Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. igadHat ehius Laˆayoune, Morocco. Techniques, Health and sing 1 affiliations: Author Mart´ın-S´anchezJoaquina Morillas-M´arquez Gij´on-Robles Patricia to title: due Running Morocco leishmaniasis in cutaneous areas anthroponotic free of and endemic emergence the determine tropica Leishmania that factors the Lineage to Understanding sergenti P. sufficient the of seems absence explain climates. cases the may drier be ACL that and could without lineage warmer character locality undamaged prefer mitochondrial been ACL the to has the its in seems tropica justify and sergenti which would L. sergenti P. IV, that of P. and of factor vector of density locality main a density the endemic the as transmission, the ACL that one acting allow an Given both each are between in in that situation. conclusion, evidenced differences specimens epidemiological In was another sergenti are different P. lineage localities. there and of mitochondrial both free Borouj) lineage sergenti between ACL the P. (El detected another time, main were area first different density differences endemic the A higher Bioclimatic for ACL a 0.032). identified. and with characteristics an localities, (p[?] densities genetic within 2 town sergenti and P. the endemic one between densities of the Morocco, detected the in were in vector, compare sergenti differences P. the to localities significant of to was Statistically nearby Exposure objective two Hajjaj). Our (Sidi in areas. undamaged new factor. populations to risk sergenti spreading proven P. is only of tropica the Leishmania is to sergenti, due Phlebotomus (ACL) leishmaniasis cutaneous Anthroponotic Abstract 2021 5, March 4 3 2 1 D´ıaz-S´aez Morillas-Marquez Francisco Morocco in Gij´on-Robles areas Patricia free and endemic of between lineage sergenti mitochondrial Phlebotomus and density the tropica: of Leishmania Comparison to due of leishmaniasis emergence cutaneous the anthroponotic determine that factors the Understanding eateto aaiooy aut fPamc,Uiest fGaaa Spain. Granada, of University Pharmacy, of Faculty Parasitology, of Department iitr el Sant´e, Settat la de Casablanca Ministere of Techniques II Health Hassan and University Nursing of Institute Higher Granada of University 1 yimRiyad Myriam , atr o C emergence ACL for Factors 1 itraoCorpas-L´opez Victoriano , oprsno h est n iohnra ieg of lineage mitochondrial and density the of Comparison : 1, ¥ am Abattouy Naima , 1 1* am Abattouy Naima , 3 n oqiaMartin-Sanchez Joaquina and , 1 itraoCorpas-L´opez Victoriano , 2 1 em Merino-Espinosa Gemma , ordieJaaouani Noureddine , 2 em Merino-Espinosa Gemma , 1 1 aoaiNoureddine Jaaouani , 4 itraoD´ıaz-S´aezVictoriano 1 1 oaE Khalfaoui El Nora , heoou sergenti Phlebotomus 1 oaE Khalfaoui El Nora , 2 ihrIsiueo Nur- of Institute Higher 1 yimRiyad Myriam , 4 Victoriano , 3 Francisco , between 3 , 3 , Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. nei ra(lBru)adaohrudmgd(iiHja) ttsial infiatdffrne were of differences lineage significant the Statistically time, first Hajjaj). (Sidi main different undamaged A another and between Borouj) detected (El area endemic of characteristics genetic and vector, the to to due (ACL) leishmaniasis cutaneous Anthroponotic request. reasonable authors: Summary upon the author corresponding from the request from available on available Spain Data Granada, Cartuja, de Universitario Campus macy, eta n otenpoicso h onr,iiilya e ubek n hnetbihn nei foci northern, endemic several establishing then in and emerged outbreaks ACL this new Later, of as expansion initially Morocco. country, the central highlighted the of of that area provinces sub-arid southern and the central (WHO, around CL scattered foci for rural countries Mouttaki high-burden 2016; 12 Morocco, Health, the of one infantum L. endemic as three Morocco are There included foci 2016). Organization Moroccan Health ACL World emerging The In outbreaks. CL (Boussaa control (Boussaa abundance and habitats prevent semi-arid to for sergenti essential preference marked is a surveillance have vector to believed is it (Ntais (Svobodova Crete Israel of (Pratlong northern island Africa in focus North a of areas al., some et and East Schnur Middle the in and (ACL) Leishmaniasis neous tropica Leishmania Introduction density. vector differences, genetic areas, endemic sergenti, Phlebotomus tropica, Leishmania its justify would Keywords that of of factor main density absence