© 2018 American University Model United Nations Conference All rights reserved. No part of this background guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without express written permission from the American University Model United Nations Conference Secretariat.

Please direct all questions to [email protected] Pia Paul Chair

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the Apple Board of Directors’ committee! I am so ridiculously excited to take part in this experience with all of you! The main mission of our committee is to improve Apple’s image to the general public whilst making sure that as part of the Board of Directors, you are maximizing profits for Apple. Our committee will focus on key issues that Apple faces such as privacy, corporate social responsibility, and treatment of workers. I hope that all of you have a great time in committee and acquire an even greater understanding of crisis procedure when dealing with a company such as Apple. Please keep in mind that in this crisis committee; there is so much space for all of you to move committee in a certain way with dynamic, and two dimensional characters. The possibilities are limitless!

I am currently a freshman and this will be my first time chairing for AmeriMUNC and I can’t wait to see the creativity and different character arcs you all bring. I participated in Model United Nations all throughout high school- starting in general assembly committees and then moving onto crisis committees (which were my favorite). It was being in Model United Nations that fostered my interest in international relations and consequently, I am majoring in international relations and minoring in economics at American University. Also, I am currently in the travel team for Model United Nations. If you have any questions about applying to American University, AmeriMunc, or the Model United Nations travel team, don’t hesitate to ask!

This background guide is a starting point for research. When coming into committee be aware of your responsibilities as the Apple Board of Directors. Come in with innovative ideas to make sure Apple stays as the technological superpower in this rapidly developing technological based world. All delegates should be prepared to participate in committee. I already know this will be a great conference! Don’t hesitate to ask me any questions.

Best, Pia Paul Emma O’Connor Chair

Dear Delegates,

Hello delegates! My name is Emma O’Connor, I’m an undeclared CAS major from Sterling, Massachusetts. I did MUN all through high school, and traveled across the country to conferences including MUNUC and ILMUNC. My favorite MUN memory was forming a coalition of “pirates” against ISIS in one of my GA’s last year. However, I also really loved sending candy grams to my friends in other committees! Especially because I would send them from random celebrities, so they would get a message from Shaq in the middle of their committee!

My hobbies include knitting scarves for my friends, taking adorable photos of my half dachshund and half yellow lab puppy, hiking in the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire, rereading the Harry Potter series for the 15th time, watching New Girl or Parks and Rec, indulging in some Ben and Jerry’s phish food ice cream, and enjoying quality time with my friends and family. So far I have loved living in DC and being a metro ride away from my favorite museum, the National Portrait Gallery.

I am looking forward to getting to know all of you and diving into the challenges facing Apple and the growing consequences of digitization in our world. I can’t wait to help you all engage in lively and professional debate! See you soon!

Best, Emma O’Connor BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC. 01 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

ABOUT APPLE INC.

Apple is a major technology company based in the Silicon Valley. Its influence has spread all across the globe and has made Apple a household company name In recent years, Apple has been faced with the task of balancing privacy, safety, and profit.

Glance at Committee ● During nominee elections, call This is a brief summary of some powers for one (1) to three (3) the Board and shareholders can or independent inspectors cannot do. It does not recognize all ● Appoint an independent powers, and it is essential to read treasurer separate from Apple’s through all the roles and responsibilities CFO as necessary. ● Declare Bankruptcy (Chapter 7 or Chapter 11) What Apple Board of Directors CAN do: What Apple’s Board of Directors are ● Select and/or demote senior REQUIRED to do: executive officers ● Hold unlimited one-year terms ● Board cannot have less than five on the board (5) but no more than nine (9) ● Nominate potential director members candidates ● Automatically remove a director ● Call for a regular or special once they turn 75 years old meeting at any time (with notice) ● Hold an Annual General Meeting ● Removal of any senior executive with shareholders officer with or without cause ● Participate in one of the three committees (Audit and Finance, Nomination and Corporate Governance, Compensation) 02

● Committees cannot have less Three entities that oversee Apple: than three (3) board members ● Shareholders - Owners of the What shareholders CAN do: company ● Board of Directors - ● CEO cannot be the Chairman of Representatives of the the Board of Directors shareholders who oversee the ○ An independent chairman executives is elected ● Management - Senior executives ● Directors are to be elected by who oversee the daily shareholders operations of Apple ● Remove any one individual or entire Board of Directors at any As a publicly-traded company, Apple’s time main owners are its shareholders. As ● Approve and initiate any actions mentioned, they make payments to the company, and they receive profits Definitions: Incorporation, through stock dividends. Usually, corporation, limited liability, shareholders elect other shareholders shareholders, board of directors, who serve at their best interest in management, generating additional revenue for the company. Apple is a incorporation, the legal process to form a corporation, where its legal entity is separate and distinct from its owners. Being a corporation allows Apple to be given most rights and responsibilities that an individual owner possesses. Powers can include entering contracts, loan and borrow money, own assets and pay taxes. Most importantly, Apple is limited liability, permitting shareholders to earn profits through dividends and stock appreciation, but are not personally liable to the company’s debts. Being incorporated brings additional benefits: allows for easy transfer of ownership to another owner, achieve a lower tax rate than on personal income, lenient tax restrictions, and raise capital through stock. 03 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC. 04

Apple’s Board of Directors is the highest governing body of the Apple empire.

Apple’s Board of Directors is the body The Board cannot have less than five that oversees Apple’s management. (5) directors and no more than nine (9) Their roles include hiring and firing of directors. As of Feb. 2018, there shall senior executives, setting dividend and be eight (8) members until changed and option policies, and executive adopted by the Board of Directors or compensation. They also set the broad shareholders. Each director is elected goals, supporting executive duties, and to unlimited one-year terms by ensuring the company has adequate shareholders of the company until they resources. are 75 years old, by which they are automatically removed. They must be The rules of Apple’s Board of Directors independent (except for the CEO) and are outlined in Apple’s Corporate cannot serve on more than four (4) Governance Guidelines. Reviewed and public boards. Changing the managed by the Board, it forms the requirements of the minimum five (5) framework of governance of Apple Inc. requires a meeting with the Included in the Corporate Governance shareholders and Guidelines includes the following: sixteen-and-two-thirds percent (16.6%) agree to the decision. The CEO and Chairman have independent roles. 05 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

Required responsibilities of each and oversight of evaluating the Board director are to attend the annual in accordance with a committee, and meeting of shareholders, formulate an provide recommendations on how to agenda at the beginning of each year, compose and structure Board and scheduling and attending the committees. board meetings. The board meets at least four (4) times a year. The Audit and Finance Committee is responsible for monitoring both the There are three standing board external independent auditing firm, and committees: Nominating and Corporate the company’s internal auditing Governance Committee, an Audit and department, ensuring that the Finance Committee and a accounting standards are being met by Compensation Committee. Each has no the company. less than three (3) board members and hold their own meetings throughout the The Compensation Committee is year. responsiblet for determining the salary of all senior executives of Apple, and The Nominating and Corporate evaluating the performance of senior Governance Committee is arguable the executive officers (including the CEO). most powerful committee. There are Salaries of executives are fixed, but can three primary responsibilities of the be adjusted by the Board of Directors committee: nominating and electing from time to time. directors, evaluating the performance of the Board, and implementing the As owners, Apple’s shareholders hold company’s corporate governance. power over the Board of Directors. The When nominating potential directors, following discretions include: committee members focus on the skills ● The approval of any action by and experience of each individual the Board chosen in order to grant the best ● Filling of vacancies on the Board resources and tools for effective or any committee oversight functionality. Shareholders ● Removal of any directors also have the power to submitting and ● Request election inspectors, recommending a nominee to the with majority holders being able secretary of Apple, or nominate to quantify (between directors for election at the Corporation’s annual meeting of Bylaws shareholders by following the provisions set forth in the Corporation’s Managing the Board of Directors of bylaws. The Committee is also Apple are the Bylaws. Essentially the responsible for the annual coordination “Constitution” of the corporation, Apple’s bylaws state all roles and functions of each division within the 06

entire company, and the limitations of ● Special meetings can be called the Board. This includes the Directors, upon at anytime by any two (2) Officers (executives), shareholder or more members, the Chairman meetings, and more. In order to adopt, of the Board, CEO, or 10% of amend, or repeal a bylaw, shareholders shareholders may ● Cannot hold meetings within less than ten (10) days nor more Bylaws relating to the overall power of than sixty (60) days before the Apple’s Board of Directors include: date ● May appoint one (1) to three (3) ● Removal of the entire Board of inspectors for elections of Directors (only shareholders can nominees remove entire board) or ● Actions can be done without a individual director without cause meeting, but must have written by a majority vote from consent from all Board members shareholders ● Subordinate (demote) executive officers ● Removal of any executive officer Annual General Meetings (AGMs) with or without cause at any regular or special meeting held Apple holds an annual general meeting ● Unless the Board of Directors (AGM) with stockholders. The AGM is a appoints a separate Treasurer, required-by-law meeting with the Chief Financial Officer acts shareholders regarding approval of as the corporation’s treasurer 07 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

audited accounts, elections of directors, Apple’s personal computers triumphed appointment of auditors, confirm the early 1980s but management was a dividend proposals, and present different story. In 1983, Wozinak several proposals to be discussed and resigned due to lost interest. Then in approved of at the meeting. During this 1985, after having conflicting views with meeting, if any director isn’t working to the company’s Board of Directors and their best ability, they can be elected off then-CEO John Sculley, founder Steve the Board. As previously stated, Jobs would be stripped of all his shareholders have the ability to vote; powers as Head of Technology and the more shares owned, the more was placed as Chairman. Jobs would voting power they receive. eventually resign from his position.

On Feb. 13th, 2018, Apple held its AGM. The departure of Jobs led Apple down Two proposals from shareholders failed an undesirable path. Despite to pass: experiencing initial growth, the company would face several ● Relaxing rules for letting challenges--including declining sales shareholders nominate directors due to lackluster products, several CEO to the board changes, and Microsoft taking control ● Form a human rights commission of the computer market. However, in December 1996, Apple’s future While the committee cannot directly changed upon purchasing NeXT, the choose an executive, members can computer company that Steve Jobs make recommendations to the board of initiated after his departure. In 1997, directors on if there is a need to replace Jobs became the CEO of Apple, and any person in management. forever revitalized the once failing History of the Organization company to the way we see it today.

