. Loren Shriver, the ture military shuttle missions may Takasugi quoted an "unofficial 6.5%, respectively. (70,000) . pilot, and Navy Capt. Thommas be completely closed to the media, source" as saying that "there is a Income Also High The influx of immigrants from Mattingly, the mission command­ with no advance information good chance NASA will send Oni­ Correlation between education­ the Philippines pushes that coun­ er-all of NASA-will be joined by available. zuka on a worldwide 'goodwill allevel and income is high. India­ try to sixth among the foreign­ a Dept. of Defense astronaut, Air The January flight was origi­ mission' post-flight. In addition, born residents have the highest born population with a total of Force Major Gary Payton, who nally scheduled over a year ago. NHK-TV in Japan has been fol­ median household income at 501,440. First is Mexico with will manage the mission's mili­ After numerous delays and space­ lowing the Nikkei's career closely, $25,644. Those born in the Philip­ 2,199,221, followed by Gennany tary payload, reportedly a signal craft changes, it seems that all is and unconfirmed reports indicate pines, with 42% college graduates, (849,384) , Canada (842,859), Italy and electronics spy satellite. It ready to send the ftrst Japanese a documentary on the astronaut's come in second with $22,7P!l. Me­ (831,922), and Cuba (607,814). will be launched from the Discov­ American into space. life may not be too far away. " dian incomes for those born in The total Korea- and China-born ery into a geosynchronous orbit Many Asian Americans have Born in Kona, Hawaii, the 38- China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and populations are almost the same- 22,300 miles above the western been disappointed that the first year-old Onizuka attended Hono­ Korea were all in the $18,000 to 289,885 and 286,120, respectively. portion of the Soviet Union. mission with an Asian on board is kohau Elementary and Konawae­ $18,500 range. The total from Vietnam number The Dept. of Defense has already subject to a news blackout, in con­ na High before going on to Univer­ By contrast, those from Viet­ 321,120, and those born in Japan booked 20% of the next 70 shuttle trast to the flights that carried the sity of Colorado at Boulder to nam have a median income of number 221,794. missions and has built its own first Black American and first study aerospace engineering.

SPECIAL PULLOUT SECTION ENCLOSED Friday, January 4-11, 19851 PACIFIC CITIZEN SIC. A-3

and Paul Kagan, president, Ka­ Cable Management Program Offered gan and Associates. . Presently, the supply of quali­ OAKLAND, Calif.-Walter Kaitz seminars enabling the fellows to fled fellows does not meet the Foundation (WKF) is accepting understand how cable industry demand from the industry. Last applicatons for 1985-86 fellow­ leaders think, evaluate and act. year, only nine of the nineteen fel- ships in cable television manage­ Faculty for the fellowship cur- lowships offered could be filled. ment. Ten to fifteen fellows parti­ riculum includes such cable in- Application deadline for the cipate in this prestigious, nine­ dustry leaders as Ray Joslin, pre- program is Jan. 15, 1985. For month program. sident, Cable Communications, more information about the Wal­ WKF seeks to prepare minority The Hearst Corporation; Donald ter Kaitz Foundation Fellowship men and women for management Anderson, senior vice president, Program call (415) 428-2225, or positions in the cable industry. HBO; Glenn Jones, chair, Jones write: Walter Kaitz Foundation, The fellowship program is de­ Intercable, Inc.; Paul Maxwell, P.O. Box 11080, Oakland, CA signed for individuals who have Publisher Multichannel News; 94611. completed their education, have demonstrated leadership abilities and are committed to careers in Community Affairs,...... cable. b 11 ~ The fellowship is experience- LOS ANGELES-Basket a lans Whittier, beginning at 5 p.m. Speak- . . al can help support six Nikkei organi- ing is Marie Shibuya-Snell, director bas~. Fellows gam pr~chc ex- zations by attending the Los Ange- of consumer affairs for the State of per~ence throu~h .a senes of field . les Clippers' game against the Dal- California. Tickets are $15. Reser­ asslgnmen~ wlthm a ~ompany at las Mavericks on Saturday, Jan. 19. vations: (818) 960-2566. the operational level m a small, At regular admission price, those SAN FRANCISCO-An exploration medium, and large system and at who attend will receive a poster, of Japanese American work in the the corporate offices in major pennant, and t-shirt. A portion of the performing arts will be held Satur­ U.S. cities. The fellowshjp may $12 ticket is given to the Umbrella of day, Jan. 19, in the Pavilion Room, lead to a regular position in cable Care (K~iro , Minami Keiro.. South Kyoto Inn, 1800 Sutter St. Registra­ Photo by JK Yamamoto television management. Bay Kelro, Ja~anese Retlre~~nt tion begins at 9:30 a.m. Artists con- TSUKU THAT MOCHI-Janice Nabara pounds the mochi while Mo To supplement this flrst-hand Home! Int~rmediau: Care FaCility, ducting the hour-long sessions are . th· and City View Hospital). Only those d" Robe Ki Nishida turns it at a mochitsuki held in Los Angeles Dec. 30. The expe.nence, ere. IS a sup~rt who sign up with the Umbrella of composer an musIcian rt- Japanese New Year's tradition is still practiced in the Nikkei community. curnculum compnsed of skllls Care will receive the promotional kuchi, dancer Marian Okamura, re­ cording musician Peter Horikoshi, ------items. Information: John Miyabe, and singer Mitzi Abe. (213) 225-1501. and an entire Saturday, is offered SACRAMENTO-Nikkei Singles NEW YORK-Asian Journal, a pub­ Leadership workshops offered for Asians on two separate w~kends: Club r~lected Nat O'Hara as presi- Iication of Columbia Univ. and February 8-9, ~d. April ~-13. dent for 1985. With the new cabinet Barnard College, will award two $50 LOS ANGELES-LEAP, Leader­ leadership style. Topics include: Respective applIcation deadlmes members he will be installed at a prizes for art/photography and lit­ ship Education for Asian Paci­ the nature of Asian Pacific lead­ for each workshop session are dinner on' Friday, Jan. 11. The club erature. Subject is the Asian Ameri­ fics is now offering Workshop I, ership and professional effective­ Jan. 18 and March 22. Applica- is a supportive and social group for can experience, history, or outlook the first in the five-part Leader­ ness; stereotypes and leadership tions are being accepted for both Asians and meets the frrst Tuesday in the form of poetry or prose, with a maximum of 2,000 words. Artwork ship Development Series. behaviors; analysis of personal, sessions. To obtain application of each month at 7:30 p.m. Informa- must be in slide form or 3x5 glossies. Designed specifically to consi­ family, and community net­ materials please write to: LEAP, tion : ~7264 , 457-9217, or 363-4741. No originals. All entries become the der the personal and professional works; and assessment of leader­ Leadership Development Series, WEST COVINA Calif.-East San property of the journal. Deadline is ingredients of the Asian Pacific ship resources in yourself and 808 N. Spring St., Ninth Floor, Los Gabriel Valley japanese Common- Jan. 27. Send entries to Asian Jour­ leader, Workshop I will place others. Angeles, CA 90012; or contact ity Center installs its new officers naI, McIntosh Center, Barnard CoI­ strong emphasis on cultural val­ Workshop I, which occurs over J .D. Hokoyama or Larry Ng, and board members Sunday, Jan. lege, New York, NY 10027; (212)_ ues influencing the Asian Pacific the course of a Friday evening (213) 743-4999. 13, at the California Country Club in 3000. ------1 Happy Holidays Selanoco Holiday Greetings SEABROOKJACL HAPPY HOLIDAYS All Addresses; Seabrook, NJ 08302 (except as noted) (B) = BRIDGETON, N.J. 08302 Harry K. Kuwabara, D.D.S., Inc. CAULK , Rich/Pauline; Kelly, Alan 190 Prospect. Princeton 08540 FUJIMOTO , M/M TSUglO ; Gene ...... 1020 School Village We cater to cowards FUKAWA , Ted /Peggy; Caroline ...... 16 Roberts Av (B) Gentle Dental Care HASHIMOTO, Takeo . .Apt 246.33 Chestnut Ave, Vineland 08360 ICHISAKA, Vernon/Martha ...... 1613 Third Ave 2501 W. La Habra Blvd. IKEDA . Albert S ...... RD 5, Box 277, Davis Dr, (B) La Habra (213) 691-0831 IWATA, Shigezo ...... 1608 Third Av KANESHIKI . Stan/Irene; Neil ; ...... 25 Birdsall Dr (B) • Residential Brokerage KATO, Henry/Babe; Geri Ann, Mitch. Kris . . .. . 1106 First St. (B) KAWAJIRI. David/Ruth. Steven. Craig , Lois 47 HighlandAve. (B) • Co~rcial and Industrial Brokerage MASATANI . Ralph/Kanoko; Okasan ...... 79 NSentry Dr, (B) Season's Greetings ... MILLER. Ron/Misono. Naomi. Eli Shigezo ...... 203 Howard St • Developers ofStrip Shq)ping Centers, & GEORGE/ALICE Season s Greetings Millville 08332 Office/Commercial Apartment MINAKATA, Calvin/Helen ...... 8 Valley Ave, (B) Buildings OKIMOTO MINATO . Mike/Frances; Beth. Alan ...... 11 HalsfordAve, (B) 10030 Walnut. MITSUI , M/M James ...... , ...... 7 Valley Av (B) • Syndicators/Owners of Apartment Complexes in No. Calif., tampa, Fla., Bellflower, CA 90706 Ray & Nancy MUKODA . Robert/Darlene; David, Tim. Patty, Stephie 23 Birdsall Dr, (B) Houston, Tex., and Phoenix, Ariz. . Hasse MUKOYAMA, Jim/Jane; Annie. Samantha ..... 81 Sentry Dr, (B) • Syndicators of Industrial Warehousing: NAGAO, Charles/Mary. 33 Chestnut Av. Apt 227. Vineland 08360 San Francisco NAGAO , CScott/Carol ; Scotty T, Michael ...... 2421 Linden Ct Sacrap1ento, Stockton, Sail Jose, Emeryville, Calif., and Phoenix, Ariz. Cynthia A Kami, DDS 13749 Ashworth Circle Millville 08332 Cerritos, CA 90701 NAKAMURA, Kennon/Nori; Gregory. Maya ... 6622 Bestwick Rd • Growers Agri-Vest Group 3633 California St. Burke, VA 22015 751-1110 NAKAMURA. Kiyomi/Ellen .. RD #2, Lower Mill Rd. Elmer 08318 • Honey Lake Energy Associates OGATA, M/M Harry T ...... RD #4. Box 225. Elmer 08318 OHARA . SamlVivian; Richard . Michael . Cheryl .35 Acorn Dr. (B) • Golden Bear Office/Commercial Center, ONO. Charles/Frances ...... 66 Roberts Ave. (B) Berkeley. Comtruction Spring of 1985. ONO. Gregory/Diane ...... RD #5. Box 497, (B) 215,000 square feet. • ONO. Masaaki/Esther; Mother ...... AD #5, Box 127. (B) We would love to help you with ybur Broodmare 'invest­ ONO , Ray/Mariko ...... 4 Justin Ave, (B) 2554 Martin Luther King Jr. Way ments and stallion ownership interests. We believe that OOKA . Mas/Dianne; Akemi . Alan. Ken, Tamiko IMPRESSIVE BAR LEO is the best bred Quarter Horse Stal­ 46 Tidewater Lane, Willingboro 08046 Berkeley, CA 147M lion in the United States for siring Halter and Performance OYE, Ted/Sunkie ...... 1058 Linda Ln, Vineland 08360 1780 Whipple Road horses, and most of our broodmares are In foal to him . SAKAMOTO. George/Rose ...... 57 Roberts Ave (B) Please call us for Broodmares, Halter and Performance SHIMOMURA. Morio/Edith ...... 21 RosehaynAve , (B) Union City, CA 94587 Horses - Some of the most beautiful horses that WURTZEL, Ken/Hisako; Jeremy ...... 14 Dawson Dr, (B yO\) will ever see! THE LORD IS YAMAMOTO. Mrs Utaka . . R 645 Deerfield Pike . Seabrook 08302 2085 U.S. 19 North C BAR QUARTER HORSES SUPREME YOKOYAMA, Taro/Clara; Terry, Mary Lynne .. .. 12 Acorn Dr. (B) Clearwater, FL 33575 Jerry and Carol Cluck, Rt 2-185 Muldrow, OK 74948 YOSHIDA , Kiyoto/Kimi; John ...... 40 Bridgeton Av (B) Renee, Greg, Robin & Frank (918) 427-5242 or 5154 ~~" · Sec. 1--4 PACIFIC CmZEN I Friday, JallUlry 4-11, 1115 Ft. Snelling, Minnesota

tion. And Ft. Snelling was no dif­ ~ ferent, I was to learn. EAST , THE PACE WASintensive,from WIND , early morning until night. Even Saturdays involved one-half day of schooling. There were some fel­ Bill ~ lows so canpetitive that even after " lights rut" they d slip down to M__ aru__ tani_· ___ ... ~. the latrine to read a book while sitting on the throne. At times, I'D JUST COMPLETED basic they had to be chased out of the infantry training at Camp Robin­ latrines by the night watch. We son, Arkansas, and was eagerly learned not only languag(' but also awaiting my travel orders to pro­ Japanese military commands, ceed to Ft. Berming, Georgia, weapons used by the Japanese, the having received a hard-earned names and types of military out­ appointment to become one of fits-I rEmember that the Go-shi­ those " 9O-day wonders." Instead, dan, Fifth Division, from Hiro- much to my deep chagrin, an order shima was reputed to be a tough, came through under the name of a gung-ho rutfit-and the geography think it would have mattered even " Major Rush" from some place of Japan, including principal if I had joined the "latrine class­ Independence called "Ft. Snelling," directing products of the various regions. room," which I never did. After that this Private First Class be di­ At one point, so much were all of all, enough is enough. time as PC experienced various verted to the military intelligence us drilled with information, I even AT SOME POINT during my controls from the National Head­ language school. Like it or not­ knew the names of every prefec­ assignment to the Ft. Snelling quarters which seemed to impede BY and I didn t-I was destined to ture and the prefectural seat. This post, we began to see some Nisei PC's effective publishing func­ learn niJumgo, including reading, of an American who never could WACs, but to this day I don't know THE BOARD: tions. writing, and speaking it. (In a give the names of all 48 states and what they were doing or studying Although it is a natural process, manner of speaking so to say. ) the capitals. (And still can't.) Near or even where they were bar­ seeking greater independence THE PRINCIPAL THING I re­ the end of the drilling, we were racked. (This last area of igno­ Clifford Uyeda, from parental supervision almost call today about that place was . . . even beginning to read and write rance on my part reflects the de­ PC Chair always causes a certain amount cold. It was the first time in my so-sho, that form of " Japanese gree of sophistication, or non­ of hurt feelings. The National HQ­ life that moisture from breathing shorthand" that looks like some sophistirntion, on the part of that PC relationship is no different. accwnuJated as ice on my cloth­ ink-soaked worm had slithered its Pfc.) The post commandant was PaciflC Citizen has been nur­ The existence of a climate in ing. But it was a dry cold, which way across a blank sheet of paper . Col. Kai E. Rasmussen, a truly tured by its parent organization, which these encounters could oc­ made it tolerable, lessening the THERE WERE SOME dog­ remarkable gentleman. I once JACL, for half a century. Thedried­ cur had to be remedied. At the na­ impact for those Nikkei students goned bright guys that no matter brazenly wrote a letter to him to up umbilical cord remained at­ tional ronvention in Honolulu, who had been shipped from Ha­ how one might try to excel or even register a protest about some­ tached. permission to cut the cprd was waii. Although there were a few match, it was impossible. To this thing, and rather than busting me National Headquarters is given fmally granted by the National hakujiTIS among the several day I remember a guy in my class back to Buck Private, he actually the authority to supervise the na­ Council. companies at the school, by and by the name Kariya-I think his gave me an audience. tional staff. Its right to supervise PC's a:f.ministrative and fInan­ large the students were Nikkei. fIrst name was Shig-who was ab­ I never forgot that. PC was embodied in the JACL by­ cial independence from National And anytime you get a group of solutely amazing. Try as I might, AND NOW, TODAY. The years laws (Article IX, Section3-b). The Headquarters, we believe, is not Nikkei studying, there is competi- I could never match him. I don't have washed away almost all that PC board's responsibility to PC the abandonment of mutual inter­ I learned, except for a few stray and to tile membership was em­ est, trust and cooperation between tid-bits here and there. For exam­ bodied inthe same bylaws (Article the two. It should be a healthier Staff Notes ple, I still remember that just out­ XII, Section 2). The statements relatioru:bip where cooperation is In the introduction to the Holiday UCLA-will be placing greater em­ side Yamaguchi-shi, there is were conflicting. not based. on interpretation of Issue, we inadvertently omitted the phasis on schoolwork in the hopes of (was) a military airfield with cer­ The historical fact is that for at rules but a relationship motivated name of our hard-working typesetter, graduating by June, but will continue tain capabilities. least a decade, there have been by shared interests and a desire to Mary Imon. As PC was coping with to write for PC on a part-time basis. As for so-s ho, forget it. I have. recurring conflicts from time to assist each other. another equipment breakdown dur­ Assistant editor Bob Shimabukuro ing the holiday rush, Mary, in addi­ is the newest addition to the PC staff. tion to her typesetting duties, made Bob was born in Wailuku, Maui, and several trips to Fullerton to process raised in Honolulu. He is a 1968 philos­ Chapter Puls material on compatible equipment. ophy graduate of Reed College (Port- We owe Mary a debt of gratitude as land). . Contra Costa To reserve a space, call Janis well as apologies for the omission. Bob has worked as a cabmetmaker, . cases, will comment on the cur­ Wakimoto, (213) 532-7640; or rent status of efforts to vindicate Jon Takasugi, who did layout, pho­ furniture designer, artist, art instruc- RICHMOND, . <;alif.-Chap.te,r Carol Konishi, (818) 284-5734. tography and writing for over a year, tor, writer, and restauranteur, often members are mVlted to partlCI­ the Nisei. now works for the newest JA vernacu­ simultaneously, which, he says, pro- pate in a community-wide cand­ Game board and cards are need­ Admission is $5 (students, $3). lar, Tozai Times. Also departing is bably explains his confused state of Ie light march on Tuesday, Jan. ed, too. Information: Mitsuo ToIl).ita, 469- Henry Mori , longtime English editor mind. He has also spent much time as 15 to commemorate the birthday Philadelphia 5979. ~f the Rafu Shimpo, who helped us a community a~tivist and bo~~ of'Dr. Martin Luther King. Plans through two Holiday Issue seasons do­ n:tember for. va~lOus . arts ~nd CIVil call for persons to assemble in PHILADELPHIA-A celebration Ventura County ing rewrites and proofreading. rights orgaruzatlons, mcludmg Port- front of the Richmond Public Li- of the new year takes place at J .K. Yamamoto, who has been jug­ OXNARD, Calif.-The chapter land JACL. (In 1983 he was chapter b t th C· . C nt r ui Woodland Presbyterian Church, held two milestone events this gling two occupations-PC editorial president.) He is the father of a 12- rary ~ e IVIC e e, ~ p- 42nd and Pine, 2-7 p.m., Saturday, assistant and graduate student at year-old girl, Mira Chieko. ped WIth candles or flashlIghts, summer and fall. For family and between 5:30p.m. and6:30p.m.A Jan. 12. The party features food, friends a fun-filled picnic was ------program at the Richmond Audi­ folk dancing, entertainment, and held at Pleasant Valley Park. And ISSN: 0030-8579 toriwn begins at about 7:30 p.m. a flea market. Tickets are $7 for all of Ventura County, For information: Ernest Iiyama, adult, $4 students, and free admis­ VCJACL participated in the Inter­ 233-9595; or Ben Takeshita, sion for Issei senior citizens. Re­ national Food Fair. California ~ pacific citize11 235-8182. servations: Howard Ando, (215) rolls were the "house" specialty 284-5383; Sim Endo, (215) and the demand outstripped the Nat'l JACL Headquarters. 1765 Sutter St.. San Francisco. CA 94115. Marina 844-7317; or Jack Ozawa, (609) supply. To top off the day the VCJ­ (415)921 -5225 MARINA DEL REY, Calif.-Be­ 79~949. ACL booth was awarded second Published by the Japanese American Citizens League every Friday except the first fore today's hottest game be­ and last weeks of the year at 244 S. San Pedro St.. Los Angeles. CA 90012; (213) San Diego prize in the decorating contest. 626-6936 • 2nd Class postage paid at Los Angeles. Ca. Annual Subscrip­ comes tomorrow's pet rock or The Ventura County JACL tlons-JACL members: $10.00 of national dues provides one-year on a per-house­ hold baSIS. Nonmembers: $18. payable in advance. Foreign addresses: Add hula hoop, JACLers will have a SAN DIEGO-"Unfmished Busi­ wrapped up an active, fun and U.S.$8 • News or opinions expressed by columnists other than JACL staH do not chance to win prizes, impress ness" Steven Okazaki's documen­ successful year on Dec. 2 with a necessarily reflect JACL policy. people, and have fun at the Ma­ tary fIlm about the Supreme year-end celebration potluck din­ OFFICERS Frank Sato, Nat'l JACL Prestdent Dr. Clifford Uyeda. PC Board Chair rina Chapter's first annual Tri­ Court cases of Gordon Hirabaya­ ner at the Thousand Oaks Libra­ EDITORIAL / BUSINESS STAFF vial Pursuit Party and Tourna­ shi, Fred Korematsu and Minon! ry. The West Covina Taiko Editor:Karen Seriguchl Ass!: J.K. Yamamoto. ment, Saturday, Jan. 19. Meeting Yasui, will be shown Saturday, (drum) Group gave an exhilarat­ Advertising: ...... •.Jane M. Ozawa Circulation: Toml Hoshlzaki. Mltsuko Sakal Mailing: Mark Saito in the residential clubhouse of Jan. 19, and Sunday, Jan. 20, at ing performance. At the conclu­ Production: ...... Mary Imon George and Akimi Kodama, 13055 Lewis Jr. H.S. auditorium, 5170 sion of their performance, the au­ Gen.Mgr.lOperalions: ...... Harry K Honda Mindanao Way, members can Greenbrier Ave., at 6:30 p.m. dience was given the opportunity warm up and eat (potluck dinner) Peter Irons, author of Justice at to get acquainted with the taiko POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Pacific Citizen, from 6 p.m. Competition begins at ______244 S. San Pedro St., #506, Los Angeles. CA 90012. 8p.m. War and the person who was in­ and the methods utilized in their strumental in reopening the three construction. A Center for Buddhist Translation and Research

Seventy years ago, an 18-year­ Numata Center, to take part in the The fIrSt portion of the work was there is likely to be a spin~ft' for old Japanese boy fresh out of high project. The qualifications were begun several years ago am the others interested in learning tnore school came to the United States FROM THE restrictive: they had to be Bud­ fIrst volume is expected to be about a faith that has enduraf for and enrolled in the University of FRYlNGPAN: dhist scholars who could read available next spring. If all goes 25 centuries. California at Berkeley. His name classical Chinese and write in well, the 100 volumes that will Numata, whose son Toshihide was Yehan Numata. After gradu­ Bill English. About 70 persons---30 in make up the fIrst portion should now heads Mitutoyo, has endowed ation he went home and in 1934 Hosokawa Japan plus others in the United be completed by the year 2000. chairs on Buddhist studies at the founded Mitutoyo Industries, States, India, China, France, Ger­ This series would comprise only University of California and Har­ which became one of the world's many, Canada and New Zealand--­ 10 percent of the total, but once vard. His contribution to each of leading manufacturers of preci­ California campus. are scheduled to work on the the work is under way, the rest is the schools is $40,000 per year for sion m~uring instruments. The center s mission is to trans­ translation under the overall di­ expected to move much more rap­ 20 years to underwrite lectures by A few weeks ago he came back late into English the Taisho Tripi­ rection of Dr . Shoyu Hanayama of idly. Even so, this may be a cen­ visiting scholars. to Berkeley on another errand. It tika, a compilation of Buddhist Tokyo. tury-Io~ project. The timing of the Numata Cen­ was to dedicate the Numata Center scriptures, precepts and com­ Translated texts will come to the Who will read this mass of ma­ ter's dedication is appropriate. for Buddhist Translation and Re­ mentaries written in classical center for fmal review and coordi­ terial? It will be of primary inter­ Coming at the approach ofOlrist­ search, which is being funded with Chinese. nation, printing and distribution. est to theologians and other reli­ endom's most significant season, profits from Mitutoyo Industries. More than 150 scholars around The Rev. Kiyoshi Yamashita, an gious scholars who, because of it underscores the universality of The center is located in a pleasant, the world were approached by the amiable Nisei priest, shoulders language problems, did not have man's search for truth, peace and three-story home at 2620 Warring Buddhist Promoting Association primary responsibility as presi­ direct access to the wisdom of understanding regardless of the St. , not far from the University of in Tokyo, the parent body of the dent of the Numata Center. Buddha's teachings. But of course name given his particular faith.

Photos Too Small crease membership, omission of I believe that the PC is inad­ this list is not conducive toward a vertently guilty ofmisrepresenta­ Letters Thousand Club membership Ansel Adams' pic­ fice asking "What happened?" tures ofManzanar (Nov. 30 PC). especially in a heterogeneous na­ mental officials and groups, and Honor Roll Please let me know if publica­ Being a great admirer of Ansel tion like the United States. Every various organizations who pres­ tion of this important list is planned Adams and like all of Japanese U.S. citizen is an American by na­ You and your staff are to be con­ for a future issue. ented me with numerous honorary gratulated on another fme Special descent interested in accounts, tionality, and nothing else. awards and resolutions. Thanks DR. FRANK F. SAKAMOTO records, etc. of the concentration Unfortunately, the foregoing Holiday Issue, particularly in view also to those who were unable to of all the equipment failures you Past Nat'll000 Club Chair camp experience, I immediately strict deflnition is oftentimes attend but kindly sent gifts and Chicago wrote for the catalog mentioned blurred by an improper colloquial have encountered. This year's messages of best wishes. theme focusing on the Kibei is in the article. usage. &me people carelessly and And our sincere appreciation to I got the catalog almost by re­ erroneously use "nationality" the sponsoring committee, whose especially commendable. The 1000 Club Honor Ron pays rec­ turn mail, but while other exhibi­ when they really mean race, color I would, however, like to know ognition to active lOOOers as of Dec. 31 diligent efforts enabled us to share each year and it has been appearing tion catalogs have reproductions or ancestry. This problem stems with our friends a never-to-be­ why the Thousand Club member­ ship list was not included in this in the special New Year edition or in of the articles on exhibit, there is from the old racist brainwashing forgotten joyous evening of bring­ mid-January in recent years. At one not a single picture except for trick of restricting the term ing down the curtain on a very sat­ year's edition. It seems to me that time the Honor Ron did appear in the small 1 x I1h in. headings for dif­ 'American" to whites; non-whites isfying law enforcement career. this has always been an integral Holiday Issue, but the cutoff happened ferent sections. The catalogs for then are necessarily relegated to Thanks also for the wonderful gift part of the annual issue in which to be Nov. 3O-too early for many who 'Executive Order 9066" and for other kirxis of "nationalities" be­ ofa trip to Washington, D.C. Thousand Club members are given were inadvertently omitted since n0- 'Mine Okubo: An American Ex­ cause they cannot be Americans. recognition once a year for their tification of their contribution did not perience," for example, both had Such imprecise usage can result ALICE and HIKE YEGO added support of the JACL. At a arrive to make the absolute Holiday [larger] copies of the photographs in a person or group having a mis­ Penryn, Calif. time when we are trying to in- Issue deadline of Dec. 7.-Gen. Mgr. and pictures which were part of taken identity-sometimes with the exhibit. catastroJiUc consequences. For While I am happy to have this example, it was exactly this type edited version of Ansel Adams' of confus¥>n regarding the national In Memoriam: Dennis Roland book "Born Free and Equal," I identiy of Japanese Americans feel cheated out of the photo­ which led to the mass incarcera­ The friendship of Dennis A. ally held by the Michel that Dennis graphs. I probably took too much tion of U.S. citizens during WW2. Roland, who just passed away, became their spokesman. for granted. However, I want your Japanese Americans were cate­ was one of the most precious gifts A deep mutual respect devel­ readers to know what they get for gorized as "Ja~e " and treated of my lifetime. He was the finest oped between Dennis and the cap­ $15.00 plus $1.50 for handling and like enemy nationals. example of an American, true to tain of the German raider, Captain postage before they decide to send At flrst I thought that the PC our highest ideals, and I will Ruckteschell, a "deeply religious for the catalog. greatly miss him, as will many staff writer might be at fault, but and honorable man-not a Nazi, U MARIIK. HASEGAWA when I checked the original paper others in all parts of this world. in Dennis' words. Dennis, like the Richmom, VA published in The Journal of Dennis was a retired merchant captain, believed in the Brother­ Marriage and. the Family, I marine officer, with eight years hood of the Sea; and officers and was shoeked to fux:t that the UCLA of active duty in the U.S. Navy, even the crew of the Michel ended Sloppy Usage academicians (Prof. Harry Kita­ retiring with the rank of lieutenant up being touched by the hmnane­ If "outmarriage" is defmed as no, et al.) were the ones actually commamer. ness of an American who held no "marriage to anyone not of the guilty of initiating the sloppy lan­ But reaiers of tile Pacific Citizen hate and could transcend malice same nationality group" (Dec. 14 guage. and other Nikkei vernaculars are and feel a kinship with those who PC) , the outmarriage rate for I think it is inexcusable for likely to recall the name of Dennis had very little and we, a little were then his enemies. third-generation Japanese Amer­ scholars writing in an academic Roland as belonging to a former less," that "we shared the same Remarkable as it may sound, icans shruld be practically zerG­ journal to pander to an inaccurate POW of the Japanese, who worked hardship;, and death did not know not the large percentage claimed colloquialism based on racist as­ the survivors of the Michel crew on the Burmese-Thai "Death the difference between captor and held, on JWle 15, 1984, a reunion in by the UCLA researchers. sumptions. Japanese American Railroad" where some 100,000 are captive." Third-generation Japanese scholars, in partirular, should be Bietigheim, West Germany, and said to have perished. It was characteristic of this autograpted a beautiful certifi­ Americans are Americans by na­ more careful about how they use gentle, peace-loving soul that, in­ his all cate horming Dennis in a "salute tionality; and since they almost the term "nationality." Yet abiding love for hu­ stead, Dennis begged the Japanese always marry fellow Americans, RA YMOND OKAMURA mankind remarkably prevailed to our involuntary shipmate." through this living hell, which he to forgive America for what he Truly a fitting tribute from fumer hardly any outmarriages occur. Berkeley, Calif. called "the asinine bombings of "enemies" who bad never forgot­ Their spouses may come from dif­ survived weighing 68 pounds. And Hiroshima and Nagasaki, cities ferent ancestral, ethnic, or racial Thank You the rest of his life was spent ten, and irxIeed had come to love preaching compassion and under­ crowded with innocent civilians. " and respect, this extraordinary backgrolIDds, but the crucial fact We wish to express our warmest At one point, Dennis had also and great American. is that both partners are from the thanks to all those who participat­ standing for those who had once ended up as a POW of the Ger­ same nationality group. ed in the retirement party gra­ been his captors and tormentors. mans. He was then 2nd officer of MICIflWEGLYN "Nationality" means being a ciously sponsored for me by the To the em, in letters-to-editors, the Saw'*la, a merchant ship sunk New York ~embe~ of or having citizenship "Friends of Marshal Hike Yego" on radio talk shows, and in lectures in the Imian Ocean by a German Dennis RoJ8IId, who died Dee. U, ~ a ~artlCular nation, and usually committee on Oct. 27 at the SS. and news interviews during and surface raider, the H.K. Michel. unphes that the iMividual is loyal was a Il1eriter ofNew YorkJAQ, aad J:>eter am Paul Parish Hall in after his River Kwai and Hiroshi­ After the Michel picked up sur­ a frequeatcoDtributor to PC'.1eUen­ is to that nation. It not a syoonym Rocklin. ma/Nagc&lki pilgrimages, Dennis vivors from the Sawokla, it was ~ sedioa. HIs ... letter for ancestry, ethnicity, or race- Our special gratitude to-govern- kept insisting that "our captors fortunate for the 89 POWs eventu- appeared ill tile Nov. 31 edi&bL-Ed. Sec. ~ PACIAC CITIZEN I Friday, January 4-11, 1985

marry non-Japanese," Dec. 14 by Sandi Kawasaki PC). As many Sansei women be­ I recently read an article enti­ come more assertive and enter tled 'Asian American Women: . OurChoice professional careers, they "turn Identity and Role in the W(J'Jlen's off' Asian men, but being softer Movement," by Liang Ho, and than their white sisters, they at­ agreed with the author's views and stability when she is tired and also believe that what we gain in butes in a mate. Many men may tract Caucasian men. On the other until she concluded with the fol­ worn out from struggling to get one culture we lose in the other. I accept women as peers in the side, Asian men will accept an as­ lowing statement: ahead." am not saying that the mixing of workplace-they may even re­ sertive white woman over an , Her bicultural background and I agree that women have a two cultures is bad, I just think spect am admire them-but in the Asian woman because it is more role in America otTers her a great­ greater range of choices here in that we must look at our options home, men don't want to compete; palatable. er range of choices from which to America than in Asia, but I believe realistically. they want to be the major bread­ It all boils down to women adopt values and approaches that once our values are estab­ I believe that because of accul­ earner and the dominant decision­ knowing what they want outoflife which a monocultural role would lished, we can't go back and forth turation, we want to be successful maker. and the pros and cons of their de­ not permit. She can progress in between the two cultures. I believe businesswomen, wives and moth­ cision. the American culture of mobility that independence is an attitude ers, but we must realize that the Cross-Attraction (This article possibly reflects a and independence when it suits that is developed over many years stronger and more successful This opinion (mine) may possi­ minority opinion. I would like to her but also retreat into her Asian and, like morals, it cannot be cast women are, the more difficult it is bly explain the influx of mixed hear opposing views on the sub­ cultural haven of interdependence aside whenever it is convenient. I to find men who want those attri- marriages ( "Sansei prefer to ject. )

