Operations in Subterranean Systems: Terrain and Weather Variable
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Subterranean Warfare: a New-Old Challenge
Subterranean Warfare: A New-Old Challenge Yiftah S. Shapir and Gal Perel Subterranean warfare is not new in human history. Tunnels, which have been dug in all periods for various purposes, have usually been the weapon of the weak against the strong and used for concealment. The time required to dig tunnels means that they can be an important tool for local residents against an enemy army unfamiliar with the terrain. Tunnels used for concealment purposes (defensive tunnels) can be distinguished from tunnels used as a route for moving from one place to another. The latter include smuggling tunnels used to smuggle goods past borders (as in the Gaza Strip), escape routes from prisons or detention camps, offensive tunnels to move forces behind enemy lines, and booby-trapped tunnels planted with explosives !"#$%#!#&'%()*+,+-+#.%/)%-)*-+*% .#"%0'%1)&).23 Operation Protective Edge sharpened awareness of the strategic threat posed by subterranean warfare. The IDF encountered the tunnel threat long ago, and took action to attempt to cope with this threat, but the scope of -4#%54#!6&#!6!7%).%0#*)&#%)55)$#!-%+!%8 ,'9: ; .-%<=>?7%@).%56$-$)'#"% as a strategic shock, if not a complete surprise, requiring comprehensive reorganization to handle the problem. Some critics argued that an investigative commission was necessary to search for the roots of the failure and punish those to blame for it. This article will review subterranean warfare before and during Operation Protective Edge, and will assess the strategic effects of this mode of warfare. !"#$%&#'()#*+,-"../0"/0#1/.2/." A 0-#$$)!#)!%@)$()$#%4).%)55#)$#"%&)!'%-+&#.%+!%-4#%:$)09B.$)#,+%*6!-#C-7% and the IDF and the Ministry of Defense have dealt with various aspects of the phenomenon of subterranean warfare for many years. -
הרפואה הצבאית Association - Journal of Israeli Military Medicine
ההסתדרות הרפואית בישראל Israeli Medical הרפואה הצבאית Association - Journal of Israeli Military Medicine Journal of Israeli Military Medicine Vol. 14, No.1 (35), APRIL 2017 | ISSN 1565-8287 כרך 14, חוב' מס' 1 )35( ניסן-אייר תשע"ז, אפריל ISSN 1565-8287 | 2017 כרך 14 , חוב' מס' 1 ( 35 ( ניסן-אייר תשע"ז 2017 Vol. 14, NO.1 (35), APRIL Vol. 23 18 13 8 8 13 18 23 Stab Injuries Associated IDF’s Central Command Injuries and Treatment פיגועי דקירה נגד חיילים מיפוי הפציעות והמענה נפגעי צה"ל וכוחות הביטחון הערכות מתאמנים לשלושה Trainees Perception במרחב אוגדת יהודה הרפואי על פני שישה חודשים בפיגועי טרור במתווה דריסה מודלים של אימוני סימולציה with Terror Activity Medical Corps Experience of IDF Casualties of of Three Models Targeting Soldiers in from 6 Months of Terroristic ושומרון )אוקטובר 2015 - מרס 2016(, ביהודה ושומרון - השוואת לצוותי רפואה לטיפול Vehicle Ramming Terror of Trauma Patient נועם בן-יוסף ואח' בתקופה של טרור מתמשך נתוני ההיפגעות עם נתוני בפצועי טראומה - the Central Command Activity (October 2015 Attacks in The West Treatment Training בגזרת פיקוד המרכז הנפגעים בתאונות דרכים עדי לייבה, סער מנחה ואח' N. Ben-Yosef et al. .March 2016) Bank - Comparison to A. Leiba, S. Minha et al סער מנחה ואח' ונפגעי פח"ע במנגנונים אחרים S. Minha et al. Pedestrians Injured in קרן זילכה ואח' Road Accidents and to Casualties of Other Terror Mechanisms K. Zilka et al. ההסתדרות .(Special Edition Analyzing “Godel HaSha`ah” (Terror Wave 2015-2016 גיליון זה מיוחד לאירועי הטרור "גודל השעה" )2016-2015(. הרפואית בישראל Editor: COL Dr Hagay Frenkel, Chief Medical -
Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: an Annotated Bibliography by R
Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography by R. Lee Hadden Topographic Engineering Center November 2005 US Army Corps of Engineers 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels In Afghanistan Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE 30-11- 2. REPORT TYPE Bibliography 3. DATES COVERED 1830-2005 2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER “Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats and Tunnels 5b. GRANT NUMBER In Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography” 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER HADDEN, Robert Lee 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT US Army Corps of Engineers 7701 Telegraph Road Topographic Alexandria, VA 22315- Engineering Center 3864 9.ATTN SPONSORING CEERD / MONITORINGTO I AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. -
Subterranean Warfare 2015-2020
2015 Tunnel Warfare Robot Technologies Homeland Security Research Corp. Tunnel Warfare Robot Technologies – 2015 Tunnel Warfare Robot Technologies August 2015 Homeland Security Research Corp. (HSRC) is an international market and technology research firm specializing in the Homeland Security (HLS) & Public Safety (PS) Industry. HSRC provides premium market reports on present and emerging technologies and industry expertise, enabling global clients to gain time-critical insight into business opportunities. HSRC’s clients include U.S. Congress, DHS, U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, NATO, DOD, DOT, GAO, and EU, among others; as well as HLS & PS government agencies in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Israel, Canada, UK, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Finland, Singapore. With over 750 private sector clients (72% repeat customers), including major defense and security contractors, and Fortune 500 companies, HSRC earned the reputation as the industry’s Gold Standard for HLS & PS market reports. Washington D.C. 20004, 601 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Suite 900, Tel: 202-455-0966, [email protected], www.homelandsecurityresearch.com Copyright © 2015 HSRC. All rights reserved | Copy #2015-081015-4 | 2 Tunnel Warfare Robot Technologies – 2015 Table of Contents 1 Subterranean Warfare Robots Technologies & Global Market – 2015-2020 ................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Subterranean Warfare ................................................................ 4 1.2 Subterranean Warfare Robots Technologies ............................ -
