Jėgos Ištvermė Jėga Greitumo Jėga Greitumas (Aerobinė)

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Jėgos Ištvermė Jėga Greitumo Jėga Greitumas (Aerobinė) LIETUVOS KŪNO KULTŪROS AKADEMIJA Treniruotės proceso valdymas, individualizacija A. Stanislovaitis “ Mokslas gyvuoja ne vien todėl, kad žmonės atlieka bandymus, bet ir todėl, kad juos aptarinėja. Kritikuoti, patarti, dalintis idėjomis ir duomenimis – toks bendravimas yra mokslo pagrindas. Tai galinga priemonė taisyti klaidoms, remtis kolegų patirtimi ir skleisti naujas žinias” (Kristopher Surrige, žurnalo Public Library of Science On-Line Edition vyriausias redaktorius). Sportininko rengimo valdymas - sportininkų elgesio ir veiklos planavimas, organizavimas, kryptingas parengtumo, laiduojančio visavertį jauno ţmogaus ugdymą ir geriausius sportinius rezultatus, gerinimas, visapusiško parengtumo kontrolė (Stonkus 2003m). Valdymas yra tikslingas vyksmas, kuriuo laiduojamas valdomojo objekto funkcionavimas pagal nustatytą kriterijų. Sporte valdymo subjektas yra treneris, o valdymo objektas –sportininkas. (Platonov, 1997) Pratybų ir dalyvavimo varţybose struktūros charakteristika Treniruotumo ir dalyvavimo Korekcijos veiksmų planavimas varţybose modelių nustatymas ir jų apibūdinimas Faktinių ir planuojamų etapų Individualių sportininko rezultatų lyginimas funkcinių galimybių diagnostika Individualių duomenų lyginimas Pratybų planavimas su modeliniais Pratybų ir dalyvavimo varţybose Darbo krypčių ir būdų numatymas struktūros charakteristika Siekiant planuoto efekto Sportinio rengimo valdymas – tai: 1. Sportinių rezultatų prognozavimas, 2. Visapusė parengtumo kontrolė, 3. Varţybinės veiklos rodiklių modeliavimas, 4. Varţybų ir pratybų programų sudarymas ir vykdymas, 5. Sportinio rengimo koregavimas. ENERGIJOS SANDARA Event, Sport or Playing Percent energy derived from each system Position Phosphate Lactic Aerobic Track Events 100 m 90 10 – 200 m 30 60 10 800 m 15 45 40 1 500 m 10 30 60 10 000 m – 8 92 marathon – 4 96 Swimming events 100 m 20 55 25 200 m 5 25 70 800 m – 20 80 1 500 m – 15 85 Basketball 40 10 50 Boxing/Wrestling 5 55 40 Gymnastics 40 40 20 Hockey/Soccer 30 20 50 Rowing – 30 70 Volleyball 45 15 40 Roberts, A. D. (1997). Physiological Capacity for Sports Performance. In F. S. Pyke (Eds.), Better Coaching: Advanced Coach„s Manual (pp. 43–66). Canberra: Australian Coaching Council. ENERGETINIŲ SISTEMŲ SĄVEIKA IR INDĖLIS ATLIEKANT PRATIMUS 95% INTENSYVUMU Trukmė % Aer % Anaer 0-10 sek. 6 94 0-15 sek. 12 88 0-20 sek. 18 82 0-30 sek. 27 73 0-45 sek. 37 63 0-60 sek. 45 55 0-75 sek. 51 48 0-90 sek. 56 44 0-120 sek. 63 37 0-180 sek. 73 27 0-240 sek. 79 21 (Paul B Gastin, Sports Med 2001: 31(10); 725-741) SKIRTINGOS TRUKMĖS FIZINIO KRŪVIO ENERGETINIS APRŪPINIMAS Trukmė Klasifikacija Energetinis aprūpinimas 1 iki 4 sek. Anaerobinis alaktatinis ATP (raumenyse) 4 iki 10 sek. Anaerobinis alaktatinis ATP + KP Anaerobinis alaktatinis + 10 iki 45 sek. ATP + KP + raumenų glikogenas anaerobinis laktatinis 45 iki 120 sek. Anaerobinis laktatinis raumenų glikogenas 120 iki 240 Aerobinis + Anaerobinis raumenų glikogenas + pieno rūgštis sek. 240 iki 600 Aerobinis raumenų glikogenas + riebiosios rūgštys sek. TRENIRUOČIŲ PAVYZDŢIAI UGDANT SKIRTINGAS ENERGETINES SISTEMAS Anaerobinė (ATP-KP) energetinė sistema • 3 × 10 × 30 