Hishi (mte below), Kainan Shimomura, the chief of this office, explained how the MOSHI 'Mokusatsu' Mosm tragic contretemps came about, thus: ... at the meeting the cabinet had This year, the 40th anniversary of the When Okinawa fell on June 22, an Allied agreed on not making an announce­ invasion of the home islands became an ment of its intention. But the mili­ atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Na­ by gasaki will be observed, to the eternal imminent possibility. But the army had tary had insisted that unless the agony and bitterness ofthe survivors and neither arms nor ammunition in the re­ Jin Konomi government rook a sbung stand their kin. As in other years, the days will quired quantities to arm the people, who against the Allied demand, the na­ be observed with religious fervor by peace were ready to collapse from hunger. The tional morale could not be main­ movements of the world, and with due only hope for Japan was an immediate tained. So at the question and answer sober reflections by the American and J a­ peace. In a desperate bid for Soviet Rus­ downplayed the news by relegating it to session with the reporters, the pre­ panese press in editorials and annual re­ sia's mediation for ending the war, Japan the position of secondary prominence, left mier had no choice but to say that views. Fittingly so, for the two events have had made overtures both at home and in of center on the front page, but used much the government did not consider the saddled hwnankirrl with the most terrible Moscow, but Russia had shown no incli­ the same tone of swagger, with the head­ matter too serious. So the papers legacy of curse which it must carry fore - nation to accommodate Japan. line, " Japanese Government to Moku­ used the word mokusatsu. er on its back-the very real fear ofnucle­ It was at this juncture that the Potsdam satsu Allied Demand!" This was the fIrst So again, it was the press that put the ar holocaust. Proclamation was issued on JuJy 26,1945. time the word appeared in public print in fateful word in the premier s mouth. In the massi ve quantities of official rec­ The Japanese cabinet met at 2 p.m. the connection with the Potsdam Proclama­ (Note: Kenkyusha Japanese Eng­ ords, private memoirs and press report­ same afternoon (July 27 in Tokyo). For­ tion. lish Dictionary gives hishi as "secret age produced over the years, it would eign Minister Togo explained that the While the word" laughable" as used by history," another one of those hasty seem that no aspect of these apocalyptic Potsdam Proclamation, contrary to pop­ the Yomiuri and Mainichi was the two translations that forever sends me up the events could have been left undocwnent­ ular apprehension, was not an ultimatum papers' assessment of the Allied demand, wall. There is a ridiculous contradiction ed. Yet there has always remained a cer­ the Asahi's headline was imputing to the in terms. If a history is published, how tain ambiguity regarding the Japanese government a policy intention which it can it be secret? The title of the book, part of the responsibility for the American had never announced. The Asahi clearly properly, should be History of Some decision to use the atom bombs. Why did The military leaders exceeded the bounds of reportorial pro­ Well-Kept Secrets About How the War the Japanese government mokusatsu were adamant in their priety. Was Ended.) (note below) the Potsdam Proclamation? refusal to face reality. (Note: mokusatsu is translated as: to Author Kobori seems to feel that the Did the Japanese government's stand kill by silence; to ignore; to treat with fact that Shimomura had been a vice prompt the U.S. decision? How in the fIrst silent disdain. All these appear in the president of the Asahi until 1936, and that place did this mischievous word enter into for an unconditional surrender, but a pro­ Inouye Waei Daijiten. Reproduced in it was an Asahi reporter who first used this tragic drama? And the most basic posal for a conditional surrender; that it an enlarged offset edition in large quanti­ the word mokusats'U, may not be entirely question: was it necessary to use the atom was probably the last such offer, and, re­ ties for the military language program, a coincidence. bombs? jecting it, Japan would be forced to accept this dictionary served as the supreme Except for clearing the name of Pre­ A recent book, Saisho Suzuki Kantaro an uncoOOitional surrender as Germany authority on the Japanese language mier Suzuki, who really was a great (Premier Kantaro Suzuki by Keiichiro did. throughout the war. In the context of the statesman and a fine individual, inquiry Kobori, 1982 Bungeishunjusha) in Chap­ situation, any of these equivalents, be­ as to who was responsible for the word While all the civilian members con­ cause of their undertone of defiance, made ter 6, "Mokusatsu," seems to give the curred, the military leaders were ada­ mokusatsu seems almost pointless to­ most convincing and clear answers to mokusatsu a provocative word.) day, for the notion that it had anything to mant in their refusal to face reality. De­ questions 1 and 3. do with the American decision to use the nouncingthe Allied terms as insolent, they Foreign Minister Togo was dismayed bombs is utter nonsense. President Tru­ This book is a thoroughly researched demanded that the premier reject them and angry at the Asahi's unwarranted man had made up his mind to do so long reportage on how the Pacific War was and instead issue another call, in the name presumption. On the other hand, the mili­ before Potsdam. He did not need any other brought to an orderly end, written from of the Emperor, to renewed determination tary leaders were angry at the govern­ the perspective ofthis old statesman who ment's inaction, which they claimed was justification than that America was at to continue the fIght. Suzuki and Togo had war. . was serving out his long public career as a time ofit pacifying and bringing them to further umermining the nation's morale. But the final question still remains. Was the premier of a nation on the verge of Togo's view. It was decided that Japan Yielding to their pressure, Premier Suzu­ it necessary to use the atomic bombs? defeat through the most difficult, harrow­ would ultimately accept the Allied de­ ki issued a statement ofthe government's President Truman called the bombing ing five months in the history of Japan. mand but withhold an immediate reply, stand at a press conference on the after­ of Hiroshima "the greatest thing in his­ The following is part paraphrase and part in the meanwhile redoubling the diplo­ noon of July 28. The story appeared two tory. " Greatest in what sense? Secretary my observations. matic effort to persuade Russia to mediate days later on July 30th. Suzuki was re­ of War Henry L. Stimson said, "It blasted * * * for armistice. ported to have affirmed the government's intention to mokusatsu the Allied the web of history, and, like the invention On Apr. 6, 1945, when Suzuki assumed In the handling of the news, the cabinet demand. of fire, severed the past from the present. " his post, Japan was practically on its decided to downplay it by not making any True enough, and very aptly said. But just This was the second time the fateful knees. Iwojima had fallen in mid-March. public canment, but allowed the press to what does it mean? The use of the atom word appeared in print. Abroad, it was Only a week before, the American forces publish the Allied terms with the exception bombs involved a moral question more had landed on Okinawa. The navy was but of Article 9. This was for fear that its interpreted as a rejection of the Potsdam than a military expediency. Proclamation. A week later, the first atom a memory of once-proud ships which had seductively tolerant tone would further Admiral William O. Leahy concllKied bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Before no defense against American air attacks. weaken the people's fighting spirit. (Arti­ that the Americans had adopted an ethical The people were heartily tired of the war. cle 9: The Japanese forces, after being Japan cwld recover from the shock, the standard common to the barbarians of Only the army high command and a few completely disarmed, shall be permitted second bomb exploded over Nagasaki. the Dark Ages. Olarles L. Meet Jr. con­ navy diehards were acting with charac­ to return to their homes with the opportu­ Suzuki was accused of committing the cludes the chapter "Mokusatsu" of his teristic bluster, lashing the people with' nity to lead peaceful and productive lives.) gravest slip of the tongue in history, thus Meeting at Potsdam thus: "No one shrill slogans like "Decisive battle on the On the 28th, the following morning, the bringing on Japan the most horrible likes, or wants, to confront the fact-but it homelam!" and "One hundred million! three major papers carried the news of calamities that ever befell a nation. How­ is clear from events and conversatioos Shatter like gyoku!" (Gyoku is a sphere the Allies' "tricky" proposition, affuming ever, from all evidence author Kobori during the Potsdam Conference that the . of precirus stone such as jade and topaz. the Japanese determination to carry on concludes that it was not Suzuki who used use of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and There is a Chinese saying: a courageous the war to final triwnph. the Yomiuri the word. At the press conference in ques­ Nagasaki was wanton murder." man choa;es to shatter as a gyoku rather headlined it, "Laughable-Allies' Tenns tion he was merely reading from the man­ Probably these were accurate moral than survive as a tile of clay. The Japanese for Japan's Surrender! " The Mainichi al­ uscript prepared by the Cabinet Infonna­ assessments of "the greatest thing in had a similar sentiment.) so used the word "laughable." The Asahi tion Bureau. In his postwar book Shusen history." Friday, January 4·11, 1985 I PACIFIC CITIZEN SIC. 1-7 t ",

tional JACL will continue to be Publicity concerning redress-re­ Redress Fund-Raising tax-deductible. lated activities, promotion of As soon as sufficient funds are greater lO'lderstaming of the basic $240 000 to National JACL redress JACL, will need to get up to speed, obtained for JACL/LEC, it is pro­ issues involved, and general public REDRESS committee to continue operations acquire substantial funding, and posed that the professional lobby­ education must continue apaf..'e. UPDATE: as heretofore. Further, as Dr. Roy commence direct lobbying activi­ ing flrm in Washington, D.C. will The JACLI LEe board is piau­ Nishikawa pointed out, the redress ties. Both Shig Wakamatsu of Chi­ be retai.IBi. Initially, we shall seek Ding to meet in San Francisco on Minoru Yasui, committee will have $60,000 to re­ cago and Harry Kajihara as PSW professional evaluation of the Feb. 9-10, 1985. Specific cOurse:Jof Chair pay to the National Endowment governor are much concerned that probabilities of enacting redress action will be presented. Various Legislative Fund by Oct. 1, 1985. not less than $300,000 per year is legislation during the 99th Con­ alternatives will be explored. De­ Education Consequently, funding for the raised for JACL/LEC. Combining gress, and professional advice as cisions will be made. Anyone in­ redress committee must be at the Shig Wakamatsu's ideas with the to what needs to be done and at terested may attend; more than Committee rate of approximately $300,(XX) per Harry Kajihara-Hank Sakai plans, what cost. After such evaluation that, with advance permission of year. This is a heavy burden upon fund-raising for LEC will be con­ is made, the JACL/LEC will make the chair, anyone may participate JACLersand JACLchapters. This solidated. Basically, the JACLI further decisions as to proper tim­ in discl.lSSions. Although the National JACL rate of expenditure will need to LEC fwd-raising plan will con­ ing for a full-fledged lobbying ef­ However, it must be kept inmiDd Council, in convention assembled continue for a minimum of two centrate upon 200 prime solicitors fort with professional guidance. that the National JACL redress in Honolulu during August 1984 years, until Oct. 1, 1986. who will be asked to raise $2,000 The myriad details of such committee will require $300,000 authorizOO the National JACL Ron Wakabayashi as executive each, hopefully from non-JACL planning are not yet clear. But, per year to operate; additional Board to establish the conditions director, and John Tateishi as re­ sources. step by step, such planning will be funds amounting to amther and timing of the transfer of re­ dress staff director, are agreed We recognize that JACL/LEC shared as much as possible with $300,000 per year will be needed dress activities from the J ACL that such operations shall continue contributions will not be tax­ the National JACL membership for the JACL/LEe. It is our ap­ redress committee to the JACLI under the aegis of the National deductible. This will make fund­ and with the Nikkei population as praisal of the Nikkei population in LEe unfortunately, because of JACL. Certainly, from the stand­ raising for JACL/LEC difficult, a whole. the United States that we are ca­ inadequate and insufficient fund­ point of public education and pub­ but it must be done. We intend to In the meanwhile, it is absolute­ pable of such efforts for this last ing such transfer is not likely to lic infonnation, such activities are direct lobbying with JACL/LEC ly essential that the current mo­ and fmal push during the next two occur soon. legitimate and necessary. funds, am the National JACLmust mentum not be lost. There are to five years. After that, regretta­ The National JACL Council did Meanwhile, the JACL/LEC, as be protected in its tax-exempt many activities, short of direct bly, some of us old-timers will no authorize an annual budget of the lobbying arm of the National status. Funds contributed to Na- lobbying, that must be done now. longer be around ...

Chronology

Lungren (who served on the CWRIC) and Sept. 12--House subcommittee holds hear­ lations was $24 billion. Redress Legislation Samuel Stratton; John McCloy , asst. secre­ ing on HR4110 in Washington, D.C. May 17-U.S. District Judge Louis Ober­ tary of war during WW2 ; historian David Pro-redress testifiers: Edward Ennis, di­ dorfer dismisses NCJAR' s suit, agreeing with In 1983, the COm mtSSlOn on Wartime Relo­ Trask; former intelligence officer David rector of the Justice Dept. 's Enemy Alien goverrunmt attorneys that the six-year statute cation and Internment of Civilians (CW RIC) Lowman; Ken Masugi, political scientist; and Control Unit during WW2 ; fonner internees oflimitations for filing a suit had expired. recommended reparations for Nikkei mterner Harry Kubo, Nisei Farmers League. Kiku Funabiki and Ben Ohama; and John May 23-Los Angeles Herald Examiner edi­ during WW2. Later that year, two redress bdls, Aug. IG--Senate Governmental Affairs Herzig. torial criticizes judge's decision, calls on Con­ HR 41JOmthe House of Representatw es andS Subcommittee on Civil Service, Post Office Anti-redress testifiers : Karl Bendetsen, gress to pass redress legislation. Other papers, 2116 m the Senate, were mtroduced in Con­ such as Salt Lake City Tribune and Seattle gress. In 1984, H R 4110 gained 24 co-sponsors Post-Intelligencer, express similar views. in the H01.LSefor a totaL of 106; S 2116 gamed 6 June OO-NCJAR board votes to appeal co-sponsors in the Senate for a totaL of20. Oberdorfer's decision. Though there was ItttLe chance of the bills Oct. 12--JACL announces it will me a legal being passed (or even voted on) in 1984. Nikkei brief in support ofNCJ AR' s appeal. Briefout­ continued to present their case. The biLls are lines reasons why suit could not have been to be remtroduced in 1985, at whtch ttme com­ med earlier, such as government mes closed munity orgamzations will step up thetr lobby­ to public until 19805. NCJAR chair William ing efforts. Hohri praises J ACL 's show of solidarity. Jan. 17-Sen. Spark Matsunaga IO-Hawaii ) hosts a briefmg on S 2116 for representatives of 45 civil rights, labor, veterans, and religious Coram Nobis Cases organizations in Wash. D.C. In 1983, three Nisei-Fred Korematsu, Mi­ Feb. 6, 8 I~Loni Ding's documentary nom Yasui and Gordon HiTabayash~ . 'N isei Soklier" is shown on the House of Rep­ their WW2 Supreme Court cases reopened. resentatives' closed-<:ircuit television system Each had been convicted of violating curfew through the efforts of Reps. Norman Mineta or evacuation orders directed at Japanese and Robert Matsui (both D-Calif. ). Americans, and each had appealed on the Sam Mar. I&-Mineta and Matsui urge Rep. grounds that the laws were discriminatory. Hall

chapters nationwide and a Washington lobby­ CORAM NOBIS ist. Contiiiued&om Previous Page Apr. 18-Hawaii St. House of Reps unani­ shi's coram nobis petition; a full hearing of mously passes a resolution supporting redress. the case is scheduled for June, 1985. Apr. 23--Sen. Gary Hart (D-Colo.) seeks June 1S-U .S. government drops its appeal congressional designation of the Amache in­ in the Korematsu case. Judge Patel's decision ternment camp site as a national historical stands. site. Apr. 25--Sea ttle School Bd. votes 4-2 to com­ pensate Nisei clerks fired during WW2. Support for Redress Apr. 2S-Minnesota Gov. Rudy Perpich Throughout 1984 Nikkei sought to create signs a joint resolution from the state legisla­ greater public understanding of their WW2 ture supporting redress. experience in order to strengthen the case for May 11--Philadelphia City council passes a redress. Support from nan-Nikkei groups resolutioo supporting JACL's redress efforts. grew, and compensation was received by some May 29--196th general assembly of 3.5 mil­ former county and city workers fired during lion-member Presbyterian Church USA votes WW2 because of their Japanese ancestry. to support redress legislation. June 2-Site of Stockton assembly center is Concurrent with efforts to educate the pub­ marked with a plaque designating it as a Cali­ lic about the camps were programs designed fornia Historical Landmark. More than 4,000 to publicize the little-known exploits of Nisei JAs were interned there in 1942. fighting for the U.S. in Europe and the Pacific during WW2. Loni Ding's documentary " Nisei June ~Watsonville (Calif.) City Council endorsesJACL's redress efforts. Soldier," for example, was broadcas t on pub­ lie television and shown in communities across the country. Photo by Jon Takasugi Jan. U-Los Angeles City Council's Finance The owner of this gas station was one of 8 persons forced to leave their businesses when and Revenue Committee passes a measure providing payments for former city employees an immigrant property-owner decided to develop land in Monterey Park, Calif. of Japanese descent who were flred in 1942. Feb. >-Delegates to the California Demo­ Convention in San Francisco pass proposed Oct. ~Monument erected in Bruyeres-, cratic Party's platform convention vote redress plank for party platform. France to honor 442nd Nisei who liberated unanimrusly to approve a plank supporting Jul. 3l-Santa Clara County Bd. of Super­ town during WW2. Several Nisei vets attend redress. visors agrees to set aside $50,000 to be divided ceremony. Filmmaker Loni Ding records Feb. 1~chi Weglyn's "Years of lnfa­ among JA employees who lost their jobs dur­ proceedings. my," a rook about the WW2 internment frrst ingWW2. Oct. 3l-Chicago city council endorses re­ published in 1976, is reprinted. Jul.-Edna Yabuoo, who was fired from her dress. Feb. 18-l9--" Day of Remembrance" ob­ job at San Joaquin Gen. Hospital in 1942, re­ Nov. 28-National League of Cities, meeting servances of the 42nd anniversary of Execu­ ceives $5,000 from San Joaquin County under in Indianapolis, endorses redress. League in­ tive Order 9066 are held in J A communities in an ordinance passed in 1983. cludes mayors and council members of 15,000 Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, San Aug. l--American Bar Assn. passes a reso­ U.S. cities. Diego, Qlicago, and New York. lution urging Congress to " provide appropri­ The California State Legislature later pass­ ate legislative recognition of those denied es a resolution declaring every Feb. 19 a " Day equal justice under law pursuant to Executive Canadian Movement of Remembrance. " Order 9006," but does not directly promote Feb. 19--An unveiling ceremony is held for reparatioos. In Canada, as in the U.S., Nikkei have been seeking some form of redress from the gov­ a plaque designating the site of the Salinas Aug. 13- I Y ankee Samurai," an exhibit on assembly center as a California Registered the Nisei of the Military Intelligence Service ernment for their forced removal from the Historical Landmark. More than 3,000 Mon­ in the Pacific, opens at the USS Arizona West Coast and subsequent incarceration. terey area JAs were held there during WW2. Memorial Museum in Hawaii. Sen. Spark Ma­ Jan: 2O-22-Delegates to a meeting of the Feb. 2l-Alameda County presents $5,000 tsunaga is keynote speaker. NationalAssn. of Japanese Canadians in Win­ checks to seven former county employees who Courtesy: Salinas Aug. lD-24-Republican Party platform nipeg agree to seek an apology and compen­ lost their jobs in 1942 for being of Japanese Violet deCristoforo unveils plaque in passed at national convention in Dallas in­ sation from the government. ancestry. Sherwood Park, Salinas, on Feb. 19. cludes a plank declaring that the WW2 intern­ Mar. 2S-1n Ottawa, the House of Commons Feb. ~ecutive council of the 13.7 mil­ ment was an injustice and that such an act Commission on Visible Minorities, following lion-member AFlrCIO endorses CWRIC find­ will " never again be permitted." a yearlong study, .recommends redress for ings and redress bills HR 4110 and S 2116. June IS-U.S. Conference of Mayors, meet­ Aug. 3O-Dedication held for ''Go for Broke" Japanese Canadians evacuated during WW2. Mar. !).-.Seattle City Council votes to pay ing in Philadelphia, approves a resolution traveling exhibit held in Denver. Speakers in­ However, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau $5,000 each to three Nisei ftred from their city supporting redress. Resolution was submitted clude Colorado governor Richard Lamm and does not support the idea. "I don't see much jobs during WW2. by Mayor Charles Royer of Seattle. Denver mayor Frederico Pena. gain by trying to apologize for the acts of our Mar. 9--Democratic presidential candidate June IS-VFW's Dept. of California passes Aug.-Redress legislation endorsed by great-grandfathers and their great-grand­ Jesse Jackson announces his endorsement of a " Protection of Civil Rights" resolution sub­ 230,OOO-member Calif. Teachers Assn. and 1.7 fathers," he says. redress. mitted by the state's 14 Nisei VFW posts. It million-member National Education Assn. Apr.-Ontario attorney general Roy Mc­ Mar. 27-During a Washington, D.C. hear­ recognizes that the internment was unjust and Sept. 3-American Legion passes "civil Murtry refutes Trudeau's remarks as "totally ing, members of the Democratic National that Japanese Americans fought for the U.s . rights" resolution at national convention in inadequate," says government should look in­ CommJttee are urged to include a plank on in both Europe and the Paciflc. Salt Lake City. Statement declaring the camps to issue ofcompensation for internees. redress in the party's platform. Testiflers in­ June 23--Generai board of1.2 million-mem­ an injustice was originally adopted by Chicago June ~Multiculturalism Minister David clude Tom Hsieh of the party's Asian Paciflc ber Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) Nisei Post 1183. Collenette indicates that the Canadian gov­ Caucus. votes to support redress during convention in Sept. 5-At a City Hall ceremony, L.A. May­ ernment will apologize to Japanese Canadian Mar. 2S-Members of the U.S. Commission St. Louis. or Bradley gives $5,000 payments to former internees. He rejects individual payments but on Civil Rights recommend a formal apology June 27-Elliott Roosevelt, son of the late city employees or their survivors. hints at some kind of group compensation. to JAs interned during WW2, but do not ap­ president Franklin D. Roosevelt, says the de­ Sept. 22-Community redress program in June 16-John Turner is elected Liberal prove of reparations. Chair Clarence Pendle­ cision to intern Japanese Americans was his Gardena features Rep. Mineta and represent­ Party leader and assumes post of prime min­ ton says that redress would set a precedent father's "biggest mistake." He appeared on atives of JACL, NCRR, NCJAR, coram nobis ister. In response to a survey by the National for other groups. Metromedia talk show " Panorama" with team, and 442ndj100th veterans. Assn. of Japanese Canadians, he has stated Mar.-JACL redress chair John Tateishi Frank Sato of JACL. Sept. 22-24--St. Bar of California conference that JCs interned during WW2 deserve an announces nine resolutions commemorating June 29-American Psychjatric Assn. votes delegates pass resolution supporting mone­ apology and some sort of 'symbolic" com­ Public Law 77-503 from : Contra Costa & Mon­ to endorse CWRIC fmdings and redress bills. tary compensation. Resolution sponsored by pensation. terey counties and the cities of El Cerrito, Jun~ohn Tateishi's book "And Justice Japanese American Bar Assn. and Asian Nov. 21--The National Assn. of Japanese Gardena, Lodi, Richmond, & Salinas, aU in for All : An Oral History of the Japanese American Bar Assn. of Greater Bay Area. Canadians releases a report saying the WW2 Calif. ; Cumberland County, N.J .; and Henne­ American Detention Camps" is released, re­ Oct. ~" Born Free and Equal," an exhibit internment was motivated by racism, not na­ pin County, Minn. Issued Mar. 21 , 1942, the ceives favorable reviews. of photos taken at Manzanar by famed nature tional security. Soon afterward, Multicultur­ law made it a crime to violate Executive Order Jul. ~lacer County (Calif.) Bd. of Super­ photographer Ansel Adams, goes on djsplay alism Minister Jack Murta says that an apol­ 9066. visors votes to support JACL's redress pro­ at Fresno Metropolitan Museum. A book in ogy from the government is very likely and Apr. 7--Organization of Chinese Americans gram. which Adams criticized the internment pro­ that the government's position on redress endorses redress. 3,500-member OCA has 31 Jul. 11--Delegates to Democratic National gram is also re-released. may be armounced soon.

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May I'7-Testifiers cite instances of anti­ The Vincent Chin Case Asian bigotry at Sacramento hearing held by Asian Americans Human Rights and Fair Housing Commission. and Politics Vincent Chin, a 27-year-old Chinese Ameri­ May 31-East Asian beaten in racial attack can, was beaten to death in Detroit in June , in East Cambridge, Mass. In 1984, Asian Americans took an increcs­ 1982. Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz , who May-Monument marking the site of the ingly active role in both the Democratic and pursued and attacked Chin after an argument wartime Salinas Assembly Center is defaced Republican parties, particularly in connection in a bar, were convicted of manslaug hter and by vandals. with the presidential election. In addition, a sentenced to probation and a $3.000 fine by a June--Chinese youth in San Marino, Calif. number of Asian American candidate" won state judge. Asian A m ericans across the is beaten by three Caucasians at Huntington elections in various parts of the country. country, outraged by the light sentences, School. Jan. 12-Asian Americans in San Francisco sought to have E bens and N itz tried on charges June-L.A. County Commission on Hwnan and New York announce the fonnation of sup­ of killing Chin because of his race. Relations issues findings from public hearing port groups for Democratic presidential can­ June S-Jury selection begins. No Asian held in November 1983. Report says that anti­ didate Jesse Jackson. Americans are selected. Asian sentiment is on the rise because of Feb. 25-Hawaii governor George Ariyoshi June I~Tr i al begins. Defense claims the stereotypes. Japanese imports, the influx of selected to chair Western Governors Division killing resulted from a drunken brawl with no new immigrants, and perceptions by other of National Governors Assn. racial overtones; federal prosecutors claim minorities that Asians receive preferential Mar. &-George Nakano becomes the fU'St Ebens am Nitz killed Chin because of anti­ treatment from government and businesses. minority to serve on the Torrance (Calif.) City Asian feelings . Three friends who were with July 2S-Memorial marker constructed in Council, finishing second in a field of 11 candi­ Chin the night of the attack testify that Ebens memory of murdered Davis High School stu­ dates rwming for three seats. used racial slurs before the attack. dent Thoog Hy Huynh is defaced. Vandals Apr. ~ Yoshihara elected to Lafayette June ~The jury finds Ebens guilty on one paint swastikas and slogans such as " Death (Colo.) City council with the most votes ammg count of violating Olin's civil rights. Ebens to gooks" and " Free James Pierman" (a ref­ 10 candidates. In Gardena, Calif., city treas­ faces possible life imprisonment. Nitz is erence to the student who stabbed Huynh to urer George Kobayashi and councilman Paul death). acquitted on all charges. Photo by Wayne Oyafuso Tsukahara are reelected while Nonn Hirata July t-Ebens calls verdict unfair, an­ Aug. 2l--In Houston, Gary Sidney beats loses to incmnbent councilman Jim Cragin. nounces intention to appeal. Chinese college student Xining Chen to death Carl Levin (left) was elected to the U.S. Apr. 7-Asian Pacific Caucus of Calif. Dem­ July 9-Don Ball, who coveroo trial for De­ after a minor accident in which the two men Senate with the help of Michigan Asian ocratic Party holds convention in Los Angeles. troit News, calls verdict " a second miscar­ locked their car bwnpers. Sidney is later con­ Pacifics. Jim Shimomura of JACL and Speakers include California's top Democratic riage of j~ti ce ," claims evidence was insuf­ victed of aggravated assault, sentenced to American Citizens for Justice moderated officials and Asian American supporters of ficient. Editorial is later rebutted by Helen five years in prison. a pre-election fund-raiser. Walter Mmdale, Gary Hart and Jesse Jack­ Zia of American Citizens for Justice. Aug. U-Morton Downey, radio talk show son. All three candidates have issued their Sept. 18--Judge Anna Diggs Taylor sen­ host on KFBK in Sacramento apologizes and positions on Asian American concerns. tences Ebens to 25 years in prison. Ebens re­ resigns after repeatedly using the word " Chi­ Apr. ll-Rep. Nonnan MiIleta testifies mains free on bond while verdict is appealoo. naman" in an on-the-air joke. The radio station Apr. ~Participants in the East Coast against discriminatory provisims of Simpsm­ and city councilman Tom Chinn, who protest­ Asian American Educators Conference attend Mazzoli iImnigration bill, which is opposed by ed the slur, receive several anti-Asian phone a White House briefing and discuss education, Asian and Hispanic groups; he supports alter­ calls in response to Downey's resignation. immigration and foreign policy with govern­ native bill authored by Rep. Edward Roybal. Anti-Asian Violence Sept. ll-Trial of James Pierman begins. ment officials. Apr. 26--Chinese American Democratic Friends of both Pierman and Huynh testify Apr. ~niv . of Washington regents vote The Chin killing is only one ofmany incidents Club of San Francisco votes to support Hart, that Pierman and a friend started a fight with to join Black, Chicano and Asian studies pnr that have caused concern among Asian despite rMndale's campaign stop in China­ Huynh am other Vietnamese students. The grams into one American Ethnic Studies Dept. town thatmontb. Americans nationwide. Community organi­ in the fall. Minority students oppose the move. zations have been trying to stem the increase defense maintains the knifing was an accident May 7-Jackson takes his campaign to New and that Pierman is not a racist. May 8-Chicago Mayor Harold Washington York's Chinatown. in anti-Asian sentiment and to insure that Sept.-Asian Americans protest the display establishes an advisory committee on Asian cases ofmcial violence are deaU with proper­ May 18-Jackson makes a bid for Asian ly by the legal system. of a racial caricature at Six Flags Auto World American affairs. Members to include JACL­ American votes in L.A.'s Little Tokyo, decry­ in Flint, Michigan. A poster shows a car with ers Bill Yoshino and Ross Harano. Jan. 4-Three Vietnam veterans are arrest­ ing scapegoating of Asians for state of U.S. stereotyped Japanese features bombing an June ~Dr. Thomas Noguchi, seeking re­ economy. ed in Northampton, Mass. for burning down a aircraft carrier labeled " Detroit." Following instatement as Los Angeles coroner, is turned Buddhist shrine on New Years eve. May Z5-Mondale gives speech on the nu­ complaints that the poster encourages the kind down in LA. County Superior Court. The judge clear arms race at Peace Plaza in S.F.'s Ja­ Feb. 7-Asian American community repre­ of anti-Asian sentiment that led to the Chin concludes Noguchi is "not the appropriate pantown. He bas received endorsement of the sentatives testify before the Santa Clara killing, the caricature is removed. man" to hold the job, but Noguchi's attorney local Japanese American Democratic Club. County Human Relations Commission during Sept.-In the Powelton Village area of West calls the firing a political move by the County June l-Jackson speaks out on anti-Asian a bearing on anti-Asian bigotry and violence. Philadelphia, a number of Hmong have been Bd. ofSupervisors. Violence at program held in San Francisco in Feb. ~Ly YungCheung. a ffi-year-old ex­ beaten am robbed and had their homes and June-Calif. Superintendent of Public In­ honor of Lily Chin, Vincent Chin's mother. pectant mother, is pushed to her death from a cars hit by bullets and rocks. Seng Yang, a struction Bill Honig announces formation of a June ~. primary results: Reps. Nor­ New York subway platform by John Cardi­ Hmong immigrant visiting from Quebec, is council on Asian Pacific issues. nale, who shouts "We 're even!" as Cheung is man Mineta and Robert Matsui are renomi­ beaten with a steel rod and rocks on a street July-Qilif. Attorney Gen. John Van de nated; Echo Goto (R) runs for 29th dist. seat, run over by a train. He is charged with 2nd corner am left with a brain injury and both Kamp appoints four members of Calif. Dept. Mas Odoi (R) loses in bid to run for 31st dist. degree murder. Defense attorney Martin Ge­ legs broken. The attackers are said to be of Justice to act as liaisons with Asian com­ seat. duldig later claims that Cardinale has "a psy­ Blacks who think Asians are receiving prefer­ munities. Judge George Yonehiro defeats incumbent chotic phobia aboutOrientals" resulting from ential treatment. Aug. IhJesse Furukawa, a 100year em­ an extended stay in Thailand. for a seat on Placer County Superior Court; Oct. l-Pierman is convicted of man­ ployee of the Calif. Dept. of Education, flles a Anthony Ishii retains his seat on Parlier­ Mar. 5-U.S. Commission on Civil Rights slaughter, could receive a maximum of six complaint with the state personnel board Selma Justice Court. announces plans to begin a study of racism years_ Asian Americans who observed the trial charging that the department demoted her in Asian American delegates to Democratic directed at Asian Americans. complain that the element of racial prejudice retaliation for advocating programs to help conventioo include: Mary Miyashita, Robert Mar. 7--Kbamseng Praphavahn, a Laotian was not taken into consideration. SoutheastAsian refugees. Yee, and Arthur Wang for Hart; Michael Ya­ immigrant, is beaten to death by an angry Oct.-Bob Connelly, a student at Wayne Sept. 25--Calif. State Superintendent of maki for Mondale; and Bert Nakano, Ying motorist after his car stalls on a St. Louis St. University in Michigan, wins a pumpkin­ Education's Council on Asian/Pacific Affairs Lee Kelley and Irene Hirano for Jackson. street. Johnnie Troupe is charged with 2nd carving contest with his depiction of the Chin holds hearings in Los Angeles and Orange July l&-~At Democratic convention, degree murder. International Institute initi­ killing-a pumpkin with Asian features and a counties. Topics include bilingual education Asian Pacific Caucus addressed by Jesse ates fund drive so the victim s younger brother baseball bat smashed into it. He later insists and violence in the schools. Jackson and vice presidential nominee Geral­ can continue school. he is not a racist. Nov. 11-U.S. sues city of San Francisco for dine Ferraro. Among Caucus' recommenda­ Mar. 19-Presidential camidate Jesse Nov. 7-Members of the Sacramento City­ bias in its fire dept., charging that its policies tions, only redress plank is adopted into party Jackson denounces acts of anti-Asian violence County Human Rights/Fair Housing Com­ discriminate against Blacks, Hispanics and platform. Asian American speakers at c0n­ such as the Chin and Cheung killings. mission tell city council about physical as­ Asians. vention include Sen. Daniel Inouye, Gov. Apr. 26-The trial of Robert Glass, Jr .. saults on Indochinese immigrants and recom­ Nov. ~Asian community leaders establish George Ariyoshi, fonner Rep. Patsy Mink (all scheduled to be held today in Boston, is post­ mend step; such as bilingual officers on police a task force to study the impact of new admis­ of Hawaii) and Calif. Sec'y of State March poned until June (and postponed repeatedly force and more ethnic studies or hwnan rights sions policies on Asian American enrollment Fong Eu. Total number of Asian/ Pacific dele- throughout the year). Glass is charged with education in schools. at UC Berkeley, which has suddenly declined. Continued OIlNex& Page lst degree murder for killing Anh Mai, a Viet­ namese immigrant, in July 1983 in Dorchester, Mass. Glass also assaulted three of Anh Mai 's roommates, also Vietnamese. Apr.-In the window of a c1osed-down Mon­ Discrimination Cases terey Park gas station. a sign reading " Will 1984 saw a number of cases ofdiscrimination the last American to leave Monterey Park against Asian Americans in employment, please bring the flag." was put up by the for­ education, and other fieLds as well as steps mOCHI mer owner's son, reflecting some Caucasians' taken to help resolve such problems. THE ISSEI when Ihey Immlgraled here many. many toward the influx of Asian immi- years ago from Japan, broughl wllh Ihem nol only their grants into the area. Feb. 17-Merle Woo, fired from her Asian high hopes, stOIC courage and Immense pride. but also American studies teaching post at UC Berke­ Ihelr culture. Among other Ihlngs. It Included MOCHI. May lO-Calif. Attorney General John Van ley in 1982, reaches a settlement with the UC which was not only good to eat. bUI was also used as a Kamp announces the creation of Commis­ Board of Regents in her discrimination suit centerpiece for very speCial occasions as a "GIl! to the _ ~'. ", ..., .. on Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Minori­ charging she was nred because of her political Gods." Usually. a small mi/can sat on lOp of the Kazan­ Violence. views. She receives a new position and a cash MOCHI May 16--Candlelight march is held to com­ sum. Every house had the MOCHI display dUring New Year's memorate the deaths of three Davis area Apr. 12-Asian American students charge and the day started with a bowl of 0-10(11. which literally means "cook everything In II " Whatever. but It ISn't ASK FOR IT AT YOUR MARKET - "'''Jell.!.:) : Thong Hy Huynh, stabbed to death at in Woodland Superior Court that UC Davis is o ·~, " '''''' 00' h~ a OW P'''''' 01 MOeH' ",' is High School in 1983 ; Naiyan Li, hit by a threatening the existence of Asian American The practice 01 eating 0 -10(11 dUring Ihe hohdays stili (9 in February; and Tzieh-Tsi Luo, stabbed studies by moving the program's resource holds sway loday In many Japanese Amencan lamllle5 ~ UIIEYA RICE CAKE CO. LOS ANGELES, CA..o1a death in April. Speakers include JACL na­ materials to the main library and reducing Manufacturers of Japanese Confec\Jon SInce 1925 • Iltional president Floyd Shimomura. office space, budget and staff. Sec. A-10 PACIFIC CITIZEN I Friday, January 4-11, 1985

Tom reelected to S.F. Bd. of Ed.; Oxnard from a 4tb-grade California history text by nese with buck teeth, hunched back, Fu Man­ POLITICS mayor Nao Takasugi reelected, city council­ the publisher, Scott-Foresman. Though the chu moustache and heavy accent. Continued from Previous Page text simply stated that some people called man Tsujio Kato recalled; Marina mayor Aug. 9-During the Olympics, Nikkei view­ Japanese immigrants "Japs," it is argued that George Takahashi reelected, as is city coun­ ers send protests to ABC and the Olympic gates is 100,100 more than in 1980. cilman Robert Ouye. Saburo Watanabe elect­ children should not be taught racial slurs. Org~ Committee after wrestler Randy Aug. zo.24-.-At Republican convention, Steve Mar. 19-NHK officials announce postpone­ ed to Guadalupe City Council; Harry Yama­ Lewis, a gold medal winner, refers to his Ja­ Nakashima serv on platform committee, ment of scheduled L.A. and S.F. broadcast of moto loses Santa Ana city council race. panese opponent as a "Jap" during a nation-­ in erts statements about redr and recogni­ "Sanga Moyu," an NHK serial drama about In Coioraqo, Frank Yamaguchi elected ally broadcast interview. John Saito of PSW tion of minority groups. Voting delegates of Japanese Americans during WW2. The series, commissioner of District 3 in Weld County. In JACL later receives an apology from an ABC A ian descent number about 13. A gathering which will be seen weekly in Japan throughout Utah, Raymond Uno elected to 3rd District official, but the slur is not reported or com­ of A ian American Republicans is held to dis­ 1984, has been criticized by several JAs as Court, Tom Shimizu reelected as Salt Lake mented m in the non-ethnic media. cuss ways of increasing representation and County commissioner. In Washington, Gary being inaocurate, especially in regard to Nisei participation in the party. Locke of Seattle and Art Wang of Tacoma are loyalty during the war. (It has yet to be broad­ Sept.-Following a news story about redress Sept. IS-Asian and Hispanic groups fiJe a reelected to state legislature. In Delaware, cast in the U.S.) on the KTI'V-TV news, L.A. area JACL mem­ suit to block Calif. 's Proposition 38, which is a S.B. Woo is elected It. governor. May 4-Asian Americans protest the use of bers protest the use of a graphic showing a recommendation that bilingual ballots be the word "Chink" on the cover of National Japanese flag behind barbed wire. The station eliminated. Former senator S.I. Hayakawa Review magazine. The word appears on a list later makes an on-air correction, showing an spearheaded the movement to have 38 put on of ethnic groups on a cover illustration ridi­ American flag behind barbed wire to empha­ the November ballot. (Suit is dismissed and Slurs and Stereotypes culing affinnative action. Editor William F. size that Americans of Japanese ancestry Prop. 38 is passed in Nov. elect ion.) Buckley later apologizes. were interned. Sept. 28--Nakashima named as national During the year, Asian American commu­ May 12-Rep. Jpn Shannon (D-Mass.) Sept.-Wash. D.C. JACL members protest chair of Japanese Americans for Reagan­ nity organizations continued to monitor the meets with a delegation of Boston-area Chi­ the use of the tenn "Jap stuff' to describe Bush. media and made their opinions known when nese Americans to apologize for a remark in sushi in this month's issue of The Washing­ Oct. 17-Vice President George Bush tours an ethnic slur or demeaning stereotype was which he referred to the people of China as "a tonian. broadcast or printed. Among 1984 film re­ S.F .'s Chinatown. bunch of short Communists." Oct. 23-24-Testifiers before a U.S. Com­ Oct. 2O-Michigan Asian Pacific Americans leases, for example, " Indiana Jones and the Jul. I~Members of Asian American com­ mission (J1 Organized Crime hearing in New Temple of Doom" was criticized by many sponsor their first multi-ethnic political fund­ munity groups, including JACL, meet with York draw attention Chinese, Vietnamese Asian Americans who said it depicted Asians to raiser with guest Sen. Carl Levin. officials of Universal Studios to complain and Japanese gang activities in U.S. cities. in a negative Light; on the other hand, Pat Oct. 24-Sen. Edward Kennedy addresses about one of the characters in the movie "Six­ Officials of Monterey Park, Calif., including Asian Pacifics for Mondale-Ferraro in Los Morita's starring role in " The Karate Kid" teen Candles." The character, an exchange was generaLLy hailed as a raritY-{l positive former mayor Lily Chen, say that media cov­ Angeles. student named Long Duk Dong (played by erage gave the false impression that their city and somewhat realistic portrayal of an Asian Oct.-As 00th Congress ends, Simpson Maz­ Gedde Watanabe), is said to be the butt of is controlled by Asian gangs. zoli bill dies. Civil Rights Act of 1984 is ap­ American. racial jokes in the teen-oriented comedy. . proved inHouse but dies in Senate. Jan. l2--JACL joins other ethnic organiza- , Jul.-The producer of NBC's " Sports Nov.-At the request of Rep. Robert Matsui, Nov. 1~ . Daniel Inouye gi es speech in tions in rupporting a bill, authored by Rep. World" apologizes after Seattle JACL protests the National Archives in Wash. D.C. changes Los Angeles as part of California tour on Mon­ Mario Biaggi (O-N.Y.), calling for an Office the show's use of "JAP" on a scoreboard to the name of one of its exhibits, a WW2 pilot dale's behalf. of Ethnic Affairs within the FCC to deal with show the nationality of a female diver. training film originally called "Jap Zero." Nov. 6--California election results: Mineta offensive media portrayals of various ethnic Aug. 2--San Francisco-based Chinese for The new title is "Training Film Starring Ron­ and Matsui reelected to House, Golo loses to groups. Afflrmative Action protests a recent episode ald Reagan. " incumbent Augustus Hawkins; Julie Tang re­ Jan. l~une Kizu of United Teachers of of NBC's "A-Team" in which white actor -Compiled by J.K. Yamamoto elected to S.F . Community College Bd., Ben Los Angeles has the word " Jap" removed George Peppard disguises himself as a Chi-

