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Home , ARPANET, Crossover switch, Eric Bina, Internet Society, InterNIC, MILNET

How did the come to be? ❒ It started as a research project to experiment with connecting together with packet switched 2: Internet History networks. It was developed with funding and leadership of the Defense Last Modified: Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). 1/20/2003 12:46:58 PM

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Who invented the Internet? 1958-1961: Connect Computers?

❒ ? No ☺ ❒ 1958 – After USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite, US forms the Advanced ❒ who did early work in Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the following ? year, within the Department of Defense (DoD) to ❒ and Robert Kahn who defined the establish US lead in science and technology "" (IP) and participated in applicable to the military the development of TCP? ❒ 1961 – First published work on packet switching ❒ (“Information Flow in Large Communication Nets”, Tim Berners-Lee developed HTTP to Leonard Kleinrock, MIT graduate student) support a global hyper-text system he ❒ 1964 – other independent work in packet switching called the ? (Internet vs at RAND Institute and National Physics the World Wide Web?) Laboratory in

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1966 –1968: Connect 1969: First Connections Computers? Funded ❒ 1966 – Lawrence Roberts (colleague of ❒ 4/7/1969 – First RFC (“ Software” by Kleinrock from MIT) publishes overall plan ) basis for the Network for an ARPAnet, a proposed packet Control Protocol(NCP) network ❒ 9/2/1969 – Leonard Kleinrock’s ❒ 1968 – ARPA awards contracts for four at UCLA becomes first on the nodes in ARPANET to UCLA (Network Measurement), Stanford Research ARPANET Institute (Network Information Center), ❒ 10/29/1969 – First packets sent; Charlie UCSB (Interactive Mathematics) and U Kline attempts use of remote login from (Graphics); BBN gets contract to UCLA to SRI; system crashes as “G” in build the IMP entered

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1 1967-1971: So what do we do 1971-1973 with it? Networks Growing ❒ 1967-1972 – Vint Cerf, graduate student in ❒ 1970 - First cross-country link installed by Kleinrock’s lab, works on application level AT&T between UCLA and BBN at 56kbps protocols for the ARPANET (file transfer ❒ Other networks: ALOHAnet ( and protocols) network in Hawaii), Telenet ❒ 1971 - of BBN writes (commercial, BBN), Transpac (France) application; derived from two ❒ 1973 – was designed in 1973 existing: an intra-machine email by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox Palo Alto program (SENDMSG) and an Research Center (PARC) experimental file transfer program ❒ How do we connect these networks (CPYNET) together?

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1972-1974: Protocol 1974-1978: Development of Development TCP/IP ❒ 1972-1974 – Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf ❒ 1974 – First full draft of TCP produced develop protocols to connect networks ❒ November 1977 - First three-network without any knowledge of the topology TCP/IP based or specific characteristics of the demonstrated linking SATNET, PRNET and underlying nets ARPANET in a path leading from Menlo ❒ 1972 – Robert Kahn gives first public Park, CA to Univ. College London and back demonstration of ARPAnet (now 15 to USC/ISI (Marina del Ray, CA) nodes) at International Conference on ❒ 1978 – TCP split into TCP and IP Computer Communication

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1981 –1984: 1983-1986: Not Just a Base Protocols In Place Research Project Anymore ❒ 1981 – Term “Internet” coined to mean ❒ 1984 – System collection of interconnected networks introduced; 1000+ (200 hosts by ❒ end of 1970s; over 100000 by end of 1982 – ISO releases OSI seven layer ) model; actual protocols die but model is ❒ 1986 – NSFNET created to provide influential access to 5 super computer centers ❒ 1/1/1983 – Original ARPANET NCP was including Theory Center at Cornell banned from the ARPANET and TCP/IP (NSFNET backbone speeds 56 Kbps) was required ❒ 1983 – ARPANET split into ARPANET ❒ 1984 – Cisco Systems founded and MILNET; MILNET to carry defense related traffic

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2 1990-1993: 1988-1989: Growing Pains? WWW Explosion ❒ 1988 - Nodes on Internet began to double ❒ 1990 – ARPANET ceases to exist every year ❒ 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee develops ❒ November 1988 – Internet worm affecting system with initial versions of HTML and HTTP about 10% of the 60000 computers on the and first GUI called Internet (Robert Morris, Cornell) “WorldWideWeb” ❒ 1988 - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ❒ 1993 – , a GUI web browser, written by (IANA) established in December with Jon and at NCSA takes Postel as its Director. Postel was also the RFC world by storm (showed in-line images and Editor and US Domain registrar for many was easy to install); years ❒ WWW proliferates at a 341,634% annual growth rate of service traffic

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1990-1993: Ready for Public 1995: As we know it Consumption ❒ 1990 – First ISP world.std.com ❒ 1995- NSFNET reverts back to a research ❒ 1991 – NSFNET lifted restrictions on network. Main US backbone traffic now use of NSFNET for commercial purposes routed through commercial internet ❒ 1992 – founded service providers ❒ 1993 – InterNIC created by NSF to ❒ 1995 – Sun launches Java provide Internet services; Private ❒ 1995 - Traditional online dial-up systems companies transition into roles (AT&T – directory and database services; (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy) – registration begin to provide services; CERFnet – information ❒ 1995 - Registration of domain names no services) longer free

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How to make the Internet Internet Grows Exponentially better? ❒ ????????????????????????

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3 Tim Berners-Lee: Making the Vint Cerf: Open Challenges Internet Better ❒ Vint Cerf: “My primary disappointment ❒ Tim Berners-Lee: “Nothing can be perfect, but the has been the slow pace of high speed Web could be a lot better. It would help is we had access for residential customers and the easy hypertext editors which let us make links demise of so many competitive local between documents with the mouse. It would help exchange carriers (CLECs) in the US. if everyone with Web access also had some space The second area of disappointment is they can write to -- and that is changing nowadays the slow uptake of version 6 of the as a lot of ISPs give web space to users. It would Internet protocol (IPv6). Perhaps the help if we had an easy way of controlling access to third area is the continuing difficulty files on the web so that we could safely use it for caused by viruses, worms and private, group, or family information without fear of the wrong people being able to access it.” distributed denial of service attacks.”

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Making the Internet Better

❒ How about you?

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