Transport Act 2000
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Britain's Transition from Rail to Road-Based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA
‘Food Miles’: Britain’s Transition from Rail to Road-based Food Distribution, 1919-1975 Thomas James Spain MA Doctor of Philosophy University of York Railway Studies September 2016 Abstract Britain’s railways were essential for the development of the British economy throughout the nineteenth century; however, by 1919 their seemingly unassailable position as goods carriers was about to be eroded by the lorry. The railway strike of September 1919 had presented traders with an opportunity to observe the capabilities of road haulage, but there is no study which focuses on the process of modal shift in goods distribution from the trader’s perspective. This thesis therefore marks an important departure from the existing literature by placing goods transport into its working context. The importance of food as an everyday essential commodity adds a further dimension to the status of goods transport within Britain’s supply chain, particularly when the fragility of food products means that minimising the impact of distance, time and spoilage before consumption is vital in ensuring effective and practical logistical solutions. These are considered in a series of four case studies on specific food commodities and retail distribution, which also hypothesise that the modal shift from rail to road reflected the changing character of transport demand between 1919 and 1975. Consequently, this thesis explores the notion that the centre of governance over the supply chain transferred between food producers, manufacturers, government and chain retailer, thereby driving changes in transport technology and practice. This thesis uses archival material to provide a qualitative study into the food industry’s relationship with transport where the case studies incorporate supply chain analyses to permit an exploration of how changes in structure might have influenced the modal shift from rail to road distribution. -
25897 Chapter 19 Cover 6Mm.Indd
Civil Aviation Act 2012 CIVIL AVIATION ACT 2012 AVIATION CIVIL CHAPTER 19 Explanatory Notes have been produced to assist in the understanding of this Act and are available separately Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from: Online www.tsoshop.co.uk Mail, Telephone, Fax & E-mail TSO PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GN Telephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 E-mail: [email protected] Textphone: 0870 240 3701 The Houses of Parliament Shop 12 Bridge Street, Parliament Square London SW1A 2JX £18.50 Telephone orders/General enquiries: 020 7219 3890 Fax orders: 020 7219 3866 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.shop.parliament.uk TSO@Blackwell and other Accredited Agents Civil Aviation Act 2012 CHAPTER 19 CONTENTS PART 1 AIRPORTS CHAPTER 1 REGULATION OF OPERATORS OF DOMINANT AIRPORTS General duties 1 CAA’s general duty 2 Secretary of State’s general duty Prohibition 3Prohibition 4 Prohibition: exemption Dominant airports 5 Dominant areas and dominant airports 6 Market power test 7 Market power determinations 8Publication of market power determinations 9 Operators of areas 10 Operator determinations 11 Publication of operator determinations 12 Advance determinations 13 Appeals against determinations Licences 14 Application for licence ii Civil Aviation Act 2012 (c. 19) 15 Granting licence 16 Refusing to grant licence 17 Content and effect of licence Licence conditions 18 Licence conditions 19 Price control conditions 20 Conditions relating to CAA charges 21 Content and effect -
Transport Act 1985
Transport Act 1985 CHAPTER 67 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO ROAD PASSENGER TRANSPORT Abolition of road service licensing Section 1. Abolition of road service licensing. Meaning of " local service " 2. Local services. Traffic commissioners 3. Traffic commissioners. 4. Inquiries held by traffic commissioners. 5. Assistance for traffic commissioners in considering financial questions. Registration of local services 6. Registration of local services. 7. Application of traffic regulation conditions to local services subject to registration under section 6. 8. Enforcement of traffic regulation conditions, etc. 9. Appeals against traffic regulation conditions. Taxis and hire cars 10. Immediate hiring of taxis at separate fares. 11. Advance booking of taxis and hire cars at separate fares. 12. Use of taxis in providing local services. A ii c. 67 Transport Act 1985 Section 13. Provisions supplementary to sections 10 to 12. 14. Operation of taxis and private hire cars in Scotland for the carriage of passengers at separate fares. 15. Extension of taxi licensing in England and Wales. 16. Taxi licensing: control of numbers. 17. London taxi and taxi driver licensing: appeals. Modification of PSV requirements in relation to vehicles used for certain purposes 18. Exemption from PSV operator and driver licensing requirements of vehicles used under permits. 19. Permits in relation to use of buses by educational and other bodies. 20. Further provision with respect to permits under section 19. 21. Permits under section 19: regulations. 22. Community bus permits. 23. Further provision with respect to community bus permits. Further amendments with respect to PSV operators' licences 24. Limit on number of vehicles to be used under a restricted licence. -