Press, in 1941. More recently, he contributed Club, Turlock Lions Club, Turlock Board of lition for Redress and testified before the to Hokubei Mainichi and Asian Week. Realtors, and Stanislaus County Republican CWRIC in 1981. Her recollections appear in Liu, Henry, 52 , writer for the San Francisco Central Committee. the book "And Justice for All. " Journal, a pro-Beijing newspaper, and author Nomura, Howard H., 74 , retired st. Paul, Takeidli, Kadani, 67, San Benito county of a biography of Taiwan president Chiang Minn. pharmacist, died June 26. President of JACL president in 1948, died Jan. 27 at his Adachi, Fumi 91, Hyogo-born Issei, died Ching-Kuo, was shot to death Oct. 15 outside Portland JACL in 1939, he relocated after WW2 home in San Juan Bautista, Calif. Apr. 17. She came to the U.S. in 1919, taught at his Daly City, Calif. home. Political motivation to Minnesota, where he served as Twin Cities Tatsukawa, Stephen, 35, diedFeb. 27. A p~ the ' .S. Naval Language School in Stillwater, was suspected because Liu was critical of the JACL president, board member of Twin Cities gram manager at KCET-TV, he was active' Okla. during WW2, and became a U.S. citizen Taiwan government. JACL credit union, and chair of Japanese Visual Communications, the L.A.-based in 1954. Community Ctr. in Minneapolis. American media collective, where he c;:prvPlt. Ad~, Ansel, famed nature photographer, Okada, Hito, father of the JACL 1000 Club, as executive producer of the film "Hito died Apr. 22. DuringWW2 he took photographs wartime Nat'l J ACL treasurer and Nat'l JACL Tomita, M. Chester, long-time vlln.CI'6"';ou at Manzanar and put together a book and photo president 1946-50, died Apr. 5 at a Salt Lake and JACL member, died Oct. 19 in VCI.I\.lCIJ'Uoi. exhibit, both entitled " Born Free and ffiqual," City nursing home. He was involved in cam­ Calif. after a long illness. in which he spoke out against the internment. paigns for Issei naturalization, evacuation Wilbur, Ross T., 74, of Northfield, Minn. Aoki, Jiro Edward, 72, died May 29 . A board claims, repealing the Alien Land Law, Hawaii Sept. 14. During WW2, he directed the "'_ ..• _­ member of Seattle JACL, he attended every statehood, and the opening of a Washington, Hostel for Japanese Americans resettling national convention since 1930. He was also D.C. JAQ. office. Des Moines, Iowa. He served with the active in St. Peter's Episcopal Church, First Oshima,HoshiTo'Coffee', 76, life member of an Council, USA, until his retirement in 1m Hill Lions Club, Japanese Community Service, Sacramento J ACL, died Feb. 12. Yanase, George, 52, of Hacienda HA"an,... and Yamaguchi Kenjin Kai. Roberts, Paul, fonner dean of St. John's Calif., was found shot to death Jan. 26, Clark, Mark, commanding general of the Episcopal Cathedral in Denver, died Mar. 14 apparent robbery victim. An attorney for 5th Army during WW2, died Apr. 17. He praised in Phoenix, Ariz. During WW2, he assisted in state Dept. of Corrections, he was a memlliel the Nisei of the 100th/442nd under his com­ the resettlement of Japanese Americans in of San Gabriel Valley J ACL. mand and opposed the evacuation of West Denver. Yokoyama, George, 81, community Coast Japanese Americans. Sakai, Mrs. Bun I., 94, of Portland, mother in Sonoma County and 27-year JACL 1000 Gibson, Phil Sheridan, 95, former chief jus­ of former PC Board chair Hank Sakai, died member, died Mar. 23 in Santa Rosa, Calif. tice of the California Supreme Court, died Apr. Mar. 11. 28. He was the only high state official to oppooe Sakai, Paul Jun, a retired Army colonel, the WW2 internment of Japanese Americans. died Jan. 9 in Panama. He was the brother of In 1952, he authored the opinion that voided Hita Okada the late Esther Hagiwara. the Alien Land Law. He retired in 1964. Sasaki, Masami, 96, of Monterey Park, Bongo, Shigeru, 64, of Portland, Ore., died Masaoka, Ike, 66, Utah-born 442nd veteran Calif., died Sept. 10 at his home. Born in Hir0- Nov. 12 in Reno, Nev. The retired pharmacist and brother of Mike Masaoka, died Aug. 1 at shima ani a naturalized U.S. citizen, he was a OPPORTUNITIES was a longtime member of Portland JACL, the VA Hospital in Los Angeles after a lengthy leader in the J ACL-ADC campaign in the 1~. serving as its president in 1956. He was a illness. He spearheaded a number of scholarship and member of MIS, Oregon Nisei Vets, Nikkei­ Masuyama, Hi sao, 61 , of Gardena, Calif., communit¥ fund drives, including the building FOR SYNDICATORS jinkai board, and Epworth Methodist Church. died Apr. 3. An MIS/Korean War vet and ca­ of the new Nishi Hongwanji in 1969. Bori, Florence Tayeko, 82, died Nov. 3 in reer Army officer, he was the first Nisei to be Satow, Roy Toshio, 67, of Hawthorne, Calif., Surf Associates has projects \Jnder San Pablo, Calif. Born in San Francisco, she named Calif. Dept. commander of the VFW. brother ofthe late Masao Satow, died Feb. 10. construction, in the following cities, that are was the daughter of " potato king" Kinji Ushi­ Matsui, Alice Nagata, 64, of Sacramento, He served with Co. E of the 442nd RCT. suitable for syndication: jima of Stockton, Calif. and widow of Japan mother of Rep. Robert Matsui, died Sept. 4 Smith, John Coventry, 80, head of World DES'nN, FlA. - Up to 300 units designed Consul Tomokazu Hori. from a heart attack. She had recently retired Council of Churches, died Jan.l5. During WW2 for either t'!OnventionaJ condominium units Kido, Mine, 78 , died suddenly Sept. 7 at her from a job with the State Franchise Tax Bel. he worked for release of JAs from camps and hotel operation. San Francisco home. The widow of Saburo Merrell, Muriel, , two-term Hollywood JACL established a hostel for them in Pitt sburgh, OCEAN CITY, MD: - Up to 180 units Kido, wartime National JACL president, she president in the 19605, died Jan. 17 in Los An­ Penn. He testified for redress before the designed for conventional condominium was active in senior citizen community work. geles. President of Ikebana International's CWRIC in 1981. or hotel operation. She served on the PC staff in the 1930s and L.A. chapter 195%1, she was the first Cauca­ Takasmni, Mitsuo, 72, of Hood River, Ore., again in the 1960s. CHARLESTON, SC. - Up to 150 units sian in Calif. to receive full professorship with died of apparent heart failure Apr. 26. Past designed for conventional condominium Kobayashi, Masataka, 45, chef and co-owner Shofu-ryuSchool ofJpn . Flower Arrangement. president of Mid-Columbia JACL and former of Masa's Restaurant, was beaten to death Nakatani, William Masaru, 62, of Berkeley, director of Diamorxi Fruit Growers, he also Nov. 11 in his San Francisco apartment. His Calif., died Mar. 2. A retired HEW technical served as president of Hood River County ~ B.M.~n murder is still unsolved. advisor, he was past president of Contra Costa chapter of American Red Cross and treasurer Surf Associates,. Inc. Leong, Charles, 72, died Feb. 23 in San JACL and member of the NCWNP district of Odell Methodist ClJurch. 1010 E. North St., Suite C Francisco. Possibly the frrst Asian American council. Takayoshi, Theresa, 64, of Seattle, died Greenville, SC 29601 to edit an American college newspaper, he Noda, William, 71, Turlock, Calif. real estate Aug. 23. Born to an Irish mother and Japanese (803) 271-7613 co-founded the frrst English-1anguage paper broker arxt past president of Cortez JACL, father, she was interned at Minidoka during .. for the Olinese COOlmunity, The Chinese died Nov. IS. He served in the Turlock Social WW2.ShewasamemberofWasbingtonCoa- , ______IIIII! Friday. January 4-11. 19851 PACIFIC CmZEN Sec. A-11 Installations of 1985 Officers

CARSON JACL, 438 W. Car­ with dinner at 6 p.m. Tickets are $14. chapter presidents. Frank Sato. na­ treas ; Homer Yasui, hist/recog; Con- Saturday, Jan. 26, at Ocean City Res­ hecks to Ma aye Nakamura. 120 tional preSident, is speaker. Reserva­ son St., Carson CA 9074~ nie Masuoka. 1000 Club. Bd : David taurant.609S. Weller. Cocktails begin Brook id Rd .. Orinda. CA 94563. by tions: Shima Naruo, 782-8874 ; Yo Akwai. Nancy Kajitsu. Judy Murase, at5:30p.m., withdinnerat6p.m. Sen. Ports 0 'Call Restaurant in San Pedro Jan. 23. Okabayashi.442-2566. i the site of the annual in tallation William Sugahiro. Roy Nakayama. Daniel Inouye is speaker. Cost is $15 banquet. Saturday, Jan. 19. The Hon. Gorge Fujioka. pre; Ed Kuboka- (Issei are guests). Reservations: Robert Takasugi is speaker. Kalani wa,l t vp ; Akiko Toriyama: 2d vp ; MONTEREY PENINSULA SAN JOSE JACL, 565 N. Fifth Kazzie Katayama, 1825 S. Jackson I landers provide entertainment. Yukio Wada, ec; Mary Takal. trea ; St., San Jose, CA 95112- Due to # 102. Seattle, WA 98144. Gilbert Matsuoka, nwsltr ed; Sharon JACL, P.O. Box 664, Mon­ Tickets are 15. Reservations: Ruthie the cancellation of speaker Pat Mori- VENTl!RA COUNTY JACI-­ akamoto, (213) 328-6842. Ikeda, chol; Sukeo Oji, EBlH cmtte; terey, CA 93~ Tom Walton. Wilma Haya hi. hlth: Akira Hara. executive editor of the Monterey Pen­ tao the JACL djnner dance scheduled Installation of new officers takes Kenneth Harada, pres; Joe Saka­ rdr . Bd : Lajo Lin zky, Ray Yama- insula Herald. is scheduled to be key­ for Jan. 26 has been postponed. place on Saturday, Jan. 26, at the New moto, exec vp: Fumiko Takahashi, vp da, Dr. Yo hiye Toga aki. umi Na- note speaker at the installation ban­ Harbortown Marina Resort Hotel in memb; Carol Mori, vp prg ; Ruthie Ventura. George Takei, former L.A. akamoto. vp outh; Miriam Nishi­ ka hima. quet. Friday. Jan. 18. at Rancho Ca­ SELANOCO JACI--Tritia To­ nada Golf Club. Cocktails begin. at Rapid Transit District commissioner. da, rec sec; Marian Nagano, cor ec ; yota is master of ceremonies and Mi­ speaks on "Star Trek: A Vision of the 6:30 p.m .. with dinner at 7 p.m. Tic­ Kazuo Ni hida, trea . Bd : Marian Ka­ GILROY JACL, P.O. Box noru Yasui the speaker at the chap­ Future, A Challenge for Today." Res­ wamoto, Am agawa, Eleanor 1238, Gilroy, CA 9502~ The ket are $18. Reservations: David Ya- ter's 20th annual installation dinner, ervations: (805) 984-1907, 487-2423. chneider. Paul Schneider, Takae 442nd documentary " Nisei Soldier" Watanabe. and after-dinner dancing highlight the chapter' installation dinner on Remember: PC's deadline is the FRIDA Y BEFORE aturday. Jan. 26 , at Gilroy Elks CONTRA COSTA JACL, 5035 the date ofpublication. All articles and letters to the editor Lodge. No host cocktail begin at 6 should be typed, double- or triple-spaced. Wall Ave. EI Cerrito, CA p.m.; dinner at 7 p.m. Tickets are $15. 94530- Dr. Ronald Takaki of .C. hecks hould be ent to chapter by Berkeley is guest speaker at the chap­ Jan. 20 . mada, 372-9145 ; Joan Ouye. 384-7039; Saturday. Jan. 12, at Buena Park Ho- WASHINGTON JACI-- Frank ter installation. Saturday. Jan. 26 . John Kado . pre ; Rick Nagar da. Jack Harri . 375-7350 ; Kazuko Matsu­ Spenger' Restaurant in Berkeley i tel. Cocktail hour begins at 6:30 p.m. Sato is speaker at the chapter's 39th vp prg ; Gene akahara. vp pr: Sam yama. 394-2933. other board member . Recognition and scholarship awards installation dinner-dance, Saturday, the i te of the banquet. beginning at 6 amanaka. memb ; Eleanor Niiza­ will be presented during the program. Jan. 26 , from 6 p.m. in the Koran p.m. with cocktail . Cost i $9 .75 . wa. rec ec ; AliceKado.cor ec : June Kathrine Kawase. a 1984 winner of the Room. Patton HaJJ . Officers Club, Recognition chair Flora Ninomi a Muraoka. trea ; Jame gawa. trea SAN FERNANDO VALLEY Presidential Classroom for Young Fort Myer, Va. Tickets are $17 for announced that award will be pre­ ( hall I ; etsuko Hirahara. in : am JACL-- Kim Miyori of "st. Else­ Americans scholarship, speaks brief- members, $19 for non-members, and ented to de erving volunteers as part oda. bldg ; Mi ao iizawa. At uko where" fame is speaker at the annual of the program. Reservation : B n Iy about her experiences in Washing- $15 for students. Reservations: Suzie bataoofc! del. installation on Saturday. Jan. 26 . at ton. Live entertainment will be pro- Ichiuji, 53(H)336; Nami Suzuki. 34(}.. Take hita. 235-8182. after 6 p.m. th Knollwood ountry Club in Grana­ vided by Fujima Kensuen. Reserva- 1448 ; Barbara Nekoba, 360-4820 ; Amy da Hill . The program includes spe­ tions: Ray Hasse. (213) 926-1553; Watada, 978-5365. Advance checks to DIABLO VALLEY JACL,2628 LAS VEGAS JACL c/o Goto, cial awards to chapter member as Frank Kawase. (714) 529-7634. Lily Okura. Pleasant Hill Rd., Pleasant 1316 S. 8th St., Las Vegas, NV well a a ocial hour of folk dancing. Frank Kawase, pres; Francis Ha- Information and re ervations: Nancy Hill CA 94523-- John Tatei hI i 89104- A joint JACL and Hawaiian chiya. vp ; Ray Hasse. vp ; Mitsuko WEST VALLEY JACL 1545 , the ' chapter' installation dinner Club in tallation din~er will be held Gohata. (8 18 ) 899-4237 : Hiroshi Shimi­ zu. (8 18) 363-2458. Kawakami. vp; Gary Sakata, vp; Teresita Dr. San Jos~ CA speaker at King T in Restaurant. 2280 aturday. Jan. 12. In t.he banquet Karen Sakata. rec sec; Kathryn Rob- '. ~ Oak Gro e Rd .. Walnut Creek (Bur- room of the Palace StatIon , 2411 W. inson. cor sec; Jun Fukushima. treas. 95129-- The chapter holds Its mstall­ ton illage Shopping Center l. un- ~har~ e. Cocktails beg.in at 6 p.m .. PORTLAND JACL, 327 N.W. Bd: Aiko Abe. Janet Doering. Evelyn ation dinner-dance Saturday, Jan. 19, da , Jan. 27. Cocktails begin at 5 p.m.. With dmner at 7 p.m. Co t I $13.55 per Couch St., Portland, OR 97209 Hanki, Richard Hanki. Nancy Hasse, at the San Jose Hyatt, with no host person. Reservations: Bill Sakahara. Iyde Hirata. Charles Ida, Ken Ige. cocktails at 6: 30 p.m .. followed by din­ 458-3971. - potluck dinner will be held at Ore­ ner at 7:30 p.m. Guest speaker is gon Buddhist Church. 3720 S.E. 34th Ken Inouye. Hiroshi Kamei, Susan Lillian Morizono. pres; George Kamel. Novo Kato. Pat Kawamoto. JACL national president Frank Sato. ve .. on Saturday. Jan. 12. from Cost is $22. Retired seniors 65 years Goto. vp ; Amy Thoma on. rec ec ; 7 p.m. Members are asked to bring Carol Kawanami. Sam Kawanami, Willa Montgomery. cor sec. Bd : Clarence Nishizu. Henry Kumada. and over are half-price. Banquet Eastern Dist. Council one entree or two of the following : chairperson Sumi Tanabe is assisted Wayne Tanaka, Lily Sakemi. Nobuko rice. salad, dessert. Refreshments Asao Kusano. Amy Mass. Jim Okaza­ to meet end of month Million, Sam Ito . Roy Yamashita, ki, Peter Ota, Gene Takamine, David by Mary Watanabe. David Sakai, are BYOB with mixes provided. Marti Nakagawa. Jim Sakamoto. and BETHESDA, Md.-The quarter­ Fred Fukumoto. Don Frazer. Rhea Among those recognized wiII be Carol Noda. Michael Watanabe. Henry Fujimoto. Yamaga. May Yanagita. Reservations by Jan. ly meeting of Eastern District Matsuyoshi, Dalton Tanonaka. Bob 14 to: Sumi Tanabe, 6498 Bibel Ave., Shimabukuro, and Bill Sugahiro. Council will be held Saturday, SEATILE JACL 316 May- San Jose, CA 9~129 ; 253-6191. . Jan. 26 from 10 a .m., at the Brad- MILWAUKEE JACL 9318 S. Terence Yamada. pres ; Michael ' I WA May YanagIta, pres; Aron Murat, Irinaga, vp prg; Joyce Cawthorne. nard Ave S ., Seatt e, lstvp; RonWatanabe,2dvp; Lee Ann ley Hills Presbyterian Ch~ch , Springhill Lane, Fra~klin, WI Sharon Hashimoto. vp pub affrs ; Er­ 98104- Special tribute will be paid to Handa, rec sec; Susie Sakamoto. cor 6601 Bradley Blvd. ReservatI~ns 53132- The chapter's 40th annual nest Sargent. sec; Randall Yamada. the Issei at this year's banquet on sec; Tak Takei, treas. for lunch sho.uld be mad~ w~th banquet takes place Sunday, Jan. 13, chapter pr~sIdents ?r DIstrIct from 3 p.m. at Country Gardens Res­ Governor MIke SuzukI, (202) 340- taurant. 911 W. Layton Ave. Cost is 1448. $10.50. Guests of honor are those 70 e~'.~.~ ...}J' ~.~.' rij~'~_ years of age and older. as well as past SAVE WITH US.

'ted to attend the You are cordially ROSE. CARE. DE.MONSTRATI?~~ at the pagean~i~~RlAl PARK ROSE HILLS Whittier Califomia Mill Road. • 3900 Workman I A I\.lUARY 12 IANUARY 5. Y"'" SATURDAYS: J" UARY 6.lANUARY 13 SUNDAYS: IAN at 1·30 p.m. h of these four d ays . Paid quarterly plus bonus dividend. Demonstrations eac Ample Parking ... Free Savings and Loan Insurance. No Admission Charge ... IRA Accounts available. Day of the Year Garden open Every Now over $6 million in assets NATIONAL JACL PO Box 1721 Salt Lake City, Utah 84110 CREDIT UNION Telephone (801) 355-8040 Sec. A-12 PACIFIC CITIZEN I Friday, January 4-11, 1985

~, Mura ta, (Seq) GeorgeTAratanl(DnUtab Year 27-DrArthurTShIma Ute-DlMdNlnomlya 7.JotmVHl*lJYElll .uIIoMurata Dr Y06hio Naluijl ISBA) Makoto Aratanl (MU) 29-Uncoln Shlmidzu 31-Tamaki N1nomIya 32-Hany K Honda 23-MaIsukiYo ~ As of Dec. 31', 1984 Robert I Okamura (Par) Yooeo Bepp (SJo) 31-Swnl Shimizu u.Satoru Nlshlta 4,Patrida M Honda ~Tom Natamnt Jack KiyoshiOta (Chi) Victor MC8.rt.er (vnC) 12-Emmett H Shlntanl 21-ThomasK Nomura ~lino J3..Hatsu0HemyNonlb 'IT 1r. f Barton~!Sna) RaymondChee(Ho\) 2-YonekoKShintanl 3G-DrThomasHOda ~KenjiIto J9.B0bSOta \U.l?nturu ~i e M/M Joe NisImka (Ida) MasarmSasaki(Dnt) BenEzaki Sr(Twi) 23-MIsaoShiratsuki e26-JerryJit.suoOhara 7-KennethKasamatsu »HiroIhi9linmotD W biko SF ClarenceINiSu2U(ZLA) HaroldYShimIzu(SMV) TJuneFujita(Clo) ~Jefl'Sonoda 3G-JoeOishl 2SOIesterlKatayama Yasuo A (I Henry Nishizu (:llA) Pall;l Shlnoda (SBa~ Bob Fukutomi (Vnt) U-SuganoTravel Sv· C/Life-HeizoOshima 22-TakayoKato FRF.lN) Tom Arima (CnC) Alfred Nitta (Pia) Louise A Suski (Chi) Tsuneo P Harada (Sell 28-Kay Sunahara 4-Chiyokont~m,.; ~Masashl ~ 27-DonT Arata Jerry lrei (CnC) Ann Nitta (Phil DrHenryTakahashJ Geor~ K Hasegawa 28-Loolse A Suski- 31 ,,,_u. Life-MnlSaburoKido l3-DrIUchardAsami ~;~ ~~; ~lt~ ihOtl ~ an~ .tlub CJ.L. A,.L -;;;,jjf) ':e-:::" ~ HarryHMasto (CoIJ Mrs FrankOro(Csn) ~ dl U'f1,I,:J'I -~~ 34-TatsKlL'!hida ~MaIwtoHata Mas Oji (Mar) Paul htaki (SF) 2-George SuzukI 31-Sam I Sakal ~~~ ~~ 4,Dr Alvin K Hayashi ~~T~~~ l KatherineOhtaki ( Fl Frank Tsuchiya (Ontl Tom Hatakeda (Ede) G raid Y MOrita I V I ~Tonr Miyasako &-Harry. Suzuld . LiIe-Masako Sato Life-Mitsui ~vel Ufe-Fred Y HirauIa Mabel kubo( to) LouTsuneicawa( to) SeichiHayashida(Boil DrJohn I Monnumi I tOI ~YOSIe()l(awa l!NuechiTaguchi 22-ProfShoSato ~M 3-SetsuHira!luna Mabel T Ota (Wi}) Katsumi Okuno (\VLA) Charles T U1dta (Holl Noboru Hldesh1ma (SFI Ben akagawll ISet I 17.James til Oyama 28-F'rank Y Takahashi LiIe-Emiko Shinagawa ~Henry M;.;f'ama 4,Jeanette T Ishii Shiro F~C;~ :1l Ken Osaka (Gar) George E Vaughn (Snal Heitaro HikJda (Sell Fred M akamura ISeq I Il·Roy M Oyama l:hJohn Takemoto Life.John S~awa 26-Dr Robert M Nab- !.UIyTonylshilIshii···· ~Shirai(CnC ) HeizoOshima (OC) Gt-o~eMWatanabe MayNHirata(NYI eorg I akamura e34-Y06hioTakahashi 2&-Sa;to.ruTake~to C-LiIe-PeggyShiral mura .... HeI:tlertZS\iroma (WOCI Gt-o~eOta ( Pu ) (Mid) H EarleHori (Chi) I '!'yo I llhJohnTakasugI l~Wilh8J!lTaki C-Life-DrShoheiShirai ~DebraNakatomi 21.Jinlshikawa .. SeichiOtow (P1al Minoruy~~ ~ m"'hi ( Set ) HarryTlchiy~~'IChi l R hllELAI 21-MichioT .. " .. ~"ri 24-HiroshiTan.ak.a ~. 'oeSSugaw~""" '>01'.- Nakatsuka lo-Jameslwatsubo James K Tsujunura (Por) Edward E Otsuka (Set ) YuJdnoboy~to Harry Y Ida (MHO Harry nishll hll 22-Kay y~' I·Robert M Tanaka· ir'Fumiko ~a ~eNarurni e28-Dr AkiraJitsumyo Richard H Yamada (Chi) Jeannette Y Otsuka (Sell (Su..l James H lmatanl (MHJ) Dr George M Sakal &-Mas Yamashita 4,Tada?Tanaka 17-Ben Takeshita :n-David Y Nitake &-DorothyK.anellaga Edward Yarnamoto (Col) Joseph Owaslu ISOl Frank T Yamasaki(Chi I Hlsao Inoule (SFl I WLA I 2}·Paul Yasuda Zl· Yoshltaka ~anaka 21-Ted Tanaka e21.Hanako Nit.ake C/Life..Dr Ernest K Grace K yamamoto (Coil Leo Owashi (SD I Sho oshida (Sal) Robert Ishii(SF) Floyd I Sandlin I WOC 1 22-RonnJe Y Yokota 4,Joh~ . J T~ I~James Tanizawa l·Eiko Nomura Kazato MatsuY~f?J. Coll GeoDrChirgebo~J~;t l HenryJ Ishlkawa (Sou ) Joe ugawara lCnCI CARSON ~L· ~KeRosenjITSaaru ak . e34-DrYoshiyeToga- ~PatrickLOgawa ID-FayeKazato ~ t e "'"""'6~U menturtJ QIl uh Dr Masashi llano (1..00) Robert M Tanaka IChll e26-Yoshie Furuta he-: w oTani saki- 23-Norika21IOIru e»DrHellry HKazato (. Memmia1) TO~~ ( Set l OO;ear ~~~~~i\~)D~C:lrg Tarumoto Ufe-YayoiOno :~~~~Teraji ;~=~t~~ ~~~ ~~~ • MasamlAbe (Ont) DaVId HSakai (WV I . William Hamada (Phil Ethel KotuWU (Ontl Terry Watanabe IOmal !ClDCAGO 12-RichardTYarnashiro :J).GeorgeKSayano e27-GeorgeRT~raoka1 ~AdaSayoKubo Shizue Abe (SWI ~ ~ Sakmloto (Chi) Fred K Ota (Wtl ) George Koike (SFv) W t Coast PrintlOg Inc ,32-Harvey Aki 29-&-BenDr RoTerusakiTeshim 4,Toshio Yamashita Wrace A Shiba 27-Dr ~ Kubo Lily Abiko (SFl lGyoshiSakota (Rex) 14th Year Henry Konishi (Ark) ISeli Il·WillieAki . y a 23-JoeJ Yasaki e-MitsuhikoHShlmi2u ~~~ JHWlelenAgariAld"talStD(Se\) Herbert M Sasaki (ELA ) Tad Hirota (Ber) Col Spady A Koyama George J Yamauchi IJ.Robert Bunya ~tsuru T~ CORTEZ 2&Saku Shirakawa- .. n... VIVian IT._'-..... =-~GAki. ta ( Set ) MasakoSato lOC) Henry Tanaka (Cle ) (Spo) IMSo I &-DrBenOtikaraishl yeTo~ e29-MarkKamiya 27-TomKTaira VVl~. IT.~ [Ul..... -ruoorgetlOOa1Siij - Ma.sSatow SF) i3dJYear Dr Victor Makita (Gar) ~nnUll 17-HenryHFujiura l~Tomlta . e3~~~ishlhara 32-ShigejiTakeda ' KuwarJdo Victor M Carte" ( ne ) M/M Walter Shi)ata James F Murakami (Son) Thomas Masuda (Chi) ALAMEDA ?,StanJey Fuk.ai 8-ChiItaJI ~ 31 oe. Nods J3.Oifbd Y Tanaka ~Peggy S Liggett R.a1phCDills IGar) (Alb ) OtagiriMercantileCoIncJamesTMatsuoka (Cle) . . ~Allanfl= e21-~~U~J.ima- ~WIlliaJ!lM . 23-Kaku0Tanaka ~MarcoMargarite Edward J Ennil(NY) Corutie Shimojima (Sna) (SF) David S Miyamoto (Gar) e24-Hiromu Hi Akagi Life-Roland ' ~·Wllli!ifil S UJIYe I#e-Bessie ~ura e21.Ben Tsuchiya. :H)r Midlael Maruyama Father CIe.rned (Ont) Emiko Shinagawa (enC) Shigeki Sul!iyarna (WOC1Robert Mlzukami(Puy) l&-Paul S Baba Life-Mrs Gordon Life-Shig Wakamatsu Life.JacIt Shi)'OlDura e-Frank Tsuchiya »Dr Kenneth S Maso- Dr Olas Fujisaki (WIl) John Shinagawa (CnC l Mike wa~ (NY ) James M Momli (Seq ) 18 Hajime Fujimot;i 14,Shigeru H.ashlmoto 2-Charfes Waller 17-Peter T Y8II'l8l'ilool 28-Kei Ucbima fIIIIto Jun Fukushima (ZLA ) Peggy Shirai (OC) l!ab Year Rev William M Nagata 17-ShiR~ Futagaki 29-Mieki Hayano 12-Tom Watanabe DA YJ'ON Zl.,J"'""' S Ushimru. ~Fusa Mikami Mrs Harold Gordon ( 0Ii) DrSOOheiShirai (CDC) George I Azumano (Por) (Hon) ~IcIiiro Isokawa l5.JamesCHenneberg 32-~ Ne~n K Wesle~ 24-PeteK H.ironaka eZS'K'Uyeda .-- 7-8eid1iHMikami ~~t ~~) ~~:::~\~ ) HemyM~ar ) ~Nak.ahira~ ~~~~SKadonaga :zk~=' ~ C/~!kchardH ~RayEJenkins 24-TakitoY~ ~~ MasayoshiHarada (Twi ) Jack Shiyomura (Cor) GeoJl(eG akamura( 4,Ta~Nakae . e . . 14,RichardMYamada ~KenDLookeJ: . 24-HarryYarnaJDIIt£f Life-MaeFMorita Ki oshi"--'~ (NY) HarryHNakamura(Ora )~yosh ' yarna ~toK yashi ~BenKY ' 7-LeaNakauchi EAST LOS ANGElES , :~"'-"'''''''''Morita Frank H Hattori (Set) Dr y ",-"AAkI ( WLA) MajFrankATitus Day)ToraoNeishi(Oak) ~T hiT eoka ~DrGeorgeTHirata 3G-Nob Yarnakam~~~ 28-DrMMarkNakauchi ~DeanAibara ...... ,..._u ~~=( ~~ ) =~~)\ MinoruYamasaki (Det) John~ishiz~J(ELA) l&-~CoOOeTakeshita L!fe-Toshi~Hiura . e-~TY~ ~Y~Sato ll~RonaldHAkaW ~=:=OOS .. •,, __ ..... (SO) James T (Day ) Uth Year Kay Kiyoshi Life-Shiro Life-Dr William T Hiura Kiye Yamashita 21-Yoichi Sato .. n..>.-&.' 11V"'.-Nili 1TUE>daNn.Ll"''''''''~_~ ~ '" T~ AlHatate(DnI) (MP) N~ , J~Takeshlta. l().GwnpeHonda ~Kay . ~M.arianRSchwegeI V ..~-"""""UUI-.UI ~&~ Dr George Hiura lSeq) Ernest H . (Del) Henry J Ishida (NSO) Louise Nomura (Twi) 28-Archie H chi~.~ J5.Noboru Honda 2-Dr Theodore T .Y~ 21-Ken F &/gawara ~Dr.~ad. Fujioka 22-Dr Frank Y rumo Toshlye Hiura (01i I Shiro Jug Takeshita ( Ala) George S Kamikawa James Oda (SFV ) ,»George W y~juna- 29-H Earle Hori* Llfe-Kwneo Yosh.ittari . 24-Roy F SugiInoto- ~Miki Himeno . 27-Olisato Obara DrW'tlliamTHiura (Chi I ChiyoTayama (SW ) (Gar) DrMarySOda(SFVI !UHarryUsh!~!ffiS 31·HarryTIchiyasu'" 14-Sarn~elMYos~ IJ.SueSUgimoto e11-YoshInadomi 29-DrO:lesterQ? Takaslll Ho!1 (Sel) . . - Fred Tayarna (SW ) Dr Takashi Mayeda Akira Ohno (Wi.A) ~Helen Ushljl!fia (l9{;eorge M Ikegami l~Pauline T Yoshioka Life-James T Taguchi ~Tak .Ioka ~ M Oji M.i1suo Hosaka l ~ ' I Kay Teramura (&18) (WIl) M Paul Sagawa (SGV) l~James Ushijun~, Sr Zl-Calvin Ishida CINCINNATI 22-Matilde Taguchi &.John Kataoka l.Qlro1ine~, MD y .lchiUji (MP ) • M/ M Yasuto Togami George S Old (Sac) Dr Paul K Sakaguchi l~ Y~ Y8J!l~ta 2-John M Ishida 12.J George Buyo J.5.Q)ro Tanamachi 22-Hideo Ka1.ayama 7-Tetsuo Sbigyo . oshiko E Ichiuji (MPI (Ber) . &tgaooTraveiService Inc (Ora) ~Mike Y~e 2-Lester John Ishida l5.Joseph Cloyd &-YurikoK Tanamachi 17-Fusao Kawato ~Deborab~ akeyo Imori (Cle) Herbert MTokutomi (Chi) ToshikoSakarnoto (Chi ) 4,Henry Y Y~ IJ.MarionK Ishii 26-LorraineTHlgashi- ~Major Frank A Titsu" 4,MichaelMitorna- ~HideltiSbimada eThomas T lmori (Set) IPI:a1 , Tanaka Travel Service Rose Sakata (Ora) ~tsuko Yoshlsato 4-TadaYoshi Ishizuk.a hara 29-Masaru Yama.saki ~Dr George S .Mizunouee31.Dr George M &Ida Akira Inagaki\Vre) Y~ Uc:tOOa ISJol (SF) Ko S Sameshima (WV ) ?S-Jun S Ywnae 23-Seiji f!ahara ~Ichiro B Kato DELANO ~Mas N~ :H..iIy &Ida Chris Inagaki lVre) Pat1i1nagaki Ueda (Vnc ) Dr Clifford !Uyeda (ZSF ) Kenneth H Sato (MP ) ARIZONA J2..Takeo llano e:»JamesTMat.suoka* 4,JohnNIshizU- . 26-Dr~H&Ida _ Frank Inagaki (Vnc ) Dr Pe1er Umekubo (SO ) MiwakoYanamoto (Hol ) teve Sato lSD I ~ZSimpsonCox- 7-Do~Slto ~FredMoriok.a 23-JeffFukawa- 31-Dr~TObi 2-SLaniSUds George lnagaki (Vnc) ! J Wagner (Si.C ) 10th Year Dr Joseph T Seto I WLA I 7.WendelJ Decross 23-Kiyoshi Ito Z7.Benny Okura 2-Brian KomotD I·Rose Ocbi* ~Willy. K SUds , Yuki Inagaki (Vne) ~= Waks- Ernest Y Doi7,aki (Dnl) Hiroshi R Swnida t PorI Il.Benjarnin Eh.ara J.3.Michaellwanaga 29-Hisashi Sugawara ~Ben Nagatani ~Frank~ ~~t= RoyTlnouye (SLV ) . . HelenKawagoe (Gar) Louise A Suski(Chi I }.KathleenKHikida 3G-RoyIwata 14,DrShiroTanaka e27-EdwardNaga~ anev~.... . Jerry lrei (CrC) Shig Wakamatsu (Chi) Tak Kaw~ (Gar) Yoneo Suzuki! Sac I 31.Masaji lnoshita 31-Dr Victor S Izui e26-Yoshitaka Tanaka 2:).George Y Nagatani . ~Taro SaSIo &-Dr ~ ~ Natsuko lrei (CrC) James Watanabe (Sna ) Lillian C Kimura (Chi ) Robert Takamoto (Gar 1 3G-Tom Kadomoto ~ack Kaburnoto :n-~ji Toki ~Dr James K Naga~ Life-Herbert M ~ 2-Micbie ~ • Harry Iseki (Par) Dr Tom Watanabe (SW ) Kokusai international Dr Frank Y Tanaka (Set 23-Sam Kanemura 2-Jane B Kaihatsu ~Lorraine T Tokimoto Uf~Emest H T¥ ~Edgar Y ~ . &-Ryosaku 1'an;ida . Thomas Iseri (Sla) . Henry S Yamaga (ZLA ) Travel Inc (Onl) Ken Uchida (WFN I 23-T Comp Kuramoto 18-Omar Kaihatsu" ~Kaye K Watanabe :.JSadawo Yonaki Life-~ S ~ ~Barbara.TanipJchi. Frank M Ishikawa (TwI) G~ .K Yamarmto (Col ) Kosalrura Tours & Travel George W Ushijima I Ala e2S-Merry Mastmaga 24-Dr Jack Y Kashihara J.3.Dr Ben YarnagtrlU, J~ DE:l'ROlT 2-Michael K Taketani ll·Dr IzumiTanigucbi ~~ (WV ) TShojIYamarro.to lCoI) (Ber) HiroshiUyehara tPhi l l~RichardKMatsuishi 31-r.e;rterGKa~ 28-BenTY~Sr ~WilliamAdair ~WalterTatsuno ~Robert~ Yoshiko IshiJmru IWV) ~=( '!'y(lda~ WiIliamHMoMarumoto YulakaWatanabe lSto l 23-RoySMoriuchi l().ShimKawaguchi 1Hiordon Yoshikawa ll~Campbell ~~:=- ~~amaucbi FrankKlto (SdV) . 0 (WOCl Frank H Watase tTor l l.J.SueoMurakami 21-FrankKazKawarnot.o CLEVELAND l&GeorgeTDoi ~&~. . ~~ . Tom Tamotsu Ito (Pas) MrsTerryYa.mamita EddieMoriguchi (SF) Rocky Yamaguclu INat l 1.FumlkoOkaba ashi 8-MorrisKawarnot.o . .. 24-HideoHFu'" »CySatoshiYuguchi ~AkiraY~ ~Iwata ( u.v ) . y~~I\amaStita ( Ber David Noguchi (Sac) FrankMYonemura 24,JohnSakata y l&-~~Kawamura- ~RichardY~Jlta e»KenjiFuf EDENTOWNSIDP I-DrShawYcnane,Jr· EddieJonokuchi (Mil) o . ) WiIliamYSakailPor) IGarl 3-GaryTadano ~LillianKimura- ~RobertEFujJ~ J5.PeterSFujioka 31-KenjiFu'" HeJen1'JoroIruchi (Mil) i~~~~ ) Travel Planners (SJo) RobertTYoshiokalDla, e22-TadashiTadano ~TadKimura . Life-TakeyoIrnon 23-LouisFurukawa ~Tom~ GARDENAVALlEY fi:lYY~y~ () HOmerY~POr) Dr~Yamaguchi , Jr 3rdYear ~TomTTanita 26-DI:GeorgeJKittaka ~:~l= l~NancySltB!gawa e-Y06hio~ Life..Ra)phCDiJIs Hiroshi Ramei (Zi..A ) MikieYasui ( ~ .(<:in) JerryEnomoto lSac l ARKANSASVAU.EY 17-MitsuoKodarna ~.lseri 17-RayTatsumiHigo 25.JeanSKawabara 21.JobnKEndo GraceOK.anda (Puy I MiyukiYasui ( ~ ) WilliamTYamazaki DrDonaldSFujino lSLC 4,H ~ ~AlbertMKoga 21-Drt lshi 14,NonnanNHinatsu e-MomotaroKawahara ZNoeW~ DrJohnMKard.a (Puy) Ra TY . Mid (Cle) Roy RHatamiya (Mar l enry . . Lif~lesK~ oaru y8!f1.8 ll-st.anleyHirozawa 2:).SamIsamiKawabarae2fHfanvMFujita ChiyeKato (Gre ) Mbyuki8SUJ~y~O 9th Year DrToshiofnaharalPorl ~S~il(J 17-MarionKonishi ~~.&~~ l-LawrenceKlwaki 2-TedKitayama ~JFujita Henry Kato (Gre) (P Dr Jackson Eto (StL) Frank Iritani (Nail I~~ M Kono- r.. 12-Hime lwaoka 27-Tom Kitayama 13-Morio L FuIwr.o NovoKato (:llA) la). Harry Fujikawa (SF) Dr RodgerTKame (VnC 1l·All.an H Carson ~chiKorrz.o e28-Toshi~aki ~WallaoeK~awa ~Kuramoto &-LDaleGasteiger TJohnKawakami (SW ) K~KYaWkawa DrA.!fredYKawamura Noboru Kobayashi IPhil 33-1B-Go ro~ndFu0.. . e-Mi;keMKudo itJ~~ l&-MaryKamidoi ~ArtMitsutome l3GaryHayakawa CorkyT Kawasaki (Por) . . , (Chi) FrankMKono lChiI MasUJI JU . 7-shigeruKudo ames 25-ShigTKizuka 31-TetswnaSakai 7-TakesbiHigaki* Dr ~ Kawasaki Kwneo Y~ lChi ) Matsukiyo Murata (Fr{;) Ardevan lGyoshi Kozono 1-Tommy T J-!aYashi Zl·Dr Koki Kumamoto l-Tom Nakao, Jr ll.James KlI!hida 2-Jerry SI&ki 7-Ken HDtoy3ma (Nal) Mary Louise Yoshino Arthur N Oji (Mar) (Sac ) thJordaJ;t F Hiratzka 1&-Dr Steve ~wnamoto l-Mary ~ta 1&-Frank Kuwahara 26-Yoshimi Shibata »Dr Harry T Iida Tom Kida (SO) • (WOC ) . . DrYoshlyeTogasaki Dr JamesJ Kubo ISacl 32-Tadlllrota- . ll·RoseManeKurata 24,J~9chi . ~MaryannMahaffey'" ~YoshitoShibata &-Kertlml'le Mrs~KD> I Dnl ) J~~l::/::g{ (Dia) MaryannMahafl'ey(Det 1~.~ObukazuAmericanI~~vel17.RoYMKuroye ~~ShibaS~~ 27-ArthurAMatsmnura ~DrGeorgeTakahaW ~J~ Frank Y KinoIrolo (Set) 8dI Year Percy T Masaki lSac I "",span l2-lsamu ~ . Kuse . . . . I&-Dr Kaz Mayeda aNames Tsununoto 13-YoshiItc? Ishida DrRob ' tI~inabi13 Por) QIorporate DrJacksonEto(StL) NonnanMinetalSJol 31~u Kak 29-D!'KenJIKushino ~~ ~WalterHMiyao 22-DrGeoMYamamotD 13-DrW1Iliam!dJow MossKtshlyarna Rq(erFieisdunann(SF) JimJMiyaz.aki(MilI -0 ya o . 7-Richan!Maeda ~&e ~ArthurSMorey 35-GiichiYoshioka 23-BruceTKajl- Richani Kiwata (SF) PIAMOND DrK.aworuCNomura Jiro Murase tNY) 14,D!'~TKaJnj J5.Thorna.sM.asud.a- J.3.H~TTanalta- ll-samMoy ?,.FrancesKaji GeorgeKobata (Gar) &-Sum.ItomoBank(SF) (Twi) Robert Nakadoir Oma I ~HiroshiKanda . 4,DrGeorgeMatsurooto 1-sachiT~ . e28-EdwardNagatani FLORIN 7-~YKamidoi • K.eisaburoKlXia (SF) . GO~ Carnegie~e (Sac) Mrs Henry Oji! Marl 18-Pe~NKawakami 21-GeorgeMatsuura e-~yukiTa5h.ima*. 12-RoyOda 17-DrKennethHOl.awa J2.Ge0rgeSKarnikawa- Ben Koga (Par) &Calif Blue Shield (SF) Edgar Y Sekiguchi (ELA) Jim S Okuda lOra I 6-Chie Kondo Zl-H!ro ~yeda I~William T Yarnazald- ~ Omori 26-Bill S Taketa 27-Kay K Kamiya Charles Kohn (Chi) 4-Olevron USA Inc (Nat) John K Yamaguchi (Sto) thelma K Randlett I Mill l3-{;eoll\e Kondo ~Hirosbi ~ake CLOVIS 2l.{;eorge Otsuji 4,AIfred I TsukafIlllto 17-He1en ~ Dr John Koyama (Gar) 2-Don N Yamaoka (SFV) Kuni Yoshioka (Oak) Patricia K Roberts 3G-Beatrice Kono ~Ted I Miyata J5.T June Fujita- 37-Dr J08eIIh D ~ 4-Mary TTsukamoCo 1&-TaIt ~ RoyKoyarna (SMV) SILVER 7th Year (WDCI 31·AlbertSKosakura Life.HarryMizuno l~FrankGoishi 22-Jamesl'iShimoura FORTWPrON Life.(;eargeKobala Ellen A Kubo (Pla) &-East West DevelQlr Om.ar Kaihatsu (au) Margaret Yoshiko Scott l~Kosakura Tours & 21-Rev Min Mochizuki . 2-DaIe Ikeda 2-Hiroshi Sugimoto 1-Dona1d CUmmins e.Joe H KobaIa Chuck Ku.bok.awa (Seq) ment Corp (Nat~ Takashi Moriuchi (Phi) l Son) Trave~ ... 4-George Moriitawa I~Fwnio Ikeda 29-Isao Sunamoto 22-Yashio Kobata Henry ~ Kubota (Set) lo-H~tel New Otani (Nat) Dr Wilbur M Nakamoto Harry Shigaki f Sac I U-sheme M Matsubara eJ2..Arthur T Morimitsu 24-Hi1\uni Ikeda 14,Dr Masamicbi Su.r:uki ~~ Life.Dr JdlDKDyama TakeshiKubota(Set) ll·~rnanInter· (Mil) GeorgeTSutowfSMCI J.3.~rHMa~oto I-TomKMura I-IrvingMiyamoto e28-TesTTada 2SamKoshio 3I.JamesNKmibe Yuriko KuraJ1lfXo (SF) na~ Inc (SF). Edgar Y Sekiguchi (ELA) Dave M Tatsuno (SJo I l-W~ McDIll J5.Olarles Murakami I()'Kiyomi Takahashi :s.sbi21Ie Y Tagami I.Robert Maul e2Hlr Hirosbi Kuwata Paul H Kusuda ( ~ ) . ~(SF Mercantile Co Tom Tsubota (Set) Chiye Tomihiro (Chi I 18-AIcira Nakamura- l&George Murakami &-Dr Mae Takahashi 27-Tom T Tagami ~acIt Tsuhara »Dr V~ Makita* • ~ Marutanl (Phi) __ ) 6th Year Ken Uchida (WFN I 22-li.an?ld H Nakamura e2S-Mali Nakagawa ID-Ted TTakabashl 31-Miroru Togasaki 2-Hirato Uno e2l..stureiA ~ Charlie Mat.sli>ara (Alb) ?:O-lJFE Yoichi J Asari (vnC) Grayce K Uyehara I Phi I ~DaVld Nakayama ~Al K Nakamoto 24-Yoshito Takabashl 8-Seitoku Uesato 29-DrGeorge H Uyemun »Isaac I Ma"..trigI' • Geo H Matsubara (Alb) (During the &JO re- JeffFukawa (Del) Dr Stanley I-{ Yanase 26.Jean N~no ' '»KarI K Nakamura l~Roy Uyesaka 2fHi'rank Watanabe 29-Marjorie UyemJra BSam Minami • ToshiMat.sli>ara (Alb) cruitment ears mem- HJimFulrumoto(Nat) IGarl l&-VemonNishi . l~LillieNakamura 2-RonaIdYamabe 28-MinoruYamasaId- 29-FrankYamagucbj fJunMita Daikichi Mat.sli>ara (Alb) beI's who ~ cOOtribut. George Iseri (Sna) Dr Andrew Yoshiwara 17-Teruo Tay ~obon 9-George K Nakao &-Dr Masso Yamamoto I-Ronald C Vee 27-David S MiyanxJtd" HarryMayeda(OC) edatJeast20yearsto RobertKKanagawa 2nd Year 4,EvelynOhki . ~DrJoeMNakayama 28-TokuoYamamoto DIABLOVALlEY FOWlER J&HenryMNagatmrte ~Mi~(~hi)' ) the 1001 Club were to be Aki(San) . TomH~yakawa(VnC) ~~~~wa ~=~ COLVMBIABASIN ~MikeHarnachi ~~~.... ~:-=jMe . . . , designated Life Mem- to Masaki (Sac) The Ichiban Shop ('!'yO) T ' ,2O{Jeorge M FuIrukai &-Pau1 Hayashi ....1-- . Tadafumi MiloJriya (Phi) beI's as shown here Joe Mastsunami (Sac) Molly Kitajima (Oak I l~Robert r Sugimo,to ll.Johnny K Ni5hlo C/ Life-Harry H M.asto- 4,John F Kikuchi 2fHiarley M l-Dr Hemy Noguchi ~Miswni(Wat) ~havecontinued Gerald Miyamoto (Sac) Robert Kitajima IOak) 13-HarryTakahashi . ll-K~Noma Ctute-Edward . B-KimibiroSera ~OID Mi1s!JiTJ;aveiServ(Dnt) beycnltheperiodand DavidMurak.aml. (Son) KazuoKubotaCSFVl e-DrH~T~anada 24-~Noma Life-GraceY~ ~~ ~'I1xmasTToyame ~Oseb DavidMiw:a(Lon) arelistedefsewherein Dr Roy Okamoto (Son) Henry TObayashi (SFI 18-DrY~nT . 28-~MNomura Ufe.MaIlIl .. 2&JudgeMikioUdIiyamIl-WilliamHPeUfnoD N~ ~akawa (Par) the HODOr RoU with cur. Jack K Ozawa (Phi) Dr Gilbert S Onaka IVntl 17-Dr E~ Tsuchida 3G-An~ qda . See-Tom S Y= ~~ It).Shig lkbiyama J3.Sm0~ ~:::l.t~~=:JP(Oar) rent year oflOOl Club JackERusse.U(MP) YukiRikimarufSu..J tlc,M~~~ta -~~~_ CONTRA COSTA 24-DrHQulntusSakai lIhJoeYokoo1i ~~~ "UI_ raj membership) Lawson Sakai (GU) JohnJSaitolOnll . e- 'urik amashi 29-:homasSVIUWt: &-TomShimizu F1lEMONT QJIrOIUCU.-.... HarryMizuno' M (~) TomioEnochty' (NY) Roy T Shimizu (Nat) TheodoreTNSlocum ~Y~uchi ta 24-FrankTOIdta 13-ToshAdachi lLI"Inrnthv""--!r; If-DrEijiCAmemiya ~~!DSh~ DrDrMasato cSpo»ukio William~Jonokuchi(~) M Marutani Pamela K Watanabe 19-5am&-Ritsuko~Eder Fuiishin ~Kene-Jack~Ota Oz.elti ~Elizabeth~ErnikoHitoml Betty Hoye t-:;= gLife..li'rlD:~.tK~Life.Moss . . ~~~ T~Morita(Frs) Y. Eke . e(Ida) MontereyParKTravei 10mal U.HarryHarnada 4,YoshikoOmne 4,Jacklmada DOWNI'OWNL.A.. . 23-R0bertTanmlto !