On April 1st, 1976 in a garage in Apple’s Privacy and China California, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, For centuries, Apple has consistently and Ronald Wayne founded Apple been recognized for believing “privacy Computer Company. The Apple I (1976) is a fundamental right”. They were the was the very first computer designed first company to automatically block by Apple, but the Apple II (1977) third-party cookies from being placed brought early-on success due to its on their devices. Upon recent software innovative design and easy-to-use text updates from iOS 11 and MacOS Sierra, interface. Apple’s iconic simplistic they introduced Intelligent Tracking aesthetic was not established until Prevention which reduces advertisers 1984, with the release of the now ability to track an individual famous Macintosh. significantly. Apple’s Hardware 08

China has a one-party socialist government, which is run by the Communist Party

promotes privacy, by i incorporating financial status into a “socialist-market” features, such as FileVault on economy. This allowed for private MacBooks, which makes it difficult for investors to begin working in China for hackers to retrieve personal data. the first time in decades, opening up the market for economic freedom. Apple is a business, and they are Despite this, cultural and political always searching for ways to earn more values were still firmly held onto by the money. In recent years, Apple has been Communist Party. To ensure they retain expanding into new, emerging global control and prevent the growth of markets. China is one of these markets. “unwanted ideologies,” Chinese officials began to forgo action towards China’s Great Firewall restraining the freedom of the internet. China is a centralized, one-party This has now become known as “the socialist government run by the Great Firewall of China”. all-powerful Communist Party. For the As there were censorship laws past 20 years, the Party has taken previously instituted within other initiative on centralizing their Internet industries, the Internet’s censorship services, censoring content, and laws were not effective until 1997, surveying the actions from its citizens. under Article V of the “Computer This began in 1994, when China had Information Network and Internet officiated its own Internet. During this Security, Protection and Management time, the country was restructuring its Regulations,” from the Ministry of Public 09 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

Security. Article V detailed specific conversations regarding governmental censorship laws relating to the Internet. happenings or opinions. Cisco Systems, It prohibits computers from obtaining another American company, provides content relating to any oppositional hardware for the implementation of research. Examples include: “inciting to surveillance systems both throughout overthrow the government”; “inciting the country and globally. Their system the division of the country, harming is called ‘Golden Shield Hardware.” national unification”; “spreading rumors and destroying the order of society.” Apple’s Expansion into the Chinese Market In 2003, under the Great Firewall of China initiative, the Chinese When original Apple Founder Steve government expanded censorship and Jobs returned, he revitalized the surveillance measures with the “Golden company by introducing new Shield Project”. According to innovations that have been widely Bloomberg, the project was a key part accepted by the global community like of the overarching goal to have a the iPod, iPhone, iPad, MacBooks, and “data-driven surveillance system” that iTunes. He also was destined to set tracks and records an individual’s forth a strategy of expanding their personal information. With more than global market share, especially in 50,000 people “working to enforce China. censorship,” by restricting websites and Apple’s history with China starts in search engines that can “harm” the 1998, when Tim Cook (then-SVP of nation. Worldwide Operations) moved supply While there are Americans who are chains to China due to their cheaper concerned about this issue, many labor costs. They contracted Foxconn American companies either disregard as the main manufacturer for their or contribute to the problem. An products. The company began selling example of a surveillance system is products legally to the Chinese Market Skype, which has partnered with in 2009, with the iPhone 3GS. They Internet company TOM Online since were able to surpass restrictions 2007. Users download a variant of imposed by the government, including Skype, which is closely monitored by restrictions on WiFi functionality. the government. This variant awaits the In 2013, Apple finally expanded its use of specific keywords. When these iPhone market to a Chinese telecom keywords are spoken or written the company. This company was China system is alerted to engage in further Mobile, the world’s largest carrier. Once research on the conversation or people they joined, Apple saw significant involved in the conversation. The growth in their profits and market system generally searches for sensitive 10

share. By early- to mid- 2015, Apple was China has been implementing a “social earning $18 billion and captured 27.6 credit” system. Related to the percent of the Chinese market. As of aforementioned ‘Golden Shield mid-2018, while market share has Project’, this initiative goes beyond the declined with a 19.4 percent market surveillance of what was used ten years share, earnings were still relatively high ago. What seems to be comparable to a with making $13 billion from the region. Black Mirror episode, the system provides a “citizen score” and Jinping’s Surveillance State and incentivizes citizens who have “good Apple’s Privacy behavior.” It goes further into tracking an individual’s actions by tracking their 2013 was also a big year in Chinese every movement and crimes using politics because of Xi Jinping’s rise to facial recognition. This can be seen as power as President of the Communist a the largest threat to civil liberties in state. Under his rule, Xi Jinping leads one of the world’s already oppressive with a heavy ironfist over the country. regime. From purging political opponents and eliminating presidential term limits, Several companies, including Apple, Jinping has been able to increase have had to concede to China’s authoritarian rule over the land. He has increased privacy measures due to also installed a surveillance system Jinping’s regime’s tightened privacy unlike any other ruler before him. laws. The company partnered with Guizhou-Cloud Big Data (GCBD),“a 11

chinese firm supervised by a board ran and how heavily an individual’s privacy by government-issued businesses.” should be protected. Additionally, Apple has deleted VPN apps from the app store to prevent The San Bernardino Terrorist Attack Chinese iPhone users from evading and Privacy Implications it holds for censorship regulations. Apple went as Apple far as to include a clause in the Chinese Background terms of service dictating that they and GCBD can retrieve personal information The San Bernardino terrorist attack has at anytime; and all iCloud data keys had been categorized as the deadliest to be given up by the company. The terrorist attack in US soil since 9/11. On iCloud data keys are the cloud-service December 2, 2015, 14 people were that protects and encrypts a user’s killed whilst 17 others were seriously personal information. injured in a mass shooting and an attempted bombing at the Inland Apple turned in their privacy values in Regional Center in San Bernardino, favor of increasing profit for the California. The mass shooting was company. They compromised an carried out by a radicalized married individual’s integrity relating to privacy couple who the FBI is assuming was matters. This is extremely concerning inspired by ISIS ideology. The for the international community at large perpetrators were Syed Rizwan Farook because it raises questions on the level and Tashfeen Malik; the couple resided of privacy an individual is entitled to in the city of Redlands and targeted a and how heavily an individual’s privacy San Bernardino County Department of should be protected. Public Health training event and 12 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

Christmas party of about 80 employees and other radicalized individuals. The where Mr. Farook worked as a health judge asked Apple to provide department employee. This gave the "reasonable technical assistance" to the couple easy access to carry out the U.S. authorities, which would require terrorist attack. Ms. Malik was a Apple to overhaul the system that Pakistani-born lawful permanent disables the phone after 10 resident of the United States. The FBI unsuccessful password attempts. Once was able to later connect ties to this feature kicks in, all the data on the Riverside resident Enrique Marquez Jr. phone is inaccessible. Apple declined who was subsequently arrested on to help the FBI as it would have forced suspicion of acquiring the weapons Apple to create new software that used in the attack and conspiring with would be a master key, capable of Mr. Farook in 2011 and 2012 to support opening hundreds of millions of other other terrorists. He has pleaded guilty iPhones. At the time, Apple chief to the charges and will probably end up executive Timt Cook called the order serving up to 25 years in "chilling" because it would negatively prison. impact Apple’s legitimacy on guaranteeing privacy to its consumers Apple’s Involvement which is the utmost important assurance Apple provides to its The reason this terrorist consumers. Cook's argument was that if attack is so imperative the FBI could access this iPhone, for the Apple Board of nothing would stop them from doing it Directors to discuss is to many others and therefore, not only because it brought back ruining Apple’s trust with its consumers the controversial and but also, potentially losing profit. The much hated debate for FBI insisted that it was a one-off the Apple Board of request however, there was no legal Directors on encryption guarantee this software would only be and whether the used once. As a result, Apple did not government should have comply to the request to create new access to secured software that could potentially unlock communications. After many other iPhones and the case went Mr. Farook was shot to court. down by police, the FBI Outcome of the Case (or lack thereof) was able to find his The two sides battled it out in court iPhone and whilst gaining a ridiculous amount of consequently, a federal media coverage, taking the debate judge asked Apple to over encryption to mainstream news help the FBI unlock his and making it even more important for iPhone to acquire the Apple Board of Directors to discuss. information both on Apple argued that the software they motives for the attack would have to create which would and ties Mr. Farook amount to a master key and would might have had to ISIS encourage other countries, like China or Russia, to make similar demands for 13

The FBI paid a mysterious third party and unlocked the phone without Apple's help.

other iPhones. Thus, privacy for iPhone that rumor has been debunked through users would eventually be nonexistent, private investigations held by Apple, taking away Apples credibility in privacy the Apple Board of Directors must see among the tech community and its and find out if one of their own consumers. What the Apple Board of betrayed them or if an outside Directors weren’t prepared for was that organization or individual has access to during the case, the FBI paid a confidential data files through hacks mysterious third party and unlocked the completed by passing through phone without Apple's help. sophisticated firewalls created by Implications That Must Be Discussed Apple. The ideal outcome of this Now more than ever, the Apple Board committee session would be deleting of Directors must come together with the software the FBI used so other solidarity and ideas to maintain the trust entities or organizations don’t have the of their consumers and not let other ability to acquire it and creating new brands in the tech community gain levels of protection/firewalls for prominence and steal consumers valuable Apple data. Moreover, several through promises of privacy. The Apple news outlets revealed that there have Board of Directors must find a way to been numerous requests to the FBI get into negotiations with the FBI to see from law enforcement agencies from how they were able to gain the various countries help unlock other information to create the software to iPhones. The release of this software hack into Mr. Farook’s iPhone and what would be disastrous for Apple and they plan to do this software. Initially could endanger the functionality of the there was a rumor that the Israeli entire company- rendering it obsolete. security firm Cellebrite helped the FBI hack into Mr. Farook’s iPhone but, since 14 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

Launch of Apple’s Law Enforcement reports, Apple has to submit legal Support Program guidelines in reference to information In early September, Apple came out requests from governments and law with a statement stating that they were enforcement agencies from across the launching a Law Enforcement Support globe twice a year. Apple is a company Program in late 2018. This statement is that wants to ensure the safety of its dated September 4th, 2018 and was customers but also their privacy. sent from Apple General Counsel Kate Because of this notion they offer Adams to U.S. Senator Sheldon trainings for law enforcement Whitehouse (D-Rhode Island). As our employees concerning what type of world becomes more and more data they can access through Apple. digitized, Apple is sensitive to the Trainings also provide steps on how to needs of law enforcement agencies, receive information within the and their growing need for digital parameters of Apple’s legal guidelines evidence. By recognizing this (the ones publishedt twice every year). information they are also acknowledging the integral fact that An online portal will be launched by the intelligence and law enforcement end of 2018, to provide a space in agencies play in keeping our society which authenticized law enforcement safe. Part of Apple’s staff is a team of agents can submit requests for data professionals within the legal and receive this data from Apple. In department that respond and manage addition to the database, Apple is all legal requests for information. making it a goal to train even more law These requests come primarily from law enforcement officers in the future. enforcement agencies around the They will do this through the creation of world. In 79% of cases the data that is an online training module for officers to requested, is provided. The team also use. This module will help Apple train has a sect that acts in response to as many law enforcement agencies as emergency requests 24/7. Last year they can, including smaller police the team responded to 14,000 requests agencies and forces that didn’t have as for information from law enforcement at much access to this as before. Another the local, state, and federal level. The change that will help reach more law requests were in reference to 62,000 enforcement, especially at the local accounts, devices, and financial level, is that Apple is gathering and identifiers in the U.S. alone. Out of the coaching a team of professionals 14,000 requests for information, 231 of designated to training law enforcement those were in reference to domestic agents on Apple data. At the end of emergencies, and all 231 of them were the statement that described these new responded to within 20 minutes of their Apple developments, the company arrival. reiterated their commitment to the privacy of every customer. They also Twice a year Apple is required to assure users that the developments submit transparency reports. These discussed in the release are meant to reports have detailed descriptions of help with investigations and the types of requests received and the consequently protect users while doing company’s responses to these so. inquiries. In addition to transparency 15

