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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MORAL EDUCATION IN CHICAGO CATHOLIC SCHOOLS AND MORAL AUTHORITY IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, 1945-1975 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY BY JANE ELIZABETH McCAMANT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2020 Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Popes, Vatican Councils, and Selected Documents since 1846 ..................................... v List of Archbishops of Chicago .............................................................................................. vi List of Manuscript Collection Abbreviations ......................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. ix Abstract ....................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Sociological and Theoretical Introduction .............................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Educational Philosophy in Practice: What it is to be a Catholic School ................. 25 Chapter 3: Civics Education Under the Communist Threat .................................................... 59 Chapter 4: Operation Hospitality: Race, Moral Authority, and the Formation of Catholic Moral Culture ........................................................................................ 97 Chapter 5: Teaching the “New Morality” after Humanae Vitae Through “Help is Here” ....................................................................................................133 Chapter 6: Conclusions ........................................................................................................176 Works Cited ......................................................................................................................187 ii List of Figures Figure 4.1. Archdiocese of Chicago School Enrollment, 1920–1985 .............................. 100 Figure 4.2. Chicagoland Catholic School Enrollment by Region .................................... 100 Figure 4.3. Religious Affiliation of Black Students in Archdiocese of Chicago Schools, 1965–1976 ........................................................................105 iii List of Tables Table 3.1 Protestants and Catholics as Percentage of Total U.S. Population ................... 81 iv List of Popes, Vatican Councils, and Selected Documents since 1846 Pope Pius IX, 1846–1878 First Vatican Council (Vatican I), 1869–1870 Pope Leo XIII, 1878–1903 Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of Labor), 1891 Pope Pius X, 1903–1914 Pope Benedict XV, 1914–1922 Pope Pius XI, 1922–1939 Pope Pius XII, 1939–1958 Pope John XXIII, 1958–1963 Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), 1962–1965 Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church), 1964 Gaudium et Spes (The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World), 1965 Dignitatis Humanae (Declaration on Religious Freedom), 1965 Perfectae Caritatis (Decree on the Appropriate Renewal of the Religious Life), 1965 Pope Paul VI, 1963–1978 Humanae vitae (On the Regulation of Birth), 1968 Pope John Paul I, 1978 (died after only a few weeks in office) Pope John Paul II, 1978–2005 Pope Benedict XVI, 2005-2013 Pope Francis, 2013— v List of Archbishops of Chicago Patrick Augustine Feehan (1880–1902) James Edward Quigley (1903–1915) Cardinal George Mundelein (1915–1939) Cardinal Samuel Stritch (1939–1958) Cardinal Albert Gregory Meyer (1958–1965) Cardinal John Cody (1965–1982) Cardinal Joseph Bernardin (1982–1996) Cardinal Francis George, OMI (1997–2014) Cardinal Blase J. Cupich (2014–present) vi List of Manuscript Collection Abbreviations BEN: Sister Mary Benet Papers, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, IN. CC: Chancery Correspondence, Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. CODY: John Cardinal Cody Papers Collection, Agency Files, School Board, Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. DRP: Drop File Collection, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, IN. FB: Rev. Francis Brackin Collection, Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. GEN: General Collection, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, IN. HOC: Frederick G. Hochwalt Papers, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, IN. HOY: Suellen Hoy Ph.D. Papers, Women & Leadership Archives, Loyola University Chicago. INS: Parish and Institutional Records Collection, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, IN. LVHS: Lake View High School Collection. Chicago Public Library, Sulzer Regional Library, Northside Neighborhood History Collection. MD: Most Reverend Michael Dempsey Collection. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. MHS: St. Louise de Marillac H.S. (Northfield), curriculum materials, 1970-1975, Joseph vii Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. RJH: Robert J. Havighurst Papers, University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center. SB: Archdiocesan School Board Records. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. SCHL: School Records — Curriculum Materials, Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center. In all manuscript citations, box and folder numbers separated by a slash (or other cataloging information specific to that collection) follow collection abbreviation. viii Acknowledgments Andrew Abbott’s example and advice have guided every aspect of my graduate career. He has demonstrated to me the power of humane social scientific practice to shape a life of compassion and duty. He works continuously to build community among the graduate students he advises, and some of the most important peer relationships I have had in graduate school have been the result of introductions he provided and groups he hosted. His influence on my intellectual and pedagogical development will always dwarf my ability to articulate it. Andreas Glaeser has a bold and expansive vision of what it can mean to be a sociologist, which has continually inspired me. His personal warmth and enthusiasm for my work have been invaluable. I am also grateful to Andreas for convening the most important intellectual community of my time in graduate school in the form of his hermeneutic sociology practicum. To Jenny Trinitapoli I owe, among countless other debts, my interest in the sociology of organized religion. I will always be grateful that she came to Chicago, and I am honored to have the opportunity to continue to work with her. I am grateful to Michael Rossi for asking hard questions at just the right moment. His sense of historical rigor and eye for detail has been invaluable, even when it has made me wonder if I am in the right discipline. The earliest seeds for this project were planted in research conducted at the Frank C. Munson Institute of American Maritime History. It was there, under the supervision of Glenn Gordinier, that I had my first experience with archival research, and I will always be grateful for his guidance. The University of Chicago sociology department has been my intellectual home since then, and many thanks are due to its faculty and administrative staff. I would especially like to thank Linnea Martin, who has made every step of this process easier and more pleasant with her deep expertise and persistent kindness. At various points I have also benefited from the ix guidance, collegiality, and timely interventions of Susan Allan, Lis Clemens, Marco Garrido, John Levi Martin, Omar McRoberts, and the late Charles Bidwell. This is a project of library research and would not have been possible without the work of countless librarians and archivists. I am grateful to the staffs of the Women and Leadership Archives at Loyola University Chicago; the municipal reference desk at the Harold Washington Library; to Joe Smith, archives assistant at the University Archives at the University of Notre Dame; and to Meg Hall, director of the Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Records Center of the Archdiocese of Chicago. Meg deserves special mention; her exhaustive knowledge of the archdiocesan collections, her enthusiasm for this project, and her readiness to discuss it with me were invaluable. At every stage of this dissertation project––and at every stage of my graduate career––I have relied upon the wonderful staff of the Joseph Regenstein Library at the University of Chicago. The late Ray Gadke taught me how to use a microfilm reader. Working for Joe Gerdeman, I not only memorized the layout of the stacks, but learned many details of the inter- library loan process that have served me well as a regular patron of such services. I hope to spend my career in research libraries, and I feel sure that I will measure them all by the Regenstein. I could not have completed this work without the financial support of the American Journal of Sociology and the University of Chicago Social Sciences Division. In this final year, the work was supported by a Dissertation Fellowship from the Louisville Institute. At a critical stage in the writing, the Louisville Institute's Winter Seminar also provided invaluable camaraderie. x This work has been done in the midst of great friends. They have reminded me of my own strength, awakened my joy in
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