The Internet Development Process Stockholm October 2010

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

The Internet development Process Stockholm October 2010 Pål Spilling What I would talk about? • The main Norwegian contributions • Competitions between alternatives • Did Norway benefit from its participation? • Some observations and reflections • Conclusion A historical timeline 1981/82 TCP/IP accepted standard for US 1993 Web browser Mosaic Defence became available 1980 TCP/IP fully 2000 developed 1975 Start of the Internet Project; 1974 Preliminary speciﬁcaons of TCP 1977 First 3 – network Demonstration Mid 1973 ARPANET covers US, Hawaii, FFI Kjeller, and UCL London 1950 1955 ‐1960, End 1968 Ideas of resource Start of the ARPANET sharing networks project Norway and UK on ARPANET 1973 London o SATNET o Kjeller Norwegian Contributions • SATNET development – Simulations – Performance measurements • Internet performance measurements • Packet speech experiments over the Internet • Improved PRNET protocol architecture Competitions between alternatives • X.25 (ITU) • ISO standards (committee work) • DECNET (proprietary) • IBM (proprietary) • TCP/IP demonstrated its usefullness i 1977 accepted as a standard for US defence Norwegian benefits • Enabled me to create a small Norwegian internet • Got access to UNIX, with TCP/IP and user services integrated • Gave research scientists early exposure to internet and its services • Early curriculum in computer communications; Oslo University Observations and reflections • Norwegian Arpanet Committee; dissolved itself due to lack of interest • IP address space too small for todays use • TCP split in two parts; TCP and IP (speech) • Lack of manpower, greatly reduced our contributions Conclusions • TCP/IP: 10 – 15 years ahead of marked • US – Europe (ISO, X.25); very different approachs to create standards • MOSAIC browser available in 1993, Then the internet traffic exploded One of the fathers of Internet and me Why was Norway invited? • Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty; NORSAR at Kjeller; established in 1970 • Nordic Satellite station at Tanum Sweden • DARPA wanted to cooperate with Donald Davies; blocked due to UK’s EU application • Prof. Peter Kirstein, UCL, had agreed to participate • Turned to Norway; sattellite communication Worm attack in 1988 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections Pål Spilling
The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections Pål Spilling To cite this version: Pål Spilling. The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections. 3rd History of Nordic Computing (HiNC), Oct 2010, Stockholm, Sweden. pp.297-304, 10.1007/978-3-642-23315-9_33. hal- 01564646 HAL Id: hal-01564646 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01564646 Submitted on 19 Jul 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections Pål Spilling University Graduate Center (UNIK), Kjeller, Norway [email protected] Abstract. Based on the experience of being part of the team that developed the internet, the author will look back and provide a history of the Norwegian participation. The author will attempt to answer a number of questions such as why was The Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI) invited to participate in the development process, what did Norway contribute to in the project, and what did Norway benefit from its participation? Keywords: ARPANET, DARPA, Ethernet, Internet, PRNET 1 A Short Historical Résumé The development of the internet went through two main phases.
[Show full text]
Adding Enhanced Services to the Internet: Lessons from History
Adding Enhanced Services to the Internet: Lessons from History kc claffy and David D. Clark [email protected] and [email protected] September 7, 2015 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Related technical concepts 4 2.1 What does “enhanced services” mean? . 4 2.2 Using enhanced services to mitigate congestion . 5 2.3 Quality of Service (QoS) vs. Quality of Experience (QoE) . 6 2.4 Limiting the use of enhanced services via regulation . 7 3 Early history of enhanced services: technology and operations (1980s) 7 3.1 Early 1980s: Initial speciﬁcation of Type-of-Service in the Internet Protocol suite . 7 3.2 Mid 1980s: Reactive use of service differentation to mitigate NSFNET congestion . 10 3.3 Late 1980s: TCP protocol algorithmic support for dampening congestion . 10 4 Formalizing support for enhanced services across ISPs (1990s) 11 4.1 Proposed short-term solution: formalize use of IP Precedence ﬁeld . 11 4.2 Proposed long-term solution: standardizing support for enhanced services . 12 4.3 Standardization of enhanced service in the IETF . 13 4.4 Revealing moments: the greater obstacle is economics not technology . 15 5 Non-technical barriers to enhanced services on the Internet (2000s) 15 5.1Early2000s:afuneralwakeforQoS............................ 15 5.2 Mid 2000s: Working with industry to gain insight . 16 5.3 Late 2000s: QoS becomes a public policy issue . 17 6 Evolving interconnection structure and implications for enhanced services (2010s) 20 6.1 Expansion of network interconnection scale and scope . 20 6.2 Emergence of private IP-based platforms to support enhanced services . 22 6.3 Advancing our empirical understanding of performance impairments .