What kind of data would law gap between the growing needs of law enforcement have access to? enforcement and the tech companies Apple has the legal authority to provide desire to protect users privacy. law enforcement globally with some Why now? user data. This data includes things Many of the changes in Apple’s that are on the iCloud online service. procedure are in response to a recent The law enforcement agencies must report from the Center for Strategic and provide a strong legal reason for International Studies. The report needing the data. The iCloud data law addressed the fact that our information enforcement would have access to is increasingly ending up online and in includes photos, payment information, response to that tech companies and customer service records, emails, law enforcement must cooperate to documents, contacts, calendars, come up with new ways to utilize this bookmarks, browsing history (from information to solve crimes. Senator Safari and Apple Maps), iOS and Sheldon Whitehouse presented this iMessage backups, and anything else report to the Senate in an attempt to that is stored of an Apple server. “...continue to work on bipartisan FaceTime and iCloud are examples of legislation to help law enforcement do Apple services. Data that will not be its work in cyberspace." As more and available through this new portal are more information is online and on decrypted device data. There has been devices, more and more is in the hands a shift recently in the way we all of third party tech companies. This communicate, meaning that in almost report was an effort to convince these every crime there is digital evidence of companies that with appropriate some kind that needs to be analyzed. privacy protections, law enforcement This Apple portal will help bridge the should be able to ingress this data for 16

the purpose of solving and preventing Apple put their foot down in terms of crimes. consumer privacy in 2016. After the Encryption and Going Dark San Bernardino shooting in California The creation of this portal and module the FBI needed access into Farook’s comes at a contentious time in the (the perpetrator's) phone for evidence debate over whether or not the and investigation. The phone was an government has the authority to stop encrypted iPhone so the government tech companies from encrypting turned to Apple for help. Apple consumer and user information. however refused to give up the Currently the Apple services iPhone information, prompting the beginning of and iMessage are encrypted. a “six-week legal battle poised to shape Encryption means that the data is digital privacy for years to come.” locked and scrambled to anyone who Apple’s Role in Corporate Social doesn’t have the key to unlock it. A Responsibility worry among many is that this would Background encourage criminals to go dark. This The crux of corporate social means that the police can’t access the responsibility (CSR) is the information they need and the amount compensation a corporation must give of time it takes to find a criminal is to society for its production of an object extended. Features that allow police to that may have had unintended negative break into “encrypted” data are called consequences. For example, a factory back doors. However useful when with toxic waste may dispose the toxic gathering evidence, back doors make waste in a way where some of it ends users’ data more susceptible to cyber up in a river and thus, the company’s attacks and hackers. manufacturing process will. 17 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

negatively impact the local atmosphere, resources for generations to come. And resulting in unsafe water for local we share our vision, processes, and communities, toxic air, and other results openly — because we believe negative environmental consequences. transparency keeps us accountable to Even with measures or guidelines to ourselves and the world, while allowing dispose especially toxic waste, there is others to learn and benefit from our always some unavoidable pollution. experience”.Apple has Trained more The pollution is considered an than 3 million supplier employees on externality, and the cost incurred by their rights, including local labor laws, society is called a social cost. But while and Apple’s Supplier Code of Conduct. a company will sell its product to Apple has also launched health recoup its private costs, the social costs programming that empowers female might be ignored. Fed up with these employees to improve their health side-effects of capitalism, citizens awareness with a goal of training 1 affected by the corporation’s pollution million woment by 2020 and have might show opposition to the returned US$1.9M in excessive corporation. This is detrimental to the recruitment fees to 1558 people corporation’s ability to continue to affected by bonded labor, bringing the make profit if it is universally seen as a total to US$30M repaid to over 35,000 malevolent entity in society. In order to employees since 2008. These are just maintain support from the local society some of the numerous programs and and maintain a good image, firms initiatives Apple has created for its eventually have to adopt CSR policies employees. trying to offset these social costs. But In terms of helping the CSR does not necessarily have to environment, Apple was awarded the remain local to where businesses top score in the Corporate Information operate. While part of this idea is Transparency Index (CITI) in 2017. The inspired by negative externalities of CITI is run by the Institute of Public and production, it is also born from the truth Environmental Affairs (IPE), a Chinese that the environment we live in and the non-governmental organization with people around where we live are an expertise in environmental protection. unavoidable part of operating a Prior to 2017, Apple came under harsh business, and as a part of this system, critique over its lack of concern for the there is some accountability and environment and only recently started responsibility for corporations that to make programs to combat inevitably create negative externalities. environmental problems; consequently, Apple’s history with CSR there is still much to do for Apple. On the website it says, “We hold Moreover in 2015, a Zero Waste ourselves and our suppliers to the Program was launched that provides highest standard when it comes to onsite support to help suppliers learn human rights, environmental how to recycle and reuse materials, and protections, and responsible business divert waste from landfills. To achieve a practices in our supply chain. Together Zero Waste to Landfill certification with our partners, we go above and through Underwriters Laboratories (UL), beyond accepted industry practices to a factory must divert 100 percent of its improve the lives of our suppliers’ waste from landfills, with a maximum of employees while conserving the earth’s 10 percent sent to a waste-to-energy facility. 18

“Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate sustainability, sustainable business, corporate conscience, corporate citizenship or responsible business) is a type of international private business self-regulation.”

Past Controversies with lack of CSR in than in the west. Furthermore, it is China harder to hold tech companies such as Contrary to CITI’s reports on Apple’s Apple accountable in Asia for their transparency on its dealings with grievances against the environment environmental situations, Apple is the and their workers because third parties least transparent about its supply chain can’t hold evidence against these in China than almost all of its tech rivals. foreign firms because they tend to be Also, there is barely any information on secretive about their suppliers, citing CITI and how it runs its reports/ corporate confidentiality. Thus, the lack investigations. The Apple Board of of transparency, combined with official Directors needs to show the public the corruption and dire political authenticity and legitimacy of CITI to accountability, has made China a haven convey Apple’s role in helping the for polluters. environment. Apple came at the bottom In recent years, more than 3,000 among 29 major IT firms in a children in China have been diagnosed transparency study in China drawn up with unsafe levels of lead in their blood by a coalition of China's leading in a series of heavy-metal environmental groups. This statement contamination outbreaks near smelting follows a series of workplace plants. Many of the facilities provided poisonings, heavy metal contamination materials used in the batteries and incidents at Chinese factories for Apple. casings for foreign IT firms.None of the Many leading brands outsource 29 firms in the survey obliged their production to little-known Chinese suppliers to disclose details of waste firms, where labor costs can be lower, discharges, though there were big safety standards weaker and differences in their responses to public environmental regulations more-lax inquiries and reported environmental 19 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of APPLE INC.

problems. Apple was ranked – Ma Jun part of the Institute for Public alongside other major consumer and Environmental Affairsbased in electronics firms – as the least willing to China said, "This attitude means it is provide data or to answer questions impossible to have any public about suppliers. supervision over their supply chain. The statement from the coalition of Without that how can we trust them?" China's leading environmental groups "When environmental violations say Apple's suppliers have been become public knowledge, they should involved in numerous breaches of not use commercial confidentiality as environmental regulations. The report an excuse for silence. This is different noted waste discharge violations in from other leading brands." recent years at several Chinese firms Hewlett Packard, British Telecom, that are thought to be part of Apple's Samsung, Sony, Siemens and Alcatel supply chain. were credited as being the most Apple's reticence was heavily criticized responsive tto third-party inquiries about in May of 2011, when at least 62 alleged environmental violations, workers fell sick after inhaling n-hexane making Apple look bad in the public used to clean touch screens at a Wintek eye compared to its tech competitors. electronics factory in Suzhou. The Ma Jun continued to say, "Apple can managers at the Taiwan-owned plant say it is completely 'green' because it is reportedly switched to the noxious a brand with no factory, but if it doesn't chemical – which can cause nerve manage its supply chain, these are just damage for up to two years – empty words," said Ma Jun of the apparently because it dried more Institute for Public and Environmental quickly than alcohol, thus increasing Affairs. "Far from being the best on efficiency. The victims of this situation planet, it is bottom among 29 IT brands. still have not been compensated by Apple should be a leader. If it can move Apple. on this, it can change the whole Hospitalized victims, cited in the new industry." Green Choice video, said they made Questions to Think About products for Apple and have written to · Does Apple have to increase its the company. They said, "We want to CSR to maintain a good image in the ask you whether or not you should be public eye? responsible for the supplier companies · As a tech giant, does apple set a you have chosen?" they ask in the precedent in the global economy for letter. "When you look down at the how companies deal with the Apple phone you are using in your environment and its workers? hand and you swipe it with your finger · What new initiatives can Apple is it possible that you can feel as if it is create to help its minority workers? no longer a beautiful screen to show · As Apple expands its reach to Asia off, but the life and the blood of us where some countries have little to no employees and victims? Did you regulation on foreign IT companies, supervise the auditing staff to ensure how can it prevent further controversies that they were responsible and with the environment and mistreatment diligent?". of its workers? APPLE | POSITION 001 Jeff Williams Chief Operating Officer

Date of Birth: 2/20/1963 Home Country: United States

Biography

Jeff Williams earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering from North Carolina State University, as well as his MBA from Duke University. Prior to working for Apple, Williams worked at IBM Corporation from 1985-1998 in a number of operations and engineering roles. He left IBM in 1998, and joined Apple’s team as the Head of Worldwide Procurement. In 2004, Williams was named the Vice President of Operations. 2007 brought the emergence of the iPhone, in which he played a key role in Apple’s breakthrough into the mobile phone market. Since then, Williams has overseen the worldwide operations for the iPod and the iPhone. He was promoted to Chief Operating Office on December 17, 2015. In his role as COO, Williams oversees Apple’s entire supply chain, including service and support. He also oversees the social responsibility initiative which protects over a million workers. Since 2013, he has overseen the production of the Apple Watch, which has been dubbed as Apple’s ‘most personal device yet.’ Williams is also a driving force behind the company’s new health-centered initiatives, which include the Research Kit and Apple Watch heart study.

Despite being the COO of Apple, Williams keeps a low profile online. He drove a beat-up Toyota for years after being promoted to upper management. He has been called “Tim Cook’s Tim Cook”, as he is a reserved individual who is soft-spoken and keeps to himself. In his free time, he likes to exercise.

Williams oversees the company’s supply chain and production process, and more specifically, supervises Apple’s relationship with their supplier Foxconn. He communicates regularly with Foxconn’s facility in Chengdu, China to negotiate supplier deals, and oversees production. He also manages the logistics of shipping products from Asian factories all over the world. Williams also worked behind the scenes on Apple’s deal with South Korean company, Hynix, when Apple paid $1.25 billion for flash memory, which helped them release their hugely successful iPod Nano. In addition, Apple’s new initiative, the Research Kit is intended to simplify medical and health research, and this program will hopefully be expanded across the globe. Williams is a very intelligent man who contributes to some of Apple’s most influential products. His close relationship with Apple’s factories in China gives him insider information on the international marketplace and its innerworkings. Williams is possibly on track to become Apple’s next CEO which makes him an extremely influential player at Apple. APPLE | POSITION 001

Overt Powers

As the COO of Apple you have the authority to conduct business deals on behalf of the company. This includes working to expand old deals, as well as work on new ones. While others can also work on deals, you are the main representative of the company when working out major contracts. Additionally, as stated in the bio, you have major influence in terms of the shipping logistics, an often overlooked portion of the business but without it all operations would seize. You also serve as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 002 Katherine (Kate) Adams Senior Vice President & General Counsel

Date of Birth: 4/20/1964 Home Country: United States

Biography

Katherine Adams earned a B.A. in Comparative Literature from Brown University and her J.D. from the University of Chicago’s School of Law.