3l-Frar*M Y~ U'redJ ..... ·'1oka I...ife-PaulHKusuda :l).TonyMotoml 3&-WUllamMManrtanI'" Ufe-GeorgeUla e-r Andrew 17-Lawson Sakai* l-Ruth Horibe I5-Sus Musashi \2-Dr Paul Ell.ls ~Takashl Mori~ ~Yoshihlko Tanabe 26-Shlg Sakamo(o Life-Leo Owm ~Furni Shimada YOIhiw~ GOWEN GATE H~ 27-Satoshl Nakahira· I-Edward Y Mayeda ~ Yuriko Moriuchi· 24-Toshio Tsuboi ~Mamoru Sakwna 7-S1eve N Sato* l3-&Jmitomo Bank of SANGER Zl&:nianani t=3-Sei.ii J tsomoto ~eru Nakahlra OMAHA 2&-Mary D Murakami ~Miyo Uchiyama 28-Kaname 5anuJ l2-Dr J~ S ShIraIshi Calif"'" :M-Robert K KarJapwa- 29-HeJIYI tb:1 I-William Kaneko 22·Dr WUbur M e21-Yukio Ando 29-Dr Tomaml Murakami 29-Dr Sam T Uchiyama e29-Dr Alwin M Sato 26-Katsumi J Takashima 27-Herui Takahashi Ufe--Jolnon KetiO ~ oshi> NaIcIBima ~oseph KinoshIta Nakamoto* 22.James T Egusa 24-Dr K Stanley 24-Nobuo Yoshida ?5-Dr Klyoshl Arthur SaItUfe-Dr Peter Umekubo ll-Tanaka Travel 2&-Tom T Moriyama »Katherine Reyes Kodama 26-Taka Naruo l.Judy Zaiman Nagahashl 2&-Dr Keith H Yoshino 27-Tom Sato ~Edward Y Urata Service'" -11 HN""""""'" 2S-Or Oifford 1 Uyeda· ~YGeo1 ~ThelmaKRandI tt- Gotsdlner &-David K Nitta e-DailchiYoshioka 23-LouIsSeto l5-ShIgeruYamashita 23-MasateruTatsuoo <.7 om --.- 2.Ja,y Wakabayasiu I()'AlanFK'~~ 13-DrThom GSamter I leveHasegawa Ufe-AnnNitta e2&-DrMasaRSeto 2&-DrKiyoshlYamau:, e27-DrKazueTogasaki SANJ'ABARBARA ~Ei.leen w .... ""'" u 13-Thomas T Sasaki ~Roy Hirabayashl 34-S John Nitta REEDLEY ~Harry Shigaki- Life-Tom Yanaglhara 34-Susurnu Topsaki 29-Mike Makio Hide GREATER LA. 3.Joo M M~ 21-Nami Shlo \2-Edward F 1 hiJ ~Ben Ohama ""Masaru Abe II-Dr Robe.rt M Shimada Life-Tokihira Yaoo ~Masato Ty 1'010 ~Tom Hirashima ~ I-Am E ~ -Life-Shiro Shiraga"' l-Sharon Islth Jordan ~AIJen H Okamoto =- 3-Floyd Shimomura 13-Vermn T Yoshioka 24-Harry Y tooo L2-Richard Kitaaawa ~KF..guchi ~~~~~ ta 3-Georg Summ l.JohnKawamoto 33-JackK07..awa· k~c:;f~~osaka ~NoboruShlraJ SANFERNANDOVL\' l&-Wil'I'sukamoto e-DrYoshioNakaji 2S-Yashie Furuta 29-Sam Miyashiro 16-Tam.lo SUyama ~Mitsuo Kawamoto 6-Henry I SuzuJa 34-Toru Ikeda 6-Theodore T N SJocurn- ~Katsumi Arimoto ~Dr Himeo Tsumori 2SQlorge~1NOhashi~ 4-TDeko Kaili l.[)ennis Mukru 2·Willia.m Suyama 3-Ali Kaya 33-Dr HJtoshl Tom Tama- 28-Carolyn A Ikemiya ~Dr Henry I Sugiyama lJhJoIm Ball ~Richard Tsutakawa 7-KarlK ~ 4-Klichi Namba e29-Mits Takasuml 14-Yuklo Kuroislu 10 Ik I2-Slimson S ~ 27-Tom Endow 29-Takeo B Utsumi e-Paul ' GIIDJIAM.'ffiOUI'OAI.E I-TeruNamba 21-KengoTeramura 3-RudyMudra \2{;rayceKUye~ ~~~~:miya 22-YoneoSuzuki- ~Michilmai ~HelenSUyeda »CaesarUyesaka 13-Edward H FUjii L-Yoohi RNamba MONTEREYPEN' ULA~EmNakadoi 32-HiroshiUyehara· 33-Joelshil ~DrEmestTakahashi ~TamotsuTlmai 2.JaneHWong SANI'AMARIAVAIlEY ZH<: l4-George Yamasaki, Jr We-Frank K Ito ez1rMasayuki Fujimoto 2·Fusae Nishina ~Dr~akashi Hatto!"! 1().A1bert W Nobl Watanabe 33-HenryTaketa I~Helen M Kaneko ll.JoIml< Yamauchi Life-Ray Koyama 4-Ted Hachiya 2-Ho" - -'Okumura ill Mickey Ichl~Ji 4-ChlyekoTam81 ~AkiraYoshida ~H"e~oIMw~~ e27-TakeoTakeuchi iT"'- Koik~ l2-RosalieYasuko ~PaulKurokawa* ...dlU Llfi ~oElchiuJI ~FrankTamai 1loHaruYoshida ~ """'" 17-KiyoshlKTamaoo "",,~e Yasuda e-HaroIdYShimizu Ufe..Otiyo Kato ~Frank Kay Omatsu W LUy Y Kag yama 16-Fern Watanabe ' 23-Kiyoshi Kawamoto :»George T bars I().Marvm Kroner 2fNohn T Y »Hawley H Kato ~Dr Roy T Ozawa 29- Lif~ H Ha~ ~Robert Kodama ",?.L<:.h,ne!u Ushio- e-Elsa Okuda 14-Jack K Yokole 26-Steven Doi ~ "-~e KaJ:9,ll'O Hanada l&-Smith Y Hayanu 4-Kay Uno Kaneko 21 Bill 11 M " ~"O ~imSOkuda· ~RoyTYoshida l7-DrHaroldSArai ·Dr eKobayashi 'RWesI Do' """"" 4-Rev William M - ~ eruo anJI NEW ENGLAND ""Dr Paul K Sakam ..... " W~Klenneth K _ " .. :_,_ N Baker 24-Paul Maruyama !;r ey I 17-K . oro Hashiguchi 29-Heitaro Hikida* 22-ShureiAMatswnoto ar 6~U" """"""" lG-CarvinTDowke l~KiyoshiHJg~ ~oeSHirota* agata- 7-Larry Matsumura l-M~e Yamamoto 4-Rose Sakata- Yoshikawa +George Burnside, Jr e2e-cIN r:== +Olarles MatsumolO l-F'rederickSOkimoto ' awa 22-KayTamura .. 2l-MasaoFujikawa ~~~ e-KayoHayakawa ~TokioI.Shikawa ~DrSaburoKajimura 4-Ken Matsumoto I-PatriciaMOkimoto ~~e~~ ~teJlhe!:l~Tamura 23-MasaTsukamoto ~THarvomeyFuTJ,: ~J~ ~eYShingu . ll-DonaldLHaycWti 17.RobertJIshimatsu 2Z-S~Kashiwagi +Mary Matsumoto l~DrHaroldGPolonsky Life.{;eoHMatsubara ll·TstmlmiTiz,Tsuma PORTLAND ur u • ..,.., ~6 !MTaJ 34-DrTokujiHedani 4-Franklto e.JoImMKasbiwaQi 4-Yasuko Matswnoto ~RonaJd E Rudge Li.fi M/M Daikichi 3Hr RobnI S Kumasaka 34-A1 Browrell :l)-AkijiY~ura Life-M/MWalterShibata 4-HaroldSKobata 22-DrToshiolnahara" ~~,~... _ 29-Ge0rgeHigashi ~~~Hosaka' 17-TedKimura ~AkiKurose Life.DeIo Harada I-Ron YllShimura 7.Walter Shibata ~Dr Tsunechiyo Makino 12.Jeny Inouye ...-..... ""'11' nuUl...... l:h'ihiro Higashi ...... t-l.UQUU 17-Kar1 Kinaga M-Hana Ma'lUIIa 11.ffid Hasegawa MIDU.JM8fA S.Jean Yonemoto 13-Kazuko Matsumoto lO-Fred lrinaga Hiyama 2&-Paul T Icbiuji Hoshiyama 17-BenMasalani 6-Mich Mat"n"" 33-OIarIey Hirai ~Fran!t ~William e-Yukio Eke Inouye 21-Masami Asai 4-Kenneth Yonemoto :»George Mio 24-Akira Ike Iwtiald lo-D!' ~ ~eda e-Tom Miyanaga ~~TIda 17-Rar. Matsumoto e.James M MaIsIDa* e-Torruny H Miyasaki 24-Taro Asai ~Miyuki Yonemoto 29-Dr Masao Takeshita ~Makoto lwa14 24-YoshiTlmal &-CaroIAmTaekoSaito 26-JimSOnchi ll-DrAkiolwanaga ~amesSKonishi ~Kiwata 1-.-. t J.3.KimiVNabrisIIi ~.~ I Nakam. ura 3-OloJidge C Ozaki l.!»{emy K Date U.etiyoko ltanaga PARLIER 2O-Dr Albert A Oyama ll-Edwin M Kado 13-AI Kubota Life-Richard IGwata ~Sakauye ~Emil Nakano 4-Vl3Cbeslav Peshkotf e-Dr Olas Fujisaki 25-S John lwatsu l4-Noboru J [)oj 23-William Y Sakai* J2.Samuei T Kaneko , 21-Dr Jun Kununada 23-Dr William S Kiyasu 19-Akita Aki Sasaki UCe-Ken~ 7-Bany Saiki 9-KiyOO> Futa 25-Sh.ig Kariya m-Harry Iseki 3-Emest L Sargent 3-Warren KashiwagI 13-Sego Matsumiya rn-Keisaburo Koda ~ames Satake 31-Fum.i' - e2S-MaIshaIl SUmida 33-WllliamKHosokawa ~MittyMKimura • "~D-Koga 14-Robert"""a 3-FredTKataoka I&TatsumiMisaka ~TakeshiKoga "" ...... ~ ..GhG .. 'U, -lfH)rY s-Kow TTakesako ~Harry Y Ida- 2-Thlmas Kometani ~= N Kozuki ~Hiroshi ~ 4-OIarles SKawada 13Jbni Mitsunaga ll-Bob KojilJlolo i7~'- e27-Ro8e ~ Life-Dick Yamashita ~James H lmataJU- ~Jack K Kunitsugu Life-Nonnan Miyakawa 29-ROOert Bob Sunamoto 7-Dr Hachi Kawakami J3.DougIas A Muir 26-Raymond K Konagai ~ Shimizu Zl-Dr KenjJ Okuda 13-RobertInai 28-{;€0rgeKyotow e-TomioCM!Yak:awa I-NedTakaswni 6-YKay Kawaoo lD-GemIIdKMukai e27-~Koremat.su lH'eorgeTakagi ~Otani LAKE WASIIl1I.'GTON ~Tom loka I-MidoTi Lederer e-Robert Okamura ll-Hideto HTomi~ l2-Ka2UoC Kimura SSadao Nagata Life-YwikoKuramoto 3-Richard KTanaka Ufe-EawardEObUb ~oIm H Matsumoto l}Cm H Iwasaki 3-Jiro Mura.se** "" "'-rge 'l'sugawa l2.Joseph Y Kiyota l2-Ted Nagata ~Marie Kurihara I Wayne KazuoT-.... - Life.JeanJJIlIIe YOIsub 13-John Y Sato* e28-Ge0rgeMitsKaneko* 14--GeorgeRNagamatsu PASADENA . ~amesMTsugawa 4-TadashiKooo l().1{en()gura ~edc:SKI5lba :iDaveMTa~"" ~TedASakabara 1&A1 Shimoguchi ~James Kanemoto ~Fujio Saito 34-Y~ Y Deguchi 5C/Life-Dr James K ~Ardevan K KClZOIXf ell-Hito Okada ~WilIlam Kyono e-Lorraine T Tokimoto Life-Toru Sakahara LATIN AMERICA ~DrTom K Kobayashi ~Williarn K Sakayama 29-Mitsuko F Dyo- Tsujimura 26-Edwin S Kubo 22-Floyd Okubo 4-'I1xlmas T Machida 2-Kazuko Tokoshima 14-RDy Y SaIrarrQn 2&-Samuel Kurnagar- ~RonShibata 2&-Mary K l?~te . ll-KermethK Uyeda ~ JamesJ Ki1Ilo- ~YukieOkubo ~Mattl Matsumoto J().Travel Planners* 29-HowardASaImra l-Emily K MoTi 24-Tom T MasamoTi 28-Ge0~e G Sh.imamotot 2&-Fred Asaichi Hiraoka ~ack S Watari 3-Kenge Kumamoto 6-Yuji Okwnura 23-AIbert M Matsumura Life-Yosbihiro Uchida 4-P H Sdunidt ~oeMori 23-Dr Bob T Mayeda l()'Dr Seiichi Shimomura Life-Tom Tamotsu Ito ~Roger Yamada 3-Richard Kuramoto l(hJohn Owada* e2J-Minoru Jedc: Mayeda 4-Kazuo Utsunomiya 2&Roy Y Seko UVlNGSTON-MERCEO ~Dr Takashi Mayeda" 27-Tatsuji M Shiotani ~Ted K Kawa~ e29-Dr Roy Yamada ~Kjnjj Kurosaki 9-Keith G Sakai 17-Frank H Minami 26-Henry Uyeda e-Mabel K Shigaya ~EricAndow 2I}I)r Ben Miyahara 27-Alice Suzuki e23-Eiko Matsui 3-Terence J Yamada 24-Tom T Kurotori ~RoEugyeneT_~i '~Akio', J MMi.x..~ 4-Teruo Uyeda e-Eddie K SIIirnImua ~f'red M Hashimoto e23-JohnTNoguchi J!).Charles M Takata ~KayKM~ Life-HomerYasui 4-RudoIphRLoocke...,. i:LIUAl ur UUlUoWU I&RoyYamada 6-SherIockSShiriJo Life-Bucidylwata ~DrTSUIUTOkagawa 17-ShigeruTasaka ~~Ki>:~lIOgaw'" Life-MiyukiYasui ~~~ 26-BenTerashirna 2l-EddieM~ 16-WilliamHYamada 17-Wl.IceSbiomi 9-Looda 0 Iwata 14-Hootch Okumura ~Miy'oko Tokuda ~ll'O Oishi ' PROGRESSIVE W'SIDE ~Akito Ma.saJO- 21-Raymond Uno* Life-Dale Morioka 23-Hemy T Yamate l2-Masao T &!tow ~Nonnan M Kishi 4-Terry Nishida Sato s.Se1 Tokuda 21·Dr Thomas TOmori ~Amy Masaki Life-I J Wagner Life-Frances Morioka '34-Fred TTakagi ID-Jean Koda ~RichardKShigemura ~TakekoWakiji 29-Hayato~Ozaw~ LifeShizueAbe , 29-PercyTMasaId- ~MasYaoo UCe-1'amotsuMurayama SANWISOBISPO l~Takizawa 21-Yo Kuniyoshi ~William Jiro SIioji ~Mike Watabe- ~Dr Robert ,Shimasaki Life-Taro J KawakaJ.ni ~Ray Matsubara SAN BENITO COUNTY 26-Robert I Nagata ~~Eto 16-UhidU Tamesa »Samuel Y Maeda 6-Dr Wm Y Takahashi l()'Mary S Wu ~rge Shi~ 22-OlarJes T ~atsuJ.Ura . 4-Howard S Matsubara e27-Kay Kwtijo 4-Cressey Nakagawa ~Hil ~ aki ll-Dr Frank Y TIIIIIIkB- ~TomONakashima ~Mike Tashiro ~rge Yamaoka !~Moe Takagaki ~Dr ~ H MII1aJ'TII l8{Jeorge T Ma~ Kamimoto 2J-Wm T Nakahara, Jr 13-Akio~ Hayashiw, 17-Masahi5a Tanaka ~Robert Ohki ~ Yutaka Tak Terasaki I-Amy D Yamashiro e34-Butch Y Tamura :l)-John,T Saito l2-Robert T Matsui 29-Frank Nishita I&Qlorge C Nakamura 24-Theodore TTaoigucbi ~Frank Shoji 24-Dr Mahito Mike Uba ~Kentaro Yasuda 29-Mich Tsuchiyama Life-Chiyo Tayama 22-Oenri Matswnoto 27-E Sam Shiotsuka lJhJames M Nakamura ~IkedaIkeda ~DrTerrance MTOda 22-Agnes Winton e22-Dr Ayako Wada 2&-Ken Yamaguchi m-Fred Tayama ~Dr Richard T 23-T Masami Yamaoka 2&-DonaId K Neg! IJ'UCIUUI U eID-Umeko or...-.... 28-WII -""Yoshi Fu"ta &-Gerald Miyamoto S.John Dunkle Life-Katherine Ohtaki 26-Robert C T 3l-Dr Kelly K YIiIllD 31-Katsurru I' uJu , 4-Reiko K N Gaspar =UNTY 27-Robert Oewa ~Dr Char!es , ~,lIshizu 26-Marion Glaeser 21-AmY,E ~to ~Martin Miyao ~Will Hippen Jr 4-Steven TOkamoto SAN MATEO ~Mf...u Yamagudli ~Toyoko Doi , l().Takaka Oi~es &-MoUyKi~J~'" I()'M~Hamada ~DrKiyoakiJ:ion ",,--u~~'Morimoto Life-MasaakiIDronaka 4-DrJ~YOsumi Life-RovTInouye 17-DickHYamaoe ~o Nogudli ~Betty H PuJihll'a ~RobertKitajima* ~WilliamHamada- ID-Jamesltarnl •• ,..... ur , , ' 23-u:~:Ito D"'-_:Y___ .... ~e Sakanari ~ Yoko D Gochinas 4-Oennis Koichi Matsura ~ e K Higuchi Life-CraceO Kanda 27-Dr:George Muramoto ~Pau1 Hoshi l3-Otagiri ercantile • ':::"::"'American ~~~-'CIIY'A-__.... ed T M eda rg , r" Dr John M Kanda 27-Elizabeth Murata 34-Tsutomu Harold eo- ""' ...... _

1000 QIluh ~nor ~oll 1&-8'"~~ PC's Classified Advertisin 18-Geary Watanabe 2-Announcement 3-8ullneu Opportunity Sa... ~ealEstate ConlinUL'd from PrevIous I'a8e I ~buro 1)am 23-Hitoshi Mik ShimIzu 4-Howard T Watanabe &-For Nakagawa 1&Sam Shimoguchl "ttl·I·t: Jtnlm VAU.EY UTAH FOR SAlE TENNESSEE,USA 31-Tetsoo Nobuku 72-1'ony Tsuneo Shinmoto 28-Ge0rge Kawasaki CHARISMA, INC. SALE BY OWNER AKITA PUPPIES Industrial Sites Workshops In personal enhancement ~Roy 0Ia 29-Dr Takao Shishino e21-Willirun T Maebori Profitable Red males/Fems. Pedigreed AJ

tra 0 ta JA L, and dy Group, he wa longtime Earn 350,000 U.S. Income ~ Deaths er d in the U. . Army proprietor of the H iwa-do per year with during WW2. His wi!' . Aki- Jewelry Store. H was al 0 ko Tori ama, i pr sident father-in-law of n. Dan­ the World's Most Unique NOW ofth Diablo Valley JA L. iel Inouye. He is urvived Product/Publication! Tokuyoshi Awamura, by w Mitsu S.. d Edith a- FEATURING 86, f Honolulu. died D c. tow (Los Angeles) , Mar- Take over the Japanese division of a successful 15- 26 . Pa ~t Pr ident of Japa- garet Inouye, Grace Mura­ year-old U.S. manufacturer with a proven product well ITALIAN ne e hamber of om- kami , Betty Higashino established in Japan for the past 3 years. Tremendous m rc . Unit d Japane e (Oakland), hirley Noz profit potential for investor-distributor. We will teach you SHOES BY ociet . and Japan s tu- Patri ia (Bo ton) ; 7gc. the entire business. $175,000 U.S. investment required for exclusive rights, fully secured by inventory. SANDRO MOSCOLONI in sizes 5 - 7V2 Twelve Signs, Inc. M & S widths GOLD COAST 3369 S. Robertson Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90034-USA 785 W. HAMIL TON AVENUE CAMPBELL,CALIFORNIA 95008 QUEENSLAND Tel. (213) 553-8000 PHONE: 408/374·1488 M·F:f2·8:30, SA T:1D-6, SUN:f2-5 Australia · .o. ·. _ :. Z i Contributions For tender surfers paradise international I· • •N to Pacific Citizen raceway . Closing date 2/7/85. ....".TO .... .,. SB~ :: of Jan. 5: $20,733.49(586) ofOee. 1: $15,386.31 (559) 239 acres , 5 kilometres from the beach . nations received from . 3-Jan. 5: $ 5,347.18 ( 27) Full details , for more information call : 2 (rom : Roy/Yoshirni umi, George Murakami. DES CAMPBELL $10 from : Roy/Joyce Doi , Harvey Hano, M/M Tsugio lCobayashi. Toshio/Margaret AUST. 075-581-422 Takahashi, plus 2 anonymous donations. 075-553-233 15 from : Beacon Cleaners. $20 from : Masaharu/Haruye THE PROFESSIONALS agata, Alexander/Jean Oka, ichi/Takeko Tanisawa. P.O. Box 4, Nerang, Queensland MIDAS S25 from : Denver Central Optimist Club, Charles Fullert, Australia 4211 /Irene Takahashi, Haru Yoshida. OPERANDI $28.18 from : Interest. $30 from : Michael Iwanaga . •______--, Invest in Dollars and Have It $50 from : M/M George Ma- a&a, Selanoco JACL, Toyo in Printing Co. JACl Chapter-Sponsored Working for You Yen ... 100 from : John/Grace da, lex/Mitzi Yorichi. Group Medical Insurance With Liquidation in Dollars. $200 from : James/Helen Urata. Endorsed by $500 from : JACL Midwest Hedge AgainSt Inflation District Council. Pacific Southwest District JACL 1,000 from : JACL-Blue CHAPTER SPONSORED INSURANCE BROKERS by Realizing More than Shield Health Insurance Com­ LOS ANGELES (213) m ittee. Masaru Kagawa 624-0758 Saburo Shimada ... 82(}-4638 20% NET per Annum $3.000 from : J ACL Pacific Kamlya Ins. Agy 626-8135 Paul Tsunelshl . 628-1365 Southwest District Council Art Nishisaka . . 321-4779 Yamato Ins. Sv 624-9516 Minimum Investment: $15,000 tFund. Thank You! ORANGE COUNTY (71 4) Ken Ige . . 943-3354 James Selppel . . 527-5947 --DETAILS UPON REQUEST-- Maeda-Mizuno Ins 964-7227 Ken Uyesugl 540-3770 Dyke Nakamura, Foreign Department Book Sales: 'And Agy Justice for All' EAST LOS ANGELES / MONTEREY PARK (213) Yamakichi Securities Co_, Ltd. Takuo Endo . 265-0724 Robert Oshita ... 283-()337 7 Nihonbashi, Kabutocho, 1-chome (1 case = 18 books. $238 .77 J Oglno-Aizumllns .571-6911 George Yamate . 386-1600 4-18-84-7-3-84 ...... 5.552.21 Agy or 283-1233 Chuo-lru, Tokyo, Japan 103 # 1 total r 15 chapt. 26 CS ) GARDENA VALLEY (2 13) Cable: YAM ASECURE, TOKYO 7-9-84-7-26-84 ...... 4,600 .91 JeH K. Ogata . ... " . 329-8542 Salehi Sugmo .. ... 538·5808 Telephone: (03) 667-7947 #2 total ( 15 chapt. 46 CS ) Stuart Tsujimoto .. . 772-6529 George J. Ono ... . . 324-4811 7-84-9-17-84 ...... 2.445.90 #3 total (5 chapt. 7 CS) Fund $12 .609.02 . WEST LOS ANGELES (213) Arnold Maeda, CLU . 398-5157 Steve Nakaji ...... 391-5931 4 total (3 chapt, 5 CS ) Redress Fund $13 ,221.56. #5 total (2 chapt, 2 cs I DOWNEY: Ken Uyelake ...... (213) 773-2853 Redress Fund $13 ,693 .33 . SAN DIEGO: Ben Honda ...... (619) 277-8082 .#6 total 12 chapt, 4 CS) SAN FERNANDO VLY : Hiroshi ShimiZU, CLU . . (213) 363-2458 ress Fund $14 .648.41. REPORTlt6 ·Florin JACL (3 ) $716 .31 : Open to anyone, citizen or non-citizen, Spn Francisco JACL ( 1J who becomes a member of the JACL $238.77 . PC Business-Professional Directory

Greater Los Angeles Ventura County San Jose The Intennountain

Yamato Travel Bureau Calvin Matsui Realty UYEDA CO. al.. 32 1 E2nd I, #505 Homes & CommerciAl Plumbing onlraclor Mam W akasu~, Rep. Los Angeles 90012 624-602 1 37 1 N.MobilAve, Ie . 7. ew CO!Ul ruc!io n - Remodel Row Crop rann.; OlJockaby'Real E ••a't, Licensed : (400) 371-1209 Camarillo 930 10, (805) 987-5800 ft. 2 Ox 658, Onlari... Oft 97\114 Orange County (503) I18J-I30l, 262·:»59 o Add my name to your mailing list! I San Jose Watsonville jew Gardens #2 Chicago live outside the los Angeles, Or­ Exceptional Homes Kayo K. Kikuchi, Realtor Tom Nakase Realty HOlel . 110 LosAngeles Acreage, Ran c ~ es . Homes, lncome and Investments JOSE 900 12 AJ1ho Jr. ICTORA. KATO AN REALTY TOM AKASE. Realtor ange, Ventura county area. I en­ 996 i't1illJle8ota Ave .• #100 Sugano Travel Sv. 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From Racism to Terrorism: 1934-35

by Mary Norton The following was written as an honor's thesis for the Arizona State University history department.