the climates. the the transmission, drier be endemic that allow and could Given to ACL character sufficient an situation. seems undamaged of cases between ACL epidemiological density ACL different the conclusion, without both the locality In in the explain differences may are localities. that there free both lineage ACL between another and detected locality were differences Bioclimatic * ¥ Morocco. Casablanca, of 4 University II Hassan Diseases, Systemic 3 aoaoyo ellradMlclrPtooy/Rsac emo muoahlg fIfciu and Infectious Morocco. of Settat, Immunopathology de Sant´e, on D´el´egation province la Team Minist`ere de Research du / Pathology Molecular and Cellular of Laboratory uhrfrcorrespondence: for Author h tdn fteDcoa rgam nPamc,Uiest fGranada. of University Pharmacy, in programme Doctoral the of student PhD heoou sergenti Phlebotomus 98 Guilvard 1988; tal., et est aisfo o1 specimens/m 16 to 4 from varies density mil viscerotropic) (mainly heoou sergenti Phlebotomus 04.Fraln time, long a For 2004). .sergenti P. .sergenti P. tal., et Kntpatd:Tyaooaia)i h ao as fAtrpntcCuta- Anthroponotic of cause major the is Trypanosomatidae) (Kinetoplastida: tal., et tal., et .sergenti P. art 97(itr:Pyhdde sismi etr(Guilvard vector main its is Psychodidae) (Diptera: 1917 Parrot, 2009). iohnra ieg a vdne nec n fte2lclte,adfrthe for and localities, 2 the of one each in evidenced was lineage mitochondrial .sergenti P. 91 oee,tevcoilcpct of capacity vectorial the however, 1991) este ihahge est of density higher a with densities 04.I Morocco, In 2014). Leishmania tal., et oqiaMr´nSace,Dprmn fPrstlg,Fclyo Phar- of Faculty Parasitology, Mart´ın-S´anchez, of Joaquina Department steol rvnrs atr u betv a ocmaetedensities the compare to was objective Our factor. risk proven only the is , esmnatropica Leishmania . pcmn htaeatn savco of vector a as acting are that specimens Leishmania tal., et .sergenti P. 04 n ni 99 C a enmil eotdi hypoendemic in reported mainly been had ACL 1989, until and 2014) ouain ntonab oaiisi ooc,oewti nACL an within one Morocco, in localities nearby two in populations egahclepnino C,cmaio fedmcadnon- and endemic of comparison ACL, of expansion geographical pce nMorocco: in species 06,and 2006), .sergenti P. 2 pce (Ajaoud species (Ramaoui a osdrdtesl etrof vector sole the considered was .sergenti P. esmnatropica Leishmania 2 h aata upr h nig fti td are study this of findings the support that data the a h ietgorpi itiuin(iityof (Ministry distribution geographic widest the has [email protected] .similis P. tal., et xiisawd clgclpatct although plasticity ecological wide a exhibits .sergenti P. .mjr .tropica, L. major, L. ieg V hc em opee warmer prefer to seems which IV, Lineage tal., et scniee rbbevco nthe on vector probable a considered is 08 ih1.%t 67 frelative of 76.7% to 12.8% with 2008) .arabicus P. ssraigt e ra.Exposure areas. new to spreading is 3 5 242094 958 +34 , 03.Tefis Lcs nSettat in case CL first The 2013). .sergenti P. nteedmctw p? 0.032). (p[?] town endemic the in tal., et .tropica L. 09,teeoe increased therefore, 2009), a endmntae in demonstrated been has bt emtoi)and dermotropic) (both .tropica L. n h mitochondrial the and a enidentified. been has .sergenti P. tal., et tal., et (Al-Zahrani 2009) 1991; P. , in Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ..Mtcodillnaedtriainb tDACtbPCR-RFLP b mechanic Cyt the DNA facilitate mt to by seconds determination few 20 lineage a in Mitochondrial for resuspended 2.4. nitrogen was DNA liquid The in pestle. kept placed a and individually using ° tube was tissues Eppendorf sandfly the Each of ml rupture instructions. 1.5 manufacturer sterile the a to individual in according of RBMEG01), abdomen anterior (Ref. attached REAL and (Martin-Sanchez thorax females head, and the males from extracted was DNA positive Genomic extraction (% species. DNA frequency by fly and estimated flies), were Sand (sand Density data sand 2.3. species) gravid. species/total or given given non-fed a a blood-fed, for of as stations specimens categorised sampling was (% flies extraction. abundance sand DNA relative female whereas for flies/trap), the identification -20oC of morphological cycle at for gonotrophic stored coverslip The was a of body genitalia under the The slides of on solution. rest Berlese mounted the using and coverslip removed nearby a individually under other was slides on on mounted and specimens finally female walls Rioux and and 1969; house Male Golvan, in