Before joining Apple, Adams worked at Honeywell International, where she was in charge of the company’s global legal strategy. Before that, she was also a partner in the Chicago-based law firm, Sidley Austin LLP in the New York City Office. In the beginning of her career, she served as a law clerk for Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, a trial attorney for the United States Department of Justice, in the Appellate Section within the Environment and Natural Resources Division, and was a law clerk for Stephen Breyer, who is now an Associate Justice of the Summer Court.

She joined Apple’s team in 2017 and presently serves on the executive board. She handles all of the company’s legal matters; which includes corporate governance, intellectual property, litigation and securities compliance, global security, and privacy.

Adams was born in New York City. Her father is John Hamilton Adams, a founding member of trustee of the Natural Resources Defense Council, a non-profit international environmental advocacy group. Adams is married to Forwood C. Wiser III, and they have two children. She resides in New York City, New York.

Adams has worked on an extensive number of legal cases, both domestically and globally. In her tenure at Honeywell, she lead their global legal strategy. In this role, she managed all of the company’s legal affairs which included Security and Exchange Commission filings and disclosure. Williams also handled Honeywell’s corporate governance, intellectual property rights, litigation, environmental compliance, and government relations. Currently, Adams is helping Apple develop a global web portal that will work on processing requests from law enforcement officers for data. This comes in light of Apple’s controversy over what information they will and will not share with law enforcement officials, given that guidelines are now in place since the controversy following the attacks in San Bernardino. Adams’ extensive background and knowledge of the law makes her a key player in both domestic and international law and affairs. Adams has significant experience and connections within the United States’ Federal Court system, as well as experience dealing with international cases with issues such as intellectual property and government regulation. She is an extremely well-versed and intelligent lawyer who has expertise in many different areas of law, and has made her impact on the field APPLE | POSITION 002 of law.

In 2008, Adams attended an Economic Roundtable held by Goldman Sachs’ former Chairman and CEO, Jon Corzine. The roundtable was attended by numerous notable people from New Jersey including Nobel Peace Prize recipient in economics, Paul Krugman. In 2009, she also was nominated for NJBIZ’s “Best 50 Women in Business” awards program which recognizes “New Jersey's most dynamic and distinguished women in business today.”

Overt Powers

As the head of Apple’s General Counsel, it is your duty to handle all of the company’s legal matters. This includes the language of corporate governance, protecting Apple’s intellectual property, any litigation and securities compliance, along with global security, and privacy related matters. You also serve as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 003 Philip Schiller Senior Vice President Worldwide Marketing

Date of Birth: 6/08/1960 Home Country: United States

Biography

Philip (Phil) Schiller was born in Massachusetts in 1960 where he would live until he graduated from Boston College in 1982 with a B.S. in biology. In Massachusetts, Schiller worked as the Information Technology Manager at Nolan, Norton & Company and as a Programmer and Systems Analyst at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. After moving to California, Schiller held positions such as the Vice President of Macromedia and Director of Product Marketing at FirePower Systems, Inc. before joining Apple Inc. in 1997. At Apple, Schiller serves as the Senior Vice President of Worldwide Marketing, a position which requires him to both present new software and devices which Apple is developing and sell the idea of them to consumers. He has held this position for 20 years. He also is a board member of Illumina, a company that develops, manufactures and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function, a position which he has held for 2 years.

Schiller lives in Half Moon Bay, California with his wife Kim Schiller, who is an independent sales consultant. They have two children who go to school in California. Both are major supporters of their respective alma maters, Boston College and Salem State University, donating millions to the hockey program of the former and the financial program of the latter.

As the Senior Vice President of Worldwide Marketing, Schiller must frequently sell Apple products abroad. An example of this is the recent expansion of Apply Pay to service customers in Japan, an achievement which opened up a market of 63 million people. Schiller has at his disposal $1 billion every year to advertise Apple products, buying ads in numerous countries to reach a wide audience. Schiller also frequently does interviews with foreign news agencies in countries with a large potential customer base, as shown by his numerous interviews with Chinese and Indian papers and news channels.

In the United States, Schiller works out of Apple headquarters in Cupertino, California creating and pushing forward new ad campaigns and preparing for his numerous keynote presentations. Another one of his responsibilities is the creation and execution of Apple Keynote presentations. These presentations act as the conduit which inform the consumer about new Apple devices and technology, while also becoming the official tool used by Apple to release new devices. Schiller took over responsibility after the death of Steve Jobs. Because of this experience, Schiller is particularly adept at navigating the advertisement industry and APPLE | POSITION 003 supervising of Apple’s chief advertising agency, TBWA/Media Arts Lab, has certainly aided him as well.

Overt Powers

Most overtly, the biggest role you fill is that of the ‘new’ Steve Jobs. When it comes time for a product launch, Apple will always host a keynote event that features a marque presentation conducted by yourself. This is the first exposure the world gets of the new products, so it is imperative that you do this to the best of your ability. You work with the other creative minds at Apple, such as Tor Myhren the current head of Marketing and Communication, in order to make sure the ad campaigns for the aforementioned products are done well. You also serve as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 004 John Giannandrea Chief of Machine Learning and AI Strategy

Date of Birth: 4/18/1969 Home Country: Scotland

Biography

John Giannandrea is a Scottish programmer who works as the Chief of Machine Learning and AI Strategy for Apple Inc. Giannandrea was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland and is a graduate of the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, where he received an honours degree in Computer Science. Hired by Apple in 2018, Giannandrea had previously worked at two companies which he helped cofound, Metaweb and Tellme Networks. The latter was acquired and discontinued by Microsoft while the former was acquired by Google and saw him become that companies head of machine learning, or AI. Giannandrea worked for Google for eight years, attempting to perfect the search engine aspect of Google, the voice and facial recognition software, and work out the kinks in the self-driving car technology. Apple hired Giannandrea to fix their Siri application and to make it compete with Google’s Google Assistant, Microsoft’s Cortana, and Amazon’s Alexa.

Giannandrea now lives in Palo Alto, California with his wife and daughters. He is an active member of his community, sitting on the board of his daughter’s school, Castilleja, and also being one of its largest donors. He is also a sitting board member of Carl Sagan’s SETI Institute, a “not-for-profit research organization whose mission is to explore, understand, and explain the origin and nature of life in the universe, and to apply the knowledge gained to inspire and guide present and future generations.”

Since Giannandrea became a part of Apple, the usually secretive company has begun to release scientific studies about AI to various journals around the world. It can be said that this is because of Giannandrea, who hopes to use them to find new minds to recruit to Apple and continue to develop its AI programs, much in the way they recruited Carnegie Mellon University's Ruslan Salakhutdinov to their AI program.

Internationally, AI cooperation is difficult because many countries have different beliefs on how to utilize AI. For example, China wants to use it for facial recognition in their citizens database and the US wants to use it for TSA security. His birthplace and his influence in the technological circles gives Giannandrea some pull in places like Scotland, Japan, Korea, and China.

Domestically, Giannandrea professional reputation precedes him. Working for Google for 8 years provided influence and connections to many different people in the technology sector; while working for Apple has given him power because he only reports to Tim Cook. APPLE | POSITION 004

Overt Powers

As the head of machine learning, it is your job to continue developing and experimenting with different concepts and code to try and find new and creative solutions to the many issues faced by not just Apple but by the world. This includes things like Siri, but also much larger and bolder projects. You additionally serve as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 005 Lisa Jackson Vice President Environment, Policy, and Social Initiatives

Date of Birth: 2/8/1962 Home Country: United States

Biography

Lisa Jackson was born on February 8th, 1962 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During her early life, Lisa grew up in Pontchartrain Park, a middle-class neighborhood in the city of New Orleans. In 1979, she graduated as Valedictorian from St. Mary's Dominican High School in New Orleans and would go onto attend Tulane University with a scholarship from the National Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering & Science. In 1983, Jackson graduated with a bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from Tulane University, and in 1986 she earned her masters degree in Chemical Engineering from Princeton University. She began her professional career as a staff-level Engineer for the Environmental Protection Agency in 1987. Jackson eventually married Kenneth Jackson, and together they had two children. Their family currently resides in East Windsor Township, New Jersey.

Jackson was always considered an “outdoor person,” having a passionate interest in the natural world before eventually becoming interested in environmental matters after following the Love Canal Disaster of 1978. As stated above Jackson began her career as a staff-level engineer for the Environmental Protection Agency in 1987. She eventually moved to the New York Regional Office, where she would continue to work for the EPA over the course of 16 years. Jackson worked in the federal Superfund site remediation program, where she developed numerous hazardous waste cleanup regulations, and oversaw hazardous waste cleanup projects across central New Jersey.

After 16 years of service to the EPA, Lisa Jackson became the assistant commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection in 2002. While in this position, Jackson oversaw numerous programs such as land use regulation, water supply, and geological survey to name a few. In 2006, Lisa Jackson was nominated by Governor Jon Corzine to serve as the Commissioner of Environmental Protection of New Jersey. During her tenure as the Commissioner of Environmental Protection of New Jersey, Jackson organized a large scale outreach initiative to conduct environmental compliance investigations in the cities of Camden and Paterson (in which the state had long ignored city-wide pollution). In 2008 Jackson was appointed Chief of Staff for Governor Jon Corzine of New Jersey. However, she was tapped by President Obama to become the administrator of the EPA just days after becoming Corzine's Chief of Staff. Jackson resigned the position on December 15th, 2008 and was confirmed as Administrator of the EPA by the Senate on January 22nd, 2009. As Administrator of the EPA, Jackson stated APPLE | POSITION 005 that she would focus on reducing greenhouse gases and their effects on the environment, as well as protecting the air and water quality in the United States from exposure to toxic contamination. Jackson also took active steps to reach out to low-income communities across the United States, who are typically the most affected by environmental issues. On December 13th, 2012, Jackson announced that she would be stepping down as the Administrator of the EPA, citing the Obama Administration's agreement to move forward with the Keystone Pipeline as her reason. Jackson left office on February 15th, 2013.

On May 28th, 2013, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced that Jackson would be joining Apple. In 2015, Tim Cook promoted Jackson to Vice President of Environment, Policy, and Social Initiatives for Apple. Jackson reports directly to CEO Tim Cook and is responsible for directly overseeing Apple's efforts to minimize its impact on the environment. Jackson is also credited for the establishment of Apple education policy programs such as ConnectED and ensuring that Apple uses more environmentally-friendly materials in its products. Under Jackson, Apple achieved a milestone goal in 2018 when they announced that their global facilities are all powered by 100% clean energy. On October 23rd, 2018, Jackson was presented the Environmental Achievement Award by the Environmental Protection Institute for her work in “greening Apple’s supply chain.”