Treat all men alike. Gi e them the same law. Give them all an e en chane to live and grow .. . You miglll as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man wlw was bom free hould be contented p nned up and de ­ nied liberty to go where he please . If you tie a horse to a take. do you expecc he will grow fat? -Chief/ 0 eph , Nez Perce

"Fear create hobgoblins out of hadow ." Japanese Proverb

A series of events in Phoenix during 1934 and 1935 represents one of the wor t cam­ paigns of racism an::l political discriminaoon in Arizona's history. It consisted of question­ able legal proceedings and outright "vigil­ ante" terrorism aimed at Japanese Americans (most of them long-term, bona fide citizens) living in POOenix an::l the greater Salt River Valley. The focal point of this llllfortunate campaign was the community of Japanese farmers. Pressures from a Depression econo­ my, combined with propaganda from the Pa­ cific Coast about the (tyellow Peril, II were the originating causes. Ironically, these hapless Photo by Leon Cantrell, Arizona Highways Japanese victims were making enormous COIl­ Japanese American farmers in the rich Salt River Valley of Arizona, 1948. nibutions to the economy of the Valley. The long-standing residence of almost all of them (not to mention the American citizenship of most) did oot provide protection from suspi­ cion and hostility. The Rise and Fall of the Nisei in Hawaii The events that occurred in the Salt River Valley in 1934-35 also can be seen as a telling precedent to the later evacuation and intern­ By DR. FRAN KLIN 000 Although there were examples of Ja­ the U. S. Senate and George Ariyoshi ment of the Japanese in the United States at panese who had drifted across the Pacific seIVingas the 50th state's governor. They the outbreak of hostilities with Japan. Histo­ This article was first published in the and assimilated into Hawaiian society, might be further concerned to learn that rians and legal scholars have decried the bla­ Hawaii Herald. Odo is director of the Univer­ such as the case of the gannen-mono, the Lt. Gov. John Waihee's wife is Japanese tant abuse of this act of incarcerating innocent sity of Hawaii Ethnic Studies Program. American and that several of the justices 148 laborers who arrived. in 1868, the citizens guilty of nothing but being of Japa­ For Japanese Americans, Hawaii is a basic story of Japanese in Hawaii begins on the State Supreme Court are but one nese descent. The events herein described did with the /lOty of Tokio" and the approxi­ generation removed from Japan. not involve such blatant governmental unique place with wondrous examples of individual and oollective achievements mately 180,000 others who arrived be­ action, but they did involve a bold and wide­ Americans ofJapaneseAIx:estty (AlAs) coexisting with profoundly disquieting tween 1885 and 1924. spread inaction which permitted a large, or­ occupy U of 25 state Senate seats and 20 issues which threaten to explode at any By 1900, there were over 60,000 Japa­ ganized vigilante offensive against those of of 51 seats in the state House of Repre­ time. nese in Hawaii who constituted about Japanese descent. The discrimination and sentatives. The mayors of Kauai and Ha­ On Feb. 3, 1985, Hawaii will celebrate 40% of the total population. The indica­ vigilantism that was allowed to erupt and waii are Tony Kunimura and Herbert grow provided a framework for la ter pre­ tion that they were here to stay in growing the 100th anniversary of the arrival of the Matayoshi, respectively, and the admin­ judice and the outright denial of civil ri ghts. /lOty ofTokio, " which brought 944 Japa­ numbers prompted the first serious and istrative heads of several key state de­ According to former Arizona Governor sustained outbursts of racism directed at nese government contract laborers to partments including Education (Francis Howard Pyle, who was employed in Phoenix work on the sugar plantations. The Daily the threat of the "Japs" taking over. Hatanaka), Agrirulture (Jack Suwa) and broadcast radio at the time of the events, Pacific Commercial Advertiser reported those Arizonans not involved in the terrorist Land and Natural Resources (Susumu on the following day that this was indeed activities did not believe the events were sig­ Political Success Ono) are AJAs. a very fine "body of desirable immigrants, nificant. A careful review of the facts indicates On one hand, these political successes and the Government may well be proud A quick look at the political scene in that the terrorism did indeed have significant are hailed as monuments to the demo­ of their success in having so happily in­ the 198& would convince the turn-of-the­ effect on many Japanese in the Valley. More­ cratic nature of open society in America, augurated an immigration that, judging century alarmists that their worst fears over, the events contributed Significantly to and to the particularly tolerant quality of the deterioration of U.S.-Japanese relation­ from the people who are now at the bn­ had been realized They would see Daniel race relations in Hawaii. ships just prior to World War II. migration Depot, cannot fail of being of Inouye and Spark Matsunaga represent­ ing the Japanese American population in Continued on Page B-Z Continued on Page 8-5 great benefit to the country." Sec. B-2 PACIFIC CITIZEN / Friday, January 4-11, 1985

ODO----- The basic reason for this unstable p0- businesses, which continued to discrimi­ Appearances Misleading Continued from Page 8-1 sition is the fact that AJA upward mobility nate against the AJAs. Even in the areas of greatest mobility, On the other hand, ther are increas­ was heavily dependent on unusual his­ Thus, the relative success of some AJAs however, AJAs are doing less well than ingly open criticism of the apparent AJA torical developments during and after is largely built on public sector mobility generaliy perceived. In the most recent domination of Hawaiian society from top WW2. First, the whole political economy and professional specializations includ­ analysis, Jonathan Okamura found that to bottan. Some of this hostility comes of the Islands was undergoing radical ing the health and science fields. But the AJAs managed only to hold their own from other minority segments, including change as it shifted from industrial agri­ control of wealth-producing institutions between 1970 and 1980 ("Occupational Pilipinos and Hawaiians, who suffer in culture, based on sugar and pineapple, is, with a very few notable exceptions Status of Japanese in Hawaii," Hawaii disproportionate numbers in exploited to reliance on federal expenditures, such as small banks and local develop­ Herald, March 16, 1934). The percentage and oppressed sectors of the economy largely military, and a rapidly growing ment figures, tightly held by a combina­ of AJAs in the total labor force declined and culture. More of the antagonism tourist and resort sector. In the process, tion of remnants of the old Big Five haole from 34.6% to 30.8% for males and 40.2% comes from haol (whites) who believe the old haole elite was forced to relinquish elite, sane corporate giants from Japan, to 33.4% forfernales. that AJAs ystematically hire and pro­ its nearly absolute power over the econo­ and an impressive influx of multinationals As Table 1 indicates, the actual per­ mot their own. my, through the Big Five Corporations, based in North America. centage of AJA professionals declined These are complex phenomena which and over the political setting, through In this political economic context, de­ between 1970 and 1980, and although have very involved histories, but it may the Republican Party. scribed by Noel Kent in a recent study, there was some increase in the "exea.I­ be useful to uggest that the Japanese "Islands Under the Influence" (Monthly tive, administrative and managerial" Public Sector Mobility have gained a notoriety for power and Review, New York, 1983), AJA lawyers, category (almost doubled in the case of control which is largely unwarranted, The AJAs managed to carve out signi­ accmmtants, middle-level managers, re­ females), the figures are proportional to and that they are rapidly lOSing the de­ ficant paths to success in these new areas, altors, and sales and technical people the general state distribution. The great­ gree of ethnic, collective influence that especially in the booming public sector are doing very well on individual terms. est increases come in the middle-level they once held. This interpretation, what which lay wide open, partly because sane And, again except for a few dissident "technical, sales and administrative sup­ might be captioned the "rise and fall of old racial barriers had fallen. More im­ legislators, AJA politicians are basically port" category which, together with the Nisei," is widely held by AJA who portant, however, these positions in edu­ aligned with this new economic order "service" positions, accounts for over are anxious for their children, for whom cation and other city, county and territory which operates "UDder directions largely two-thirds of all AJA women employed in they can no longer guarantee a future departments paid less than jobs in the disseminated from corporate headquar­ Hawaii. brighter than, or even equal to, the pres­ utilities and private businesses, including ters in Hong Kong, Tokyo, San Francisco Recent studies indicate that there is ent generation's. financial institutions and military-related and New York. continued discrimina tion working against

Table 1. Occupational Distribution of Japanese in Hawaii by Sex, and by Percent Within Group (1970 and 1980) Table 2. Occupational Distribution in Hawaii by Ethnicity and Sex, 1980 Japanese Japanese Hawaii Black Chinele Filipino Hawaiian Japane.. KONGn Samoan White Occupational Category (1970) (1980) (1980) Hawaii', labor Force (%) Professional specialty males 0.8 6.9 13.8 10.9 30.8 1.7 0.9 31.1 females 0.7 6.8 13.1 10.6 33.4 2.4 0.7 29.8 moles 14.0 10.3 10.5 Occupational Category (%) fem ales 15.9 14.3 13.3 Profeuional specialty Executive. administrative males 0.8 9.5** 3.4* 6.0* 30.2 1.8 0.4* 45.4** and managerial females 0.5* 7.5 5.8* 6.9* 35.8 1.1 • 0.5· 40.2** moles 12.4 15.6 14.1 females 4.3 8.4 8.9 Executive. admini,trative. and managerial moles 0.7 8.6** 4.5* 6.7* 34.1 2.0 0.3* 41.1** Technical. sales and females 0.8 9.1 ** 6.6· 10.0 31.6 2.4 0.3· 37.5** administrative support moles 15.7 23.6 19.3 Technical, sales, and administrative support females 43.7 51.7 46.9 males 0.9 8.9** 8.8* 7.2· 37.5** 2.0 0.5· 32.3 females 0.8 7.0 10.4* 9.6 36.9 1.9* Precisio n production. 0.5* 30.5 craft and repair Precision production. craft, and repair 23.9 19.6 moles 30.2 males 0.6* 4.7* 13.4 11.0 37.5** 1.7 0.7* 27.2 females 1.8 2.8 2.1 females 0.6 6.5 16.7** 6.2* 44.8** 1. 9* 1.4** 20.4* Operators, fabricators a nd laborers Operators. fabricators, and laborers males 0.9 4.6* 22.8** 18.4** 23.8* 1.4 1.8" 22.7* moles 17.9 13.1 17.0 females 0.4* 5.2* 29.1** 15.7** 29.7 1.4* 1.3** 14.2* females 10.6 4.7 5.3 Service Service moles 6.7 9.9 14.4 males 1.2** 8.0 21.1** 13.4** 21.2* 1.8 1.5*- 27.0 females 21.9 16.9 22.0 females 0.8 5.8 19.8** 14.3** 25.7* 4.5** 1.1" 24.5 Source: 1970 data from Subject Reports: Japanese. Chinese. * underrepresentation, * * overrepresentation. based on a 20% margin the federal government uses to require affirmative actio.n. and Filip inos in the United States. U.S. Census of Source: General Social and Economic Characteristics. Hawaii. U.S. Census of Population, 7980. Population, 1970. 1980 data from General Social and Economic Char· acteristics, Hawaii. U.S. Census of Population, 1980.

AJAs at the upper levels of the occupa­ average income in the state of residence, all variables, they are given higher in­ whose experiences and education, in­ tional hierarchy and that the situation AJA males in the U.S. earned only 88% of comes than non-whites" (Edwin Fujii and cluding the important benefits from the may be deteriorating. Eric Woodnnn's what white males made in 1975; while James Male, "The Determinants of in­ "G.I. Bill of Rights," served them well in investigation of the national scene led to Japanese American women earned only come of Native- and Foreign-Born Men an ecoIDllY which needed their numbers the conclusion that "precisely those 58%. Canparable figures for Black males in a Multiracial Society," Applied Eco­ and skills. But the over-publicized exam­ college-educated, professional Japanese and females were 81 % and 61 %, respec­ nomics, 15, 1983, pp.772-75). ples of AJA entty into middle-class afflu­ Americ:am celebrated as exemplifying an tively (tlAn Assessment of Japanese As tre data indicate, AJAs are doing ence and arrogance should not obscure 'assimilation success story' systemati­ American Assimilation, Pluralism, and less well in terms of employment than the fact that the vast majority are white­ cally receive less prestigious, authorita­ Subordination," American Journal of generaliyperceived. Further, as indicated and blue-collar workers. Their family in­ tive employment and less financial com­ Sociology, Vol. 87, No.1, July, 1981). in Table 2, professional, administrative, comes are high because most spouses pensation than similarly qualified When a similar study was done for executive and management positions in­ are employed and there are many in whites." various ethnic groups in Hawaii, it was clude significant overrepresentation of skilled crafts and precision production. revealed that "even in a truly multiracial whites-again, contrary to popular per­ Still, the percentage of males in the 'Pays to be White' society as Hawaii in which no ethnic­ ceptions. "service" category (see Table 1) rose Perhaps most startling is his revelation racial group comprises a numerical ma­ There is no question that upward oc­ from 6.7% in 1970 to 9.9% in 1980. that, adjusting for occupational prestige, jority, it pays to be white, since they re­ cupational mobility for Hawaii AJAs after In 1979, over 7,000 workers in the pub­ age, education, annual weeks worked, ceive greater returns for investments in WW2 was dramatic and impressive. The lic secta of the United Public Workers hours worked the previous week, and educatim and experience and, equalizing war itself unleased a generation of Nisei Continued on Page B-14 Friday, January 4-11, 1985 I PACIFIC CITIZEN Sec. B-3 Japanese Americans and U.S.-Japan Relations

3. The state of U.S. -Japan relations nity for JAs to educate people in both able about contemporary issues in the by GlenS. Fukushima will affect how JAs are viewed in the U.S. countries about the history, society, cul­ bilateral relationship. An effective vehi­ and in Japan. All other things being ture, and concerns of the JA community. This say, originally written in Washington, cle for this is to create study groups that equal, JAs are more likely to be viewed D.G., in July 1981, \-\oW revised in Cambn"dse, 6. JAs living in Hawaii and the West meet regularly to discuss readings or Mas . in May 1982. The present ve~ ion, to favorably in both countries if the bilater­ Coast may find this ignorance surpris­ presentations on relevant topics. Such be presented at the fACL Tri-District Meecin8 al r lationship is amicable. Conversely, ing, but a brief stay in other parts of the study groups can provide a forum to in Fre no on April 20, 1985, incorporate the an adversarial relationship between the U.S. should persuade them that most bring together members of the JA com­ author' recent experience in Tokyo and Lo U. S. and Japan is likely to result in nega­ Americans see the permanent popula­ munity and individuals (JAs and non­ Angeles. tiv r percussions for JAs. I tion of this country as comprising whites JAs) who in their professional careers on the one hand and minorities (exclud- specialize in some aspect of contempor- A. Introduction 1. Having lived in Japan for extended C. Propositions periods of time and having participat d 1. It is in the self-int rest of JAs that the in numerous U.S.-Japan exchange pro­ relationship between the U.S. and Japan 'A~ a prerequisite to greater involvement in U.S.-Japan grams sin e 1%9, I am deeply interested be anlicable. affairs, JAs need to undertake an extensive self-education in the relationship between the United 2. JAs can contribute to promoting campaign ... ' States and Japan. A a Sansei, I am also greater understanding and improved re­ concerned about the role of Japanese lations between the U.S. and Japan. To Americans (a) in the U.S., (b) in Japan, do this, however, requires that JAs be ing Asian Americans) on the other. This ary U. S. -Japan relations. and (c) in the oontext of U.S. -Japan knowledgeable about the major issues is true even among the supposedly "edu­ 3. In the longer term, the establish­ relations. in the bilateral relationship. For too cated" public, as the following examples ment of a policy studies institute (either 2. I realize that, stemming in part from long, many JAs have assumed that they illustrate: just JAs or with other Asian American understand Japan merely because their groups) would further institutionalize JA the wartime experience, many Ameri­ (a) A dean at Harvard College hosted cans of Japanese ancestry ("Japanese ancestry is Japanese. This has led to involvement in national and internation­ a dinner party for mioority students Americans" or "JAs") feel that we should some unfortunate results, such as many al affairs. With offices located in key a few years ago, only to tum away be concerned only with our position in JAs doing poorly in intennediate or metropolitan areas in the U.S. (and per­ Asian Americans who showed up advanced Japanese-language classes on haps abroad), such an institute could the U.S., that we should have nothing to because they were deemed not to do with Japan or with U.S.-Japan rela­ the college level or some JAs having low conduct or commission public opinion constitute a "minority"; polls and analyses of public policy issues tions. I have heard these arguments, and repute as academic specialists on Japan. (b) 'The spring 1981 issue of Daednlus, relevant to JAs and publish them in peri­ I can appreciate this point of view. But I JAs should not confuse a general psycho­ a prestigious academic quarterly, logical empathy for Japanese cultur~ odical or monograph form. We also think it is a short-sighted one that was devoted entirely to "Ameri­ need more empirical studies of the kind dooe overlooks many of the advantages that however valuable that might be-with cans who have suffered racial dis­ by the economist Richard Freeman, who could accrue from JA involvement in genuine intellectual understanding or crimination." The volume dealt found: U.S.-Japan relations. the acquisition of specific practical skills, with, and was entitled, "American such as fluency in the language. It is also 3. Although some JA individuals and Indians, Blacks, Chicanos, and There is evidence which suggests important to keep in mind that the Japan institutions have expressed interest in Puerto Ricans"; that faculty of Oriental descent suf­ U.S.-Japan relations in recent years, it is of 20 or 10 or even 5 years ago is not the (c) A major sociological study of the fer fran some discrimination in the imperative that we think through the is­ Japan of today and that a continuous legal professionl dichotomizes all marketplace which has not been re­ updating of our knowledge is necessary. sues systematically, critically, and dis­ American lawyers into (1) white duced by the various minority-hir­ passionately if we are to minimize the 3. There is nothing inherently wrong males ("the privileged") and ing pressures. Oriental academi­ risks and maximize the benefits of any JA with expressing interest in things Japa­ (2) women and blacks ("the under­ cians publish more articles but are involvement. The purpose of this essay is nese, nor is there anything inherently privileged"Hot even one mention paid less than majority whites, p0s­ to offer some tentative ideas that may good about renouncing our heritage. of Asian Americans in a book of 438 sibly even within similar higher 4 serve to stimulate thought and disrus­ U.S. relations with Israel, Poland, ire­ pages; and educational institutions. sion on the subject among members of land, Italy, Gennany, China, Mexico, (d) A popular volume listing note­ On the other band, we needmore theore­ the JA ammunity. Central America, Cuba, South Africa, worthy books by categories) con­ tical work on the future role of JAs (a) in tains works by and about Blacks, the U.S. (e.g., reconciling affirmative Jews, Italian Americans, Chicanai, action with the argument that JAs are 'There is an appalling degree of ignorance about JAs Native Americans, women, law­ already "overrepresented" in schools or yers, doctors, homosexuals, etc.­ jobs) and (b) in U.S.-Japan relations among both Japanese nationals and American citizens.' practically every conceivable group (e.g., evaluation of how increased Japa­ except Asian Americans. nese direct investment in the U.S. may affect JAs). 7. Some JAs will no doubt assert that B. Assz.unptions the Soviet Union, etc., have been signifi­ 4. Given the political reality that "votes this is a healthy development, for JAs cantly influenced by ethnic groups in this are what count," JAs need to form links 1. U.S.-Japan relations will remain an should not be considered a minority. But country. It is naive for JAs to tum wr (and peIhaps alliances or coalitions) with important part of the foreign relations of the fact is that JAs are, for the most part, backs on Japan to believe that we are other Asian Pacific American groups in both the U.S. and Japan. The major di­ am not considered part of the majority absolutely unrelated to events that occur order to strengthen our representation in mensions of this relationship are econo­ either; we are often simply ignored, for­ between the U.S. and Japan. the dOlI)estic political arena and to deep­ mic, political, military, scien tillc, tech­ gotten, or relegated to "alien" status. 4. Even if we were to concede that JAs en our understanding of the concerns of nological, social, and cultural. Involvement in U.S.-Japan relations is are in danger ofbeconling a "middleman other ethnic groups. an effective way for JAs to gain greater 2. Regardless of how "assimilated" minority" between the V. S. and Japan­ 5. Certain JAs on an individual basis national/international exposure and into American society JAs may have be­ thus becoming scapegoats in times of cri­ have contributed significantly to U.S.­ recognition come, the vast majority of Americarur­ ses-this argues even more forcefully for Japan relations over the years. But with with the possible exception of those liv­ JAs becoming active, participating mem­ the dramatic increase in the scope and ing in Hawaii and the West Coast-are bers of the U.S.-Japan relationship, ra­ D. Some "Modest" Proposals complexity of the bilateral relationship, apt, whether we like it or not, to as­ ther than sitting by passively waiting to 1. To promote within the JA communi­ it is imperative that the JA input be insti­ sociate us with Japan and may not even be victimized. ty a better understanding of Japan, the tutionalized. This is to ensure the follow­ be able to distinguish between JAs and 5. One of the most important results to U.S., and U.S.-Japan relations, JAs ing vis-a-vis U.S.-Japan relations: Japanese nationals. Witness, for exam­ come out of JA involvement in U.S.-Ja­ should be actively encouraged to visit-­ (a) systematic monitoring and cover­ ple, the New York Times Masaz,ine cover pan relations is the exposure it will give or preferably, live in-Japan and regioos age of the issues; story of May 9, 1982, "The New Asian JAs to the wide range of Americans and of the V.S. other than Hawaii and the (b) development and accumulation of Immigrants," which lumps together all Japanese. There is an appalling degree West Coast JA experience and expertise; people of Asian ancestry in the U.S.-re­ of ignorance about JAs among both Japa­ 2. As a prerequisite to greater involve­ (c) brooder-based JA decision-making gardless of citizenship, country of ances­ nese nationals and American citizens. ment in U.S.-Japan affairs, JAs need to and thus greater credibility and le­ tral origin, generation, length of resi­ Becoming more actively involved in U.S. undertake an extensive self-education gitimacy in the eyes of the public; dence in the U.S., etc. -Japan relations is an excellent opporm- campaign to become more knowledge- Continued on Page B-t Sec.. B--4 PACIFIC CITIZEN I Friday, JlnUiry 4·11, 1985

FUKUSHIMA Japan is in many ways an internally fac­ (c) systfmatic in selecting issues; Continued from Page B-3 tionalire:l society, and some Americans (d) consistent over time; have, because of their particular con­ (e) goal-oriented; (d) rapid and effective mobilization, Americans makes it imperative that we tacts in Japan, been seriously stigma­ (0 clear on priorities; when necessary, ofJAand general be acutely conScious of how the language tized-at times unfairly-in the eyes of (g) coordinated on a nationwide level public opinion; and of presentation can hurt or help us. To the general Japanese public. to ensure coherence; (e) stability and continuity of JA input cite but ooe example, our arguments for (h) based on solid organizational sup­ 4. JAsshould also keep in mind that, as port from both within and outside over the years. redress are immeasurably strengthened in the U.S., neither the government nor the JA community; and An organizational commitment by JAs to -legally, morally, and politically~y private sector in Japan speaks with a (i) based on adequate commitment of participate in U.S.-Japan relations is vital our self-description as "Japanese Ameri­ single voice. It is especially important to cans" rather than as "Nikkei. /It> hwnan and financial resources. if we are to institutionalize this JA input. keep in mind that certain individuals and 2. Here are three additional examples organizations in Japan that may at first 6. The following are examples of issues of problems with terminology: 3. If handled rorrectly, at least four JAs can affect by adopting an institution- (a) A 1982 New York Times op-ed piece glance appear receptive to JA concerns major benefits could result from institu­ aliz d proactive (as opposed to reactive) by a Nisei professor of journalism re­ may have their own "hidden agendas" tionaIiurl JA participation in U.S.-Japan posture and by monitoring closely devel- counting his internment experience in that have little to do with JAs per se. relations: (a) the reduction of conflict in the bila­ opments in the bilateral relationship: 1942 refers to JAs as "American-born Ja- 5. JAs should realize that some Japa­ teral relationship; (a) The recent fiasco over the Japanese panese. IIi Again, this blurring of the cru­ nese nationals still harbor negative feel­ novel Futatsu no Sokoku and the televi- cial distinction between ethnicity and ci­ ings toward JAs, either because of the (b) the molding of a stable and sion series based on it, "Sanga Moyu," tizenship only confuses non-JAs and wartime and Occupation experience or nonhostile environment for JAs in both the U. S. and Japan; could largely have been avoided had JAs weakens our arguments against the con­ because they feel that JAs are children of (c) greater opportunity for contact, been more aware of events in Japan. As it stitutionality of the incarceration. emigrants who left Japan because they was, JAs were forced into a reactive pos- (b) The same Nisei professor uses the couldn'tmake it in their hcmeland.8 education, and understanding be­ tween JAs on the one hand aIY.i ture and the JACL was portrayed in a word "Oriental, II although many JAs other Americans and Japanese on more negative light than warranted. 1bis prefer the tenn "Asian" and "Asian 6. Indifference, rather than condes­ the other; and is an excellent example of how events in American" to "Oriental" and "Oriental cension or animosity, toward JAs often (d) the development of JA experience Japan can have a direct impact on JAs American, II much as "Black" is preferred stems fum the Japanese perception that and expertise in domestic/interna­ and may even spill over to affect how w to "Negro" or "colored. " JAs are not significant actors, either in­ s tional economic, political, and s0- are perceived or portrayed in the U.S. (c) Moot enlightened writers seem not dividually or as a group, in various sec­ cial issues. (b) The redress issue has attracted to use a hyphen between "Japanese" and tors of U.S. society-government, busi­ considerable attention in Japan, but the "American" when referring to JAs. Yet ness, law, journalism, scholarship, 4. To summarize: JAs should recog­ coverage is not always accurate and the the hyphen remains in such publications sports, entertainment, etc. nize the value of informed JA participa­ motivations behind the interest are not as The Bamboo People: The Law and tion in U.S.-Japan relations and lend it necessarily conducive to better U.S.-Ja- Japanese-Americans. 7. Some white Americans have exacer­ organizational support. For such efforts pan relations. JAs would be well advised Some may argue that these points bated the situation by using Japanese can cont:riWte constructively to the bila­ to monitor Japanese coverage of redress about tenninology are "academic." But wrreceptivity to JAs as a convenient ex­ teral relationship and, just as important, to minimize the danger of distortion. we can hardly expect non-JAs to refer to cuse to bar JAs from involvement in vari­ enhance and consolidate our position as (c) JAs could follow the selection pro- . us properly if we ourselves continue to ous programs that deal with U.S.-Japan active, vibrant, and fully legitimate par­ cess for the U. S. ambassador to Japan. If blur crucial distinctions and otherwise relations. Here we have a vicious circle: ticipants in the American political a partirular nominee has exhibited in- use language in inconsistent and confus­ white Americans sometimes justify their process. sensitivity toward JAs or inco~pete~~ ing ways. JAs should anive at.a common refusal to appoint JAs to important posi­ 5. I would welcome any criticisms, with regard to U.S.-Japan relanons, It IS vocabulary as we contemplate more ac­ tions in U.S.-Japan relations in part by comments, or suggestions readers may incumbent upon JAs to bring this to the tive involvement in public and interna­ claiming that "the Japanese wouldn't have. attention of the President, the senators tional affairs. like such an appointment, since Japa- who must confirm him or her, and the American (and, indeed, Japanese) pub- lic. 1. See, e.g., "Anti-Japanese Feelings 'JAs should not confuse an awareness of or appreciation Spreading Again: Economy Blamed," San 7. JAs need to develop a core of experts for issues relating to Japan with adherence or allegiance to Francisco Chronicle, May 17, 1982; "Asian­ on U.S.-Japan relations. An internal pool Japan's positions on these issues.' Americans See Growing Bias," New York can be generated through study groups 1IT,nes,Sept. 10, 1983. (D.2. above) and by encouraging inter­ 2. Cynthia Fuchs Epstein, Women in Law, ested JAs to take part in aspects of U.S.­ New York: Basic Books, 1981. Japan relations, whether in the public or . 3. Steven Gilbar, The Book Book, New F. ·Caveats nese dOllt take JAs seriously. "9 On the private sector. At the same time, ties York: St. Martin's Press, 1981. 1, JAs should not suddenly phmge other hand, some Japanese prefer to deal 4. Richard B. Freeman, "Discrimination in. should be established with individuals with white Americans-at least on an and or.ganizations in the U.S. and Japan headlong into U.S.-Japan relations, nor the Academic Marketplace," in Thomas S0- official level-precisely because they well, ed., Ameriean Ethnic Groups, New that deal with bilateral issues. The goal should JAs as a group became lobbyists perceive JAs are not ass1lI11in:8. important York: The Urban Institute, 1978, should be to develop JA expertise and to with predictable axes to grind for p~­ positions and thus la~ legiBmacy and 5. See my exchange with Edward Suguro apply expertise to promote under­ ctdarized interests in either the U. S. or this clout in American SOCIety. JAs should on "Sanga Moyu" in the Rafu Shimpo, May standing of bilateral issues among the Jallan. Rather, we should inform our­ give serous thought to breaking out of 17 and 24, 1984. general public and, when appropriate, selves, lBldertake extensive analyses of this vicioos circle. 6. See my soon-to-be-published letter to the set forth policy recommendations consis­ the issues, and make independent as­ PC editor on the inappropriateness of using tent with the interests of JAs. sessments--on a case-by-case basis-­ "Nikkei" as a noun. keeping in mind what is likely to be in the G. Conclusions 7. "40 Years Ago, Interned," New Yorlc best long-tenn interest of the bilateral 1IT,nes, May 15, 1982, p. 27. 1. The relationship between the U.S. E. Terminology relationship and of the JA community as 8. For accounts of Japanese perceptions of and Japan is too important and the posi­ a whole. JAs, see "Offspring of Japanese Settlers in 1. To the extent that JAs become more tion of JAs too contingent on it for us to U.S. Find Japan Frustrating," New York involved in U.S.-Japan relations, we need 2. JAs should not confuse an aware­ sit back complacently hoping for the Times, Oct. 4, 1973; "Japanese Americans to pay close attention to our use of certain ness of or appreciation for issues relating best. Because we have the most to lose Viewed as Oddity in Land of Ancestors, but terms and categories. In particular, we to Japan with adherence or allegiance to from bilateral conflicts, JAs should un­ Number Grows," WallStreetJoumal, Dec. 8, should make an unequivocal distinction Japan's positions on these issues. It is dertake an effort to participate construc­ 1983. between '1apanese Americans" (U.S. essential to keep in mind this distinction tively toward improving the relation­ 9. The underlined part is a direct quotation citizens of Japanese ancestry) and "Japa­ between wulerstanding Japan's view­ ship. from remarks made by a prominent American nese" (Japanese nationals). I would even point and supporting it. In particular, it Japanologist at a conference on U.S.-Japan 2. As the U. S. and Japan grow increas­ relations in 1973. go so far as to suggest that when discus­ would be foolhardy in the extreme for JAs sing our concerns with non-JAs we use ingly intenlependent, JAs will have to to act as spokesmen for Japan or to ad­ define IIDre clearly than in the recent the term "Americans of Japanese ances­ here bliIxlly to the Japanese position on try" rather than "Japanese Americans" past their role in the bilateral relation­ Glen S. Fukushima is a graduo.te of Gar­ issues affecting the bilateral relation­ ship. The minimum prerequisites for in­ dena High School, Swnford University, and or "Nikkei" in order to emphasize citi­ ship. zenship over ethnicity. Similarly, in Ja­ stitutionalized JA participation in U.S.­ the Harvard Law School. He M.W a Fulbright Japan relations are that it be: Fellow al Tokyo University, 1982-84. Current­ panese, Nikkei Amerikajin should be 3. JAs should be cautious with regard ly a Ph.D. candidate at HalVCJrd, he also (a) infOllDed and knowledgeable; preferred to Nikkeijin. The fact that we to the kind of individuals and organiza­ practices law in Los Anseles. "look different" from the majority of tions in Japan they establish ties with. (b) independent and impartial; FrldlY, January 4-11, 1115 I PACIFIC CITIZEII ......