alcohol. and (holes 70% (Rioux al., in places keys stored taxonomic resting were Leger using night fly flies identified one 1978; sand sand morphologically captured for castor with adult and The house in houses separated in covered days. selected Borouj, were papers day four each El of for in same sheets left In set the cm and were 2015. walls) 21x29.5 set traps 10, of were outside CDC consisted October 9-17 two papers traps to Sticky to oil, sticky 20 One and conditions. September weather households sampled. from favourable inside were under and traps cases 10 light ACL July CDC without to using and 20 localities June both from in dwellings, caught were identification flies species Sand and average on collection the localities based fly and 2016). Both mainly Sand inhabitants Morocco, activity 20,000 2.2. Health, economic Morocco. around of an central (Ministry by is and ACL Hajjaj province, population features 2%. Sidi the Settat to in rural both, close the common is In in have rate respectively, and husbandry. growth level km animal 51 and sea agriculture only altitude above an by m at separated situated 547 are are (07o24’W-33o06’43”N) and Hajjaj 410 Sidi of and 07o36’W-32o29’N) (coordinates Borouj El area Study 2.1. Therefore, ACL. of methods ACL. of expansion and of characteristics geographical Material free genetic the another and of and density endemic threat the one the analyse lineages, localities, assess to mitochondrial was to these between aim help exist our could may genetics importance population Merino-Espinosa biomedical within thus 2008; of lineages differences al. (mt) et Phenotypic mitochondrial Baron Morocco. 2004; four of al. 2018). et presence (Yahia in the reported hand, al. other et the the (Gijon-Robles to On focus exposure Borouj the better El in develop in differences to cases that in required CL showed differences is We 2016). by expansion Morocco, disease. and reflected Health, neglected emergence vector, of ACL largely the (Ministry this determine Settat for that interventions of factors province and of the outbreak identification in epidemic The focus an CL preceding active (Amarir 2006, only in area the locality endemic is Borouj an El as in establishing detected then was Morocco) (central province ni use. until C 07 Saez 2007; tal., et tal., et 93 lSawaf El 1983; 08.Teseieswr lcdi acAdeslto n etdt oln point, boiling to heated and solution Andre Marc in placed were specimens The 2018). .sergenti P. tal., et tal., et .tropica L. 99 i Collado Gil 1989; 00.Acmecal vial i a sd(eluektfrom kit (RealPure used was kit available commercially A 2000). est ntehueod,wsteol atrascae with associated factor only the was households, the in density tal., et sedmci lBru hra ocsshv enreported been have cases no whereas Borouj El in endemic is 3 05 Gijon-Robles 2015; tal., et tal., et 99 Benabdennbi 1989; .sergenti P. 06 n he fte r rsn in present are them of three and 2016) μ fbdsildwtradkp t-20 at kept and water bidistilled of l tal., et .sergenti P. ouain ntoMoroccan two in populations 08.Crety lBorouj El Currently, 2018). tal., et .sergenti P. a enpreviously been has 99 Berchi 1999; .sergenti P. specimens .tropica L. tal., et et Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. beti iiHja.I ohlocalities, both In Hajjaj. Sidi in absent 1). (Table antenata localities Sergentomyia both flies/m and sand them flies/m values 26.1 density 5,674 sand and 4 mean total flies/CDCtrap/night 14.8 The and In collected. sand 1. and were Table 14.9 flies/CDCtrap/night (61.0%), in were males sand shown 3,459 are Borouj and site El (39,0%) and females in period 2,215 sampling specimens, method, fly sampling sand sex, species by by distribution abundance Species and fauna fly Sand USA). NY, 3.1. Armonk, Corp., (IBM Windows Results World- for the 3. 