[Show full text]
Features of the Internet History the Norwegian Contribution to the Development PAAL SPILLING and YNGVAR LUNDH
Features of the Internet history The Norwegian contribution to the development PAAL SPILLING AND YNGVAR LUNDH This article provides a short historical and personal view on the development of packet-switching, computer communications and Internet technology, from its inception around 1969 until the full- fledged Internet became operational in 1983. In the early 1990s, the internet backbone at that time, the National Science Foundation network – NSFNET, was opened up for commercial purposes. At that time there were already several operators providing commercial services outside the internet. This presentation is based on the authors’ participation during parts of the development and on literature Paal Spilling is studies. This provides a setting in which the Norwegian participation and contribution may be better professor at the understood. Department of informatics, Univ. of Oslo and University 1 Introduction Defense (DOD). It is uncertain when DoD really Graduate Center The concept of computer networking started in the standardized on the entire protocol suite built around at Kjeller early 1960s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- TCP/IP, since for several years they also followed the ogy (MIT) with the vision of an “On-line community ISO standards track. of people”. Computers should facilitate communica- tions between people and be a support for human The development of the Internet, as we know it today, decision processes. In 1961 an MIT PhD thesis by went through three phases. The first one was the Leonard Kleinrock introduced some of the earliest research and development phase, sponsored and theoretical results on queuing networks. Around the supervised by ARPA. Research groups that actively same time a series of Rand Corporation papers, contributed to the development process and many mainly authored by Paul Baran, sketched a hypotheti- who explored its potential for resource sharing were cal system for communication while under attack that permitted to connect to and use the network.
[Show full text]
829 DARPA November 1982 PACKET SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
Network Working Group V. Cerf Request for Comments: 829 DARPA November 1982 PACKET SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY REFERENCE SOURCES Vinton G. Cerf Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ABSTRACT This paper describes briefly the packet satellite technology developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and several other participating organizations in the U.K. and Norway and provides a biblography of relevant papers for researchers interested in experimental and operational experience with this dynamic satellite-sharing technique. INTRODUCTION Packet Satellite technology was an outgrowth of early work in packet switching on multiaccess radio channels carried out at the University of Hawaii with the support of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The primary difference between the earlier packet-switched ARPANET [1, 2] and the ALOHA system developed at the University of Hawaii [3] was the concept of multiple transmitters dynamically sharing a common and directly-accessible radio channel. In the ARPANET, sources of traffic inserted packets of data into the network through packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMPs). The IMPs used high speed point-to-point full-duplex telephone circuits [4] on a store-and-forward basis. All packet traffic for a given telephone circuit was queued, if necessary, in the IMP and transmitted as soon as the packet reached the head of the queue. On such full duplex circuits there is exactly one transmitter and one receiver in each direction. The ALOHA system, on the other hand, assigned a common transmit channel frequency to ALL radio terminals. A computer at the University of Hawaii received packet bursts from the remote terminals which shared the "multi-access" channel.