Six Valley couples honored for their long marriages in March 1970 Asano of Phoenix, 70 years; Mr. and Mrs. Kuniji Watanabe of Glen­ were (from left) Mr. and Mrs. S.T. Yamamoto of Glendale, 50 years; Mr. dale, 68 years; Mr. and Mrs. Tsunenori Okabayashi of Glendale, 54 and Mrs. Geroge Kimura of Phoenix, 57 years; Mr. and Mrs. Aizen years; and Mr. and Mrs. Kojiro Maruyama of Phoenix, 50 years. ARIZONA------Continued from Page B-1 who launched the desert city into an era of a "middleman minority" theory about both prosperity. " groups. According to Kitano, The extreme xenophobia that had long ago The middleman minoritv . often The first Japanese settlers in Arizona were, jealou y. Hundreds of dust bowl VlCtnns developed on the West Coast had not ap­ must contend with the wrath and frus­ almo texclusi ely, laborer imported by local warming westward and into the Valley re­ peared in Arizona. However, a foundation for tration of those positioned lower in the agricultural and mining companie following ented these prosperous aliens occupying discrimination existed, not only in the afore­ system. His higher status and lDcome the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Census American soil and depriving Americans of mentioned customs but also in the statutes. relative to the subordinated masses be­ reports reveal that there wer few Japanese job. Other states had discriminatory laws on rec­ lie his weak aIXi vulnerable positi9n. residing in Arizona prior to 1897. In that year, In previous years there had been limited ord, and the federal government itself was He occupies a paradoxical "weak a Tempe firm hired a hundred Japanese to discrimination in the Salt River Valley against guilty of discriminatory behavior with its im­ money" position. The middleman ga ther canaigre roots for eed along the Agua the Japanese. This discrimination had been migration laws, etc. serves as a convenient scapegoat Fria River. primarily in the form of "separate but equal" By American standards, these immigrants customs in public places. Depression Accelerates Xenophobia These Arizona agitators dd not have to were extremely poor. It was as umed, lID­ Blacks, Native Americans, and Asians look far fiJr examples to foliON. There was fortunately, that this meant they were also were not permitted to use public pools and As the pressure of the Depression gnawed at the moral fabric of the country, Americans more than a little precedent to "justify" this inferior. A fact commonly missed by Am~ ­ were required to sit in designated sections of proposed ouster. The United States had, of cans was that the Japanese immigrants gen­ theater . A Japanese American who was a began looking for scapegoats. Aliens every­ oourse, hekl one group of people-African erally came from a respectable middle class. Valley high school student at that time, Susie where were coming under attack. In Arizona, slaves and their descendants-in outright They were ambitious, intelligent, and edu­ Sato, remembered the annual high school the Japanese were a visible and natural tar­ bondage. cated. At that time, all Japanese emigrants "ditch day": get. They were segregated by the prejudice of In spite of their manumission by the eivil had to be granted permission by their govern­ the white rommunity and suspect because of There was another Japanese girl, War, Blacks were still legally denied many ment to leave. The Japanese government was their language and culture. Worst of all, Japa­ myself, several Mexican students and civil rights. In 1882, California managed to very careful in granting permission to emi­ nese frumers were occupying acres of land one Negro student. Not any of us were obtain passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act grants to go to America because they were when thoosands of "Americans" had no allowed in the pool. This was a tremen­ which suspended immigration of Chinese la­ considered to be representatives of their homes at all and drought was threatening the dous shock to us. Our Caucasian borers for ten years. At the time, Supreme country. very existence of the American farmer. friends could not believe it! Since we Amidst a rising tide of nationalism and fed Court Justice Stephen Field thought, "The were there as a class and since we had 'The American Dream' by Yellow Peril propaganda, Maricopa ColID­ Chinese cannot assimilate with our people, traveled by bus, we had to wait. Our ty's white fanners began to point accusing but continue a distinct race among us." These same Japanese had already been ex ­ friends or teachers could do nothing. fingers at the Japanese farmers. The farmers Field's judicial interpretation was based ulDn this "observed reality" rather than on legal, posed to urbanization and industrializatioo. Americanization of Japanese already had strong organizations and met They were not a simple, backward people. regularly. These meetings became the cruci­ statutory, or treaty precedent. The ExclusiJn Their background may very well have been However, Asians were generally, though ble for political action aimed solely at the Act was renewed in 1892 for another ten agrarian, but they were eager to become a not always, welccmed by private business, Japanese farmers. years. part of the modem, industrial world. The con­ and their children were accepted with whites During this period of American history, sequence was that many Japanese settlers in in the schools. Japanese students perfonned public meetings aIXi speeches were COlllIOOn Chinese Exclusion Act Upheld America drew upon their knowledge of the well in school. They were sociable and fonns of entertairunent for frontier and rural In a challenge to the Act, the Supreme land and applied their energies to achieve school-spirited. They typically became very societies. When times were bad in the 19305, Court upheld the power of Congress to base their ultimate ambitions. Americanized. One example was Jiro Ishi- such meetings were held frequently and were exclusion on race or color, and Califomia The Japanese did not anticipate a lifetime • kawa, who in 1932 became captain of his well attended. The farmers were particularly race purists immediately began pushing Dr of backbreaking labor in America. That had Mesa High football team. In a tragic acci­ well organized. Their unions and organi2a­ similar exclusion of Japanese. The San Jlrm­ been their lot in Japan. They chose to forsake dent, Ishikawa was mortally wounded out­ tions met often and usually centered on politi­ cisco Chronicle had launched a crusade their native country and families for the op­ side a scOOol dance. His last words, "Carry cal legislation involving national relief sub­ against the Japanese in 1905. portunity of upward mobility in America. Un­ on, Mesa High School," were adopted by the sidies and desires for federal aid for irrigation Powerful labor unions, along with the Asia­ fortunately, most Americans did not under­ students as the title of their high school song. water and other needs. tic Exclusion League and the American S0- stand this basic fact. Another young Japanese, Bill Kajikawa, was Their political activities were further bol­ cialist Party, joined the campaign against the In 1930 there were 879 Japanese living in a member of the Arizona State College stered by a band of new down-and-out Anglo Japane~n and citizen alike. Japanese Arizona, with 120 engaged in fanning. Outof (Tempe) football team from 1933 to 1937. Ka­ anivals in the Valley. Oakies and Arkies DI­ immigrants were characterized" as "immomI, the total Japanese American population, 464 jikawa served in Italy during World War Il lowing Rrute 66 often stopped in Arizona for intemperate, quarrelsome men bound to la­ were American-born citizens and 415 bad and then returned to become his fonner a short season in the cotton fields before IOOV­ bor for a pittance." They were said to be been born in Japan. team's assistant football coach for 40 years. ing on to California Some of those migrants "un-assimilable, highly un-American." 1bey Japanese fanners were responsible br Arizona State University has honored Bill Ka­ reportedly left California to retmn to Arizooa were oonsistently stereotyped as "lazy, dis­ much of the vegetable and buit industries in jikawa with the title of Associate Professor because the county authorities in California honest, and lDltrustwortby. " In 1910 the Asia­ the state. They worked and saved, and using Emeritus of Physical Education. were too strict, keeping children out of the tic Exclusion League claimed, ''We canoot their ingenuity they turned otherwise WUlS­ One early resident of Phoenix was a Japa­ fields during the harvest season. Local dem­ compete with a people having a low standard able desert land into productive acreage. This nese immigrant by the name of HutchJon agogues, opportunists, and others hurt by of civilization, living and wages. " productivity, in tum, put other Arizonans to Onuki, or "Ohnic.k," as he called himself. Japanese rompetition joined in a growing In 1922, the Supreme Court ruled that Japa­ work and brought thousands of dollars yearly Ohnick was granted a franchise for the first movement to rid the Valley of the Japanese, nese were "aliens ineligible to Citizenship" into the state. illuminating gas aIXi electric company, a fore­ who somehow suddenly were to blame for the on the grwnds that Congress had IimiIed Unfortunately, just as the local Japanese rurmer for Arizona Public Service. He was economic hardship of all of the above. naturalizatim to free ''white'' persons amd were begirming to reap a mcxlest existence operator-manager and owned one-third in­ It is interesting to note that the Japanese those of "African nativity." Japanese were from this industriousness, America slipped terest. Ohnick became a prominent civic American situation stands as a curious parnl­ neither white nor African, but, indeed, were into the throes of the DepreSSion. Neighbors leader, served on the board of education, and leI to that of the Jewish population in El.I.Iq)e. CoatiDued on Page .... viewed their relative prosperity with fear and was remembered in Phoenix as "the foreigner Harry H. L. Kitano makes a credible case Dr Sec. 8-6 PACIFIC CITIZEN I Friday, January 4-11. 1985

ARIZONA ----- except by Japanese and Clrinese and of August. One Inmdred fifty cars left Glen­ Continued from Previous Page these products have brought to the Val­ dale in a motorcade to downtown Phoenix. ley more than $3,500,000. Leading the parade was a calliope playing the in limbo. During Senate debates on the pas­ The anti-Japanese crusade was to have Arizona's Alien Uind Law of 1921 was a Star-Spangled Banner, followed by vehicles· ~ J sage of the Exclusioo Act of 1924, Secretary of grave impact on the international scene. The facsimile of the one passed in California in with an array of flags and banners which car­ State Charles Evans Hughe asked the Japa­ furor increased and Japanese were physicalJy 1920. It read: ried such messages as, ItWE DON'T NEED nese Ambassador, Masanao Hanihara, for a as aulted by whites-and with no prosecu­ ASIATICS" and "JAP MOVING DAY: AU­ swnmation of the agreement. Hanihara not tions of the attackers. In related activities, on All aliens eligible to citizenship under GUST 25th." One car carried American and only complied with the request but went even Oct. 11, 1906, the San Francisro school board the laws of the United States may ac­ Japanese flags arranged side by side with the further by conunenting on the pending legis­ issued an order that all Japane e, Korean, quire, possess, enjoy, transmit and in­ warning: "TIus or TIlls." Ironically, it was a la tion, saying the "retention of the provisions and Chinese children must attend segregated herit real property, or any other interest peaceful affair; however, the potential forvia­ therein, the same as citizens of the for Japanese exclusion would have grave cal­ schools in Chinatown. The order proved ffil­ lence should have been evident to lawmakers sequences on relation between the two barrassing to the United Sta tes government United States as otherwise expressly and law enforcement officials. provided law. other aliens may countries. " and brought protests from Japan. President by All ac­ The local Japanese community acted m­ The ccmment went UIUloticed for a few Theodore Roosevelt labeled it "a wicked ab­ quire, possess, enjoy and transfer real mediately to try to defuse this explosive situa­ day until Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of surdity," and wrote that "the labor unions bid property, or any interest therein, only tion. Tokuji Kuroizumi, a fanner and the sec­ Boston, Massachusetts, sudd nly declared fair to mbroil us in a war with Japan." A suit to the extent and for the purpose pre- retary of the Japanese Association, scheduled tha t Hanibara' letter contained a veiled was filed against th school board on coo- cribed by any ~eaty now existing be­ conferences with politicians and wired the Ja­ threat. In spite of a quick denial by the Japa­ titutional grounds. (Eventually there were tween the United States and the nation panese Consulate in Los Angeles. Vice-Coo­ ne e Amb ador, Lodge' p h onvinc d two uits.) The constitutionality of the ruling or country of which uch alien is a citi­ sul Shintaro Fukushima arrived from Los Ao­ his colleagues to aa:ept Japanese e clusion. wa never te ted, rut Roosevelt negotiated zen or subject, and not otherwise. geles the next day and met with Goveroor (Arizona's Senator Carl Hayden al 0 voted with Japan to uspend further imnUgraoon Much of the Japanese-held land was al­ B.B. Moeur'ssecretary. H.H. Hotchkiss, and "yea" for th Act. ) and th school board rescinded the ord r. ready properly owned by American-born Ja­ Attorney General Arthur T. LaPrade. fu­ T hi Gentlffilen' Agreement wa not with­ panese. In a few other instances-which kushima emphasized the need for protection Japanese Exclusion Act out its critics in th United State and Japan. would prove to be the Achilles' heel for the of the Japanese fran the violence threatened. When Crogre pas ed th Ja pan e Ex ­ Th anti-a lien forc in California, including Japanese residents-some alien-owned prop­ Fred Okwna, a member of the local Japanese clusion Act ofl924 Secretary of ta t Charle the Catholic Archbishop, charged "traitor," erty was being held by cooperating Anglos, Association, met with Maricopa County At­ Evans Hughes was "greatly depres ed" by it and the n w pap rs in Japan hinted trongly either for the Japanese roinor children or in torney Reoz L. Jennings in an attempt to ar­ and prophesied that Congress had planted of war with th Unit d Sta te. long-term lease agreements. Consequently, range a meeting with the Anti-Alien Commit­ "seeds of antagonism" which were" ur to Hart H. North, a member of the Immigra­ there r rnained untouched many productive tee. However, the committee steadfastly re­ bear fruit in the future." tion rvice a t th time, wrot that the public farms managed by Japanese. The Issei (first­ fused. Their answer to the Japanese request President Calvin Coolidge igned the Ex ­ outcry that aus d th chool board' deci - genera tion, Japanese born) were on the aver­ was that they did not "care to hear them talk, clusion Act with "stated reluctance" and both ion wa becau age a bout 40 years of a ge. Most of them did all we want is to see them walk, and to walk American Ambassador to To\"'Yo, CEo ... young men fro m 18 to 25 ent r d not have children over 21 years of age, and br by Saturday, August 25." Woods, and Japan Amba ador Hanihar publi school with no education in pri­ ilia t reason land had to be leased under the resigned in prot t, warning that the provi­ mary and grammar chool grad ,and name of second-genera tion Japanese Ameri­ JACL Involvement sion had struck a blow to Japanese pride and a t side by ide with Caucasian kids can known as Kibei (second-generation Ja­ On August 21, two representatives from ould hav "grav con equ nc ." The E . from 10 to IS year of ag . Many of pan e born in Hawaii, a U. S. territory a t the the Japanese American Citizens League clusion Act r pr nt d the fir t ~ d raJ action them made approa he to our young time). (JACL), John Y. Maeno and Kay Sugahara, of discriminatory chara ter aimed a t th girl , often pa sing note to th girls, Anti-alien sentIment, dormant for several arrived in Phoenix and met with County At­ Japanese. xpre ed in ob c ne language. year, urtaced again and caused the reacti­ torney Renz L. Jennings. They hoped to open After passage of the Exclusion Ac t, Pr i­ va tion of the Alien Uiod Act by the summer of a line of corrununication and ease tensioos. dent Coolidge is ued an executive order bar­ Arizona Mimics California 1932. Japanese farming was now seen as a They brought with them carefully compiled ring immigration of Japanese from Mexico great threat to the livelihood of many white sta tistics showing that the average length of and Canada as weU as immigration from Ha· Calliomia' fir t Alien Land Law of 1913 farmers. The cataly t for real trouble proved residence in the Valley of Japanese residents waii to the Mainland. It remained in force allowed aliens to lease land for a maximwn of to be a 1933 blight which devastated the en­ was 20 years or more before the passage of until President Harry S. Truman revoked it in thr e years, and in 1920 th econd land law tire Salt River Valley cantaloupe crop, an im­ the Alien Land Law. In their discussion with 1948. was passed which prevented aliens from the portant a gricultural commodity. The follo.v­ Jennings, they emphasized the well-known One of the underpinnings of the 1924 Act was right to own or lease agricuJturallands. ing year only a few fanners and sluppers de­ exemplary citizenship of the Japanese as well due to an analysis by Dr. Harry H. Laughlin In 1921 an American Legion post in Sac­ cided to risk investing in another crop. These as more statistics which showed that the land of the Carnegie Institution in Washingtoo, ramento sent a letter to the editor of the specula tors, primarily Japanese, were re­ which the Japanese cultivated had actually who was appointed "expert eugenics a gent" A rizona Republican warning Arizonans that, warded with high yield and handsome prof­ been reduced by half during the previous to the House Corrunittee on Immigration and with the exclusion of Japanese from the land its. This succes increased animosity and years, a fact that clearly belied rumors of a Naturalization. His report, "Expert Analysis in California, " the agricultural regions of opened charges of violation of the Alien Land "Japanese invasion." The statistics appar­ of the Metal and the Dross in America's Melt­ Arizona will be next in line for settlement by Law. ently had little or no effect on Anglo officials Japanese if no such legislation is enacted ing Pot, " declared that " the surest biologica1 White Farmers Mobilize and the two returned to Los Angeles in principle ... to direct the future of America there." Anti-alien sentiment was building, disgust. along safe and sound racial channels is to and a land law bill was introduced to the On Aug. IS, 1934, a meeting of about six The news of these events had quite an im­ control the hereditary quality of the immigra­ Arizona state legislature in late January. It hundred fanners in the Powler district (north­ pact arOlll1d the nation. Newsweek, the Los tion stream. " Some scholars contended that was subrrutted by American Legion Can­ west Phoenix) met to discuss the alien situa­ Angeles Times , and the New York Times car­ this analysis had a pseudoscientific basis fa­ mander Bert H. Clingen to Senator CeloraM. tion. Sentiment was high on the subject. Eight ried prominent and very emotional stories voring the immigra tion of Northwest Euro­ Stoddard. militant farmers, led by Fred Kruse, had al­ about the situation. Paramount Studios sent a peans and--at least by strong implicatioo­ Passage in the Senate was swift but debate ready formed an anti-alien committee which film crew to Phoenix to record any further baning that of other races altogether. over the bill raged in the House. The stated had organized the meeting. incidents. The courts repeatedly decided in favor of purpose of the bill was to "limit land owner­ After two days of talking, the Fowler meet­ The naoonal press generally registered the federal government's right to exclude ship to citizens of the United States and those ing reached a rather bold decision: Japanese protests aimed at the agitators, as well as at alieos. In the case of naturalization, the who are assimilable by our race. " There was in the Valley were guilty of breaking the intent the Ariwna officials who displayed a determi­ broadest judicial interpretation possible was widespread fear of competition from the Japa­ of the Alien Land Law by famling land that nation not to restrain those responsible. Coo­ decided based on the first naturalization nese and of worsening unemployment of mil­ was being held for them by their native dill­ cern was primarily over possible intematioo­ Alien Land Act written in 1790, which stated lions of Americans. However, the wording of dren or by cooperating whites. In so doing, al implications. This concern was not unwar­ that any alien "being a free white person ... the bill was strictly racist. This racism was the Japanese were thus denying Americans ranted, for Japanese-American relations bad may be admitted to become a citizen." (In apparent in newspaper accounts. As pointed land and q>portunity. This cooclusioD was been deteriorating hr years, and a militaIy­ 1790 some slaves were white, and it was br out in the Arizona State Law Journal, the not surprising; but another conclusion ar­ minded Japanese government was beginning this reason the term "free" was used to qual­ Tucson Citizen flaunted the bill as "a fore­ rived at by those in attendance was to have to capitalize on any Western insult. ify the phrase " white person. ") This Act had, guard against the yellow peril in Ariwna." great impact on not only the Salt River Valley, Politically we were aligned with the Japa­ of course, been amended to include aliens of The ArizoTUl Republican described it as "the but also on American relations with Japan. nese government 00 the international scene, African nativity or descent; ho.vever, it was . anti-Japanese bill," and the Arizona Daily The Fowler meeting concluded with the an­ but the political friendship was proving to be still used as a legal justification for barring the Star more colloquially referred to it as the nouncement that the Japanese in the Valley purely pragmatic for the United States. Japan Japanese frcm American spheres. "anti-Jap bill." would be given exactly ten days to leave the had been shortchanged concerning Korea af­ It appears from the original statutes and Representative J.e. Phillips testified vigor­ area! According to this ultimatum, any Japa­ ter the warwith China in 1894, and then again subsequent legislation the phrase "free white ously against passage of the bill, attempting nese remaining after that time would be forci­ in 1905 at the conchJsion of the Russo-Japa­ bly removed by the farmers person" was intended to exclude only Blacks to fight this blind hysteria with reason. He thanselves. Sur­ neseWar. and Indians from naturalizatioo, and both of argued that prisingly, the Anti-Alien Committee did rot In 1904 Japan wait to war with Russia over distinguish between Issei (Japanese, foreign­ these groups were eventually made eligible. . . . [the Japanese] are not only in com­ their interests in Korea and Manchuria. In Prior to 1913, in California, aliens enjoyed born) and Nisei (American-born Japanese); to 1905 the Tsar sent the Baltic fleet around the petition with American farmers, but them, such distinctions seemed irrelevant. the same rights to ownership, contracts, and they have given employment to more world to overwhelm the Japanese Navy. But leases as did citizens. However, in 1920 and The farmers and their sympathizers had thus during the Battle of the Sea of Japan in May than 1,200 laborers other than Japa­ formed an anarchistic, vigihnte political in 1923, acts were passed which effectively that same year, the Japanese, under Admiral nese within the last year. The products group. stripped alien fanners of the ability to work Heihac.hiro Togo, dealt the Russians a de­ raised by them are such as in the west To advertise their ultimatum, the farmers the land under any kind of legal arrangement. vastatin~ defeat. President Theodore Roose- have never been successfu1Jy produced organized an autolOObile parade on the 17th Continued on Next Page Friday, January 4·11, 1985 I PACIFIC CITIZEN SIC. B-7, ARIZONA--- ontinued from Previous Page to comply with the law. Just before the farm- ken and concrete irrigation pipes shattered. screen on the front porch while Takesuye-, liiS T ' deadline, Governor Moeur finally an­ In the Lehi district of Mesa, 15-year-old Susie wife, and their three children huddled inside It d rib d it to a Japan friend a "th nounc d that he wanted to enforce the Alien Ishikawa (Sato) was knocked to the ground the house, paralyzed with fear. reat t ph nom non th world ha v r Land Law "gently and quitably." This was when a banb exploded just fifteen feet from At the outset of these vigilante incidents, ~ n." Japan' vi tory brought about an ab­ hi only conce sion to those outside th tate her. Dave Reed, an Anglo farmer who em­ local officials were quick to describe the ac­ ruptchang in th attitud ofall th Europ an who t ared for the safety and rights of the ployed Japanese laborers, was another intend­ tions as "isolated," and to assure those am­ p ers. he v a now viewed a a po er to be minority Japan . . ed victim of a bomb exploding in his yard but cerned that there would be no repetition of the reckon d \' ith. N \ re pe t a gi n to her Th week prior to the deadlin a w a flurry it caused little damage. Kay Kurstere Ishi­ violence. Concurrent with these assurances, tat men and arnbas adors. It wa th first of wnmon.se and charges filed against the kawa, a Me a farmer, had a bomb thrown however, local courts were continuing to call tim in four hundr d ars that a "non-whit " Japan and Caucasian "collaborators." into hi yard but it failed to explode. in the Japanese to accuse them of breaking nation had dcl ated "whit power." The Th official a tions eemed to both appeas A spokesman of the Anti-Alien Committee the law. Europeans had bad a tring of unbrok n con­ th agitators and oU r quick opportunitie to was asked about the bombings and, accord­ qu ts in both North Am rica and outh pro cut th "guilty alien." It was appar- ing to Kimura, his reply was, "Why, if we Anglo Hysteria Am ri ,in Au tralia and N w Z aland, Af­ ntly hoped that uch trong action would were going to throw any bombs, we'd throw ri , and in Iarg part of la. appea th farmers so they would forego them into the houses and not simply into an The white fanners were having their wishes Japan made it ry lear \ hat its expan- th ir r olv of viol nce. These imp ncling irrigation canal. What we're interested in is met. The Japanese fanners who were accused jonist intention ould b . H r r ources pro utions did tave off the Fowler ultima­ seeing that every Japanese engaged in agri­ (virtually all of the Japanese fanners in the bad en tret bed to th ry limit. Ho till­ tum. At a m ting on the 25th of Augu t, the culture in this Valley is forced to vacate." Valley) were enjoined from cultiva ting or har­ tie rna ha e ceased but th re could be no fann r decided to d lay th enforcement of New of these events aroused anger from vesting their crops. It was a case of "guilty r laxation, fur the country was no ngag d their d adline. Instead, they agreed to at­ Washington to Tokyo, and local officials re­ until proven innocent." It would appear that in conomi warlare. Japan persuaded Presi­ tend, n mas e, the trial of the fir t a cuseq ceived continuous pleas for an end to the violence and threats were not necessary, br d nt Roose elt to ill diat th p a treaty Japan Thu, officially, th rusade violence. such perverse discriminRII(ln WOllt(' "oon rid b tv e n h If and Ru ia, but wb n the again t th Japan se was uspended. On Oct. 30, three crudely constructed the V alley of the majority of Asians. bombs made of dynamite stuffed in tin cans treaty as ign d in Portsmouth, N w Hamp- Bullets and Bombs Through all these proceedings, Arizona's hire in 1905, th r ere riots in many Japa­ exploded during the night. For Levi Reed and Revised Code oj 1928 (p. b41) appeared to n e citi . Japan bad expe ted far more from However, contrary to their promised N. Takiguchi it was the second attack. Reed's have been forgotten or ignored. The Code the negotiation than h re i ed. p ace, on Sept. 9 th farms of thr e Japanese hou e had the windows shattered and the provided that "any competent person, corpo­ w re flooded by vamals. Then on Sept. 12, a noise could be heard a mile and a balf away in ration or official may be appointed guardian Growing Fears of Japan Japane e farmer, Tadashi Tadano, was Tolleson. Taki guchi , farm received little oj the estate of a minor citizen whose parents watching th floodgate at his farm wben ix damage, but the explosion jarred windows in are ineligilile to appointment." In Am rica, fears of Japan had been gro.v- autornobil pulled up and about fifteen Tolle on two mile to the west. The following Superficially, this situation appeared to be ing. Tb t\ 0 nation were em rging two masked night riders alight d. Brandishing night incendiary bcmbs were thrown at the nothing more than political maneuverings. omenders in the Pacific, with th United guns, they shoved Tadano' truck into the property of Haruo Takesuye narrowly miss- What is not so apparent at first study is the tat taking Hawaii and the Philippin . Ja­ pan made known ber expan ianist de igns- hich bad been nece ita ted by th costly \ ar hicb had all but devastat d ber eco­ DOmi ally. The U.S. re pond d, ironically, to her "ally" with an increasing concern for the rights of 0Una and Korea. Japan aIXl the U.S. were each growing in their nationalism. Japan's pride had been built up by its victories against China and Rus ia and with the signing of the Japanese­ American alliance. At the ame time, h(J\o\l­ e er, he was being insulted by acts of racism in the U.S., and politically was becoming keptical ofber new "friend." It wa an uncer­ tain friendship between the two countries. Discriminatory American immigration, land ownership, and miscegenation law were common knowledge in Japan, and were most offensive. America' pretense to free­ dom and democracy appeared shallow in light of these laws. She bad even abstained from voting for a racial equality clause in the League of Nations Covenant which would state that "the principle of equality of nations and the just treatment of their nationals ... shall be a ftmdamental basis offuture interna­ tional relations in the new world organiza­ tion." The Anglo-American powers, fearful of Japane • . lmrrican are !aolltlig 2600 aue~ rnlhe rich Salt Rir'er Valle)'. /laving the implication as to immigration, abstained both the putu'fl(' and industry required, they rai e kllchen garden crops that from voting on the proposal. This abstention demand in/wiff' ami attention. Thrse people grow mo to/the {raw­ was the equivalent to voting against it. To the care lu.'iciou Japanese, among which were included a nlDD ­ berries rai!;ed ill liz ('alley. A number 0/ them serl'ed in World IFar 11 a Amer­ ber of future prime ministers am foreign min­ Icap solt/ien I JWl ( 'J/lIT/hule milch to the Comll1l1f11fl II/ /I hICh the)' lhe isters, it was but another reminder that they were still not accepted by the Western world. With a.hoost total disregard for the interna­ Photo and caption from Arizona Highways, May, 1948 tional implications pointed out by Washing­ ton and the national press, the Arizona fann­ ers continued plans to carry out their threats. In yet another move, a general boycott of irrigation ditch, fired two bullets into the ing a barn full of hay, which would have been actual hysteria that had infected so many ra­ Japanese farmers was discussed and truck, and then fired shots over the frightened a devastating loss for the Takesuyes. tional Anglos. This hysteria grew in spite oi threatened. man's head and fled into the night Governor Moeur assured residents that the irrefutable statistics which belied the primary A few nights later, around midnight on sheriff's deputies were out patrolling the high­ complaint of the white farmers. Actually, 90% Sept. 18, there were simultaneous dynamite ways attempting to apprehend those who Arizona Officials Silent oi the Japanese residing in the area had lived explosions in three different sections of the were responsible. In spite of his assurances, there jor 20 years or more, and acreage culti­ Arizona officials were all but silent abrut Valley. One bomb was ailned at the fann­ the bombings continued. On Nov. 28, three vated by Japanese had dropped by 50% in the the situation. Governor Moeur issued an im­ house of Fred Okuma and another was more Japanese fanns west of Phoenix were previous ten years. These important fuets mediate assurance to Washington and Tokyo thrown at the home of Ryeman Asano, landing attacked by bombs made from quart-size to­ were, iurthennore, totally ignored by the that the situation was under control. When less than a hundred feet away and causing. mato cans stuffed with cotton and dynamite. local press. the threats and promises of violence contin­ little damage, but it frightened the occupants. Fred Okwna had a bomb land in an irrigation In a debate in late October between Danny ued, he declared that nothing would really Frank Sugioo's £ann in Mesa had its flood­ ditch near a Mexican laborer but it failed to Isabell, a prominent white fanner, and happen. Significantly, neither press coverage gates blown out, submerging twenty acres of explode. A second bomb rolled toward the Japa­ nese farmer Fred Okuma, Okwna reiterated nor public statements issued by the govern­ land and damaging his roof am the winoow front of Tanaka's house but caused little dam­ these statistics; however, acknowledgement ment officials in Arizona criticized the fann­ screens. age. Jim Takesuye's farm northwest of by Anglo farmers came in the foim of three ers; instead, the pronouncements stressed On Oct 4 the situation was worsened by Phoenix was the third target. The explosion more bombings that oighL Mootbs after the the need for the Alien Land Act to be upheld. four more separate bombing incidents. No­ shattered the front windows, ripped off The local belief was that the Japanese needed boru Takiguchi of Tolleson had windows bro- boards almg the gable, and tore off the Continued OD Nest Page Sec. ~ PACIFIC CITIZEN I Friday, January 4-11, 1985

situation. Ther were ix hundred Anglo were quoted in the papers. These assurances victims of bombings." Members of the As­ ARIZONA--- fanners involved. Almost every Japanese were brief and generalized, never mentioning sociation felt they represented "the senti­ Continued from Previous Page fanner was affected directly by being pre­ any specific redress, let alone outrage. In a ments of a great mass of Christian people vented fran ultivating or harvesting until the letter to CorneU Hull dated Oct. 4, 1934, Gov­ who believe in the processes of law and order, trouble began, a publi - pirited group in the ca e were decided in th courts. In tum, the ernor Moem stated, "You may be assured and who disapprove of terrorism and vD­ Mesa area appointed two prominent citizens delay affected those employed by the Japa­ that every precaution is being taken to see lence," and they demanded "THAT TIIE to research and report on the facts involved in ne e and also the packer and shippers. Gov- that no violence occurs. " In the same letter he LAW-ENroRCING AGENOES LE!'ID EV­ the controvers . Th findings of Harvey L. rnor Moeur' correspondence was typically deplores the activities as communistic. ERY EFroRT ro APPREHEND TIIE Taylor, principal of Me High hool, and ters ; h repeatedly deni d that tbere was a Government officials either denied the sever­ BOMBERS AND ro PREVENT ANY RE­ the Rev. W .A. Matson, pastor of Me aM tho eriou problem. In a hort tim ,his interpre­ ity of the ituation or refused to get involved CURRENCE OF SUCH DISGRACEFUL odist Church, w re onden ed in the Me a­ tation was no longer taken eriou ly by because of personal sentiment or fear of repris­ LAWLESSNESS. " Tribune. Th Tayklr-Matson tudy iOlmd Washington or Tokyo. als. Responsibility was always placed in an­ In spite of these utterances of sympathy and that of the ill Japan ere iding in that part other official's domain and, as a result, gov­ concern, the Japanese people in the Valley actually received scant help sympathy. of the Valley, the a rage length of re id DC Media Sidesteps Violence ernment protection never materialized. A re­ or was 28 years. Fwth nnore, the only Japan Phoenix newspaper played down the seri­ view of almos t two years of Arizona news­ Yoshiju Kimura said he, personally, renum­ coming into the Valley during the previous ou ne of the violence, perhap because no papers found no reference to any communist bers no expression of sympathy at the time of four ears and ttling th r had b en a cook on had been hurt, but this did Dot lessen the activities in Arizona In fact, Acting Secretary the terrorism. According to Kimma, it was from Ely, Nevada, and a Mrs. Ayako Okuda, t rror and hardship the Japanese experi­ of State Phillip's reply to the Moem letter apparent that officials did not want to get who was in charge of the local M thodist enced. It appeared that local politicians and refening to the subject totally ignored the involved. He cited the actions of Renz Jen­ Mission. During the same period, a number the pr dXi not want to alienate a substan­ reference. nings as an example: "He just come to the of Japanese had actually returned to the W t tial portion of the community by speaking out The ma;t serious attempt on the part of a courthouse, but he never go inside [sic]. He Coast or to Japan. against the terrorism. Considering the nlUD­ government official to deal with the problem stayed hcme_ II Most of the Japanese in the Valley had been ber of people involved and the seriousness of was the appointing of a Land Tenme Can­ As County Attorney, Jennings was a crucial there for more than 20 years. Nearly all of the the incidents, Moeur's denials were, at best, mittee by Governor Moem in September of figure in the affair. Kimma is sure that the Japanese farmed property that was lawfully naive. 1934. This "bilateral committee" was made law-enforcement officials did not really want owned by second-generation Japanese who The Phoenix Gazette reported the can­ up of ~ men: two Valley fanners, Danny to catch the people responsible Dr the specific were American citizens. As far back a Iun ments made by Anti-Alien Canmittee Chair­ Isabell and Fred Okuma, and Carl Homes, a acts of violence. Kimura also believes that it 1932, when the first hint of trouble occurred, man Fred Kruse on Aug. 27 while he was member of the State Industrial Commission was fortune alone that prevented serious in­ H.O. Yamamoto had wanted to assm Gov­ peaking to a group of militant and disgrun­ who was named the chainnan.. This first at­ jury or death during some of the bombings. ernor George Hunt and the community that tl d farm rs. Kruse declared, "From now on it tempt to organize direct discussions between One incident of terrorism involved a shooting the Japanese were not, in any way, defying is up to you, all of you, to push this matter, iiit the two factions proved to be a dismal failure, that appeared to have been attempted mmder. the Law. In a letter to the Governor, be asked takes years. I think we will get somewhere." and within six weeks of its inception the C(D}­ that the cOlmty or the state start inve tigating The farmers adopted a resolution declaring mittee was dead. It had served no pllIpOOC While Washingtoo and Tokyo waited i>r the matter in order to lay to rest rumors that the attitude of the Phoenix Chamber of Can­ other than as a podium for further accusatory local actioo to be taken to prevent violence threatened the p ace and security of the Japa­ merce "un-American" for opposing the vio­ diatribe and to delineate the points of con­ against the Japanese in the Salt River Valley, nese farmers. lence whim, claimed the farmers, condemned tention. Upon its demise, the Anglo and Japa­ headlines in the Plx>enix papers told only of Not one Japanese was found guilty of "the American farmers of the Valley for at­ nese farmers were no closer to resolving their warrants and complaints against the suspect­ ed Japanese violators of the Alien Land Law. breaking the Alien Land Law. Nevertheless, tempting to get state laws enforced. II At the conflict than before. According to Susie Sato, · during the hysteria, many of the Anglos parti­ same tim , Phoenix attorney LC. McNabb "Since no official record can be found of the On August 21, 1934, four days before the an­ cipating in the anti-alien crusade had been was reJX>rted as saying, "If the present pros­ appointment of ccmmittee members, one nounced deadline, six complaints were filed convinced that " alien Japanese" were ruining ecutions fail, then Japanese and Hindu fann­ could ask whether the Governor was earnest- against "persons suspected of conspiring" to the Labor/commercial structille of fanning in er will be in danger. If some bois let them 1y concerned about this agitation against violate the law. Two days later, Jennings the Valley. In 1943 Governor Sidney Osborn throw out these cases, then danger will ccme. alien farmers." cited twelve more people as weU as one said, "We cannot assimilate trose Japs . . .It We should serve notice on the Japanese and corporation is going to break down om wage scale, it is Hindus." Tucson Daily Objects going to canplicate om social problem. " Press reJX>rts of Valley vents accompanied There were references in the Tucson Daily State Department Concerned by photos appeared throughout the country Star to scme ranchers in the Valley who were The U.S. State Department's concern was and clearly indicated a serious problem. opposed to the campaign. They had sup­ apparent Federal officials were not naiv~ Arizona F..arming Boosted There were repeated stories in the New York posedly served notice that they would not they were well aware of the potential i>r Time , the Lo Angeles Times, and the Den­ tolerate agitators attempting to pressme any Other charges which were bandied a..brut greater violence. Acting Secretary of State ver Post According to the Aug. 22, 1934, alien workers on their land. An editorial by were just as unfair and illogica1. Tbe Japa­ William Ailllips urged Goverror Moem by edition of the Post, "Ariwna supplanted the publisher of the Tucson Daily Star was in nese supposedly intended to take over the telegram to use every means possible to pre­ Manchuria as Japan's principal trouble stark contrast to the sole editorial found in the farming industry. They also, reportedly, were vent any situation arising between the "U.S. zone." Developments in Arizona eclipsed Phoenix papers. The editorial called for swift overworking the land and prcxhtcing inferior and Japan and the nationals of each in the even the squabble with Russia over the China action by Governor Moem to end the agita­ agricultural products. Ironically, it had been territory of the other. II Local officials seemed Eastern Railway as a topic of editorial C(D}­ tion which might lead to serious international the ingenioos, hardworking Japanese who to be gambling with the situation, waiting ment. The Sept. 1, 1934 issue of Newsweek problems. had pioneered the lucrative vegetable and until the last possible minute for fear of alien­ fruit industry in Arizona, creating an industry magazine declared, "Arizona Becomes Ja­ The dangerous part about this recent ating the white fanners. Apparently, they pan's Main Trouble Zone." The article con­ where there had been none and putting to use demonstration is that the agitators are were hoping to satisfy the fanners with otherwise barren land. tinued by saying that yeUow fanners were wrong and are perpetuating a profound speedy legal actioo against the Japanese. The first carload of lettuce to be shipped hurting business because of their coolie labor injustice on a ccmparativelyfew peace­ Acting Secretary of State Phillips telephoned from the Valley was raised and shipped methods. ful and irrlustrious Japanese. The Japa­ Arizona Attorney General' Arthur T. la­ by Sanichi Ishikawa, a Japanese immigrant. Mouer Ignors Seriousness nese government would be sadly negli­ Prade, but immediately gave the telephone to Other firsts included shipments of strawber­ gent of its duty unless it acted to protect a representative of the Far East Relations ries and cantaloupes by other Japanese im­ Goveroor Moem persisted in disavowing its natiooals, while the government at Division of the State Department who asked migrant farmers. These industries gave the the seriousness of the situation-at one point Washington would be negligent of its for details of the situation. According to the Salt River Valley its national reputation. attributing the violence to suspected "cem­ duty if it failed to act promptly as it has Tucson Daily Star, LaPrade declined to di­ Thousands of dollars came into the Valley munist activities." Correspondence to Gover­ done, to see that the Japanese received vulge details of the conversation, but it was economy as a result, the price of land in­ nor Moem, however, definitely outlined the fair treatment. When om government understood the State Department represent­ creased, and hundreds were furnished with seriousness of the situation. On Nov. 30, the is clearly in the right, the entire re­ ative had said "any serious trouble between employment. Japanese Consul at Los Angeles, Tomokazu somces of the country sbould be used to white fanners and Japanese here might pre­ Products yielded by previous methods of Hori, seDt a three-page letter to Moem out­ defend its position, but when it is cipitate difficulties for Americans residing in fanning in Arizona could not compete on the lining events and asking for action. Corres­ wfong, the sensible, the hooest thing, Manchuria" After conferring with the Mari­ open national market with the products from pondence with CordeU Hull and Acting Sec­ and the fair thing to do is to admit the copa County Attorney and the sheriff, la­ the more favored climes, especially in the retary of State William Phillips stressed the wrong and attempt to right it. Justice Prade telegraphed the State Department to middle of the Depression. Fwthennore, growing implications of the Arizona crisis. In sbould recognize no race, color or report that he bad been "assmed there would charges that the Japanese overworked the other parts of the country the incidents were creed. The Japanese are entitled to be no physical violence against the soil and produced substandard crops were seen in a realistic light and the vigilante ac­ justice. Japanese. " The Taylor-Matson study referred to earli­ fatuous, for they had already been working tion was being viewed as barbaric. Washington and Tokyo were placated tem­ er was really the one concerted and bwnane their farms for over 20 years and their prod­ Arizona was being very provincial in its porarily, but as the violence flared and coo­ attempt to deal with the situation. A group of ucts were obviously welcomed by buyers. regard to the situation. The local emphasis tinued unabated, implications became seri­ pastors also joined in protest to Govenx>r It was true that the Japanese were, to an was on the apprehension of the suspect ous. According to the New York Times, Nov. Moem. The Southside Ministerial Associa­ extent, isolated from the white cultme arOlmd aliens. The Phoenix papers ran a single edito­ 3, 1934, a Washington AP dispatch indicated It tion made its opinions quite clear. Fred Pul­ them. But this isolation was due mostly to rial about the situation. was terse, calling that the State Department was displeased liam, a spokesman for the Association and white prejtrlice and discrimination. Restric­ for a swift settlement in an "orderly and peace­ with the way Arizona was handling the situa­ pastor of the First Baptist Chmch of Mesa, tive national legislation regarding immigra­ ful manner," and stressed the importance of tion and the Japanese government was irate. noted its "disapproval of the acts of unre­ tion and passage of alien land laws did not maintaining Arizona's reputation "as a lawful Yoneo Sakai, a Japanese correspondent in strained terrorism that have been perpetrated make them feel welcome. community." Los Angeles, kept the Japanese press up to There were no expressions of human indig­ upon some Japanese families in om commu­ Another curious facet of this episode is that date. statements from local officials and from the nation. Instead, vernal "assurances" ema­ nity, including, in particular, two very weU­ local press did not reflect the gravity of the nating primarily from the governor's office respected Christian families, who have been Continued on Page 8-12 I Friday, January 4·11, 1985 I PACIFIC CITIZEN Sec. 8-9 Constitutional Amendments .and Resolutions