DIRECTIONS and GUIDANCE to the Strategic Rail Authority
DIRECTIONS AND GUIDANCE to the Strategic Rail Authority ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY 1. The Strategic Rail Authority (“the Authority”) has been established under section 201(1) of the Transport Act 2000 (“the Act”) as a body corporate. PURPOSES OF THE STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY 2.1. The Authority is to provide leadership for the rail industry and ensure that the industry works co-operatively towards common goals. This objective should underpin the whole range of the Authority’s activities. The Authority will set priorities for the successful operation and development of the railway. It will work with other industry parties to secure continuing private investment in the railway, and to deploy public funding to best effect. To this end, the Authority has been given a wide range of statutory powers and duties. 2.2. Section 205 of the Act sets out the Authority’s purposes as: • to promote the use of the railway network for the carriage of passengers and goods; • to secure the development of the railway network; and • to contribute to the development of an integrated system of transport for passengers and goods. 2.3. Section 207 of the Act requires the Authority to exercise its functions with a view to furthering its purposes and it must do so in accordance with any strategies that it has formulated with respect to them. In so doing the Authority must act in the way best calculated: • to protect the interests of users of railway services; • to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development; 1 • to promote efficiency and economy on the part of persons providing railway services; • to promote measures designed to facilitate passenger journeys involving more than one operator (including, in particular, arrangements for the issue and use of through tickets); • to impose on operators of railway services the minimum restrictions consistent with the performance of its functions; and • to enable providers of rail services to plan their businesses with a reasonable degree of assurance. -
Railway Operations and the Environment Guidance
RAILWAY OPERATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT GUIDANCE A CONSULTATION DOCUMENT Published by the Office of the Rail Regulator July 1994 Environmental guidance Contents 1. The Regulator’s Environmental Guidance................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 The Regulator's environmental guidance .......................................................................2 The environmental policy...............................................................................................2 The policy statement ......................................................................................................2 Objectives.......................................................................................................................3 Management arrangements and systems........................................................................3 Monitoring......................................................................................................................4 Other sources of advice on environmental policy..........................................................4 Updating the guidance....................................................................................................5 Appendix 1: Summary of Issues, Current Best Practice and Options for Improvement........................................................................................................................7 Enclosure -
The Transport Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2001 No
Document Generated: 2017-11-19 Draft Legislation: This is a draft item of legislation. This draft has since been made as a UK Statutory Instrument: The Transport Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) Order 2001 No. 4050 SCHEDULE Article 2 PART I CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS RELATING TO AVIATION Aviation Security Act 1982 1. In section 38 of the Aviation Security Act 1982(1) (interpretation etc.) in subsection (2)(b) for “the manager of an aerodrome” there shall be substituted “the person”. CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS RELATING TO STATUTORY AND OTHER UNDERTAKERS PART II Welsh Development Agency Act 1975 2. In section 27 of the Welsh Development Agency Act 1975 (interpretation)(2)— (a) in subsection (1) in the definition of “statutory undertakers” in paragraph (b) after “the Civil Aviation Authority,” there shall be inserted “a person who holds a licence under Chapter I of Part I of the Transport Act 2000 (to the extent that the person is carrying out activities authorised by the licence)”; and (b) after subsection (1) there shall be inserted— “(1B) The undertaking of a person who holds a licence under Chapter I of Part I of the Transport Act 2000 shall not be considered to be a statutory undertaking for the purposes of this Act except to the extent that it is the person’s undertaking as licence holder; and references in this Act to the person’s undertaking shall be construed accordingly. (1C) A person who holds a licence under Chapter I of Part I of the Transport Act 2000 shall not be considered a statutory undertaker for the purposes of section 21C above.”. -
Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981
Status: Point in time view as at 03/01/1995. This version of this Act contains provisions that are not valid for this point in time. Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981. Any changes that have already been made by the team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981 1981 CHAPTER 14 An Act to consolidate certain enactments relating to public passenger vehicles. [15th April 1981] Modifications etc. (not altering text) C1 Act modified in part by virtue of S.I. 1980/1460, regs. 4–6 (as amended by S.I. 1981/462, regs. 2–4) and Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, SIF 115:1), ss. 17(2)(a), 23(3) C2 Act modified by S.I. 1984/748, regs. 4(2), 5(2), 6(2), 7(2), 9(2), 10(2), 11(2), 12(2), Sch. 2 C3 Act excluded (E.W.) by London Regional Transport Act 1984 (c. 32, SIF 126), s. 44(1) C4 Act excluded (E.W.) by Transport Act 1985 (c. 67, SIF 126), s. 11(1)(a) C5 Act amended by S.I. 1986/1628, reg. 5(2)(3) C6 Act: definition applied (E.W.) by Water Industry Act 1991 (c. 56, SIF 130 ), ss. 76(5)(a), 223(2) (with ss. 82(3), 186(1), 222(1), Sch. 13 paras.1, 2, Sch. 14 para. 6) C7 Definition of "PSV testing station" applied (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1988 (c. -
ENGLISH for ENGINEERS
ENGLISH for ENGINEERS This is an example of an engineering essay. The student had been asked to: Suppose that you have been commissioned to review the organisation of public transport in Great Britain. For EITHER local bus services OR passenger rail services, make detailed recommendations on the appropriate levels of regulation and on the appropriate forms of competition and ownership. Ensure that your recommendations are fully justified with reference to theoretical and/or practical evidence, both from Great Britain and elsewhere. 1 A REVIEW OF THE DEREGULATION OF LOCAL BUS SERVICE IN GREAT BRITAIN Introduction Proposals of the deregulation of local bus services in Britain, outside London, were published in the 1984 buses White Paper. And then they were brought into effect by Part I of the Transport Act 1985. Department for Transport (2006) suggests that there are three distinct changes after bus deregulation: removal of the quantity controls established by the Road Traffic Act of 1930; privatisation; and subsidy decline. At approximately the same time, buses in London were governed by the London Regional Transport Act 1984, in which responsibility for the bus system of the Great London Council was transferred to London Regional Transport. London Transport was required to set up operating subsidiary companies to run bus and underground services and as a result London Buses Ltd was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary in 1985. This essay will make a review of bus deregulation on approximate forms of regulation including fare regulation, quantity regulation and safety regulation which are often mixed together; as well as on genres of competition and ownership. -
Buses: Deregulation in the 1980S
Buses: deregulation in the 1980s Standard Note: SN/BT/1534 Last updated: 18 June 2010 Author: Louise Butcher Section Business and Transport This note briefly summarises the bus policy of the Conservative Government in the 1980s, during which time bus services were deregulated (except in London) and bus companies were privatised. It covers services in England, Wales and Scotland. Information on other areas of bus policy such as concessionary fares, funding and grants and the policies of successive governments since 1997, can be found on the Buses Topical Page of the Parliament website. Contents 1 Background 2 2 England and Wales 2 2.1 Transport Act 1980 3 2.2 Transport Act 1985: deregulation 4 2.3 Transport Act 1985: privatisation 5 3 London 5 4 Scotland 6 5 After deregulation 6 This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. 1 Background The regulation of passenger-carrying motor vehicles was introduced by the Road Traffic Act 1930. -
THE BILL of REASONABLE RIGHTS: SOLVING a CONUNDRUM and STRENGTHENING an ENACTMENT Geeti Faramarzi* Introduction