Overt Powers

As the Vice President of Environmental, Policy, and Social Initiatives, it is your responsible to directly oversee Apple's policies toward its impact on the environment. You have already established some of Apple’s education policy programs, including ConnectED. Your focus is on ensuring that Apple uses more environmentally-friendly materials when producing its merchandise. You also serve as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 006 Angela Ahrendts Senior Vice President of Retail

Date of Birth: 6/12/1960 Home Country: United States

Biography

Angela Ahrendts was born on June 12th, 1960 in New Palestine, Indiana. She was the third of six children and married her lifelong friend from elementary school Gregg Couch after a 17-year long-distance relationship. Together she and Greg have three children. Ahrendts graduated from New Palestine High School in 1978 and attended Ball State University in Indiana. She graduated from Ball State in 1981 with an undergraduate degree in Merchandising and Marketing. Shortly after graduation, Angela moved to New York City to begin her professional career in the fashion industry. Angela has dual US/UK citizenship and owns properties in both California and London.

Ever since she was a child Ahrendts had dreamt of working in the fashion industry, and went on to take on a variety of significant roles and responsibilities for luxurious and influential brands over the course of the next twenty years. In 1989 Ahrendts was named the president of Donna Karan, where she worked to help the company expand its posh name internationally through wholesale and licensing. In 1996 Ahrendts was hired by Henri Bendel to coordinate the establishment of Bendel stores in new markets until 1998, when she became the Vice President of Corporate Merchandising and Design at Fifth & Pacific Companies. Two years later, Ahrendts was promoted to Executive Vice President in 2002. However, Ahrendts’ entire professional career was forever changed when she became the CEO of Burberry on July 1st, 2006. Under Ahrendts’ leadership, Burberry increased in value from 2 billion to 7 billion Euros by 2012. Some fundamental changes Ahrendts made to accomplish this goal included opening new retail stores in China, Central America, and the Middle East, as well as modernizing the company’s online retail by constructing a more user-friendly digital experience on the website. These achievements did not go unnoticed by Apple CEO Tim Cook, who took a significant liking to Angela’s many accomplishments and extensive retail-oriented background.

On October 13th, 2013, it was announced that Angela Ahrendts would step down from her position as CEO of Burberry in the spring of 2014 to become the Senior Vice President of Retail and Online Stores for Apple Inc. The responsibilities of this position include the overall strategy for retail, real estate and development, operations of Apple's physical stores, and the management of operations of Apple's online store and contact centers. Ahrendts has not only lived up to all these responsibilities since coming on as an executive member for Apple in 2014, but has taken the company to new heights. According to Apple, as Senior Vice President, Ahrendts has integrated Apple’s physical and digital retail businesses to create a APPLE | POSITION 006 seamless customer experience for over a billion visitors per year. As of 2018, Ahrendts is Apple's highest-paid employee, with an annual salary of $24.2 million--more than twice what current CEO Tim Cook makes. Both supporters and critics have widely regarded Ahrendts as a modern American businesswoman, whose skills and ambitions have driven her entire career forward. One can only speculate as to where Ahrendts’ aspirations will take her next.

Overt Powers

In your role as Senior VP of Retail and Online Stores, it is your job to review Apple’s overall strategy for retail, real estate and development, operations of Apple's physical stores, and the management of operations of Apple's online store and contact centers. You are also an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, so it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 007 Arthur D. Levinson, PhD Chairman of the Board

Date of Birth: 3/31/1950 Home Country: United States

Biography

Arthur Levinson is an American doctor and businessman who currently serves as the Chairman for the Apple Board of Directors. Known as ‘Art’ to his friends and family, Dr. Levinson was born in March of 1950 in San Francisco, California to parents Malvina and Sol Levinson. In 1972, Levinson graduated from the University of Washington before continuing his studies at Princeton University, where he completed his Ph.D thesis five years later in 1977. Soon after graduating, Levinson settled down and begin the next chapter of his life including both a family and his career. He married his wife, Rita Liff, in December of 1978 and they have two children together.

Around the same time he got married, Levinson completed his microbiology postdoctoral work when he was hired by Genetech, a biotechnology research and development firm. There he started working as a research assistant but soon began to make a name for himself within both the company and the field itself. Nine years after initially being fired, Levinson found himself promoted to the Vice President of Research Technology before being promoted yet again to the position of CEO only a few short years later in 1995. As CEO, he won a variety of accolades supporting his calm and approachable style of leadership during his tenor.

Over the course of his career, Levinson has helped to author well over 80 academic papers and has been identified on 11 different patents. In addition to serving as the CEO of Genetech, Levinson has occupied an array of leadership positions including being named as the CEO for Calico, a small firm focused on combating aging related diseases. He is a current member of the board for the Broad Institute, as well as director of Amyris, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. Perhaps the most interesting bit regarding his laundry list of positions, is his role as member of Google’s Board of Directors. While he no longer operates as a member of the board, it still means he was a former member of a massive component of Alphabet, the opposite side of this JCC. Calico--where Levinson continues to act as CEO--is a subsidiary of Google, meaning it therefore is under the umbrella corporation that is Alphabet.

While participating on and overseeing all of those Boards/businesses, Levinson’s main role these days is as the Chairman of the Apple Board of Directors. Joining the Board in 2000, Levinson didn’t become Chairman until 2011. He was heavily involved in the company previously and has served as a co-lead director; in addition to participating on all three of the board’s committees; audit and finance, APPLE | POSITION 007 nominating/corporate governance and compensation. He currently owns roughly 1.2 million shares of Apple, valued at $128 million as of 2016.

Overt Powers

As the chairman of the board, you hold one of the most important people in determining the future of the company. Since the CEO and other high level management appointees, along with large, substantial business decisions which severely alter the company’s trajectory must be voted upon by the board, the chairman is more or less the oversight of the company. This does not mean you could unilaterally remove another board member or employee, but it does mean you wield considerable influence over setting the board’s agenda and determining the outcome of the vote. Additionally, as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 008 Eddy Cue Senior Vice President on Internet Software and Services

Date of Birth: 10/23/1964 Home Country: United States

Biography

Born to a Cuban mother and Spanish father, Eduardo H. Cue is the current Senior Vice President of Apple’s Internet Software and Services Department. Cue was a relatively smart kid growing up, and attended Duke University, getting degrees in both Computer Science and Economics. Cue and his wife Paula live a relatively low profile life in their secluded home in Los Altos, CA. Cue was recently involved in a controversy during the NBA Finals. A big basketball fan and a particularly big fan of the Golden State Warriors, Cue was seen making gestures towards Rihanna to sit down while she was apparently bowing to LeBron James. Cue claimed in later publications he was not motioning to Rihanna but rather a friend of his a few rows down, and noting he has nothing but love and respect for the pop-star.

Cue’s road to his current position began in 1989, when he first joined the Apple team. He started off as a low-level software engineer and worked to technically support customer service teams. In 1998, Cue played an integral role in the developing and releasing of Apple’s online store. This helped to spur his trajectory up the chain of command, taking on leadership roles in establishing the iTunes Store in 2003 and the App Store in 2008. His tireless work ethic has helped him to be Apple’s go-to-guy when in need of someone to rectify a failed product. A perfect example of this is his work on Apple’s iCloud flop in 2011, which is now one of the leading cloud computing storage spaces on the market.

These days, while Cue continues to oversee the maintenance of Apple’s mobile maps, iCloud and iMessage, he has been designated as the head of a perhaps far more ambitious project. While Apple has recently acquired Shazam in order help keep itself ahead of the competition in the music streaming service, the company identified video streaming as an area of industry it had no real presence within. To combat this, Cue is spearheading an original content project within Apple, which features a budget of $1 billion. There hasn’t been any major news coming out of this front recently, leaving people to wonder what kind of original content may or may not currently be in the making.

While Cue may have his plate incredibly full at Apple, he still has other responsibilities he must attend to as well. Cue remains an active member on the Board of Directors for Ferrari. Joining the board in 2012, many viewed this as a step for Apple towards potentially integrating products into mobile cars though not much has manifested on that front. Cue remains a critical element in Apple, and will no doubt play a crucial role in whatever direction Apple takes. APPLE | POSITION 008

Overt Powers

As the head of internet software and services it is your duty to not only work towards development of new code improving Apple’s internet connectivity and services, but it is also to provide a technical voice within the board room. Many of the people present within this committee are more business focused individuals, but you bring a unique perspective as the representative for the more technical side of the business. As Apple moves its focus towards the Asian marketplace, having technologically advanced products is going to be a key element of creating a larger presence in the tech hungry region. Additionally, as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 009 Isabel Ge Mahe Senior Vice President and Managing Director for the Greater China Region

Date of Birth: 10/30/1973 Home Country: China

Biography

Isabel Ge Mahe’s was born in Shenyang, the largest city within the Liaoning Province in China. She moved to Canada at the age of 16 and within a few years of graduating high school began to study engineering at Simon Fraser University, a small research university in British Columbia. She received both her Bachelors and Masters in Electrical Engineering and an MBA from the University of California, Berkeley. Mahe tries to maintain a relatively low profile; not much is known about her personal life other than that she is married, has 4 children, and currently resides in Shanghai.

Before joining the team at Apple, Mahe was one of the premier software engineers at Palm, Inc serving as their Vice President of Wireless Software Engineering. Apple recruited her tirelessly but it wasn’t until a nearly two-hour long meeting with Steve Jobs that she finally considered the position. She remarked in an interview that Jobs told her a story about a neighbor who wanted to have a Ferrari (serving as Apple in this metaphor) but only had a Volkswagen (Palm). The neighbor souped up the Volkswagen in order to have the next best thing but ultimately was left with just a loud Volkswagen. This story stuck with her, and she ultimately joined Apple’s team in 2008 as the Vice President of Wireless Technologies. In this capacity, she oversaw the development of cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and motion technologies for an array of Apple products. She also served as a senior figure in the development of specific features for Apple products geared towards molding them to shape the very particular governmental regulations the PRC has.

In early 2017, due to her ability to speak fluent Mandarin and personal ties to the region she was selected as Apple’s Managing Director for the Greater China region. China remains one of the most critical markets for Apple, not just in terms of the many manufacturing plants Apple has in the country, but also because it serves as one of the largest target audiences for their products. According to some 2017 numbers, almost 18% of Apple’s total sales came from the Greater China region. These numbers are down significantly from 29% in 2015, which is why Mahe’s new role comes at one of the most critical times for Apple. APPLE | POSITION 009

Overt Powers

As the Head for the Greater China region, you have significant importance and relevance to the topic at hand. It is within your power to reach out to business leaders and politicians within both China and the surrounding area in order to establish a dialogue with them. While you unilaterally cannot promise new dealings, you are entrusted with working out the agreements before presenting them to the board at large. Additionally, as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 010 Tor Myhren Senior Vice President of Marketing and Communications

Date of Birth: 3/28/1972 Home Country: United States

Biography

Ever seen one of those E-Trade Baby commercials? Ever seen Ellen on the front of Covergirl? How about the Oprah car-giveaway segment of her show? Then you are already familiar with the work of marketing genius Tor Myhren. Born in Denver, this 46 year old has gone from one of the most sought after advertisers for hire to one of the most senior members in Apple’s executive staff in only a couple of years.

Growing up, Myhren was always a rather artistically driven kid, with a knack for creative writing. He took this to the next level when he went attended Occidental College in Los Angeles for his tertiary education, completing a bachelor’s degree in English Literature. In the beginning Myhren thought he wanted to be a journalist, and tried his hand at this after school working for the Providence Journal. The career path wasn’t for him however, so from there Myhren went on to work with the Infiniti car brand to promote their expanding line of luxury cars which when he left for Leo Burnett Worldwide in 2004, was the fastest growing luxury brand in the United States. At this point, as previously stated, Myhren went to go work for Leo Burnett, an advertising agency in Chicago. While at Leo he was in charge of the head of the General Motors account before being promoted to Executive Creative Director and Executive Vice President. Only a few years after this however, Myhren went on to go work for Grey Global, a different advertising agency, headquartered in New York. Known as both an incredibly creative mind but also a great leader, Myhren held an array of different positions at the firm including Chief Creative Officer of Grey New York at Grey Group, President of this same branch and finally Worldwide Chief Creative Officer for the group at large.