[Show full text]
The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections
The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections Pål Spilling University Graduate Center (UNIK), Kjeller, Norway [email protected] Abstract. Based on the experience of being part of the team that developed the internet, the author will look back and provide a history of the Norwegian participation. The author will attempt to answer a number of questions such as why was The Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI) invited to participate in the development process, what did Norway contribute to in the project, and what did Norway benefit from its participation? Keywords: ARPANET, DARPA, Ethernet, Internet, PRNET. 1 A Short Historical Résumé The development of the internet went through two main phases. The first one laid the foundation for packet switching in a single network called ARPANET. The main idea behind the development of ARPANET was resource sharing [1]. At that time computers, software, and communication lines were very expensive, meaning that these resources had to be shared among as many users as possible. The development started at the end of 1968. The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) funded and directed it in a national project. It became operational in 1970; in a few years, it spanned the U.S. from west to east with one arm westward to Hawaii and one arm eastward to Kjeller, Norway, and then onwards to London. The next phase, the “internet project,” started in the latter half of 1974 [2]. The purpose of the project was to develop technologies to interconnect networks based on different communication principles, enabling end-to-end communications between computers connected to different networks.
[Show full text]
Securing the Border Gateway Protocol by Stephen T
September 2003 Volume 6, Number 3 A Quarterly Technical Publication for From The Editor Internet and Intranet Professionals In This Issue The task of adding security to Internet protocols and applications is a large and complex one. From a user’s point of view, the security- enhanced version of any given component should behave just like the From the Editor .......................1 old version, just be “better and more secure.” In some cases this is simple. Many of us now use a Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) client in place of Telnet, and shop online using the secure version of HTTP. But Securing BGP: S-BGP...............2 there is still work to be done to ensure that all of our protocols and associated applications provide security. In this issue we will look at Securing BGP: soBGP ............15 routing, speciﬁcally the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and efforts that are underway to provide security for this critical component of the Internet infrastructure. As is often the case with emerging Internet Virus Trends ..........................23 technologies, there exists more than one proposed solution for securing BGP. Two solutions, S-BGP and soBGP, are described by Steve Kent and Russ White, respectively. IPv6 Behind the Wall .............34 The Internet gets attacked by various forms of viruses and worms with Call for Papers .......................40 some regularity. Some of these attacks have been quite sophisticated and have caused a great deal of nuisance in recent months. The effects following the Sobig.F virus are still very much being felt as I write this. Fragments ..............................41 Tom Chen gives us an overview of the trends surrounding viruses and worms.
[Show full text]
1 What Is the Internet (And What Makes It Work)
What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work) - December, 1999 By Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf In this issue: INTRODUCTION THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET THE INTERNET ARCHITECTURE GOVERNMENT S HISTORICAL ROLE A DEFINITION FOR THE INTERNET WHO RUNS THE INTERNET WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? This paper was prepared by the authors at the request of the Internet Policy Institute (IPI), a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., for inclusion in their upcoming series of Internet related papers. It is a condensation of a longer paper in preparation by the authors on the same subject. Many topics of potential interest were not included in this condensed version because of size and subject matter constraints. Nevertheless, the reader should get a basic idea of the Internet, how it came to be, and perhaps even how to begin thinking about it from an architectural perspective. This will be especially important to policy makers who need to distinguish the Internet as a global information system apart from its underlying communications infrastructure. INTRODUCTION As we approach a new millennium, the Internet is revolutionizing our society, our economy and our technological systems. No one knows for certain how far, or in what direction, the Internet will evolve. But no one should underestimate its importance. Over the past century and a half, important technological developments have created a global environment that is drawing the people of the world closer and closer together. During the industrial revolution, we learned to put motors to work to magnify human and animal muscle power.