The Underground War on the Western Front in WWI. Journal of Conflict Archaeology, 9 (3)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten: Publications nn Banks, I. (2014) Digging in the dark: the underground war on the Western Front in WWI. Journal of Conflict Archaeology, 9 (3). pp. 156-178. Copyright © 2014 W. S. Maney & Son Ltd A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge Content must not be changed in any way or reproduced in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder(s) http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/102030/ Deposited on: 29 January 2015 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Digging in the Dark: The Underground War on the Western Front in WWI Iain Banks Centre for Battlefield Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK Abstract Throughout the First World War, with the trenches largely static, the combatants tried to break the deadlock by tunnelling under one another’s trenches. The Tunnelling Companies of the British Royal Engineers were engaged in a bitter struggle against German Pioneers that left both sides with heavy casualties. A project to determine the location of one particular act of heroism in that underground war has resulted in the erection of a monument to the Tunnellers at Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée in northern France. Keywords: Tunnelling Companies; Royal Engineers; William Hackett; Tunnellers’ Memorial; mine warfare Introduction The war that raged from 1914 to 1918 is characterised in the popular imagination in terms of trenches, mud and shellfire. -
Tunnel Operations in the Israel Defense Forces: Adapting The
Original Manuscript Armed Forces & Society 1-21 ª The Author(s) 2020 Tunnel Operations in the Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/0095327X20924040 Israel Defense Forces: journals.sagepub.com/home/afs Adapting the Warrior Ethos to Post-Heroic Conflict Nehemia Stern1 , Uzi Ben-Shalom1, Niv Gold2, Corinne Berger1, Avishai Antonovsky3, and Dvir Peleg1 Abstract This study presents an empirically grounded account of tunnel combat operations in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) within the context of “post-heroic” warfare. Cur- rent scholarship on “post-heroism” has viewed the technological and professional standards of contemporary military conflicts as distancing the individual combatant from the modern battlefield. Little attention has been given however to the ways in which soldiers themselves experience and adapt to post-heroic conditions. Findings based on in-depth semistructured interviews with 17 IDF tunnel combatants show these soldiers actively reinterpreting the strategic importance placed on distancing the warrior from the battlefield. This exploratory article suggests that an individual “warrior ethos” still resonates amid the professional and technological contours of post-heroic (underground) conflicts. By presenting a novel account of contemporary tunnel warfare from the perspective of the combatants themselves, this research sheds new light on the different personal dimensions that impact post-heroic military operations. 1 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ariel University, Israel 2 Clinical Branch, Department of Mental Health, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force, Israel 3 Mental Fitness Branch, Department of Mental Health, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel Corresponding Author: Nehemia Stern, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel. -
Television and the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic
0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Revised Pages Envisioning Socialism Revised Pages Revised Pages Envisioning Socialism Television and the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic Heather L. Gumbert The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Revised Pages Copyright © by Heather L. Gumbert 2014 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (be- yond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2017 2016 2015 2014 5 4 3 2 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978– 0- 472– 11919– 6 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978– 0- 472– 12002– 4 (e- book) Revised Pages For my parents Revised Pages Revised Pages Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 Cold War Signals: Television Technology in the GDR 14 2 Inventing Television Programming in the GDR 36 3 The Revolution Wasn’t Televised: Political Discipline Confronts Live Television in 1956 60 4 Mediating the Berlin Wall: Television in August 1961 81 5 Coercion and Consent in Television Broadcasting: The Consequences of August 1961 105 6 Reaching Consensus on Television 135 Conclusion 158 Notes 165 Bibliography 217 Index 231 Revised Pages Revised Pages Acknowledgments This work is the product of more years than I would like to admit. -
ATP 3-21.51 Subterranean Operations
ATP 3-21.51 Subterranean Operations 129(0%(5 2019 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes ATP 3-21.51, dated 21 February 2018. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard) *ATP 3-21.51 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 3-21.51 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1RYHPEHr 2019 Subterranean Operations Contents Page PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 1-1 Attributes of a Subterranean System ........................................................................ 1-1 Functionality of Subterranean Structures .................................................................. 1-1 Subterranean Threats, Hazards, and Risks .............................................................. 1-2 Denial and Deception ................................................................................................ 1-6 Categories of Subterranean Systems ....................................................................... 1-9 Construction of Subterranean Spaces and Structures ........................................... -