l-OARes. Duties c#. the Natimal Director. The following constitutional amendments and resolutions, considered at the national convention To amend Bylaws Article XI, Sectioo 1 (c). Int:rodlred by San Diego JACL; There shall be an Executive Committee of the Natiooal Board Masaaki Hironaka, president. April 23, 1984. in August, formulate JACL policy on a number of comprised of the President, the four Vice Presidents, the Sec­ Background to the Proposed.Redutioo issues for the 1984-85 biennium. retaryfl'reasurer, the Olai.q)erson of the District Governors' PAOFICUlIZEN BOARD Caucus, the National youth Cwncil Chairpersoo, the immediate The Pacific Citizm, ''the official publication" of the Japanese past Natioml President and the Naticnal Legal Coumel The American Citizens League was established by the OI'gmlization's immediate past National President and the Natiooal Legal founding fathers ~ an entity separate from Naticnal Head­ Constitutional AmeOOments Counsel shall have no vote ... [and any other Articles and quarters to be governed by its own board of directors reporting Sectiooswhere apprq>riate.] DEWATED,Aug.17,19M. to the NatXmal President, National Boord and the National (As fOl'WS'ded to die Natiooal Director, die following anendments ." Council were postnaiced 00 Ialer than Job' 1, 1984; wpies were distributed CD CIA Res.3-Numberm BoanIMembers. (bapters fm- review July 12, 1984.) NatimaJ Article XII, Sectien 2 of the bylaws specifies that "the Pacific Introduced by Portlmd JAQ..; Citizen Board of Directors shaD be entrusted with the business Teny Akwai, president, June 15, 1984. Fiscal impact No. and editocial responsibilities of this publication." To amend Bylaws Article VI, Sectioo 1. Originally, sub&::riptioos of Pacific Citizen were purchased The autmrized number of Board Members sball be not more directly fran the newspaper. In 1960, it was decided to coI.lect Whereas, Article XlI of the National JACL By-Laws entrusts than nineteen (19). DEWATED, Aug. 17, 19M. the PC suhscripticn fee aloog with membership dues through the responsibility for the organization's publication, the Pacific ." National Headquarters. Periuded by Section 3 - Duties CIA Res. S--Aaive Memben. ambiguities in the bylaws. I.>epite these ambiguities, questioos (b) The National Director shall supervise the National Head­ Introduced by the Natiooal Board; regarding the lines and extent of autluity were not raised quarters and all Staff members and regional area offices within Vice President of Membership, July 7, 1984. Fiscal impact No. previously. The ClllTent National Director correctly bas re­ the National Budget and under the supervision of the National Amended by National COlmdl, Aug. 17. Secretary/I'reasurer, shall disburse funds for all organization quested a clarificatim of his responsibilities, and National Legal To ammd Bylaws Article I. Section 1. Counsel Rag fOlmd that under the bylaws the Pacific Citizen staff activities in accordance with the mandates of the National Council, except as hereinafter provided in paragraph (c). (c) Active members sball pay dues as directed by their is to be amidered as part of the National staff and therefore Olapter. falls tmder the jwi!dictioo of the Naticnal Director. (c) The Pacific Citizen and its staff shall be responsible to the National President,National Board and National Council through (d) The chapters shall direct their members to pay dues as The Pacific Cit:i2En Board believes this was not the intent of the Pacific Citizen Board. Pacific Citizen funds shall be clearly follows: the founding fathers. Further, the Pacific Citizen Board believes identified in the overall National budget and all subscription in­ (i) Naticnal dues set by the National Cooncil, to be promptly that in the spirit of the FIrst Amendment guaran~ freedom come shall be disbursed to the Pacific Citizen. remitted by the au.>ter; or of the press, it is imperative to free the Pcrific Citizen from the ADOPTED, Aug. 17, 1984 (ii) Natimal dues set by the Natimal Council, to be remitted possibility or even the appearcIlce of rutside influence. There­ .", by the member to Natimal Headquarters and fore, in order to clarify the bylaws and to maintain Pacific OA Res.2-Natiooal Board SubcommittPa. (iii) au.>ter dues, if any, to be remitted to the Olapter by Citizen's integrity as originally, the Pacific Citizen Board bas Introduced by Portland JACL; Natimal Headquarters. DEWATED, Aug. 17, 19M. pI'q)OSed the following resolufun to amend the bylaws. Teny Akwai, president, June 15, 1984. Fiscal impact No. DivBml mhome tauy: (63 yes, 48 1M), 3 aIJstained).

~ .l Resolutions The folDwing preolIlVeotioo Resolutions, amtained ~ die Official 28 Res.l-Clarifying Duties of the National Director Japanese alike, know of our concerns. Delegate InfOl'lDlltDl Packet fm- die 28th BieDIial Natiooa1 JA

More Resolutions • • • 28 Res. S-Formation of a National Committee 28 Res. 7-ContinuingSupport of the U.S. Hibakusha for Singles Concern ' " Wherea:., although the achievement of these goals still re­ By Greater L.A. ingles JACL. May 27, 1984; Revised. Aug. 8. By Portland JACL, July 11,1984 mains its major focus, an immeasurable degree of progress has Tom Shimasaki. Pres. Terry Akwai, Pres. been cttained, to such an extent that it is now ready in both strength and resources to focus additionally on issues that have Whereas, it is common knowledge that single persons of Japa­ Wh reas. the National ouncil of the Japanese American Citi­ direct and indirect influences on the further advancement of nese ancestry (" ingles") constitute a significant percentage of zen League (J A L) endorsed the concept of a United tate Hiba­ these goals, the population of Japanese ancestry in the United tates and ku ha Medical Aid Bill at the Sacramento Convention in 1976, the "Whereas, among these issues is the most important one of Whereas, it is well known that singles have various problems of alt Lak ity Convention in 1978, the Millbrae Convention in 1980 United States-Japan relations, including political and economjc personal economics. health, relationships, loneliness. retirement and the Lo Angele onvention in 1982; and frictions between the two nations which frequently generate and others unique to their situation, and Wherea , there are currently estimated to be one thousand overtones of racism, against all forms of which JACL has con­ Whereas, the Japanese American Citizen League, being con­ Hibaku ha living in the United tate • some six hundred (600) of stantly fought. cerned for the singles. at it 27th Biennial National onvention. whom have already been identified; and "Whereas, a good, harmonious American-Japanese partnership duly authorized the formation of JACL singles chapters in the Whereas, a J apane e Medical Team has been conducting bien­ has the immense potential for promoting the well-being of the United tates, and nial vi it ince 1977 to an Franci co, Los Angeles, Seattle and United States, Japan and the entire world. as well as the well­ Whereas, the Greater Los Angeles ingle hapter wa formed Honolulu to mterview and examine these U.S. Hibakusha under being of Japanese Americans, now and in the future, in 1983 and attained a membership of over 200 in a year's time. and the Joint pon or hip of the Japanese Ministry of Health and "Whereas, Japanese Americans are now performing key roles Whereas, this same chapter organized the First National JACL Welfare, the Hiro hima Prefectural Medical A sociation, the of leadership in the entire fabric of American society, including Singles Convention held Memorial Day Week-end, 1984 in Gar­ Radiation Eff ct Re earch Foundation, the City of Hiroshima national and local legislatures, the judiciary and administrations, dena, CA with over 250 Nisei, ansei, and other ingles in at­ and Hiro hima Prefecture; and industry. education and the professions, while other Japanese tendance, and Whereas. the Japanese Medical Team examined eleven (11) Americans are also now deeply involved in every facet of Ameri­ Whereas, JACL and non-JAo.. singles from eattle. alt Lake anadian Hibaku ha for the first time during their 1983 visit; and can life. all of whom are in varying degrees affected by the trends City, Northern and Southern California citie at t~ e onvention Whereas, the e medical team visit provide substantial media of American-Japanese relations. appointed a steering committee to plan and organize the econd cov rage and ub equent public education on the issue; "Whereas, the achievements of J ACL have already contributed National JACL ingles on ention for September 1985, and Now, therefore, be it re olved, that the National ouncil of the to the improvement of American-Japanese relations. such as im­ Whereas, as a result of this convention. a group of Sansei in­ J apane e Am rican itizen League re-dedicate itself to the dili­ migration, citizenship, property ownership, and human gles are in the process of becoming affil iated with the JACL for gent pur uit of obtaining proper and adequate medical assistance rights . . .. " the first time. and for the Hibaku ha living in the United tates. Whereas, in conformity with this resolution, the JACLhas made Whereas. at the first JACL National ingles Convention. reso­ ADOPTED. Aug. 17, 1984 great progress during the past biennium in developing a positive lution were passed to request the Japanese American Citizens ." and constructive role in the American-Japanese relations, League at its 28th Biennial National Convention to establish a 28 Res. 8-Senior Citizens Now. therefore, be it resolved, that JACL reaffirm its commit­ National Committee fo r ingles oncerns and to provide a sup­ ment to its involvement in the area of American-Japanese rela­ port taff thereto. By outh Bay JA L. July 12, 1984 Wendell P. Wong, Pres. tions pursuant to the principles and safeguards of the Gardena Now. therefore, be it re olved. that the Japanese American Resolution as set forth above and that the National Board be Citizens League at its 28th Biennial National Convention establish Wher as, re pect and admiration exist toward the senior citi­ mandated to continue this matter as one of the priority programs a National Committee for Singles Concerns, and zen of our community; and of theJACL. Be it further resolved that this committee conduct and com­ Wherea , enior citizens in our community have demonstrated plete within one year, as one of its tasks. a study of single dignity and per severance against a background of difficult social ADOPTED, Aug. 17. 1984 members in the JACL, which will include recommendations, if and political fo r e , any. on programmatic additions and/or changes at the National Wherea , it I in the best interest of JA L and the Japanese and Chapter levels to attract and retain more JACL single American community that enior citizens not be excluded from 28 Res. lO-Nuclear Arms Control members. ADOPTED, Aug. 17, 1984 benefit of J A L membership due to economic status. By Seattle JACL. July 31,1984 v Now, therefore. be it r esolved, by the National Council of the Whereas, we are in a world moving clo er to the brink of nuclear 28 Res. 6-Appointments, Civil Rights Commission J A L. gather d in Honolulu for the 28th Biennial National Con­ destruction; and By New England JACL, July 11 , 1984 vention. that it expre se deep appreciation to the senior citizens Whereas. the atomic bombings of Hiroshima/Nagasaki have Kei Elyse Kaneda, Pres. fo r their role pa ving the way for future generations enabling them shown the horrors and destruction of nuclear weapons; and to enjoy the rich cultural diversity of thi country and Whereas. the United States and the Soviet Union now have Whereas, the United States Civil Rights Commission was cre­ Be it further re olved, that there be a reduction in membership ated in 1957, and has for 27 years strenuously worked toward enough nuclear weapons to obliterate the planet in one brief ex­ fees fo r NEW senior citi zen 65 year or older equal to fifty change; and increasing opportunity for Americans who have suffered from percent of the regular fees, excluding ubscription to the Pacific racial discrimination; and Whereas, it is contrary to the spirit of the Founding Fathers to itizen. uch reduction shall remain in effect only through this label as "Peacekeeper" the new missiles that can kill millions of Whereas, the Civil Rights Commission has tradi tionally repre­ biennium (2-year period). DEFEATED, Aug. 17, 1984 sented the legitimate aspirations of the Black, Asian American, people in a few minutes; or to amass even more nuclear weapons as " bargaining chips"; and Hispanic, and Native American communities; and Whereas, considering that the appointment to such a Commis­ 28 Res. ~U_S . -Japan Relations Whereas, the cost of the buildup provides fewer jobs than si­ sion of individuals who do not represent the shared senti ments of By acramento J ACL milar investments in the non-military civilian industry; and Whereas. shifting the money back from weapons to people will their own ethnic groups, and who oppose civil rights measures \vh e r ~a:., lh~ I 'auunai ~uun\';li ul lht: Ja p i:l n ~se American Cit i­ provide meanjngful human services and civilian jobs; which have been enacted after decades of struggle, is an insult to z n League, on August 12, 1982, at the Gar dena onvention Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the 1984 National Council of the history and tradition of the Civil Rights Commission, adopted resolution mandating "that J ALL become invol ved to Now, therefore. be it resolved, that the J apanese American matter of concern in the American-J apane e partner hip, with the Japanese American Citizens League support all efforts to Citizens League deplores the appointment of persons to the Civil adeq uate care that J A L does not ei ther in image or in fact. reduce worldwide tension and call for arms control and nuclear disarmament; and Rights Commission and to its staff who are in fundamental di s­ become a "front or propagandist for Japan," agreement with the purposes for which the Commission was cre­ Whereas, thi resolution stated in its preamble the following Be it further resolved, that the National Council of the Japanese American Citizens League strongly urge that the President and ated, AND urges the President of the United States to s e ~ k the rea ons for its adoption : our Senators and Congressmen support regular summit meetings counsel of leading civil rights groups and organizations 10 the "Whereas, the J apane e American Citizen League has consis­ between the leaders of the superpowers. United States prior to naming new Commissioners. tently focu ed on the complete attainment of eq uality, justice. and freedom for those of J apanese heritage in the United tate of ADOPTED. Aug. 17,1984 ." ADOPTED, Aug. 17 , 1984 America,

Now therefore. be it re olved. that pecial arrangements be 28 Res. ll- SimpsoniMazzoli Bill 28 Res. lS-The Recruitment and Leadership By Golden Gate J A L. June 23 , 1984 made for smoke from smokers be exhausted to the outside envir­ onment, and. that if this cannot be achieved, that all smoking in the Development Committee Wi thdrawn. ( ee28 Res. 17). Katherine M. Reyes, Pres. Convention conference and workshop rooms be banned. but that a By New York JACL, Aug. 13, 1984 ." ten minute break be arranged at least every 90-minutes for smo­ B.J. Watanabe, Pres. .. 28 Res. U -JACLer of Biennium- kers to smoke outside the conference rooms . Co-Sponsored by: Philadelphia, Seattle, Downtown L.A., Expenses and Search Committee And be it further resolved, that this resolution be included in the Pan Asian, Coachella Valley, Seabrook, Japan, PSW Youth, By Philadelphia JACL, Aug. 13, 1984 onvention Rules of Procedure. ADOPTED, Aug. 17, 1984 Solano County (P), Selanoco, Chicago, Teresa Maebori, Pres. Washington D.C., Hoosier, Cincinnati. Co-Sponsored by: Detroit, Hoosier, Houston. Pan Asian, Berkeley ." 28 Res. 14-Aging and Retirement Whereas, The Japanese American Citizens League is the oldest Whereas, the award to the JACLer of the Biennium is an op­ and largest national organization representing the welfare of Ja­ portunity to recognize the achievements made by individuals dur­ By Washington, D.C. JACL, Aug. 13. 1984 panese Americans and others of Japanese ancestry residing in the ing a certain time period; and Kris H. Ikejiri, Pres. United States; and Whereas, there are many such outstanding contributions being Co- ponsored by : Cleveland, West Los Angeles. Eden Township. Whereas, in its fifty four years of existence the JACL has es­ made by JACLers, and Berkeley, Chicago, Mile Hi. tablished a significant place in Japanese American history and a Whereas, the Committee on Awards and Recognitions recom­ Whereas, JACL held the first National Conference on Nisei remarkable record in its legislative efforts, to the benefit of all mends that JACLers should be motivated to participate in the Aging & Retirement in 1972 supported by a grant from the Nation­ Japanese Americans; and . selection of the JACLer of the Biennium; al Institute of Mental Health, and as a result of this National Whereas, the existence and achievements of the JACL have Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the expenses of the winner Conference a National Aging and Retirement Committee; been and continue to be, largely through the efforts and support of of the JACLer of the Biennium shall be paid parallel to the pro­ Whereas, the Nisei median age based on the 1980 census is 64 the Nisei; and cedures for Japanese American of the Biennium; years of age; Whereas, the future existence of the JACL will be placed in And be it further resolved, That the District Governors shall Whereas, the needs of the Nisei aging population are increasing serious jeopardy with the passing of the Nisei; and esta blish a search committee to identify and submit nominees for yearly; Whereas, the continued existence of the JACL is im~rtant to the JACL'er of the Biennium award. PASSED, Aug_ 15, 1984 Whereas, the JACL has historically supported goals of the Na­ provide for the future welfare of the Japanese American com­ ." tional Aging & Retirement Committee which resulted in a 30 year munity. especially in times of stress in the United States; and 28 Res. l~ontrol of Smoking grant to the University of Washington, headed by the late Dr. Min Whereas, it is imperative that the organization embark on a in Convention Sessions Masuda, which surveyed the needs of the elderly Nisei population national program to recruit younger Japanese Americans, lest the By Dayton JACL. Aug . 13. 1984 in Seattle, Wash. JACL cease to exist within a predictable future; and James Taguchi, Del. Whereas. this project, funded by NIMH, has been completed Whereas, such a recrui tment program should also seek to devel­ Co-Sponsored by : Detroit. Cincinnati, Twin Cities, Chicago, and the findings are now available to be synthesized and ready to op commitment and leadership in an environment that only the Cleveland. be disseminated and distributed; JACL can provide; that the JACL insures its viability for the Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the National JACL Council future by establishing a national recruitment and development Whereas, serious hazards of tobacco smoke are now well estab­ hereby goes on record to support the Committee's desire to crea­ program that is designed to develop commitment and leadership Iished, and tively use these findings as a preventive measure to assist our among younger JACL members and recruit younger members to Whereas, the majority of members of JACL are non-smokers, aging membership; the organization; and and Toward this goal, we have recently completed a video project on Now therefore, be it resolved. that the JACL National Council, Whereas, many members find that tobacco smoke causes dis­ Nisei Retirement, "A Tale of Nisei Retirement;" gather~d at its 28th Biennial Convention in Honolulu, Haw~, comfort, and others find it a serious health hazard, To further accomplish these goals, JACL will provide in-kind establishes a JACL select committee to be called "The Reerwt­ Whereas, the preclusion of smoking in conference rooms is ~ow matching services on a one-to-three basis toward a matching ment and Leadership Development Committee", whose function a matter of standard procedure in many enlightened organiza­ grant. For a mental health prevention effort targeting the aging and purpose will be to implement a recruitment and development tions, and Nisei from the National Institute of Mental Health. committee. ADOPTED, Aug. 17, 191M Whereas we do have concern for those smokers who find pro­ ADOPTED, Aug. 17,1984 v longed abstinence difficult; Friday, January 4-11, 19851 PACIFIC CmZEN SAC. 8-11 wwn moreover, they are WlWammted, unethical, and detrimental to the Coonc:il to successfully carry out Ibe important business ~ IbeJap-ee 28 Res. 16-Mike M. MMaoka Fellowsbip society as a whole, American Citizens League, Trust Foundation Now, therEfore, be it resolved Now, theref violence and racism 28 Res. 26-Restitutioo to Native"" IIawaiiaDs lifetime cmtributions for and on the behalf of JACL. ainst Asians 4) that the local and national JACL undertake a program d educatim By Hooolulu JACL, Aug. 17, 1984 Whereas, the spontmleOUS dooatims fO.r th ~0 fi:al p~ed finali­ age lawrence Kumabe, pres. in regard to the cause and effect eX violence against Asian Americans ~ zation of plIns to execute such a memorial, resultmg m ronfuslon and a Rules of procedure suspended to allow cmsideratioo r1 motim. state of limOO, as to prevent and/or effectively ~nd to these racist incidents. Whereas, being left in such a state may in the nUJ:lds of some lead to (5) that the National Board alklcate an appropriate budget to this Whereas, the Japanese American Citizens League shares, erxkrges, suspicion that the IDGHLY RESm:TED name ~ Mike M. Masaoka has committee. ADOPfED, Aug. 17, 1984 and encourages American ideals and principles of justice through law, been, or is being used as a gimmick for a f~ ~eme, . and profoundly believes that the unresolved iI\iustice to me is a harm Whereas, the designated designer of the memorial IS JACL Nanonal 28 Res. 21-The 1000 Oub llie"" Member endured by all; and Conunittee 1000 Oub Vice ChaiIman, Ed Y8lTUI1l0to By San Diego JACL, Aug. 15, 1984 Whereas, such a hann to Native Hawaiians has ocaJITed without Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the National Council of JACL assign Masaaki Hirmaka, pres. redress or remedy; and the MIKE M MASAOKA FEILOWSHIP TRUsr FOUNDATION to the Co-Spoosored by: Stocktoo,Reno, Omaha, New York, Milwaukee. Whereas, Native Hawaiians have been included and identified ~ National HXX> O ub for planning and execution of the memorial (subject Native Americans in recognitim of their unique and special relatimship ~, TIle Natimal JACL 1000 Oub Life member is a potential to review axl implementation by the J ACL National Board: and with the United States as an indigenous people~and constant membership, and Be it further resolved, that a 120 day moratociwn be imposed on the Whereas, as a result rJ the good c:mscienre of the American people, Wh~ The Natimal JACL is forever in need of finances, and current activities under the aegis of Mike M Masaoka's name to ensure speaking through the Congress, redress and remedy have been granted Wh~, The presmt life 1000 Oub membership is $1,00>.00 sufficient time to correct the existing confusion associated with the to other Native Americans for injustices and banD dme to them; and Now, therefore, be it resolved, That the Life MemberSUp Fee be Whereas, the Cmgress of the United States has indicated its interest in Fbundatiooand to implement af~p~OPTED , Aug . 17 , 1984 reduced to$SOO.OO and the pursuit of seeking resolution to possible claims by Native Hawaiians Be it further resolved, That a campaign to build a trust fund total of no for the losses and damages which resulted fran the overthrow of the 28 Res.17~posing the Simpson-Mazzoli Bilh less than $1 ,000,000.00 be initiated within a set period of time, and legal govenunent of the Kingdml of Hawaii in 1893; and By Torrance JACL Be it further resolved, That the National ilimcil recoomend to the Whereas, the Congress enacted Public Law ~56S, Title m. and there­ George Ogawa, Del. National JACL Board to implement this resolutioo, so that the goals can by established a Native Hawaiians Study Commissim to advise the U.S. ~ by: Selanoco. Golden Gate. Cllicago, pokane, Detroit be met with new and non-renewing 1000 Oub members. ADOPl'ED, Senate Committee 00 Energy and Natural Resources and the U.S. House 17, Whereac;, undocumented immigrants from many natioos, including Aug. 1984. Committee 00 Interior and Insular Mfairs m issues of coocem to Native Japan, livewithin the United States Hawaiians; and Whereac;, tmdocumented immigrants come to the United States to seek 28 Res. 22-Redress Infonnation"" Whereas, it is, therefore, appropriate for the Japanese American Citi­ employment ~portunities, or to escape civil strife or political per By Olicago JACL, Aug. 15, 1984 zens League to express its fonnal beliefs in the matter of Native Hawaii­ secution, Michael Ushijima, pres. an claims against the United States for actions which ocaJITed in 1893, Whereas, all persoos living within till Colmtry are entitled to pro­ Co-SPcnsored by: Cincinnati, Detroit, Oeveland, San Ja;e, Hoosier. and subsequently with American annexatioo of the Islands of Hawaii in 1898; and tection under the United tates Coostitution, regardless of their legal Whereas, Redress has top priority for the JACL in this biennium; and Whereas, based upon a careful examination of historical records and Whereas, the Natirs and (2) is sufficient reason to believe that: of undocumented immigration, and Orga.niultioo endorsements; and Whereas, the emplayer sanctioos provisions in the impoon-Mazzoli Whereas, local endorsements have been presented through the district 1. The United States, through its representatives in the State and Navy Bills are racially discriminatory, and their a.rnresty or legaJization pro­ officer to the National Committee; Departments, did encourage actively supported rebellion against the visions are eX dubious value to unOOcumented immigrants, Now, therefore, be it resolved, by the National Council of the JACL legitimate government of the Kingdom of Hawaii; . Now, the:efore, be it resolved, that the Japanese American Citizens gathered for the 28th Biennial National Convention, that the National 2 The involvement of U.S. Minister John L Stevens was crucial to the League lll'g'e all its members to communicate with their Congress.. Committee for Redress be instructed to issue periodic reports to the success of the rebellion, and that his refusal to remain neutral in the persons to defeat the Simpson Maz.zoli B~ , and that . . . redress chair at each chapter, and the Pacific Citizen, concerning the domestic affairs of the Kingdom and, instead, to become an active agent It be further resolved that this Cmvention reaffirm the earlier poslnon status and nature of each redress endorsement; in the planning and military force supporting the insurrection by 0I'dc!r­ taken by the Natiorwl Board of Directors of the Japanese American Now, therefore, be it resolved, that a regular submission by the Nation­ ing the landing and placement of American marines in a manne~ and Citizens ~eat its July meetingtD direct its Washington Office to take al Committee for Redress to the Pacific Cit:i.ml shall set rut the c0n­ position unmistakably intended to intimidate the Queen of Hawau and an active role in defeating this l~tiOn. DO P:'ED. Aug. 17. 1984 gressional status of all of the relevant legislative bills, including lists of her government; co-sponsors and status of bills, inclOOing lists of the most recent sponsors 3. Without such anned American support, the insurgence would have 28 Res. 18--{Calif.) Prop. 39 andendorstments. ADOPTED, Aug. 17,l984. failed for a lack of popular support and insufficient arms; and By Golden Gate JACL, Aug. IS, 1984 4. Such actions by the American minister and forces was a breach of Katherine Reyes, Pres. 28 Res. 23-Equal Rights Amendment"" international law, of treaties with the Kingdom of Hawaii, and was Co-Spa::&>red by: Downtown-LA, San Jose, Greater Pasadena Area, characterized by President Grover Oeveland in his "Executive Message By PanAsianJACL, Aug. lS, 1984 Ventura County,San Diego. to Congress" (December 1893) as an illegal and immoral act of war Sandra Kawasaki, del. against a feeble and trusting nation; and Whereas, the proposed amendment to the California state constitution, Co-SpalSOred by : Downtown-LA, Golden Gate, Chicago, the initiative known as proposition 39, establisbes a commission of eight ceDC Youth, New York. Whereas, because of these American actions the Queen yielded her voting retired appellate judges to establish the boundary lines of the authority and that of her government to the United States through Whereas, the J apanese American Citizens ~e (JACL) is an organi­ Minister Stevens, who did not forward her plea for review by the United California's congressimal and state legislative districts, for the 1986 zation canmitted to civil and human rights; and general election; and States but acted to recognize a provisional government composed of Whereas, the Japanese American Citizens ~e supports the goal of leaders of the insurrectioo and to declare an American protectorate over Whereac;, the proposed composition of the initial commission is all equality for women; and white with en average age of 76; and the Islands; and Whereas, the Equal Rights Amendment will be re-introduced in the by the 0ccu­ Whereas, if Proposition 39 is passed, it would put into serirus jeopardy Whereas these actions were augmented two weeks later United States Congress; pation of troops in all government buildings of the Hawaiian the seats a the most loyal and strongest leaders of civil and human ~erican Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the Japcnese American Citizens Islands at the request of the provisional government from a fear of being rights, inch.xl.ing Congressman Norman Mineta and Congressman Bob League support the re-introductim of the Equal Rights Amendment in Matsui· and unable to maintain control; and the United States Cocwess; and Whereas these actions rulminated in the assertion of control by the Whe~ , the impact of this initiative is not limited exclusively to Be it further resolved, that the Japanese American Citi2ms League subsequent Republic of Hawaii over the crown, government, and public California but is of national importance; support the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment guaranteeing that lands of the Kingdom of Hawaii; and Now, therefore, be it resolved, that JACL, in ~ expressim of ~po~ women will not be discriminated against on the 00sis of gender; and Whereas, such lands and sovereignty represented the traditiooal and for Congressman Norman Mineta and Congressman Bob Matsui and 1D Be it further resolved, that the Japanese American Citi2ms League ancestral land rights and titles to the Native Hawaiian people; and appreciatioo for the support for Redress and other legislative impacts on direct its WcMington Office to take an active role in 5UpIX)rting this Whereas these ancestral rights and lands were ultimately ceded to the Asian Pacific Americans, stand in q>position to Proposition 39. resolution. ADOPfED,Aug.17,1984 United Stat~ by a government whose existence was dependent upoo the ADOPTED, Aug. 17, 1984 actions and agents of the United States; and . ~ "" 28 Res. 24-Appreciatioo to"" Legislators Whereas this transfer ocaJITed without the consent of the Native 28 Res. ~Position Re: 'Year of the Bible' By Golden Gate JACL.Aug. 15, 1984 Hawaiian ~le, witboot c:mJpfIIlS8tioo for their interests, and without Wbereas, the founders of this nation, themselves fleeing frml religious Katherine Reyes, pres. any explicit protection of their interests; and persecutim, sought refuge in this rew land, and Co-Sporumed by: Japan, New Yorl<, Philadelpbia, Wash. D.C, Seatmx»t Whereas, through amendments to the State Constitutioo in 1978, the Whereas, the founders of this nation specifically forbade in the C0n­ people of the State~ of Hawaii ratified and fonnally acknowledged the Whereas, the Honorable Daniel K Inouye and Spark Matsunaga of the stitution they wrote the establishment of a state religion, and rights of Native Hawaiians to a legislatively detennined pro rata share rJ Whereas, the proclamation of a "Year of the Bible" ignores the multi­ U.S. Senate and the Hcrorable Nonnan Minetaatd Robert Matsui, of the U.S. House Represmtatives, were instrumental in the enactment of the proceeds of such 1ands ~ ~ the Unttt:d ~tes and returned as a plicity of translations and versioos which exist and which ignores the a public trust to the State of Hawau m the AdmiSSIon Act of 1959; and variability eX interpretations of the Bible among Olristian denomi­ Public Ulw 96-317 creating the Canmission m Wartime Relocation & Internment rJ Civilians (CWRIC); and Whereas in the ratification of another coostitutiooal amendment in nations, and 1978 the of Hawaii also established an Office Hawaiian Affairs Whereas, Senators Inouye and Matsunaga, Cmgressmen Mineta and ~le a Whereas, there exist many Americans in this great and diverse nation to ~ the proceeds fran this trust, and explicitly anpowaed the Matsui presmted suworting testimonies at the public hearings c0n­ of llOIl the Native Whereas, the proc.lamation of a "Year of the Bible" implies recognition ducted by the CWRIC; and Whereas, S2116, a bill to acc:Ept and implement the findings and Hawaiians as restitution by the United States f~ ~ inc:urred ~ of a state ocdained fonn of Clui.stial belief, the actions which resulted in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii; Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the JACL in Conventim, op~ recommendations of the CWRIC was introdUCEd by Senator Matswlaga with principal suppcrt from Senator Inouye and HR4110, the Civil any procla:nationlrecognition of a "Year of the Bible" or any nanonal andWhereas, these State Constitutional provisioos, their codificatioo liberties Act of 1983 was introduced by House Majority Leader James ~ commemorative year remgnizing the impedi.mmtia of any ~c reli­ in the Hawaii Revised Statutes as Cbapter 10, do indeed endorse and Wright with principal ro-5pOIl.9OCShip of Cawessmen Mineta and gious traditioo, inasmuch as such action beccmes a tentative step in the encourage Native Hawaiian rights and interests ~ a significant, prqlfII". Matsui.; and establishment of a de facto state re,on. ADOPTED, Aug. 17, 1984 Whereas, Senators Inouye and Matsunaga and Congressmen Mineta and public purpose; and Whereas this resolution has been adqlted in this form by the State and Matsui, have expended t:ireles; effort in 9JppoIt of the legislatioo 28 Res. 3)....-Ethnic Coocerm House of R~resentatives, 12th Session; the Coonty Councils rJ Maui and By San Jose JACL, Aug. 15, 1984 through their public ~ces, testimony and other penmal efforts; Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the 28th Biennial JACL National Hawaii; the 1983 Cmventioo of the Republican Party r1 Hawaii; ~ ~ Wayne TcndaI Michael Honda, del. State Cooventioo of the Democratic Party of Hawaii; and the Assnoatim Council assembled in Honolulu, Hawaii, express appreciatioo to Senators Co-Sponsored by: Hollywood, Contra Costa, San Mateo, of Hawaiian Civic Oubs, Oakland, Salinas Valley. Inouye and Matsunaga and Congressmen Mineta and Matsui for their efforts in seeking a meaningful remedy for the wartime injustices Now therefore, be it resolved by the Japanese American Otizens the Coogress of United States is respectfully urged to Whereas, a review of the past years shows a pattern of increasing directed at Japanese Americans. ADOPTED, Aug. 17,1984 ~ that the violence against Asian Americans, and . . .. acknowledge the illegal and imInm'al actioos of the ~~ ~ in ~ .. Whereas, this pattern is fueled by an underlying ~ ~~ 28 Res. 2>-Appreciation to"" Hawaii OIapter overthrow of the Kingdml of Hawaii in 1893, and to indicate Its CXJIIDt;Ul­ itself in senseless crimes (the mW'der of Vin~ Olin m net:01t being a ment to grant restitution foc the losses and damages suffered by Native By QlicagoJACL.Aug.16,1984 blatant case in point), scapegoa~ , nam~ , sioganeermg and the Hawaiians as a result of dnie wrmgful actions; and Ron Ya>hino, pres. Be it further resolved that certified cqDes rJ this resolution be trans­ lie, and . . Co-Spmsoced by: Idaho Falls, Detroit, Japan, New York, Rliladelphia Whereas, this pattern is likely to intensify with the contmwng ec0nom­ mitted to the President pro tempore rJ the U.s. Senate, the Speakerr1 the ic competitioo from Japan in malY areas of ind~-e.g., auto, elec­ Whereas, the 28th Biennial Cmvention of the Japanese American U.S. Hoose of Representatives, the Olairpersoo of ~ U.s. SeoaIe C0m­ trooics, microships, robotics, bqenetics, and fashions--as ~ug~ Citizens League has been convened in Hawaii from August 13 to August mittee on Energy and Natural Resoorces, the Cbahpei90ll r1 the U.s. from Sou~ Asian countries, perceived by many as a threat m the job House Committee on Interior and InsuJar Mfairs, the members r1 the 17, 1984, and, hn.-..' bl . market and marketplace, and . . . . . Whereas, the Hawaii Chapter bas been most gracious and~~lta e 1D Hawai'i Congressiooal delegation, and the Olairpersoo r1 the Board r1 Whereas, these increasing racist attitudes end acnVlnes ~ sharing the beauty and grandeur of their island home in the Pacific,.and, Trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Mfairs. ADOPIm, Aug. 1', UIM JAO':s I.oog struggle foc redress foc being incarcerated in camps dunng Wl1erea;, the Hawaii Chapter has provided a forum for the National "" Sec. 8-12 PACIFIC CITIZEN I Friday, January4-11,1985

preparing to send their children, or their chil­ large sums of money to instigate trouble sometimes it is especially difficult to lD]­ ARIZONA--- dren' children to war." Serious questions against the Japanese, including the dynamite do or "live down" the injustices that we Continued from Page 8-8 were raj ed by the Judiciary Conunittee a to incident. ourselves have inflicted. th con titutionality of Hou e Bill 78. Attorney Locke seized this as a blessed op­ Arizona was a microcosm of the times. The An articI in t.he Nov. 15, 1934, Arizona A lett r to Governor Moeur on March 19, portunity, and even went so far as to call the world was in an economic tunnoil. Many Republi related the a count of a Phoenix at.­ 1935, from a Mr . Luther A. Cr ech warned County Assistant Prosecutor to the stand, years of propaganda based on ignorance and tome, H.M. F nnemore, who had ju t re­ that, according to a recently returned mi - que tioning him on the developments leading fear were bearing fruit. The Japanese on the turn d from a two-month vi it to th rient. sionary from Japan who had written to . ev­ to t.he i suance of the court summons. He also Pacific Coast, and in Arizona, had long been The re nt dist.urbance in the a1t River Vai­ eral mini ter in the PhoenL area urging inquired into the activities of the person who resented and envied for their hyper-efficient le w re pubJi hed in e ry ne paper in Ja­ action again t the bill' po age, feeling had writt.en an old check and who appeared at competitiveness in the area of agriculture, pan. H said, "Never on e was the matter ere running 0 high in Japan that Japane e IGmura' trial. The check had been made out and for their determination to rise above the mentioned by anyone, a potent e ampl of milit ry I ader had announced, if H.B. 78 by the Barker and Miller Company. Miller status of lowly laborers, both economically politen on the part of the Japane e, for ... were pa ed, "War would be de lared had ince left the company, but rus secretary and educationally. inquiry d loped that pra ticalIy alI of the again l the U.. imm diat Iy ." Governor wa called to give testimony about the fact The Arizona campaign onJy added insult to reading public in Japan wa familiar with the Moeur wa urged to giv the above infonna­ lhat one of the defendants connected with the the already long lIst of anti-Japanese legisla­ newspaper ac ounts." tion hi mo t areful attention b fore igning anti-Japane e violence was the recipient tion and policies directed technically against In an attempt to I gitimiz their a tions the bill if il came to hi de k. payee of a large amount of money paid by "aliens" but intended, undoubtedJy, to hurt a gainst th Japan ,legi lation a intro­ The Japane e were ar fully monitoring check and igned by the company president, all those of Japanese descent. Relations be­ duc d by Maricopa. County Repr ntative the ' iluation and prole t had been lodg din Miller. This unexpected revelation concern­ tween Japan and America were slowly Harry S. ullivan to the Ho e of Repre ent­ the Diet at Tokyo. Th tat Department at ing the flow of uch funds created such a com­ poisoned by years of discriminatory immigra­ ativ . House Bill 7 w th m t extreme Wa hinglon wa urged by the Japane e gov- motion in the courtroom that presiding Judge tion policies aimed at the Japanese, in anti-Japan e law r to be introduced in rom nt to take action again t the mea ure. J.e. Niles ordered the courtroom closed and particular. America. It would have absolutely prohibit.ed n ible head prevailed, and House Bill 78 ordered all parties to appear back in court on In 1935, John V.A. MacMurray,