20.0 from Statistics taken SPSS was warmest IBM information of with This precipitation analysed ( (BIO19). (BIO17), data quarter climate quarter coldest global driest of Clim (BIO15), precipitation of variation) and precipitation of (BIO18) (BIO16), (coefficient month quarter quarter seasonality wettest wettest precipitation of (BIO14), of precipitation month (BIO12), precipitation (BIO10), driest precipitation quarter warmest annual of of (BIO11), precipitation temperature quarter wettest (BIO13), tempera- mean of coldest (BIO9), min temperature of quarter mean temperature (BIO5), driest (BIO7), mean of month (BIO5-BIO6) temperature temperature warmest range mean annual of (BIO3), (BIO8), temperature quarter temperature (BIO6), (BIO2/BIO7)*100 month max isothermality coldest range (BIO4), of BIO2), diurnal ture *100) mean temp-)( deviation (BIO1), temp-min (standard temperature maxi- –max seasonality mean December), monthly annual temperature December), of temperature, to average average to (mean annual January monthly January minimum (from minimum (from temperature, average precipitation December), temperature annual monthly maximum to bioclimatic dependent average December), January The a to monthly variable. (from January as independent (from mean including temperature an out average follows: as carried monthly as study was mum under analysis were variable regression analysed bioclimatic logistic each data presence/absence a and the localities, locality and studied characteristics the two variable bioclimatic the between in association ACL possible Hajjaj of the investigate Sidi to and curve. order Borouj standard In El a 95 between in at value differences min (Ct) Bioclimatic 10 threshold 2.6. cycle used: the was of profile interpolation 95 thermal Mark at the following Trade s through The 30 Spain, of manufacturer. cycles Granada, the 36 by of provided (Merino-Espinosa (University load were between parasite differentiate probes qPCR the can of Multiplex quantification technique allows Granaleish PCR and This using 3667362/5). Hajjaj, Number Sidi and and (330 fragments Borouj two of IV, presence Lineage The and bp) (290 of 110 fragments Detection two and of II, each 140 2.5. 2016). Lineage for (290, al. bp); fragments pattern et 220 three banding (Merino-Espinosa and characteristic III, bp) (290 220 fragments Lineage a two to bp); determined I, 260 leading sizes Lineage their and UK) lineages: and (Bioline, gel mitochondrial agarose V four 3% the HyperLadder a in with 37 electrophoresis comparison by at separated by performed were was samples reaction digested The was The (10X). fragment Germany). the b Scientific, Cyt of 20 (Thermo mtDNA a III end 550-bp in Hae the al. 3’ of with et digestion out the Esseghir (RFLP), carried by containing polymorphism length described fragment fragment methodology Restriction 550-bp the For following a b) amplify Cyt DNA to (mt (1997). used gene was mitochondrial b (PCR) Cytochrome reaction chain Polymerase Sergentomyia μ oa oue otiig16 containing volume, total l .tropica L. n ieecsi est,rltv bnac n rqec eedtce between detected were frequency and abundance relative density, in differences and ) esmnatropica Leishmania ° n 0sa 60 at s 60 and C and www.worldclim.org/ N a netgtdin investigated was DNA egnoyadreyfussi Sergentomyia heoou hbui heoou lxnr,Plbtmsduboscqi, Phlebotomus alexandri, Phlebotomus chabaudi, Phlebotomus μ fPRpout 2 product, PCR of l egnoyaminuta Sergentomyia ° .Tenme fprstsi vr PRrato a calculated was reaction qPCR every in parasites of number The C. DNA osdrn h vrg ausfo 07t 05 aawere Data 2015. to 2007 from values average the considering ) 2 hrensn yseiswr rsn (9 present were species fly sand Thirteen . 4 eecuh nlwnmesi lBru n were and Borouj El in numbers low in caught were .sergenti P. μ fezm 1 U/ (10 enzyme of l a h otaudn pce ntecaptures the in species abundant most the was tal., et eae atrdi ohlclte,El localities, both in captured females 08.PiesF n h Taqman 3 the and R F, Primers 2018). .ifnu,L tropica L. infantum, L. 2 hra nSd ajjwr 8.1 were Hajjaj Sidi in whereas μ )ad2 and l) μ fsadr buffer standard of l ° o 0minutes 10 for C and Phlebotomus .major L. ° ,then C, Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. idbtentetapn ehd smlswr oeaudn ntesik aes nbt localities, both In 2). papers. (Table sticky found were the females, in gravid abundant and more fed were non-fed, categories, males as female methods the trapping after the outdoors, between species ried fourth the was perniciosus it however P. Hajjaj, Sidi of in locality holds Interestingly, undamaged households. the papers. within and sticky and Borouj and El traps sergenti of light parasite P. CDC locality and for using intradomiciliary endemic factors made Comparative ACL of were transmission. the identification ACL Hajjaj in the of Sidi captures existence and fly the protozoan, sand for parasitic peridomiciliary control. factors the disease determining of effective as that vestigated for essential than (Rioux is greater vector expansion is this vector of the plasticity of ecological wide the Boussaa to related to probably due ACL