m su 30 sek poilsiu tarp kartojimų ir 5 min poilsiu tarp serijų. • 15 × 60 m su 60 sek poilsiu • 20 × 20 m šaudyklinis bėgimas su 45 sek poilsiu Anaerobinė laktatinė (glikolitinė) sistema • nuo 5 iki 8 × 300 m bėgama greitai - 45 sek poilsio – kol tempas reikšmingai sumaţės • 150 m bėgimas 400 m bėgimo tempu - 20 sek poilsis - kol tempas reikšmingai sumaţės • 8 × 300 m - 3 min poilsio Aerobinė energetinė sistema • nuo 4 iki 6 × nuo 2 iki 5 min bėgimas – nuo 2 iki 5 min poilsio • 20 × 200 m - 30 sek poilsis • 10 × 400 m – nuo 60 iki 90 sek poilsis • nuo 5 iki 10 km bėgimas SKIRTINGOS IŠTVERMĖS LAVINIMAS Greitumo ištvermė Spec. ištvermė 1 Spec. ištvermė 2 Intensyvumas 95 iki 100% 90 iki 100% 90 iki 100% Nuotolis 80 iki 150 m 150 iki 300 m 300 iki 600 m Kartojimai 2 iki 5 1 iki 5 1 iki 4 Serijos 2 iki 3 1 1 Bendras 300 iki 1200 m 300 iki 1200 m 300 iki 1200 m nuotolis/trukmė 2 × 150 m + Pavyzdys 3 × (60, 80, 100) 3 × 500 m 2 × 200 m SKIRTINGŲ SPORTO ŠAKŲ ENERGETINIS APRŪPINIMAS (%) Sporto šaka ATP-KP ir LA LA-O2 O2 Krepšinis 60 20 20 Fechtavimas 90 10 Field events 90 10 Golfas (smūgiavimas) 95 5 Gimnastika 80 15 5 Ledo ritulys 50 20 30 Vidut. ir ilgi bėgimo nuotoliai 10 20 70 Irklavimas 20 30 50 Slidinėjimas 33 33 34 Futbolas 50 20 30 Trumpi bėgimo nuotoliai 90 10 Plaukimas 1,5 km 10 20 70 Tenisas 70 20 10 Tinklinis 80 5 15 (Fox E. L. et al, The Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport, 1993) Šuolis į tolį (moterys): modelis ir A.B. rezultatai 8 4,44 4,91 5,32 5,68 5,98 6,25 6,47 6,67 6,84 6,98 7,11 7,22 7,31 7,39 7,46 7,52 7 6 5,88 6,02 6,20 5,42 5 4,51 4,30 Rezultatas, m Rezultatas, Viršutinė mod. riba 3,66 4 Apatinė mod. riba A.B. rezultatai 3 3,03 3,77 4,40 4,93 5,37 5,75 6,06 6,33 6,55 6,74 6,90 7,04 7,15 7,25 7,33 7,40 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Amžius, metai Šuolis į tolį (moterys): modelis ir A.B. bei G.Č. rezultatai 8 4,44 4,91 5,32 5,68 5,98 6,25 6,47 6,67 6,84 6,98 7,11 7,22 7,31 7,39 7,46 7,52 7 A.B. 3,66 4,30 4,51 5,42 5,88 6,02 6,20 7,29 7,28 7,34 7,27 7,52 3,75 4,20 4,96 5,25 5,80 6 G.Č. 6,43 6,54 6,43 6,32 6,04 6,43 5 Viršutinė mod. riba Rezultatas, m 4 Apatinė mod. riba A.B. rezultai G.Č. rezultatai 3 3,03 3,77 4,40 4,93 5,37 5,75 6,06 6,33 6,55 6,74 6,90 7,04 7,15 7,25 7,33 7,40 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Amžius, metai SUPERKOMPENSACIJA 60 m – 7,00 s 3 6,97 s 6,98 s 6,98 s 6,99 s 6,99 s KRŪVIS 4 7,00 s ATSIGAVIMAS 7,00 s 7,05 s Galima schematiškai 1 2 išskirti 4 darbingumo kitimo fizinio krūvio metu fazes: 7,08 s 1. Energijos išeikvojimo (nuovargio fazė) 2. Darbingumo (jėgų) atgavimo 3. Padidėjusio darbingumo 7,10 s (superkompensacijos fazė) 4. Grįţimo į pradinį darbingumo lygį (redukcijos fazė). SUPERKOMPENSACIJA KRŪVIS KRŪVIS Raumenų nuovargis - tai raumenų susitraukimo jėgos,PAGRINDIN greičio irĖS galingumo NUOVARGIO bei atsipalaidavimo PRIEŢASTYS: greičio sumaţėjimas,Labiausiai atsirandantis yra dėlpriimtina: nuovargį įvertinti ApsauginisATF hidrolizės pagal CNS raumenų irslopinimas resintezės išvystomos dėl greičio sutrikusių sumaţėjimo ATFjėgos, ir greičio(KrP ADFir glikogenoar rūgščių jėgos kitimoatsargų momento (Monogarov, išsekimas, sumaţėjimą1994) sutrinka. ATP gamyba) krūvioSutrikusi metu energijos. gamyba (Ruud, 1996), pvz. metabolitų susikaupimo (ADF, neorganinio