Briefing Notes
THE FUTURE OF WARFARE, ITS TRANSITION TO URBAN AND UNDERGROUND WARFARE AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT Authors: Sergiu Gargaun1 and Julian Spencer- Churchill2 1 Student in Department of Political Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada 2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada BRIEFING NOTES # BN-31-Emerging technology and military application-Oct2020 SUMMARY Due to the air superiority of NATO and to the ever-increasing cost of building on the surface, potential opponents have already started and are continuing to build underground. Sewers, metros and massive shopping malls would allow the enemy to move and protect their assets with impunity if the military does not act underground. Furthermore, dropping bunker busters or solely using special forces will not suffice since the areas to cover will be too high. Therefore, soldiers will have to learn how to fight underground and will have to be equipped with the proper tools to be combat ready in this environment. Firstly, tools to identify where the underground facilities are would be important. Using an array of seismic imaging, electrical prospection or simply sending AI controlled drones to scout the facility would be beneficial in understanding the layout and plan the mission accordingly. Secondly, the soldiers will have to be equipped with personal tools to ensure their effectiveness and survival. Low frequency communication devices, suppressors, infrared flashlights and oxygen providing equipment will be primordial if the soldiers have to fight the enemy in an enclosed and completely dark environment. Why Is Underground Warfare Going to be Important In the Future Contagious diseases represent as one of the 21st century’s major health challenges for humanity. -
From Cast Lead to Protective Edge: Lessons from Israel's Wars in Gaza
From Cast Lead to Protective Edge Lessons from Israel’s Wars in Gaza Raphael S. Cohen, David E. Johnson, David E. Thaler, Brenna Allen, Elizabeth M. Bartels, James Cahill, Shira Efron C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1888 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9787-3 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photos (clockwise): Nir Elias/Reuters; Amir Cohen/Reuters; Abu Mustafa/Reuters; Tsafrir Abayov/AP Photo Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report examines the Israel Defense Forces operations in Gaza from the end of Operation Cast Lead in 2009 through Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012 to Operation Protective Edge in 2014. -
The Weapon of Criticism
z6L+ dred kilometres long in the region of oF cRlilclsM Cu Chi alone; similarly, only a just, revolutionary cause could motivate o men and women to endure the hard- o- ship of living and f ighting underground for months and years The Tunnels of Cu Chi at a time. Tom Mongold ond John Penycote The region of Cu Chi was long a Hodder .l985& Stoughton stronghold of the NLF. Because of lII London its proximity to Saigon the U.S. (olso ovoiloble in French: army spared no effort in trying to Les tunnels Chi de Cu .l985) control the area. A huge U.S. base Albin Michel; Poris housing an Army division was con- structed near the village of Cu Chi. There are few examples of Huge expanses of land were heroism more telling than that of the bulldozed, burned and sprayed with EI= Vietnamese people's just struggle pesticides. The authors report that I against U.S. aggression. One of the wells in the area were systematically J. merits of Mangold and Penycate's poisoned by U.S. soldiers who threw work The Tunnels of Cu Chi is to the corpses of dead animals into l- rekindle memories (for those of us them. Villagers were herded by force old enough to remember) or present into the in f amous ' 'strategic a first picture of the unbelievable hamlets." Those who escaped were courage, self-sacrifice and ingenuity considered fair game for attack by that the men and women of Vietnam artillery fire and bombs or the Cobra demonstrated. To a certain extent helicopters that flew low to the such a picture shines throughdespite ground machinegunning everything the intentions of the authors, who that moved. -
Teachers' Guide for Military Technology
Military Technology TO THE TEACHER OBJECTIVES OF THIS UNIT: To help students think about warfare from the perspective of the technology used, thus linking military history to economic history and the history of science. TEACHING STRATEGIES: This unit can be used to help students grasp the long-term military confrontation between Chinese dynasties and the northern steppe societies. This unit lends itself to a comparative approach as many of the weapons and techniques have close counterparts in other parts of the world. Most of the images in this unit were taken from wood block illustrations in traditional Chinese books. To make this unit more challenging, teachers could raise questions about the advantages and limits of such sources. WHEN TO TEACH: Although the material in this unit derives primarily from Song dynasty sources, it deals with weapons and defensive systems in use for many centuries, and even in a chronologically-organized course could be used earlier or later to good effect. If used as part of instruction on the Song period, students would get more from the unit if they have already been introduced to the struggle between the Song and its northern neighbors, culminating with the Mongols. This unit would also be appropriate for use in teaching comparative military history. The Song period is a good point to take stock of China's military technology. First, warfare was central to the history of the period. The confrontation between the Song and the three successive non-Chinese states to the north (Liao, Jin, and Yuan) made warfare not only a major preoccupation for those in government service, but also a stimulus to siegecraft crossbows and rethinking major intellectual issues.