Now serving as VP of Marketing and Communications at Apple since March of 2016 it is his duty within the company to oversee the advertising of products, Apple’s internet presence (via video, motion graphics, and web design), and the package/retail display. This remains an integral portion of the business process as it is essentially his job to sell products the rest of the team produces. He creates the public face of the company which in this consumer driven marketplace elevates the importance of not just the quality of the product itself, but also the brand and the device people want to have. This is done often in conjunction with the rest of the marketing team as well. What makes Myhren’s job unique is the angle of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This is essentially the other elements of the business, including community involvement and development, environmental sustainability along with a host of other important factors which can alter the public perception of a company. APPLE | POSITION 010

Outside of work, Myhren has been recognized on numerous occasions for his creative mind including winning accolades such as Fast Company’s Most Creative People in Business, Fortune’s 40 under 40, AdAge’s Creativity 50 and has even been inducted into the Advertising Federation of America’s Hall of Achievement. He is a two-time TED talk speaker and is an award winning filmmaker just for kick having won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary 2010 at the Sonoma International Film Festival for his piece “City Lax: An Urban Lacrosse Story.” Myhren is known to have an affinity for Japan and its culture after having learned the language and spending some time there traveling and working. While in Tokyo for work, he met his current wife, and they currently reside in California.

Overt Powers

As the head of Marketing and Communication it is your task to try and make sure the public’s view of Apple remains in a positive light. While this is not always an easy job, the company believes with your creative skills, you will be able to develop, in conjunction with Mr. Schiller, ad campaigns designed to enhance Apple’s popularity both internationally and domestically. This is where your job deviates from that of Mr. Schiller. Your unique task is the element of ‘communication’ and, as stated above, to bolster the generalized perception of Apple as a whole. For example, many people take issue with Apple’s continued work with manufacturers in China known to engage in predatory contracts that force employees to work 14+ hours a day for depressingly small wages. It would be within your job description to work on ways in which the perception of Apple could be improved. You additionally are an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 011 Terry Gou Founder and Chairman of Foxconn

Date of Birth: 10/18/1950 Home Country: Taipei

Biography

Hailing from Banqiao, Taipei, Terry Gou is the current Chairman and Founder of Foxconn (the company name is Hon Hai Precision Industry Co, however it is traded and known more broadly as Foxconn) the multinational electronics contract manufacturer producing products as diverse as Kindle, Nintendo DS, Nokia and Xiaomi cellphones, Playstation and Xbox’s and, perhaps most pertinent to this topic, Apple products including iPhone, iPad and formerly iPods.

Gou’s family history is one woven into the history of the region, with his parents originally calling Shanxi Province in China home until in 1949 right before the Chinese Civil War, upon reading the writing on the walls they fled to Taiwan. One year later on October 8th, 1950, Terry was born. He was their first child, and as such received a fair amount of investment from his parents who provided him an education all the way through college where he graduated from the Taipei College of Maritime Technology. He did not use this education right away however, as after college he spent time working on the floor of a rubber factory and medicine plant until in 1974 at the age of 24 and with $7,500 in initial capital founded Foxconn. For many years the company struggled to really get off the ground with only small contracts such as making plastic parts for television sets. This was until in 1980 the company received an order from Atari to manufacture joysticks for a new console arcade game they were working on.

From there Gou violently expanded the company, sometime resorting to breaking into companies with the intent of gaining additional orders to fill. He opened up the main factory in Shenzen province in mainland China in 1988 and expanded this to be a one stop shop for the workers. Gou essentially created a campus for the factory, providing everything from housing, dining, and health care for the workers on site. Gou additionally reorganized the process in order to vertically integrate assembly processes in order to be more efficient and cost effective. By the late 1990s Foxconn had become a massive electronics producing conglomerate and the go-to option for foreign companies looking to cheaply build their products.

Gou has come under fire many times for an array of controversies including when at a board meeting referred to the 1 million employees of Foxconn as ‘animals’, though he maintains this was simply a poor translation of his out of context comments. He also was caught up in an extra-marital affair in the 1990s, but simply had the accuser and her private investigator arrested when it became known she had hired the PI to secretly record them together and use this to blackmail him. APPLE | POSITION 011

This has not slowed down Gou in any way. He continues to expand and operate Foxconn while also pushing his philanthropic initiatives including a charity he founded with his first wife that looked towards increasing educational opportunities for poor Taiwanese citizens in which he pledged to donate a third of his wealth. Since then he has declared he will now give away over 90% of his accumulated wealth to an array of charitable causes. He additionally is reported to have some potential political ambitions, and is rumored to be interesting in running in the 2020 Taiwanese presidential elections, though he has not come out himself and said such.

Gou is now married to his second wife Delia Tseng, a choreographer with whom he has three children in addition to the two he had with his first wife. While he currently lives in Taiwan, he does hold some international property including the highly publicized purchase of a Roztez castle in the Czech Republic for a reported $30 million.

Overt Powers

As the founder and chairman of Foxconn, you have cultivated an iron leadership grip on the company. This is your company and there is no mistake about it. You have complete autonomy to dictate anything and everything that happens with Foxconn, including building new factories, developing contracts with other businesses etc. In terms of this committee, you are serving as an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company, particularly given your prominence in the Asian business and political sphere. APPLE | POSITION 012 Dong-Jin Koh President and CEO of Samsung--President of IT & Mobile Communications

Date of Birth: 1/29/1961 Home Country: South Korea

Biography

At age 57, Dong-Jin Koh has spent his entire career working at Samsung, beginning right after graduating from Sungkyungkwan University with a BA in Industrial Engineering in 1984 and joining the company that same year. Since then, Koh has worked incredibly hard, working his way up the corporate ladder and benefiting the company with his experience in many different facets of the company's operational components. He started by working in the Human Resources department for over a decade to increase employee engagement and retention. While there, he cultivated a name for himself as an approachable leader who focused on a collaborative style pushing for teamwork projects in order to maximize efficiency of the talent at the company.

While still working in HR, Koh continued his schooling and was able to graduate in 1993 with a Masters of Science in Technology Policy from the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom. Around this time the company began to take an interest in Koh for potentially other important leadership roles in other sections of the company. In 2007 with both his familiarity with the company, leadership, and degree in Technology Policy, he was appointed head of the Technology Strategy Team--working to cultivate strategic partnerships with both other companies as well as countries. He helped to bring the North American Product Planning Group to a great logistical standing within the North American market.

Koh also has a keen understanding of the nuances that go into software development, which is why after his post as the head of the Technology Strategy Team he was assigned as the Head of Samsung R&D Institute in the U.K. While here he helped oversee technical innovations in modem and software technology, greatly expanding the practical capabilities of the company and the services they can offer.

Now serving as one of three CEO’s of Samsung, Koh has been placed into one of the most important position in the company during one of the most tumultuous times in the industry. As hundreds of other competitors continue to carve out a niche for themselves in the market with cheaper options, more technologically advanced products etc., it is up to Koh and the two other executives to continue keeping Samsung competitive in this developing economy.

Samsung remains both a competitor and supplier of Apple, making this an interesting point for Koh. Since the release of the iPhone 8 Apple has been rolling APPLE | POSITION 012 out the incredible display capabilities of the OLED panels. The problem for Apple is that the company who owns the patents and supplies 97% of the world’s OLED screen production is Samsung. In addition to this, Samsung and Apple have been involved in an array of legal battles against one another, only further complicating the relationship. Seeing as Apple remains the number one smartphone provider in the world, it will be important for Koh to navigate these complex waters in order to find the best possible relationship between the two companies.

Overt Powers

The leadership team of Samsung is vastly different than that of most major corporations. It features a team of three CEO’s, all of which are Presidents presiding over different facets of the company. Your two fellow executives are Kim Ki-nam who manages the components business and Kim Hyun-suk who oversees the running of consumer electronics. You, on the other hand, conduct the IT & Mobile communications, which means it is your duty to oversee the development of new communication technology as well as create deals with other companies, such as the current one with Apple. You additionally are an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board. APPLE | POSITION 013 Chuck Schumer Senate Minority Leader

Date of Birth: 11/23/1950 Home Country: United States

Biography

Born November 23rd, 1950, Charles ‘Chuck’ Schumer is an American lawyer and politician who is currently serving as the Democratic Senate Minority Leader, a position he has held since taking over for Harry Reid in January 2017. Representing New York, Schumer has been a lifelong resident of the state, having grown up in Brooklyn. He was a gifted student, having achieved a perfect score on his SAT and graduating from his local high school as class valedictorian. He then proceeded to attend Harvard College for his undergrad, then Harvard Law School for his JD. He passed the New York bar exam in 1975 but determined he didn’t want to pursue a career as a lawyer but rather a politician. In fact, before he had even graduated from law school he ran for his first political office as a candidate for the New York State Assembly in 1974 and won. He would serve as a state legislator for the next few years, from his election to 1981.

While he was satisfied with his position and felt as though he was doing good work, when the opportunity to move into higher office presented itself he took it, running and winning a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in New York’s 16th District. While in the House, Schumer most prominently served on the House Judiciary Committee and presided over some of the most highly publicized cases including the House investigation into the Waco siege hearings.

In 1998, yet another opportunity presented itself with a New York Senate seat becoming vulnerable. He was successful in his take down of three-time incumbent Al D’Amato, receiving 54% of the vote. This election came during one of the subsequently most tumultuous times in American politics with the 2000 U.S. presidential election and the 9/11 attacks in September of 2001. Schumer, always a big believer in the judicial institutions, was concerned with some of the decisions being made by then president Bush potentially skirting the legal system through the utilization of military tribunals for suspected terrorists.

Since then he has continued to be one of the senior voices within the Senate and the Democratic Party at large, acting as a major figure head. With the election of Donald Trump and his appointment to Minority Leader, his public profile has only increased, making him one of the most powerful figure in American politics. He has been both critical of President Trump but also has signaled he is willing to reach across the aisle and work with Republicans, specifically cited China as an area where both parties can come to an agreement. In addition to his role as Minority Leader, he also serves on the Joint Committee on the Library, Printing, U.S. Senate APPLE | POSITION 013

Caucus on International Narcotics Control, Committee on Intelligence, and the Committee on Rules and Administration.

Known for having a soft spot or large tech companies such as Apple, Schumer has made an ally in Silicon valley, as evidenced by the campaign contributions he has received from Tim Cook, CEO of Apple. This does not mean he thinks these companies should have free reign, as he has on multiple occasions expressed concern towards censorship by these companies. On the subject of Facebook and calls for government regulation on their ability to run certain politically motivated ads, Schumer was quoted as saying that these companies should have the ability to police themselves in regards to ‘fake news’ since the concept of political involvement in the censorship of ads. This puts Senator Schumer in a unique position when discussing censorship in regards to tech companies in conjunction with his strong stance on China.