fosfato, AMFišsekus ir kt.); raumenų glikogeno atsargoms arba acidozės (pienosusikaupus rūgšties metabolitams. H+ yra prieţastis atsirasti nuovargiui. H+ kaupimasis sumaţina pH raumeninėje skaiduloje, kas sutrikdo energijos gamybą ir raumens susitraukimą); elektrinio signalo perdavimo nuo membranos iki sarkoplazminio tinklo sutrikimo; raumenų mechanikos sutrikimo (sarkomerų, citoskeleto irimo). Fermentinių ir struktūrinių 12 – 72 val. baltymų sitnezės pagreitinimas 12 – 48 val. Glikogeno atsargų resintezė raumenyse ir kepenyse ATSIGAVIMAS Laktato pašalinimas 0,5 – 1,5 val. O2 rezervo atsigavimas organizme 10 - 15 s Alaktatinių-anaerobinių rezervų atsigavimas 2 - 5 s raumenyse SKIRTINGŲ BIOCHEMINIŲ PROCESŲ ATSIGAVIMO LAIKAS PO INTENSYVIŲ FIZINIŲ KRŪVIŲ (Volkov ir kt., 2000) TEIGIAMŲ DOPINGO MĖGINIŲ SKAIČIUS PASAULYJE (LENGVAATLEČIŲ) 2003 – 2008 m.m. Atvejų skaičius 120 110 106 viso: 539 102 100 89 80 76 60 56 40 20 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Carphedon 5 Stimuliatoriai Ephedrine 23 Caffeine 6 34 Kanabinoidai Cannabis 51 51 Stanozolol 64 Norandrosterone 59 Nadrolone 29 Anaboliniai steroidai Testosterone 22 Methandienone 19 Metenolone 12 Clenbuterol 10 215 Baltyminiai hormonai ir jų analogai EPO 17 17 Diuretikai Furosemide 6 6 1 RUS 37 2 MAR 14 3 RSA 13 4 IRI 11 CHN 8 5-6 FRA 8 Anaboliniai steroidai BLR 7 7-8 TUR 7 BUL 6 9-10 ROM 6 ITA 5 11-12 USA 5 BRA 4 GER 4 Gerina proteino (pagrindinio baltymo - 13-16 GRE 4 UKR 4 ALG 3 ARG 3 statybinės organizmo medţiagos) sintezę, COL 3 ESP 3 HUN 3 17-27 IND 3 sportininkai vartoja juos norėdami padidinti KEN 3 LTU 3 NGR 3 PAK 3 SVK 3 raumenų apimtį, jėgą, ištvermę ir galingumą, ARM 2 28-30 AUT 2 EGY 2 AHO 1 kartu pagerinti savo sportinius rezultatus. AZE 1 BEL 1 BRU 1 CYP 1 CZE 1 DOM 1 GEO 1 GHA 1 IRL 1 ISR 1 LES 1 MDV 1 MRI 1 NED 1 31-61 NEP 1 NOR 1 POL 1 PUR 1 QAT 1 SCG 1 SYR 1 SLO 1 SRI 1 SUD 1 SWE 1 TRI 1 TUN 1 UZB 1 VEN 1 VIE 1 60 m – 7,00 s 6,93 s 6,97 s 6,95 s 6,95 s 6,98 s 6,98 s 6,98 s 6,99 s 6,99 s 6,97 s 7,00 s 7,00 s 7,05 s 7,05 s 7,08 s 7,10 s 60 m – 7,00 s 6,97 s 6,97 s 7,00 s 7,00 s 7,00 s 7,10 s 7,10 s 7,10 s 60 m – 7,00 s 7,03 s 7,05 s 7,08 s 7,10 s 7,12 s 7,14 s Treniruojamos energetinės sistemos, atliekant tam tikrą darbą Treniruojama Treniruotės tipas Nuotolis Greitis Atsigavimas Kilometraţas energetinė sistema Aerobinė Didelio >100m 60-70% 30-90 sec 1400-3000m intensyvumo Aerobinė Didelio >200m 70-80% 30-90 sec 1400-2000m intensyvumo Aerobinė/Anaerobinė Didelio >80m 80-90% 30-120 sec 800-1800m intensyvumo Anaerobinė Greitumo 20-80m 90-95% 3-5 min 300-800m Alaktatinė Greitumo 20-80m 95-100% 3-5 min 300-500m Anaerobinė Greitumo ištvermė 30-80m 90-95% 1-2 min 300-800m Alaktatinė Greitumo ištvermė 30-80m 95-100% 2-3 min 300-800m Anaerobinė Greitumo ištvermė 80-150m 90-95% 5-6 min 300-900m Glikolitinė Greitumo ištvermė 80-150m 95-100% 6-10 min 300-600m Anaerobinė Specialioji 150-300m 90-95% 10-12 min 600-1200m ištvermė Glikolitinė Specialioji 150-300m 95-100% 12-15 min 300-900m ištvermė Tolerancija laktatui Specialioji 300-600m 90-95% 15-20 min 600-900m ištvermė Table Reference: USA Track and Field Coaching Manual, Human Kinetics Trumpas atsigavimo periodas tarp sprinto intervalų dėl fosfogeninės energijos sistemos adaptacijos nėra efektyvus.
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