For educating the general public on immigrant history (the other two are matters of concern to Asian Americans, from Hawaii and BraziJ). promoting and developing leadership Seattle JACL also co-sponsored a pro­ skills of community members, and pur­ gram which brought a medical team from suing an aggressive redress program, the Japan to examine atomic bomb survivors Seattle chapter of JACL won the George for long-term physical and psychological Inagaki Citizenship Award for the 1982- effects from exposure to the Hiroshima 1984 Biennium. . and Nagasaki bombings. Twenty five The Inagaki Award, worth $800 to the survivors from Washington and Oregon Seattle chapter this year. is presented and fifteen from Canada participated in biennially for chapter participation in the examinations. activities including social. civil, educa­ Working With Other Groups tional, en ironmental or legislative ac­ tivities which result in the betterment of The Seattle Chapter, with roughly 475 society as a whole. It was established in members. cooperated with and/or c0- 1968 at the 20th biennial national conven­ sponsored programs with KeiroNursing tion as a testimony to the late George Home. University of Washington;s Ar­ Inagaki, past national J ACL president, chival Project, Assn. of Asian Pacific for his many years of unremitting effort members of Seattle Chapter JACL for 1984. American Educators. American Jewish on behalf of the national organization. Committee. Anti-Defamation League of The selection. made by the Awards and B'nai B'rith. Martin Luther King Anni­ Recognitions Committee and approved versary March. Asian Multi-Media,and by the National Board. is based on five Franklin, Roosevelt and Asa Mercer forced evacuation, suffered much un­ UN Human Rights Committee. junior high schools in Seattle, and Ben favorable publicity as the controversy categories of activities : (1 ) general In addition, it helped with fund-raising membership and public gatherings spon­ Davis High in Indianapolis, Indiana to drew national attention. efforts for the National JACL Redress tell the story of the Japanese American sored, (2) chapter cooperation with other The fairgrounds officials, under pres· Committee, Commission on Asian internment experience and give factual sure from JACL and other communit~ community organizations, ( 3 ) chapter American Affairs. Nikkei Aging and Re­ information on the redress program. groups, restored the original site and do­ participation in civic matters, (4) chapter tirement Project. PuyallupFaJl grounds support of community fund-raising pro­ Likewise, two representatives spoke at a nated money to the project. The publicity Memorial, Nisei VetsCommittee,Inter­ junior high school teachers' workshop at and controversy generated much com· grams or projects, and 5) citizenship national Examiner (the loc21 Asian Bellevue Community College. activity. munity support, and fund-raising efforts American newspaper) ,and Nuclear Free The runner-up San Diego chapter re­ In addition, meetings were set up with netted over $15,000. and I ndependent Pacific Con ference. ceived $400 for its participation in the senators Slade Gorton and Dan Evans, Seattle's Redress Committee also ac­ promotion of better citizenship. Some of representatives Joel Pritchard, Norm tively supported the coram nobis case Dicks and Rod Chandler, Seattle mayor the programs sponsored by the San Diego of Gordon Hirabayashi, offering support San Diego Chapter Charles Royer, and Gov. Spellman to ed­ chapter include a Hrnong assistance pro­ in liaison work with the ACLU, press re­ ucate politicians on redress and other gram, scholarship awards, and the Kiku lations, volunteers, and fund-raising. San Diego's Activities matters of particular interest to Asian Gardens Retirement Project. Americans. Affirmative Action The San Diego chapter, headed by Mas Throughout 1982 and 1983, requests for . . Hironaka from the previous biennium, speaking engagements on redress and I~ the sprmg of 1983, a major confron- stressed cooperation with other commu­ Seattle Chapter internment were filled by Redress Com­ tabon occurred between the mayor of nity groups. Working with National mittee members at high schools and ele­ Seattle,and.the Seat~le chapt~r over th~ Coalition for Redress/Reparations, San Seattle's Redress Efforts entary schools, colleges, churches, and former s faIlure to hire an Asian Amerl- Diego Redress/Reparations Committee Under the leadership of chapter presi­ television, radio and press interviews. In can de~artment. head despite numerous Japanese Coordinating Council, and dents Kathryn Bannai, Mako Nakagawa order to facilitate such an extensive campaign promISeS. A stormy exchange other organizations, San Diego JAOL and Jerry Shigaki, and with the energy speakers bureau, Seattle JACL sponsored of letters, telephone calls, and charges aided in putting together Day of Remem­ and commitment of JACLer of the Bien­ a Nikkei communications workshop led and countercharges th~ough the m~ia brance observances, health programs, nium Cherry Kinoshita, the Seattle chap­ by Dr. Joanne Yamauchi. About 40 per­ was brought to an amiable conclUSIOn New Year's Eve dances and a testimoni­ ter put together an impressive redress sons attended this workshop, which uti­ th.rough a series of q~arterly ~eetings al dinner for Dr. Shige~ Hara. program. lized videotaping for corrective analysis. WIth the mayor and. his stat! ..This flare- Assisting the local Hmong community The effectiveness of this effort can be Participants attested to increased skills up, the accomp.anymg.pubhclty and the in forming a Laotian Hmongorganizatioo seen by a few of the concrete results: in articulating positions, especially with follow-up meetmgs WIth the mayor re- was one or the chapter's major projects. -Introduction of a redress bill in the regard to redress and internment issues. sulted in the ~o!lowing: . Four chapter members, including the House of Representatives by Congress­ <,1) The h~rmg and promotmg of.12 board president and vice president, as­ man Mike Lowry of Seattle; Asian AmerIcans to upper managerial sisted the Hmong organization in prewn-­ Puyallup Controversy -Procurement of co-sponsors for re­ positions within the City of Seattle and ing the reports and fonns required dress bills HR 4110 in the House and The installation of Tsutakawa's sculp­ the State of Washington; federal and state governments for' incor- S 2116 in the Senate; ture at the Puyallup Fairgrounds, the site (2) . The appo~tment of 10 As~ poration. In ad6ftion, San Diego JA"CL -Compensation for 40 Washington of a ww'l. assembly center, was another AmerICans to vanollS local and state CltI- assisted several individual members in State employees who were dismissed in example of the chapter's perseverence zen advisory ~~;. establishinl anct'utilizing banking serv­ 1942 because oftheir Japanese ancestry ; and organizational abilities. The cam­ (3) The partiCipatIon of a member of ices, contributed to their fund drive, and -Compensation for four Seattle city paign for the monument was initiated in the mayor's staff on the Seattle chapter's served as advisors to the Hmong organi- employees who were likewise dismissed 1978; the planned monument received board; zation's board of directors. in 1942 ; funding in 1981 from the legislature (4) .Direct access to the Governor of Another major undertaking, the Kiku -Passage of a Seattle School Board through the Washington State Historical Washmgton, the Mayor of Seattle, the Gardens Retirement Project, an apart­ resolution (pending approval by Wash­ Society, but had funding cut in the next Superinte~dent of Seattle Pu~lic Schools, ment project for senior citizens, was ington's attorney general) granting legislative session; the cuts were re­ and the Kmg County Executive. completed in November 1983, seven years compensation for 27 Nikkei secretaries stored by Gov . Spellman out of emergen­ . . after it was fIrst proposed. Aided by a who were forced to resign in 1942 amidst cy funds. International Relations grant from the federal Housing and Ur- charges of disloyalty; Then, due to pressure from the local In the field of international relations ban Development Board in 1981, followed -Passage of a redress resolution in­ American Legion, fairgrounds officials Seattle chapter had quite a few programs: by two y~ars of negotiations wi~ ~e City troduced by Washington governor John decided that the monument would be Two which involved an exceptional of S?D DiegO, the apartment building was Spellman at the Western Governors Con­ placed outside in the parking lot, where it amount of time and effort were the Meiji dedicated on Nov. 27! 1983. It.now ho~ ference and the subsequent passage of a would not be noticed as much, rather than Mura project and the hibakusha pro- over. 100 persons. WIth Issei an~ N~l resolution condemning the internment at the designated spot inside the main en­ gram. Both were directed by Ken Nakano making up apprOXImately 50% of Its resl- the National Governors Conference; trance. Sculptor Tsutakawa objected, and both provided a high profIle for JACL dents. .. -Construction and installation of claiming that the monument would be in addition to strengthening ties between Other chapter .pro)~ts mcl~ded pro­ sculptor George Tsutakawa's monument more open to vandalism, as had been the Japanese and Americans. ~ams planned WIth AsI.an P~cific ~er- at the Puyallup Fairgrounds. case with other such monuments in Cali­ The Meiji Mura project, which involved Ican A~vocates of C.~lforrua! Uru~n of All of these accomplishments were the fornia. Seattle JACL responded by creat­ dismantling of Seattle's Japanese Evan- P~ AsI?D Comm~tIes, Uruverslty ~f result of an overall program of education, ing its own public pressure group, and gelical Church and reconstructing it in CalIfornia at San Diego School of Medi­ perseverence, meetings, and, some­ threatened to sue the fairgrounds unless Nagoya, Japan, was attended by much cine, an~ Asian Pacific American Women times, direct confrontation. the originally designated site inside the publicity from the Japanese and Ameri- of San Diego County. In the early part of 1983, for example, fairgrounds was restored. can press. Meiji Mura displays restored representatives of Seattle JACL met with The American Legion, which had been Meiji Period buildings; the church is one -by Robert Shimabukuro students at Interlake High in Bellevue, claiming all along that there was no of three buildings representing Japanese Sec. 8-14 PACIFIC CITIZEN / Friday. January 4-11. 1985

darity WIless it was overtly mainstream 000---- American or respectably rultural, like Continued from Page 8-2 flower arranging or even martial arts. Unlike earlier periods, the postwar struck the State of Hawaii. These wer thrust toward upward mobility involved the state s refuse, sewer, cafeteria and individual aspirations which also includ­ maintenance workers who went on strike ed a heavy dose of negative ethnic self­ for 41 days to secure wage increases in image. The Hawaii Japanese community what became an extended and bitt r con­ was not uprooted like its Mainland coun­ frontatioo. Part of the state's strat gy to terpart, but the effect was nearly as trau­ break th strike involved the ordering of matic in the psychological and social 2,500 "es ential worker " to cross their arenas, and, if anything, even more diffi­ own picket line . The e workers in 1/911" cult to address because it was so com­ positions (911 is the mergency tel phone pletely glossed over. number) were ordered by Judge Harold In recent efforts to publicize the redress Shintaku of the First Cir uit Court to go campaign, for example, it has been diffi­ back to work and, on Nov. 5, 1979, th cult to generate any disrussion even Honolulu Advertiser list d their nam though there can be no doubt that AlAs of the total, over 30% were Japanese. hold divergent points of view. State rep­ AJA Domination? resentatives Rod Tam, Barbara Maru­ In spite of these facts, there is still moto and David Hagino (all members of widespread belief that Japanese Ameri­ Honolulu JACL) introduced into the State cans daninate Hawaii. Part of the prob­ House a resolution supporting S 2116 lem lies in the nature of their positions. (the U.S. Senate redress bill) in 1984 and Because they are concentrated in the encountered no opposition. public sector, these jobs require constant The American Civil Liberties Union service to the general public and often (ACLU) sponsored an essay contest in involve tmpleasant or oppressive duties. 1982 for 8th graders on the Japanese ex­ As priocipals and teachers, too many perience in WW2 in America. When the AJAs fhmk children, perpetuate outdated winning essay was published by the Ho­ teaching strategies which alienate other nolulu Advertiser on May 30, 1982, soci­ minority children, and commute into mi­ ologist Andrew Lind protested the nority areas from their own "better" ACLU's failure to distinguish between neighborhoods without significant sensi­ the Mainland mass evacuation and the tivity to the cultures of their clients. Hawaii experience where uless than In a period when the state is moving to 1,500 of Hawaii's 160,000 persons oOa­ reclaim lands which used to be marginal panese ancestry were after diligent in­ and which sheltered Native Hawaiians, vestigation, sufficiently under suspicion the man who gives the eviction order is by any of the investigative agencies to be Japanese American. When the state detained under armed guards, and less Among non-AJAs in Hawaii, there is a widespread belief that those of than 1,exxl were sent to internment camps moves to construct more highways Japanese ancestry dominate the government bureaucracy and other threatening the Islands' fragile ec0- segments of the job market, leaving other ethnic groups by the wayside. on the Mainland .... " (emphasis added, system, the director of the Dept. of Honolulu Advertiser, June 11, 1982). Transportation, also AJA, is on the spot can public that AJAs were good soldiers No Tcune Ni with suggestions that Unfor1l.mately, the postwar impressDn When budget cuts force social services to and citizens alike. Thus, the myth con­ "points of commonality" between peo­ was that, since there were investigations be redoced, the social worker who in­ tinues, the rewards of the post-WW2 ples would be all that is needed to estab­ (no matter how rushed, arbitrary and fOIms the client is likely to be AJA; so is period were well-deserved because they lish I 'friendly race relations." Thus, "it is devoid of any regard for due process), the clerk at every county or state office had. been earned with patience, law­ not necessary for them to learn each the few who were taken must have been which forces citizens to wait intenninably abiding behavior, reason, blood, and other's rultures for healthy race relations guilty of something. In this particular for service, which all too often turns out organization. to occur over a period of time. " quality, the Hawaii victims were forced to be cold and rude. Like all myths, this one incorporates It is rot so much that we need to be to endure more difficult conditions; on At the top, of course, is the governor much that is true or better, much that more pessimistic or realistic about the the Mainland, at least, the entire can­ who imposes budget restrictions and should have been true. On the other future. The myth of a future gradually munity was in it together and the round­ bears the burden. And because in Ha­ hand, it contains much that is misleading Wlfolding in multi-colored hues which ups were clearly unjust. waii, as in the rest of the U.S., we think or worse. merge into some glorious "golden race" and act along racial and ethnic lines, all like that described in James Michener's Buddhaheads and Kotonks these actions become part of the mythol­ Golden Rainbow? novel Hawaii prevents us from even WW2 obviously made a difference on ogy of AJA power and arrogance. The most dangerous part of the popular thinking about the future in any mean­ the personality structure of Japanese At its simplest, the myth asks us to Japanese American mythology is its ingful way. Somehow, this fuzziness is Americans on the Mainland (Kotonks) accept a stylized version of history in hopeless myopic vision of a future in considered a virtue and has been distort­ and in Hawaii (Buddhaheads) .• The dif­ which the immigrant Issei endured their which all ethnic groups and cultures will ed into a basic Japanese or "local" value ferences are visible in the Nisei GI ex­ decades of unrelenting hard labor with a .have merged into a new melting pot. The which discourages controversy and open periences and may be seen in the film few strikes on the sugar plantations but best of the general histories of Hawaii disagreanent. "Go For Broke" as well as the sociologi­ with stoic patience (gaman) , Calvinist end on such themes - Gavan Daws' cal treatment of Nisei demoralization in Repressive Conformity willingness to forego present consump­ Shoal ofTime and Lawrence Fuchs' Ha­ Tamotsu Shibutani's The Derelicts of .; tion for future benefit, an insistence on waii Pono. So did the works of sociologist Worse, this superficial hannony is said CompanyK. education for their children and an ad­ 'Andrew Lind, who predicted that inter­ to reflect Japanese or Japanese American Popular treatments of rultural can­ herence to the old samurai code of bu­ marriage would end all race and ethnic culture or heritage. AJAs who do not parisons occasionally appear in the Pa­ shido. prejudice: conform run the risk of being considered cific Otizen, and the topic became the When WW2 broke out, the myth con­ "The time has already come when even "unJoca1" or "WI-Japanese." The result focus of the Dec. 2, 1983 issue of the tinues, the racial tolerance of the Islands in the privacy among friends it is the is a large and important ethnic communi­ Hawaii Herald. These contain useful and made it possible for a Si token" group of height of poor taste to speak disparag­ ty which has nothing to debate and no interesting information regarding relative less than 2,000 to be picked up, interro­ ingly of any of Hawaii's ethnic groups ideas to'argue, whether internally ammg abilities to maintain ethnic cultural prac­ gated and sent to concentration camps in lest one or more of those present proves regional, generational or social-class tices, relative assimilation into white sa­ Hawaii and the Mainland. But others to be closely related to it by descent or lines, or relative to other groups in ciety and relative security of ethnic iden­ more than compensated. There were the marriage" (Hawaii: Last of the Magic Hawaii. tities among Buddhaheads and Kotonks. Nisei who, largely off the University of Isles). The present malaise is relatively new Odo/4/c Hawaii Manoa campus, climted a labor The United Japanese Society of Hawaii to the Japanese oommunity in Hawaii. It has been three decades since the battalion called the Varsity Victory Vol­ ended its final chapter of A History of The pre-WW2 scene was incredibly full Democratic Party took over political con­ and rich in discussion, debate and actiCIl. trol of Hawaii. It has been about that • unteers in 1942 after they had been Japanese in Hawaii by stating that there stripped of their weapons in the wake of would ro longer be separate races but, The intensity of the anti-Japanese racism long since the major labor unions, espe­ Pearl Harbor. The famed 442nd Regi­ instead, (ta neo-Pacific race made up of a during and after WW2 drove the AJA cially the International Longshoremen's mental Combat Team, the 100th Battal­ combination of all racial strains." And community underground and fragmented Continued on Next Page ion and the MIS all persuaded the Ameri- Dennis Ogawa concludes his Kodomo it by rendering suspect any form of soli- Friday, January 4-11, 1985 I PACIFIC CmZEN Sac. 8-15

Occasionally, anti-Japan sentiment Japanese Society (UJS), will not survive 1950s. Now, however, trade unions are ODO---- and anti-AJA feeling are combined in to IIpass the torch" to the YOWlger gener­ much less powerful and AJA voters are Continued from Previous Page highly inflammatory fashion. In 1982, a ations. The UJS was only formed in 1958 much less crucial. group of Hawaiian nationalists and non­ but is heir to decades of coordination of New historical interpretations are and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU), Hawaiian supporters issued a statement Japanese community efforts. On the oc­ emerging. Publications timed to appear a umed some onomic importanc . outlining their efforts to secure inde­ casion of its 25th anniversary, the UJS in conjunction with the 1985 centennial AJA played major rol in both move­ pendence fro~ the U.S. and appeared at sponsored a zadankai (panel discussion) celebration of the government contract m nts and their fortune ro e orre- several world organizations to solicit to contanplate its future. These discus­ laborers' anival from Japan will be avail­ pondingly. Now, howev r, within the upport. In the statement, there was a sions were published in the Nov. 11, 1983 able fran various sources. The HlliPC ame Nisei generation that overcam call to register and vote for suitable polit­ edition of the Hawaii Hochi, but it is will publish a 25O-page pictorial history tubbom racial and cia oppression, ical candidates in view of the oonsiderable indicative of the problems being faced of the Japanese in Hawaii, 1885-1924. there is heavy pre sure for th m to move dangers ahead. "With the U.S.A. and that they were available only in Japanese. Hawaii's public television station offers a ide. Much of the pressure comes from Japan sleeping together and making pas­ It was recognized that the leaders are uRice and Roses," a regular program highly trained immigrants from A ia who sionate love with each other, will Hawai1i older Nisei and that younger people had which features video specials of local ar unlikely to be swayed by arguments be the pay-off for the unpaid debts the to be recruited, but there was consider­ working people and their experiences. that they should "wait their turn" in the U.S.A. will incur with Japan? Is the Em­ able reh.x:tance to abandon the language One recent production featured the work gam ofocrupational su c ion. Others, peror Hirohito looking to Japan to crown lest the Issei who remain be isolated. of Harry Minoru Urata, who has been local Hawaiians and Pilipinos in particu­ his Prince or Ariyoshi in the Ilolani Of special note was the contrasting taping interviews of Issei who sang Iwle lar, are conscious of their own long- Palace?" vitality of the United Okinawan Assn., hole bushi, Japanese folksongs depicting tanding grievances and s the AJAs a Honolulu Chapter Formed which serves as the coordinating organi­ life and work on and around the sugar It is in this context that the successful zation for all Okinawan groups in Ha­ plantations. Reiw Watanabe, editor of fonnation of a Honolulu chapter of the waii. There is, in fact, extraordinary ac­ the Hawaii Hochi, Hawaii's only re­ national civil rights organization, the tivity among the Uchinanchu (Okinawan) maining bilingual daily, plans a 600-page JACL, can be understood. For decades, community with youth organizations, history of the Japanese in Hawaii to be Hawaii AJAs had insisted that they had cultural exhibits, conferences, and or­ written in Japanese and later translated no need for the JACL, that there were ganized trips to Okinawa. The long his­ into English. many organizations capable of doing that tory of prejudice and discrimination from There is renewed enthusiasm for Japa­ ort of ethnic work and that, in any case, the Naidzi (main islands of Japan) are nese art, dance and music, and more such an emphasis would be inappropriate not altogether forgotten or forgiven, but older AJAs are returning to school to en­ in multicultural, 'Ilocal" Hawaii. Now, there is an interesting increase, simulta­ roll in courses dealing with their history. however, the Honolulu chapter is a ra­ neously, of pride in specific Okinawan There is a new energy evident in literary pidly growing venture with members heritage and in reciprocated curiosity and circles as well. Periodicals like Bamboo coming predominantly from professional respect between the groups. Ridge, Seaweeds and Constructions have and public sector individuals. Pre-WW2 Hawaii was characterized encouraged local writers, including AJAs, The old dreams of limitless upward by an economically and politically op­ to tell their stories. Local theater has had mobility and a I melting pot" end to racial pressive plantation system with clearly a limited popularity for some years, but it strife or ethnic identity concerns are defined racism at work. But it also main­ has been difficult for a Japanese American clearly disappearing, but there are no tained geographic and cultural I'spaces" sensibility to emerge, perhaps because new visions to take their place. For the in which there was relatively more auto­ the emIfutsis has been on a broader, Photo courtesy Hawaii Herald present, the Hawaii AJA community ap­ nomy for ethnic groups like Hawaiians multi-ethnic, IIlocal" tone. And yet, pro­ Franklin Odo pears to be in a mood of reflection and and Japanese to function as oommunities. ductions of plays on Japanese Americans reexamination. Postwar Hawaii is increasingly drawn in Hawaii like '~anoa Valley" by Ed equivalents of the old haole elite from the There are some important openings into the tighter network of American and Sakamoto, ItVanishing Shadows" by past. But the bulk of the articulated criti­ made pnssible by this mood: individuals multinational corporate control, leaving Glen Grant and IlSong for a Nisei Fish­ cisms surface in, ironically, affirmative and institutions are actively seeking doc­ less and less room for marginal areas or erman" by Philip Gotanda have been very action suits filed by immigrant whites umentary and oral history recovery of a peoples. \Yell reviewed and received. who charge AJAs wi th discriminatory history once considered frivolous and ex­ When, in 1900, the Japanese popula­ The 1980 census figures indicate that practices in hiring and promotion in the pendable in the face of overwhelming tion in Hawaii climbed abruptly to 40% whites are now the largest single uethnic" public sector. progress. Museums like the Hawaii Im­ of the total, there was great concern over group with about 33% of the total popu­ Haole Resentment migrant Heritage Preservation Center the potential of some takeover, either as lationinHawaii. Taken as a group, Asian In 1976, for example, white dental ap­ (HIHPC) at the Bishop Museum and the a dominant ethnic group in the Islands or and Pacific Islanders comprise about plicants sued the State of Hawaii and Waipahu Cultural Garden Park are ac­ in concert with nationalistic ambitions of 60%, but in the present situation it makes cited data showing that Asian Americans quiring, restoring and exhibiting impres­ their heme country. On Dec. 7, 1941, little sense to lump together Japanese, passed dental board examinations at a sive collections of photos and material there were approximately 160,000 per­ Southeast Asians, Hawaiians, Samoans significantly higher rate. The state settled artifacts; the Ethnic Studies Oral History sons of Japanese descent in Hawaii, still and Pilipinos. ou t of court and paid $3 25,000 to over 100 Project at the University of Hawaii at 40% of the total. The relatively large One serious attempt at projecting eth­ who had failed (Pacific Citizen, Jan. 6, Manoa continues to collect and tran­ numbers of laborers helped when the nic population distribution in the year 1984). One case brought the FBI in to scribe oral histories. unions were organized effectively and the 2000 suggests that the most important investigate charges by a 54-year-old There is deep concern that umbrella large numbers of voters were essential to changes will involve increases in Pilipino white male who insisted that he had been organizations, particularly the United the Democratic Party successes of the and white percentages and correspond­ denied a job with the State Executive ing decreases among AJAs and Chinese Office on Aging, headed by executive di­ Americans. One consequence, it is sug­ rector Renji Go to, because of ethnicity, gested, is that Hat least a partial redistri­ age and sex. The complainant charged bution of the benefits gained by the local that Hawaii was "systematically pro­ Orientals to the remaining have-nots is mulgating Japanese ethnic supremacy, essential, if considerable inter-group creating a hierarchy and power structure conflict in the future is to be avoided. which perpetuates self-interest" (Hono­ This adjustment is made more difficult lulu Advertiser, Sept. 20, 1980). because of the immigration of well­ On the island of Hawaii, one white trained haoles [categorized as llhave­ male woo placed first in a test for building nots"] who demand employment com­ inspectors but was not interviewed filed mensurate with their qualifications" a $250 million lawsuit contending that {Wright and Gardner, HEthnicity, Birth­ county officials had decided that /Conly place, and Achievement: The Changing persons of Japanese ancestry are allowed Hawaii Mosaic," East-West Population to hold such jobs" (Honolulu Advertiser, Institute, No. 82, Feb. 1983). Apr. 15, 1982). Some of this resentment WW2 and the two decades immediate­ is related to the perception that Japanese ly after shaped a unique AJA orientation multinationals are buying all of Hawaii. in Hawaii but uBuddhaheads" will need One MaW resident said it all in a succinct to relearn some lessons their Ukotonk" letter to the editor of the Honolulu Ad­ cousins were never allowed to forget­ vertiser of May 7, 1982: "They sold Ala what it feels like to be an American mi­ Moana Center to the Japanese. What's Photo courtesy Hawaii Herald nority group and what the implicatims next-Pearl Harbor?!" View of the capitol building in Honolulu. are for their total lives. Sec. 8-16 PACIFIC CITIZEN / Friday, January 4-11, 1985

without any symptoms of mental p~ Nisei Aging and Illness lems. About 5% had psychotic disorders, and the remainder were felt to have fODDS of psyciDneurosis where anxiety was a The following talk was given by Joseph predominant feature. T. Okimoto, M.D., a psychiatrist in pri­ One can conclude that a large portion vate practice. He was addressing an ag­ of the older population is either without ing and retirement workshop sponsored psychiatric symptoms or with relatively by Seattle J ACL. mild ones. So aging is not inevitably ac­ What I am going to try to do is to companied by debilitating mental disor­ describe what happens in the normal der. Probably the most prevalent treat­ process of aging in terms of physical, able psychiatric disorder in the aged is mental, emotional, and social changes. depression. Dementia (what is often In ouryouth-oriented society, growing called senility) is not treatable in the older is not valued. It is, in fact, gen rally sense of reversibility, but the disruptive feared. This fear grows out of de ply in­ SymptOO1S can be improved to sane grained attitudes which depict aging as Gymnast Frank Endo, 61 I demonstrates degree. mvolving decline, disability and ulti­ stay healthy after youth. In the area of emotions, things become mately death. A lead article in a r cent more amplex and difficult to measme Newsweek poke of this view of aging a and sort out So much of what we experi­ li the best is past and only the wor t is to that a p ychobiological phenomenon and activity is not necessarily more re­ ence emotionally results from the inter­ orne. " alled depression can lead to a state of s tricted with a ge. action of our inner world (strengths and This vi w ha volved out of and has dysfunction uch that a person can appear weaknesses) and the stresses of the outer Me ntal Aspects influenced b th popular and cientific " enile" with all the attendant signs of world. What can be said in an overgener­ ob ervations of th ld rl . It only tak memory 10 . But treatm nt of this con­ One can view mental activity as being alized way is that the process of aging c ual glan to e th obvious dition can rever e the dysfun tion, and composed of thinking, feeling, acting or does indeed involve real losses. Besides chang associated with passage of tim . by our definition, this i an illne proc s behaving. the measurable physical losses in speed, The wrinkles appear; hair b com thin, and not an aging proce s. First, thinking--<)r cognition, as the strength, resilience and reserve, addi­ fine, am gray; kin begins to dry and 0, what w n ed to determine is the scientists would say-has been assumed tionallosses include "natural" or expect­ g; joints don't move as easil ; refiexe normal aging process. We need to sort to decline with age. The popular view of edchanges. low; am thing appear to take gr ater out illness from aging, not an easy task. I senility is tha t the ability to think deteri­ These are: (1) the "10ss" of children as effo rt am a longer time to ac omplish. will attempt to describe change which orates with a ge. The scientific measure dependents-the proverbial "empty nest We conclude that what we ob erv are are felt to occur with age, although this frequently used to measure this mental syndrome"; (2) the loss of a lifelong role the inevitable change of aging, the irre­ will no doubt be an incomplete picture. activity is the intelligence quotient (I. Q.). as parent, worker, or other meaningful versible, deleterious changes over time. * * * When these tests were performed on role associated with home and work (re­ But to what degree do we convince poopl Physically we can measure changes normal older individuals in the Duke tirement); (3) the losses of loved ones that this is how they should be and they with age. And these can be viewed as study by Eisdorfer and coUeagues and and friends through death. I am sure then actually become this aged person? decline, disability and death. There is a repeated three years later, they found readers could add to this list, but suffice Scientists have only just begun to measurable decline in various physiologic . essentially no decline in I.Q. Similar it to say that these represent real chal­ investigate tlus question as an ever­ areas. Elasticity of skin and other tissues findings have been reported by Jarvik in lenges to the aging individual and weigh increasing portion of our society is living decreases. T he lung is unable to push air an eight-year foUow-up study. So it ap­ heavily in the area of emotions. Sc:me beyond the age of 65. With medical ad­ in and out as effectively. The body's abil­ pears that a ging is not necessarily ac­ individuals will respond to these chal­ vances, including preven tion, life expect­ ity to utilize oxygen diminishes with age. companied by a decline in I. Q. Subtle lenges with optimism and renewed vigor, ancy is quite remarkable. What is being Even in weU-conditioned athletes, such changes of brain function that have to do Others will withdraw and become de­ discovered is that many of the previously as long-distance runners, this is true. So, with the speed with which data is re­ pressed held ideas of aging are myths, based on without the presence of illness, one can trieved from the memory bank may make How an aging person responds to the prejudice and fear. But the findings are measure changes which indicate a slow­ the older individual more susceptible to developnental changes is in some ways relatively new and incomplete. ing down of the physiologic processes. distraction and cause momentary memo­ a reflection of the aging process. But Shakespeare's view, expressed in "As This reality of the slowing down proc­ ry lapses, but these do not represent ttue in many ways, our society, through ig­ You like It," pictures man as passing ess, physically speaking, is particularly loss of memory. norance or fear, sets apart the aging in­ through the stages of infancy to adult­ noticeable in professional athletes in Early studies of aged persons using dividual through pernicious attitudes and hood am into a second childhood of old sports which require quick reflexes and the Rorschach (Inkblot) Test suggest that stereotypes. It is said by many older indi­ a ge. We are left with a sense of inevitable enduranre. An article in USA Today de­ older persons become slower, less pro­ viduals that they feel set apart and oot regression, helplessness and despair. But scribing the effects of age on athletic per­ ductive and less efficient, with a restric­ acceptable any more. The negative ster­ if you look closely at the statistics, only a fonnance states that quickness and speed tion of thought content. Investigators eotypes and the social isolation lead to small percentage of the elderly are insti­ are slowed, conditioning takes a longer thought that this represen!ed a progres­ an assault on one's self-image. How can tutionalized, somewhere in the vicinity time, and so does recovery from injury. sive imJXJverisbment of creative intellec­ we maintain a sense of self-worth ~ of 5%. This suggests that a large percent­ In a sport like basketball, these changes tual facilities. However, when the inves­ esteem? As one 74-year-old woman put it age of the aged is functional and not shorten the usefulness of the "aged ath­ tigators looked more closely, they dis­ in the Newsweek article, "We are pio­ confined. Where do we begin to sort fact lete" to the team. covered that the results seen in the Inkblot neers in aging, and we don't have any from fancy? One of the reasons it has been difficult test reflected the I. Q. of the research sub­ role mooels." To begin with, we need to define some to understand the changes of ."nonna! jects, woo were insti~tionalized and had In the past, observers felt that older teITIlS, specifically aging and illness. We aging" is that with age there is an in­ lower I.Q.s. Therefore, their original individuals gradually "disengage" define aging as a process of change which crease in the prevalence of chronic ill­ conclusioo is thought to be erroneous. themselves from society. This was viewed occurs over time, is irreversible in nature nesses. Now this is the gray area where Since I have stated that chronic physi­ as an adaptive effort on the part of the and has a deleterious effect on function­ aging am illness overlap or are blurred. cal illnesses increase in prevalence with aging iIxlividual whose ability to main­ ing. Illness, on the other hand, is defined In an extensive study conducted at Duke age, the question arises as to whether tain an 'equilibriium was diminishing. I as a change which is deleterious but p0- University, older individuals were studied physical illness can lead to a decline in think today more and more people are tentially reversible. Why is this impor­ and followed over a number of years. cognitive function. When this was studied beginning to realize that societal atti­ tant? I think we have, over the years, The most frequent physical findings of in patients with cardiovascular disease, tudes cmtribute a great deal to this dis­ gotten the two processes mixed up. I think dysfunction were (1) impainnent of vision there was found to be no deterioration of engagement and social isolation. we have observed people aging and as­ and hearing, (2) atherosclerotic heart and cognitive functioning. That is, the aged I think my message is fairly clear. Yes, sumed that the changes were due to the cardiovascular disease, (3) hypertension, may be able to maintain intellectual abil­ there is a oormal process of aging with a ging process when, in fact, the change (4) pulmonary disease, and (5) arthritis. ities despite serious physiological deteri­ attendant slowing down of physical, could have been reversible. Now, me can argue whether a cataract oration and the two do not necessarily go mental and social processes. But the A gcxx:l clinical example is memory is an illness or a consequence of aging, hand in hand. normal process of aging is far from the loss. Many people thought tha t aging but in a sense the question is moot, since Disability and dysfunction do occur in hopelessness and despair which our s0- was always accompanied by memory l~ with our present medical technology the the mental realm. But again, we must ciety has previously attached to this stage or senility. Grandmother or Grandfather cataract process can't be reversed. But have a perspective on what conclusions of a person's life. We still have much to is becoming " senile." The scientilic ex­ what one is left with is the greater preva­ can be drawn from the statistics. Looking learn, and the challenge to us today is to planation was that neurons in the brain lence of chronic illnesses that decrease at the prevalence of mental illness in the venture into this new frontier and, as the were being burned out with age; there­ the a bility of the afflicted to function as aged, one finds that a psychiatric survey 74-year-old woman said, be pioneers in fore, the brain was becoming senile. weU as before. I should emphasize that in Durham, North Carolina, that almost defining a meaningful, productive and Well, we know better now. We know chronic illness does not strike everyone one-baH of the individuals surveyed were gratifying role.