Overt Powers

As the acting Senate Minority whip, you do not carry much institutionalized power within this board; this does not mean you don’t hold significant influence within the room. As the highest ranking (and only) politician within the room, you act as a liaison between this body and the American political structure. You, of course, have complete access to all the bodies you are a member of (mentioned above) as well as the generalized clout and power which comes from being a member of the United States Senate. You additionally are an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, where it is your job to work with the rest of the board to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 014 Renee Xia Director of the Chinese Human Rights Defenders

Date of Birth: 6/16/1967 Home Country: China

Biography

While little is known about Renee Xia, what is known is that she is the current Director of the Chinese Human Rights Defenders (CHRD), a D.C. based organization that focuses on grassroots activism in China. The organization serves as a medium geared towards developing a coalition of Chinese and international human rights non-governmental organizations. The CHRD additionally works towards supporting those individuals and groups within China fighting for human rights by providing technical help. This technical assistance is aimed at facilitating trainings to help those on the ground know and understand what available international human rights instruments and protections are provided to them by the law. The CHRD also recognizes the importance and severe lack of resources these groups receive, which is why it additionally aims towards alleviating this issue through a grant program while also offering legal assistance. CHRD’s final mission is to investigate and monitor the human rights situations across China, in order to more accurately report the situation to the world at large. They do this in the form of media press releases and urgant news updates, but also through the publishing of research reports. The aim of this is to provide policy makers, as well as the public as a whole, a more detailed understanding of the human rights abuses that take place in a country which is often shrouded in secrecy from the rest of the world.

Renee herself has been the international director for this group since it was founded in 2011. It is believed that she is a Chinese national, born and raised in the Guangdong province. Located in the southern sector of the country and bordering Hong Kong and Macau, Guangdong province is one of the most wealthy in the country, allowing Renne to grow up in rather comfortably as a child. Having this access to funds also allowed her to attend school outside of China, exposing her to other cultures than her own. It additionally provided her an avenue through which she could learn more about her own culture and express that. While at university in the United States, she quickly gained an interest in labor laws and human rights abuses, along with ways to counter these abuses. She decided to settle in the U.S. and work with some colleagues she had met in order to found CHRD in the hopes of giving voice to the people of China within the United States, since she understood leveraging lawmakers in the states could provide as a powerful ally in changing the tide in human rights abuses within her own country. APPLE | POSITION 014

Overt Powers

You are the director of this institution, with no particular oversight from anyone else. This means you are the one setting the agenda for the organization, overseeing the day to day operations as well as the planning for future projects. As a supplement to this, you are an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors. Apple wants you here not just to serve on the board, but also behave as an advisor to the board. As a member of it’s board it is your job to work towards judge the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions with the other members of the committee in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Remember, the company wishes to seek improvement of their record on human rights as they set their eyes on expanding further into the Asian marketplace and you are their avenue through which to do this. APPLE | POSITION 015 Al Gore Former Vice President of the United States

Date of Birth: 3/31/1948 Home Country: United States

Biography

Al Gore was a Tennessee politician who reached his highest office in 1993 as Vice President of the United States. Gore was born in Washington, DC and attended Saint Alban’s School and then worked on his family farm in Carthage, Tennessee. In 1965, he was admitted to Harvard University in Boston where he studied government. Immediately following his graduation, Gore was drafted into the Army where he trained in Texas before shipping out to Vietnam where he stayed until his honorable discharge in 1971. Deciding to the go back to school, Gore attended Vanderbilt University Law School and obtained his JD.

In his personal life, Al Gore has four children with his first wife, Mary Elizabeth “Tipper” Aitcheson, whom he married in 1970. In 2010, it was announced that Gore and his wife were separating after 40 years in a conscious uncoupling. Two years later it was revealed that Gore was now dating Elizabeth Keadle, a major democratic donor and environmentalist.

Upon graduating Vanderbilt, Gore ran for his father’s seat in the United States House of Representatives from the 4th and 6th Districts of Tennessee and won, serving in this seat for six years. In Congress, Gore served on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees. Following his years in Congress, Gore ran and won an election for the senate seat for Tennessee in 1985 where he served until his resignation in 1993. In Senate, the Tennessean was heavily involved in the early day regulation of the internet and an advocate of climate change research. Gore had previously run for President in 1988 but did not make it past the Democratic primary. He served as Vice President under Bill Clinton, winning both the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections. While serving as Vice President, Gore continued to be heavily involved in technology and environmental issues. In 1999, Gore ran for President for the second time only to be narrowly defeated by George Bush in a historic Supreme Court ruling.

Following the end of his political career, Gore continued his environmentalism work and released films and a book documenting his efforts. Presently, Gore is the chair of the Alliance for Climate Protection, a non-profit promoting climate advocacy, a chairman of Generation Investment Management, an investment firm, a board member of Apple, and a senior advisor to Google. APPLE | POSITION 015

The former Vice President is highly connected both internationally and domestically, because of both his governmental work and his advocacy for global climate change research and prevention. Gore has created the international non-profit Alliance for Climate Protection which works globally to educate on the dangers of climate change and preventative measures which can be taken.

Overt Powers

As an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company, particularly given your clout as the former Vice President of the United States. APPLE | POSITION 016 Susan Wagner Co-founder and Director of BlackRock

Date of Birth: 12/28/1961 Home Country: United States

Biography

Susan Wagner is a cofounder, former CEO, and board member of BlackRock, the largest international investment management firm in the world. Wanger grew up in New York and attended Wellesley College; where she earned a bachelor’s degree in English and Economics. She then attended the University of Chicago and earned her master’s in Economics.

In her personal life, Wagner has a husband and three children and they all live in New York City. Some of her children go to the Hackley School, a private preparatory school where she is an active board member and school treasurer.

Following her education, Wagner began working for Lehman Brothers as a specialist in mergers, fixed income products, and strategic acquisitions. Wagner then resigned from Lehman’s and became a part of the Blackstone Financial Group, a precursor of BlackRock. With the founding of BlackRock in 1988, Wagner orchestrated the acquisitions and international growth of the company. Wagner helped guide the company through its first years and lead the merger of the company with Merrill Lynch Investment Managers in 2006 and the acquisition of Quellos Capital Management in 2007. In 2009, Wagner facilitated the acquisition of Barclays PLC; which further cemented the company’s role on the international stage by giving BlackRock major offices in England, Australia, Japan, and Canada. Similarly, Wagner also extended her companies influence into Asia, the Middle East, and South America, cementing BlackRock as a global wealth management titan. By the time of her exodus from the operations portion of the company in 2014, BlackRock controlled around $5.1 trillion in funds worldwide.

Presently, Wagner serves as a board member on BlackRock and Apple Inc. as well as the director of Color Genomics, a cancer research company, and the director of Swiss RE LTD’s, a reinsurance company, American office. With Apple, Wagner works to expand the technology company’s international footprint and compete with other companies like Samsung in the emerging Asian market. She has vast experience working overseas but also knows how to navigate domestic markets as shown by her facilitation of the merger with Merrill Lynch and acquisition of various other companies. APPLE | POSITION 016

Overt Powers

Serving as a member on the Apple Board of Directors, you have an important institutional role in voting on substantive matters that concern the future of the company. In conjunction with the rest of the board, it is your duty to make sure action taken here today is with the future of the company in mind. You are the systematic check on the CEO and other members of the Apple senior leadership team to ensure they are keeping the investors, profitability, and integrity in mind. APPLE | POSITION 017 Robert (Bob) A. Iger Director of the Board and Chairman and CEO of the Walt Disney Company

Date of Birth: 2/10/1951 Home Country: United States

Biography

Robert A. Iger graduated magna cum laude from Ithaca College’s School of Communications with a degree in Television and Radio. He began his career as a weatherman for ABC in Ithaca, NY. He then moved onto a management position with ABC Sports, followed by being the Vice President in charge of program planning and development. He continued to climb ranks as the President and Chief Operating Officer, before being named the president of ABC Television Network Group in 1993.

From 1994-1999, he served as the president and chief operating officer of ABC. In 1999, he was named the president of Walt Disney International, and served as COO and President from 2000-2004. In 2005, he was named as the Chief Executive Officer of the Walt Disney Company. In his position as COO and President, Iger worked closely with Walt Disney’s former CEO, Michael Eisner. Iger played a key role in Disney’s acquisitions of Pixar (2006), Marvel (2009), and Lucasfilm (2012).

In addition to his role at Walt Disney and Apple, Iger also serves on the board of National September 11 Memorial & Museum and the board of Bloomberg Philanthropies. He is also a member of the Academy of Arts & Sciences. Iger is also a Trustee of The Paley Center for Media, and the American Film Institute.

Robert Iger was born into a Jewish family in New York City, and subsequently raised on Long Island. Iger has been married twice. He has two children from his first marriage to Kathleen Iger, Kathleen and Amanda. He remarried Willow Bay, and they have two children Robert and William. Bay serves as the current dean of University of Southern California’s Annenberg School of Communication and Journalism. In 2016, Iger switched his political affiliation from Democratic to Independent after supporting Hillary Clinton’s campaign. Iger currently resides in New York City, New York.

Iger was closely involved in Disney’s creation of a theme park in Hong Kong, a move that cost the company $3.6 billion to build. Iger believed that Disney moving into Asia was an imperative move for the company, despite the short-term losses they may encounter. In addition to Hong Kong, he pushed to have Disney in China and India. To express his interest, he personally traveled to China four times in 2004 to do business. Despite the censorship and restrictions of the Chinese government, by 2005, Iger ensured there was a presence of Disney’s cartoon and sports programming under ESPN in China. Iger has played a key role in Disney’s global expansion. APPLE | POSITION 017

In 2006 and 2007, Iger was named as one of Fortune magazine’s “25 Most Powerful People in Business.” In 2009, he was named as a “Top Gun CEO” by Forbes Magazine. From 2008-2011, he was consecutively named as one of the “Best CEOS” by Institutional Investor magazine, as well was MarketWatch CEO of the Year in 2006, and “CEO of the Year” by Chief Executive in 2014.

Overt Powers

As an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, in addition to operating as a public face for Apple, especially given your prominence in the business world as CEO of Walt Disney. APPLE | POSITION 018 Andrea Jung President and CEO of Grameen America, Inc.

Date of Birth: 12/08/1958 Home Country: Canada

Biography

Andrea Jung graduated from Princeton University in 1979 with a BA in English Language and Literature. She started out at Bloomingdale’s but quickly became the Executive Vice President in charge of merchandising for women's apparel, cosmetics, and accessories at Neiman Marcus. In 1993, she worked at Avon Products, Inc. as consultant. In 1994 she was promoted to the President of Product Marketing for U.S. Operations. She launched many successful ad campaigns, rebranded Avon, and was eventually named as the first female CEO of Avon in the company’s 116 year history. In her first five years as CEO of Avon, she tripled the company’s profits, and increased their revenue by over $2 billion. She held this position until 2012. In 2014, she became the President and CEO of Grameen America, Inc. Grameen is a non-profit organization that provides microloans to women who are trying to start small businesses. In addition to being on the Board of Directors at Apple, she also serves on the Board of Directors for Wayfair, and Unilever. She also served on the Board of Directors at GE from 1998-2018, where she held positions on their Management Development and Compensation, Governance and Public Affairs, and Science and Technology Committees.