[Show full text]
Vannevar Bush and JCR Licklider
Spring 2007 On the Origin of the Net and the Netizen Volume 15 No. 2 attracted attention. People on every continent Netizens and WSIS: wanted access. In 1998, at the International Tele- Celebrating the Demand for communications Union (ITU) Plenipotentiary Universal Access Conference, Tunisia suggested the idea of a World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). In 2002, recognizing the challenge to make access to the information society and the Internet universal, In the early 1990s, Michael Hauben and the United Nations General Assembly endorsed a Ronda Hauben began to document the history and proposal to hold such a summit. There were to be social impact of Usenet and the Internet. In 1994, two phases, the first in Geneva in 2003 and the they put their research online as the netizens second in Tunis in 2005. The papers gathered in netbook. Its title was “Netizens and the Wonderful this issue of the Amateur Computerist were World of the Net.” Then, in May 1997 there presented as a panel in the scientific side event appeared a print edition, Netizens: On the History conference, the Past, Present, and Future of and Impact of Usenet and the Internet,1 which is Research in the Information Society (PPF),2 held in celebrating its tenth anniversary in 2007. conjunction with the Tunis phase of the WSIS. Michael Hauben opens Chapter One of the The WSIS events with their culminating book Netizens with the greeting: meeting in Tunis in Nov 2005 demonstrated the Welcome to the 21st Century. You are a grassroots desire for the promise of the Internet Netizen (a Net Citizen), and you exist as a and of the netizen to be realized around the globe.
[Show full text]
BBN Report 4526
Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. I Report No. 4526 SAD A0931 64 I Combined Quarterly Technical Report No. 19 SATNET Development and Operation Remote Site Maintenance Internet Development I Mobile Access Terminal Network TCP for the HP3000 b # 1 TCP for VAX-UNIX 1 * November 1980 Prepared for: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [A so 12 2211 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CL.ASSIFICATION OF THIS PACE (NWmeDae 8stsmo' REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE REA COMPTIMORM 1. REPORT JM M S.OVT ACCmawON 00: CIVICRAI CATALOG M6W 4. TITLE (and iubeeeej S. TYPE OFR PORT&EROD OEE COMBINED QUARTERLY TECHNICAL REPORT No. 19 8/1/80 to 10/31/80 &- PERFORMuING *MG. REPORT NUMBER AU heNe) 5~g..e~o~U4526- - MDA9O380-C-0 53 & 0214 R. D. Bressler N0039-78-C-0405 9. PERPORMING ORANIZAl ION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PRoGRAM ELCMEN4T.PROJECT. TASK Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. AP U ORe UNoI. 32V1 50 Moulton Street ARP arerNds321751 Cambridge, MA 02238an3157 IL. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency November 1980 1400 Wilson Blvd. tO. NUMBER OF PAGESI Arlington, VA 22209 130 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRES(a diffe-ftI frw Cau,.ffej Offce) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (at this iep.A) DSSW NAVALEX Rm. 1D, The Pentagon Washington, DC UCASFEUNCLASSIFIED____ Washington, DC 20310 20360 Its Ok-C.IICATION'oOWNmAsW~a IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEL4MN (efthis Report) J APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE/DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED J Il~~1.DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (offf he'*laoei fe, #&Mocek 2S. 0411 affrIfme Mahpsf) I0. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES to. Key WORDS (Cwheso Vero Rwio& of 80aeend 1~10U~ by mesh 'Mae) Computer networks, packets, packet broadcast, satellite communication gateways, Transmission Control Program, UNIX, Pluribus Satellite IMP, Remote Site Module, Remote Site Maintenance, shipboard communications, - - Terminal Access Controller, VAX.
[Show full text]
End-To-End Arguments in the Internet: Principles, Practices, and Theory
End-to-End Arguments in the Internet: Principles, Practices, and Theory vorgelegt von Matthias Bärwolff Von der Fakultät IV Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr. Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Anja Feldmann (Vorsitzende) Prof. Dr. Bernd Lutterbeck (Berichter) Dr. David D. Clark (Berichter) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 22. Oktober 2010 Berlin 2010 D 83 Dissertation submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Technische Universität Berlin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Dr. Ing. Advisers: Prof. em. Dr. iur. Bernd Lutterbeck, Technische Universität Berlin Dr. David D. Clark, Massachusetts Institute of Technology I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Auslandsdienst, DAAD) who have given me a scholarship for a stay at MIT in early 2009. Diese Doktorarbeit wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Auslandsdiensts (DAAD) in Form eines dreimonatigen Doktorandenstipendiums im Jahr 2009 angefertigt. © Copyright 2010 by Matthias Bärwolff www.bärwolff.de [email protected] +49 30 20238852 rinciples are often more effective guides for action when they appear as no more than an unreasoned prejudice, Pa general feeling that certain things simply “are not done”; while as soon as they are explicitly stated speculation begins about their correctness and their validity. [ . ] Once the instinctive certainty is lost, perhaps as a result of unsuccessful attempts to put into words principles that had been observed “intuitively”, there is no way of regaining such guidance other than to search for a correct statement of what before was known implicitly.