THE BILL OF REASONABLE RIGHTS: SOLVING A CONUNDRUM AND STRENGTHENING AN ENACTMENT Geeti Faramarzi* Introduction Those trained in the common law tradition are generally uncomfortable with statute. It is the creature of a politically partisan institution. Ironically, in a parliamentary system its word in statute is considered the highest form of law. New Zealand’s Westminster constitution is grounded in the notion of parliamentary sovereignty. Diceyan absolutism posits that Parliament has the power to make or unmake any law whatever.1 The role of the judiciary is to interpret and apply that law. This is a deceptively simple proposition. It suggests the judicial branch of government is subservient to the will of Parliament. In reality, parliamentary sovereignty is a label depicting a legal order. Discussion on its scope and meaning is increasing, particularly in the context of human rights and freedoms.2 The question that emerges is, essentially, whether the concept of fundamental rights ought in principle to affect the reach and exercise of democratic power.3 In 1985, the then Minister of Justice, Geoffrey Palmer, introduced a White Paper on a Bill of Rights4 purporting to elevate and expand on traditionally recognised rights and freedoms, and preserve them in a supreme law statute. The resulting legislation did not achieve that status. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA) was passed as an ordinary statute with the dual purpose of affirming and promoting fundamental rights and freedoms in New Zealand, and affirming New Zealand’s international human rights commitments under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).5 The NZBORA has been described as an interpretive instrument.6 However, its operative provisions, ss 4-6, do not sit comfortably together. -
Daily Report Monday, 23 July 2018 CONTENTS
Daily Report Monday, 23 July 2018 This report shows written answers and statements provided on 23 July 2018 and the information is correct at the time of publication (07:01 P.M., 23 July 2018). For the latest information on written questions and answers, ministerial corrections, and written statements, please visit: http://www.parliament.uk/writtenanswers/ CONTENTS ANSWERS 8 DEFENCE 15 ATTORNEY GENERAL 8 Afghanistan: Armed Forces 15 National Fund 8 Air Force: Alcoholic Drinks and BUSINESS, ENERGY AND Drugs 15 INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY 8 Armed Forces: Sexual Companies: Registration 8 Offences 15 Conditions of Employment: EU Army 16 Action 9 AWACS 17 Department for Business, Conflict, Stability and Security Energy and Industrial Strategy: Fund: Islamic State 17 Former Members 9 European Fighter Aircraft 17 Electricity Interconnectors 9 Military Aircraft 17 Maternity Leave 10 Ministry of Defence: Buildings 18 Modern Working Practices Ministry of Defence: Former Review 10 Members 18 Retail Trade: Insolvency 11 NATO 19 CABINET OFFICE 11 NATO: Maritime Patrol Aircraft 19 Civil Servants: Pay 11 NATO: Military Aircraft 19 Civil Servants: Redundancy 11 Patrol Craft 20 Conflict, Stability and Security Warships 20 Fund 12 Yemen: Military Intervention 20 Electoral Register 13 DIGITAL, CULTURE, MEDIA AND Government Departments: SPORT 21 Location 13 Arts: Small Businesses 21 Oral Statements 14 Department for Digital, Public Sector: Job Creation 14 Culture, Media and Sport: Former Members 21 Electronic Commerce: EU Law 21 Pupils: Mental Health 44 Gambling: -
Transport Act 2000
Transport Act 2000 CHAPTER 38 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Part I Air traffic Chapter I Air traffic services General duties Section 1. Secretary of State’s general duty. 2. CAA’s general duty. Restrictions 3. Restrictions on providing services. 4. Exemptions. 5. Licences: general. 6. Licences: grant. 7. Licences: provisions. 8. Duties of licence holders. 9. Power to exclude services from effect of section 8. 10. Breach of duties or conditions. Modification of licences 11. Modification by agreement. 12. References to Competition Commission. 13. Reports on references. 14. Modification following report. 15. Commission’s power to give direction. 16. Position where Commission gives direction. 17. Commission’s duty as to modifications under section 16. 18. Sections 15 and 16: general. 19. Modification by order under other enactments. Enforcement 20. Orders for securing compliance. 21. Exceptions. ii c. 38 Transport Act 2000 Section 22. Procedural requirements. 23. Validity of orders. 24. Effect of orders. 25. Power to obtain information. Administration orders etc. 26. Protection of licence companies etc. 27. Duty to make order. 28. Power to make order. 29. Air traffic administration orders. 30. Petitions and orders: supplementary. 31. Government financial help. 32. Guarantees under section 31. 33. Northern Ireland. Miscellaneous 34. Investigations. 35. Register. 36. Land. 37. Licence holders as statutory undertakers. 38. Directions in interests of national security etc. 39. Directions relating to the environment. Interpretation 40. Interpretation. Chapter II Transfer schemes Introduction 41. Meaning of transfer scheme. 42. Transfer schemes: supplementary. CAA’s schemes 43. Transfer schemes made by CAA. 44. Effect of scheme made by CAA. Secretary of State’s schemes 45.