Jung was born in Toronto, Ontario to a Shanghai-born mother, and Hong-Kong born father. She was raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Throughout her childhood, she took Mandarin lessons and as a result, is fluent in Mandarin. Jung has been married twice, her second ex-husband, Michael Gould was the former CEO of Bloomingdale’s. She has two children, an adopted son named James with Gould, and a daughter Lauren from her first marriage. She resides in the Greater New York City area.

As CEO of Avon, Jung worked to increase Avon’s use of the Internet in sales and advertising. She also oversaw their expansion into foreign markets. In 2008, Avon was involved in a scandal that asserted that they bribed Chinese government officials. An investigation was launched by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission and Avon China eventually pleaded guilty. Avon had to pay $135 million in fines, and the following year Jung stepped down as CEO. While working as the CEO of Avon, she lead the Avon Foundation for Women and raised almost $1 billion to support health and empowerment of women around the globe. This foundation become the largest-women focused corporate philanthropy in the world at the time. Also while at Avon, she improved economic earning opportunities for more than six million women across 100 countries. APPLE | POSITION 018

In 2010, she earned the Clinton Global Citizen Award for all of her work with Avon Foundation for Women. She was named as one of Forbes Magazine’s 100 Most Powerful Women in 2004, and in 2009, Forbes ranked her as the 25th most powerful woman. She is also the longest-serving female chief executive in the Fortune 500.

Overt Powers

As an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company, particularly given your extensive influence in the world of business. APPLE | POSITION 019 Sir Jonathan Ive (Jony Ive) Chief Design Officer

Date of Birth: 2/28/1967 Home Country: United Kingdom

Biography

Jonathan Ive studied industrial design at Newcastle Polytechnic, which is now known as Northumbria University, and graduated with a first class Bachelors of Arts degree in in 1989. Shortly after, he co-founded a startup called Tangerine in London. The company is a design-consultancy that had Apple as a client. In 1992, he accepted a position at Apple’s headquarters in Cupertino, CA. In 1997, with the return of Steve Jobs, Ive become the vice-president of industrial design. He was focused on adapting the computer for the home, and making devices that were sleek, touchable, and amenable to display. Ive’s first success was the 1998 iMac he designed, which brought the company its first profitable year since 1995. In 2005, Ive became the Senior Vice President of Industrial Design. He then went onto design the iPod and iPhones. In 2008, he became the Chief Design Officer, and did not work as directly with product design, instead he oversaw bigger design issues. However, in 2017, he took over once again and is now in charge of product design. In addition to his work at Apple, on May 25, 2017, Ive was named the Chancellor of the Royal College of Art in London. He serves as the head of the college and oversees its meetings and governance.

In 1987, Ive married British writer and historian Heather Pegg, and together they have twin sons. His family resides in San Francisco. Ive has said that Steve Jobs was his closest friend, and Jobs considered Ive his “spiritual partner at Apple.” Ive prefers to keep his personal life private and out of the spotlight.

Ive’s core team at Apple includes members from the UK, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Together, they work on all of Apple’s prototypes that are distributed to consumers all over the world. In 2004, a BBC cultural poll named Ive as the most influential person in British culture. Ive has been named by the Business of Fashion as a BoF 500 member due to how he has revolutionized technological design. Ive’s products are consumed by people all over the world, and his designs influence an immeasurable amount of people.

In 2003, Ive was awarded the Designer of the Year by the Design Museum London, as well as the title Royal Designer for Industry by The Royal Society of Arts. Ive has won six Black Pencils from the prestigious Design & Art Direction (D&AD) awards. In 2010, Bloomberg Businessweek listed Ive as one of the “World’s Most Influential Designers.” He was also listed as number 18 on “The Vanity Fair 100” list, while Fortune named him the “world’s smartest designer,” all for his work at Apple. In 2012, Ive, along with his team were named best design studio in the past 50 years APPLE | POSITION 019 by D&AD. In 2012, he was also knighted as part of the New Year honours list. Ive is a well-accomplished and well-respected engineer.

Overt Powers

As the chief of design it is your job to work on Apple’s wide ranging products to ensure that they incorporate and take advantage of the most advanced technologies. Additionally, as a board member it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. APPLE | POSITION 020 Craig Federighi Senior Vice President of Software Engineering

Date of Birth: 5/27/1969 Home Country: United States

Biography

Craig Federighi earned a Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, as well as a Masters of Science in Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley. Federighi began his career working for Steve Jobs at NeXT, but he left after Apple acquired the company in 1996. He then worked for Ariba, which was a pioneer of the Internet e-commerce industry. He worked there for a decade before returning to Apple in 2009. When he returned to Apple, he was tasked with leading macOS engineering, and in 2012, also took over iOS engineering. He was tasked with developing macOS High Sierra as well as iOS 11. Federighi is the first software chief to be in charge of both Mac and iOS. Federighi also presents new Apple software and demoes new features at WWDC.

Federighi is married and has four daughters. He resides in California and is a fan of heavy-metal music. Federighi believes that coding is a super important part of education and that it will be essential to literacy in the future.

Federighi’s technology is used by Apple’s consumers all over the world. Along with Apple, Federighi is trying to push coding so that in the future, people all over the world will be literate in computer science and coding. In addition to this, he pushes the idea of respecting privacy for Apple users and has condemned the FBI and Justice Department for trying to pry into people’s privacy. Federighi works with Apple’s headquarters and offices around the world to develop Apple’s technology so that it can be used globally.

Federighi has been named as one of the “Most Creative People” by Fast Company. He has also been recognized for his work with iOS, macOS, and coding, and is definitely a pioneer in the field.

Overt Powers

As the vice president of software engineering, you have one of the most important technical roles in the company. It is your job to manage all of the different computer scientists under your command in order to make sure that you are constantly pumping out the most efficient platforms for Apple’s varying products. As stated above, this does not just incorporate software for phones, but for Apple desktops/laptops along with other projects still in development. You additionally serve as a member on the Apple Board of Directors, where you have an important institutional role in voting on substantive matters that concern the future of the company. In conjunction with the rest of the board, it is your duty to act as a check against the upper echelons of management via oversight on the internal financials and overall proposed strategy for future direction. APPLE | POSITION 021 Ashton Kutcher Actor, Philanthropist, and Co-founder of A-Grade Investments

Date of Birth: 2/7/1978 Home Country: United States

Biography

Ashton Kutcher is an American actor and investor who is best known for appearances in comedy and romance films and television series since the late 1990s. Kutcher was born on February 7, 1978 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa where he stayed until beginning an acting career in Los Angeles. In 1996, Kutcher began attending the University of Iowa, focusing on biochemical engineering as his major in an effort to find a cure for his brother’s medical issues. Michael Kutcher, his twin brother, has cerebral palsy and cardiomyopathy which warranted a heart transplant when he was younger. Kutcher’s education was cut short in 1998 when a modeling agent recruited him and landed him a job in New York which eventually translated to acting gigs in Los Angeles.

Kutcher is currently married to former co-star Mila Kunis whom he wed in 2015 and now has 2 children with. Previously, the actor was married to Demi Moore for 8 years but they separated in 2013 due to irreconcilable differences. Presently, Kutcher lives in Carpinteria, California which is just south of Santa Barbara.

In 1998, Kutcher was casted into the popular tv series That ‘70s Show which proved to be his breakout role into acting. Throughout the early 2000s he appeared in multiple movies from Dude, Where’s My Car to The Butterfly Effect which further cemented his role as an actor in Hollywood. Apart from acting, Kutcher also produces shows under the production company Katalyst Films which he is also a co-owner of. More recently, however, Kutcher is a cast member of the Netflix series The Ranch and has a part in the upcoming James Franco film The Long Home.

Kutcher also has business interests outside of the Hollywood sphere, with him having interests in human rights, technology businesses, and venture capitalist endeavors. Both Kutcher and his former wife, Demi Moore, helped cofound the Thorn: Digital Defenders of Children NGO which aims to help inhibit the human trafficking of children and particularly help combat the spread of child pornography across the internet. Kutcher is also the cofounder of A Plus, a media company which creates original content about stories which have a positive spin in order to promote humanity, personal growth, and social change. Kutcher also has investments in a wide array of companies from Skype to Airbnb and has more recently invested in companies like Lemonade and Neighborly. Similarly, Kutcher is also a co-founder of the venture capital firm A-Grade Investments which invests primarily in the technology industry. As of 2013, Kutcher also works as a product engineer for Lenovo where he will help to market their new tablets. APPLE | POSITION 021

Kutcher is rather well connected domestically in the United States through his numerous technological assets as well as having massive influence due to his acting career and celebrity status. Internationally, Kutcher similarly has the same influence due to his celebrity status and has experience working with foreign companies such as Lenovo based in China.

Overt Powers

As an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper brass of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company, particularly given your prominence in the spotlight both as a celebrity in Hollywood but as a successful investor. APPLE | POSITION 022 Dr. Dre Rapper, Influencer, and Founder of Beats by Dre

Date of Birth: 2/18/1965 Home Country: United States

Biography

Andre Young, or more popularly known as Dr. Dre, is an American rapper, producer, and business magnate. Born in Compton, California in 1965, Dr. Dre was heavily involved in the music community from the beginning, his father was a member of an amateur singing group and his cousin was another famous rapper named Sir Jinx. Unable to escape the poverty and danger of his Compton neighborhood through grades, Dre focused on building his music career and making a name for himself.

Dr. Dre’s music career began in earnest in 1984 with the fledgling rapper becoming a guest DJ at the rap club Eve After Dark, earning the moniker “master of mixology” and eventually joining his first group, the World Class Wreckin’ Cru. Throughout the late 1980s, Dr. Dre continued to build his music connections and worked with other rappers such as Ice Cube and Ice-T. Throughout the 1990s, Dre began to produce his own music through a partnership with Suge Knight and the creation of the famous Death Row Records label. Until 2001, Dr. Dre continued to both release his own music and produce a large amount music through his production company. Dr. Dre began promoting the careers of various up and coming rappers from Eminem to 50 Cent. His career thus far has seen the “master of mixology” release 3 studio albums, 14 singles, 6 compilation albums, and an enormous amount of production credits for singles and albums alike.

Dr. Dre has an extensive family, having four sons and two daughters between five different women. The oldest of these children is Curtis Young, who now goes by the rap moniker Hood Surgeon, who was born in 1981 when the Dr. was 16 years old. Another of his sons, Andre Young Jr, died in 2008 of a heroin overdose. He married Nicole Young in 1996 and has two children with her. They currently live in Brentwood, California near the Bay Area.

Apart from his music career, Dr. Dre has had small roles in several movies and more recently produced the biopic Straight Outta Compton. In 2008, Dr. Dre began releasing the popular Beats headphones and partnered originally with Hewlett-Packard and then with Apple to sell the product with those companies’ computers. The music titan has also donated millions to the University of South Carolina and Compton School Systems in order to promote the arts across those campuses.

The vast majority of Dr. Dre’s influence is focused domestically in the United States simply due to the popularity of his music in the country. He holds mass influence APPLE | POSITION 022 simply because of his celebrity status and the fact that he is now worth almost a billion dollars. Internationally, thanks to the popularity of his Beats company which is now being run by Apple, his name has become significantly more known.

Overt Powers

As an acting member on the Apple Board of Directors, it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper brass of management. This includes reviewing the finances and other monumental business decisions in order to make sure they are in the best interest of the company. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company, particularly given your prominence in the spotlight both as a celebrity in Hollywood but as a successful investor.