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Liolaemus Occipitalis CAROLINE MARIA DA SILVA FILOGEOGRAFIA DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE LIOLAEMUS DO GRUPO BOULENGERI, SUBGRUPO “WIEGMANNII”: L. OCCIPITALIS, L. ARAMBARENSIS E L. WIEGMANNII. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biologia Comparada Orientador: Profa.Dra. Laura Verrastro Co-Orientador: Profa.Dra. Gabriela P. Fernández UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2013 FILOGEOGRAFIA DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE LIOLAEMUS DO GRUPO BOULENGERI, SUBGRUPO “WIEGMANNII”: L. OCCIPITALIS, L. ARAMBARENSIS E L. WIEGMANNII. CAROLINE MARIA DA SILVA Aprovada em ___ / ___ / _____ ___________________________ Dra. Larissa Rosa de Oliveira ___________________________ Dr. Márcio Borges Martins ___________________________ Dra. Mariana Morando UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2013 2 Agradecimentos Após quatro longos anos, eu não poderia deixar de agradecer a todas as pessoas e instituições que me apoiaram, incentivaram e colaboraram de diversas maneiras para que este trabalho fosse realizado. A ajuda de vocês é inestimável! À minha Orientadora Drª. Laura Verrastro pelos muitos anos de amizade, ensinamentos, apoio, confiança, suporte financeiro e estrutura física, sem os quais este trabalho seria inviável; À minha co-orientadora Dra. Gabriela Fernández por ter aceitado participar deste trabalho, pela amizade, pelos ensinamentos e pelas contribuições indispensáveis para a realização deste trabalho; À Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e à CAPES pela bolsa de estudos; Aos colegas do Departamento de Zoologia e aos funcionários do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biologia Animal da UFRGS pela ajuda e oportunidade; Aos meus colegas, ex-colegas e grandes amigos do Laboratório de Herpetologia pela amizade, carinho, compreensão, paciência, parceria de festas, e, principalmente, pela fundamental ajuda em campo e no laboratório! Todos, mas todos vocês são ótimos!!! Aos colegas, amigos e técnicos dos Laboratórios de Citogenética (Depto. de Genética) e de Biologia Molecular (Depto. de Zoologia) pela grande ajuda na parte molecular; À minhas amigas Nina, Lari e Beti pelo apoio, pelos presentinhos, conversas, jantinhas, amizade e carinho! Obrigada gurias pela amizade maravilhosa de cada uma de vocês! Ao pessoal do Projeto ADAAC “Bichos do Campus” por compreenderem minhas ausências em cuidar dos nossos afilhados caninos; 3 Aos meus amados “cuscos” do Vale por também compreenderem a ausência da dinda Carol na fase final deste trabalho. Gostaria de agradecê-los por me ensinarem a verdadeira essência da amizade, da confiança, da pura e irrestrita felicidade, e por fazerem aflorar a compaixão e a paciência que fazem de mim uma pessoa melhor. Às minhas filhotas felinas Júlia e Tereza que muitas vezes dormiram ao meu lado enquanto eu escrevia esta Tese. Vocês também são criaturas especiais que tive o privilégio de encontrar. Minhas pequenas companheiras e amigas incondicionais! Ao Adriano que me acompanhou durante boa parte da realização deste trabalho. Obrigada pelo companheirismo e amizade! Ao Thiago, que nos últimos meses me apoiou e incentivou nesta reta final. Obrigada pelo carinho, amor e amizade, e por ter se tornado uma pessoa tão especial nestes últimos meses! À toda minha família, especialmente às três mulheres especiais que me criaram, me cuidam, me levantam e me dão todo o apoio para continuar em frente: mãe Ignez, e minhas irmãs Dedé e Dida. Amo vocês! 4 Sumário Resumo ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 10 I. Introdução Geral ......................................................................................................................... 13 I.1. O gênero Liolaemus WIEGMANN, 1834...................................................................................... 13 I.2. O grupo boulengeri e o subgrupo wiegmannii .................................................................... 14 I.3. Liolaemus arambarensis ............................................................................................................ 17 I.4. Liolaemus occipitalis .................................................................................................................. 18 I.5. Liolaemus wiegmannii ............................................................................................................... 20 I.6. Contexto Geológico .................................................................................................................. 22 I.6.1. A Zona Costeira do Brasil................................................................................................... 22 I.6.2. A Costa de Santa Catarina .............................................................................................. 23 I.6.3. A Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul (PCRS) ........................................................ 26 I.6.4. A Costa do Uruguai ............................................................................................................ 30 I.7. Contexto Genético .................................................................................................................... 34 I.7.1. Marcadores moleculares no estudo de populações ................................................. 34 I.7.1.1. O DNA Mitocondrial ................................................................................................... 35 I.8. Áreas de ocorrência de Liolaemus ........................................................................................ 40 II. Objetivos ........................................................................................................................................ 45 III. Capítulos ........................................................................................................................................ 46 III.1. Capítulo I - Phylogeography of Liolaemus occipitalis (sand lizard): an approach based on mitochondrial DNA ........................................................................................................ 46 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 47 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 48 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................................................... 49 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 53 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................... 56 FUNDING ........................................................................................................................................ 60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 60 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 60 Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 65 Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 70 5 III.2. Capítulo II - Comparative phylogeography of three species of the Liolaemus wiegmannii subgroup (Iguania: Liolaemidae): evolutionary history of L. arambarensis, L. occipitalis and L. wiegmannii in the Southern Brazilian and Uruguayan shore. ................... 74 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 75 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 76 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................................................... 78 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 81 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................... 87 FUNDING ........................................................................................................................................ 93 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 93 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 94 Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 101 Figures ..........................................................................................................................................
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