[Show full text]
Who Invented the Internet? 1958-1961: Connect Computers?
How did the Internet come to be? ❒ It started as a research project to experiment with connecting computers together with packet switched 2: Internet History networks. It was developed with funding and leadership of the Defense Last Modified: Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). 1/20/2003 12:46:58 PM -1 -2 Who invented the Internet? 1958-1961: Connect Computers? ❒ Al Gore? No ☺ ❒ 1958 – After USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite, US forms the Advanced ❒ Leonard Kleinrock who did early work in Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the following packet switching? year, within the Department of Defense (DoD) to ❒ Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn who defined the establish US lead in science and technology "Internet Protocol" (IP) and participated in applicable to the military the development of TCP? ❒ 1961 – First published work on packet switching ❒ (“Information Flow in Large Communication Nets”, Tim Berners-Lee developed HTTP to Leonard Kleinrock, MIT graduate student) support a global hyper-text system he ❒ 1964 – other independent work in packet switching called the World Wide Web? (Internet vs at RAND Institute and National Physics the World Wide Web?) Laboratory in England -3 -4 1966 –1968: Connect 1969: First Connections Computers? Funded ❒ 1966 – Lawrence Roberts (colleague of ❒ 4/7/1969 – First RFC (“Host Software” by Kleinrock from MIT) publishes overall plan Steve Crocker) basis for the Network for an ARPAnet, a proposed packet switch Control Protocol(NCP) network ❒ 9/2/1969 – Leonard Kleinrock’s computer
[Show full text]
Internet History and Future
City with Connectivity and Technology Science and Innovation Week Internet History and Future Dr. Lawrence Roberts Founder, Chairman, Anagran SLIDE 1 | © 2010 ANAGRAN, INC. Early Packet Switching History Redundancy Rand Report IEEE paper 0.85716 Paul Routing ARPANET Program Baran Economics0.7143 Rand IFIP paper ACM paper Donald Davies 0.57144 Topology NPL Len Kleinrock 0.42858 Queuing MIT Roberts RLE Report Larry Roberts Davies & & Marill Scantlebury 0.28572 MIT ARPA Protocol Book “Communication Nets” NPL J.C.R. Licklider - Intergalactic Network One Node 0.14286 TX-2-SDC 2 Node Exp IEEE papers Experiment INTERNET FJCC Paper ACM paper 3 nodes 13 20 38 SJCC Paper 0 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 SLIDE 2 | © 2010 ANAGRAN, INC. The Beginning of the Internet and ARPANET became the Internet 1965 – MIT- 2 Computer Experiment Roberts designs packet structure Len Kleinrock – queuing theory 1967 – Roberts moved to ARPA Designs ARPANET 1969 – First 4 nodes installed UCLA, SRI, UCSB, University of Utah 1971 - Email created Main traffic soon 1972 – Bob Kahn joins Roberts at ARPA Roberts at MIT Computer 1973 – Roberts leaves and starts Telenet; first commercial packet carrier in the world 1974 – TCP design paper published by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf 1983 – TCP/IP installed on ARPANET and required by DOD 1993 – Internet opened to commercial use SLIDE 3 | © 2010 ANAGRAN, INC. Original Internet Design - It Was Designed for Data File Transfer and Email main activities Constrained by high cost of memory Only Packet Destination Examined No Source Checks ARPANET 1971 No QoS No Security Best Effort Only Voice Considered Video thought not feasible Not much change in packet switching since then SLIDE 4 | © 2010 ANAGRAN, INC.
[Show full text]