How Do Journalists Edit the Content of Press Releases for Publication in Online Newspapers?

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How Do Journalists Edit the Content of Press Releases for Publication in Online Newspapers? UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI How do journalists edit the content of press releases for publication in online newspapers? Jukka Leppikangas Master’s Thesis English Philology The Department of Modern Languages Autumn 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Jukka Leppikangas Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title How do journalists edit the content of press releases for publication in online newspapers? Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma year 88 sivua Lokakuu 2017 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on tarkastella amerikkalaisten ja brittiläisten journalistien tapaa muokata yritysten lehdistötiedotteista otettua tekstiä käytettäväksi uutisartikkeleihin. Sen taustalla on viime vuosien kehityssuunta, jossa PR:n vaikutusvalta on kasvanut ja lehdistön puolestaan heikentynyt. Pyrin tutkimuksellani valottamaan journalistien keinoja toimia tässä ympäristössä. Keskityn journalistien tekemien lingvististen muutosten kategorioihin ja määriin Henk Pander Maatin (2008) tutkimusmetodia käyttäen. Lopuksi vertailen tuloksiani hänen tuloksiinsa. Muutosten taustalla on lehdistötiedotteen ja uutisartikkelin välinen genrekonflikti. Lehdistötiedotteen genreen kuuluu näyttää aiheensa positiivisessa sävyssä, mutta se ei välttämättä sovi uutisartikkelin objektiivisempaan tyyliin. Täten journalisti voi joutua muokkaamaan lehdistötiedotetta. Aineistona tutkimuksessa käytetään 20 Applen, Nokian, Microsoftin ja Sonyn julkaisemaa lehdistötiedotetta ja 41 The Guardianissa, The New York Timesissa ja The Los Angeles Timesissa julkaistua uutisartikkelia, jotka perustuvat ainakin osittain ensiksi mainittuihin lehdistötiedotteisiin. Aineiston yritykset valittiin, koska ne ovat vaikutusvaltaisia, jolloin niiden lehdistötiedotteet pääsevät todennäköisemmin sanomalehtiin. Aineiston lehdet puolestaan valittiin, koska ne muokkasivat ottamiaan lehdistötiedotelainauksia, jolloin analyysi voidaan toteuttaa. Osa lehdistöstä voi kopioida lehdistötiedotteen sanasta sanaan artikkeleihinsa, jolloin tällainen analyysi on vaikeampi toteuttaa. Tutkimusmetodina käytän Henk Pander Maatin hollanninkieliseen aineistoon pohjautuvassa tutkimuksessa kehitettyjä transformaatiokategorioita. Sovellan niitä englanninkieliseen aineistoon ja tutkin uutisartikkeleiden käyttämiä lehdistötiedoteperäisiä lainauksia vertailemalla niitä alkuperäisiin lehdistötiedotteisiin. Lingvistiset muutokset luokitellaan transformaatiokategorioihin, ja niiden määrä lasketaan. Transformaatiokategoriat sisältävät esimerkiksi sanojen tai lausekkeiden poistoja ja lisäyksiä. Lehdistötiedotteiden lauseita voidaan yhdistää tai pilkkoa. Uutta taustatietoa voidaan lisätä selventämään uutisartikkelin lukijalle lehdistötiedotteissa mainittujen käsitteiden taustoja. Lehdistötiedotteen positiivista sävyä neutraloidaan poistamalla tai korvaamalla esimerkiksi superlatiiveja. Tulokseni paljastavat käytettyjen transformaatiokategorioiden tyypin ja määrän. Aineistostani löytyy epäselvät tapaukset pois lukien yhteensä 904 muutosta. 904 havaitusta muutoksesta enemmistö on journalistin turhaksi kokeman tiedon poistoja (23 %), taustatiedon lisäyksiä (17 %) ja positiivisuuden neutralisointeja (19 %). Vertailu Pander Maatin tuloksiin paljastaa tulosten olevan samankaltaisia, mutta erojakin löytyy. Muutosten määrissä on eroja prosenttiosuuksissa, ja muutoksia tapahtuu omassa aineistossani suhteessa aineiston määrään enemmän kuin Pander Maatin aineistossa. Pohdin erojen ja samankaltaisuuksien syitä, mutta varmaa vastausta niihin tutkimukseni ei pysty antamaan. Lisäksi havaitsin Pander Maatin kategorioissa muutamia puutteita ja ehdotan niihin parannuksia. Kokonaisuutena tulokseni tarjoavat uutta tietoa journalistien tavoista muokata lehdistötiedotteita angloamerikkalaisessa lehdistössä, ja niitä voidaan vertailla eri aineistoista tehtyihin jatkotutkimuksiin. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Press release – News report – Genre conflict – Transformation category – Editing – The Guardian – The Los Angeles Times – The New York Times – Apple – Microsoft – Sony – Nokia. Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 2. Background.......................................................................................................................................4 2.1. Press releases and PR................................................................................................................6 2.1.1. PR and the Internet............................................................................................................9 2.2. Newspapers and news.............................................................................................................12 2.2.1. News on the Internet.......................................................................................................15 2.3. The language of press releases and news................................................................................17 2.4. Press releases and newspaper articles as genres.....................................................................23 3. Data.................................................................................................................................................27 3.1. The selection of data...............................................................................................................27 3.2. The topics................................................................................................................................31 3.3. Financial reports.....................................................................................................................32 3.4. New products and personnel changes.....................................................................................35 3.5. Miscellaneous topics...............................................................................................................38 4. Methodology...................................................................................................................................42 4.1. The transformation categories.................................................................................................42 4.2. The limitations of the methodology........................................................................................52 5. Analysis..........................................................................................................................................56 5.1. Quarterly financial results.......................................................................................................56 5.2. New products..........................................................................................................................59 5.3. Personnel changes...................................................................................................................61 5.4. Miscellaneous topics...............................................................................................................63 5.5. The summary and the comparison of the results....................................................................64 6. Discussion.......................................................................................................................................69 6.1. Discussion on the results.........................................................................................................69 6.2. Discussion on methodology....................................................................................................74 7. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................77 References..........................................................................................................................................80 Appendix............................................................................................................................................85 1 1. Introduction In September 2010, Stephen Elop became the new CEO of Nokia, following Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo. By chance, I came across the press release on this event published by Nokia. Out of interest, I then had a look at various online newspapers that had reported about this and I noticed that many of the journalists had copied the press release or parts of it verbatim into their news articles. This tiny curious incident raised questions and it was something that I wanted to look into later. It eventually became the topic of this research. What happens when a journalist uses a press release as a source? Is it always copied verbatim? Does the journalist modify the source text in any way? The aim of this pilot study is to investigate the language of press releases and news articles. I shall specifically focus on the linguistic changes that occur when a journalist uses a press release as a source for his or her news story by using Pander Maat's (2008) transformations categories as a basis. What kind of results can be expected? The journalist might, for example, make
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