Morocco, In and isothermality October, and at Discussion September differences 4. absolute of showed months (BIO18). localities the quarter differences both in warmest which whereas rainfall of for July, 0.07-0.68] precipitation Hajjaj (IC95% in Sidi 0.22 temperature p=0.009) [OR= and annual (BIO3, Borouj seasonality Borouj maximum precipitation El El minimum at in and in detected average, lower variables were the 78% bioclimatic of differences interval significant the - confidence Statistically cases of 95% ACL detected. values, each with were average houses of the 185 shows values – 4 maximum Borouj Table El and Hajjaj. in Sidi 185 in points, 14 georeferenced Hajjaj 199 and from Sidi collected were and data Borouj Bioclimatic El between differences Bioclimatic IV. 3.4. lineage for as females identified positive also were 4 2018) addition, In specimen. 3. Table in female shown The are female and results male The 81 Hajjaj. in PCR-RFLP identified Sidi b was lineage Cyt mitochondrial mtDNA The by determination lineage Mitochondrial 3.3. parasites/ tropica 7 L. was load cases. Parasite ACL technique. with house qPCR female multiplex (0.9%) a 112 of using out 1 Borouj, El In 2). (Table Borouj 0.020). El (p= in 3.2. higher Hajjaj were Sidi values and density (p=0.012) localities; Borouj both gravid El cities, and both non-fed pe- in Blood-fed, and June =0.032) in (p periods, higher intradomiciliary June capture significantly global between in was and difference captures density Regarding =0.007) peridomiciliary 1). (p peridomiciliary (Table in October =0.022) detected June (p in were the ridomiciliary captures differences in domiciliary significant intra found statistically =0.007), and were (p well differences as significant Borouj and El Borouj in El in (p higher captures was density fly 1). Sand (Table traps CDC with made whereas captures traps adhesive with Leishmania tal., et N a o eetdi n fte8 female 84 the of any in detected not was DNA .sergenti P. est nteALfe oaiywslwrta hto h nei oaiy ohperidomiciliary both locality, endemic the of that than lower was locality free ACL the in density < .sergenti P. .01 n nteOtbritaoiiir atrs( =0.066). (p captures intradomiciliary October the in and 0.0001) and 09.C u to due CL 2009). neto aei h vector the in rate infection .longicuspis P. est a ihri h nrdmclayJn atrsadalgntohccycle gonotrophic all and captures June intradomiciliary the in higher was density rmE ooji which in Borouj El from .tropica L. heoou sergenti Phlebotomus .sergenti P. .tropica L. Tbe1) (Table stasitdby transmitted is .sergenti P. .sergenti P. eae eefudbt nrdmclayadprdmclayin peridomiciliary and intradomiciliary both found were females . sa mrigdsaeee huhtegorpia extension geographical the though even disease emerging an is h eaieaudneof abundance relative The .tropica L. .tropica L. a h otaudn n ess pce ihnhouse- within species densest and abundant most the was etdfor tested .sergenti P. a h otaudn pce nteintra-household the in species abundant most the was 5 .sergenti P. rmcpue aei 04(Gij´on-Robles 2014 in made captures from .sergenti P. N a eetdwsietfida ieg IV lineage a as identified was detected was DNA Leishmania est n eei hrceitc eein- were characteristics genetic and density .sergenti P. hc a ag egahcdistribution geographic large a has which μ N.Tefml a olce na in collected was female The DNA. g .minuta S. atrdi iiHajjaj. Sidi in captured neto a oiiefor positive was infection .sergenti P. tal., et 1fo lBru n 0from 40 and Borouj El from 41 , .sergenti P. 96 Ramaoui 1986; n the and .sergenti P. ae n eae va- females and males .infantum L. est a higher was density intradomiciliary tal., et .tropica L. vectors, tal., et 2008; Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hssuywsfne yteUiest fGaaa(etod ncaia eCoeaio lDesarrollo, Cooperaci´on al de Iniciativas de (Centro Granada of University the 2013). by CICODE, funded was study This of Acknowledgements absence the be situation. climates. could drier epidemiological cases and different ACL the warmer of the both absence explain the in may justify differences that would are lineage there the mitochondrial undamaged, that main and Given its endemic and localities, density two vector these Between the ACL. of of background prevalence genetic and density The Sidi and Borouj Hajjaj. Sidi El Conclusion of in between 5. representation absence differences over its bioclimatic the and are drier, explain there and could geographical warmer Similarly, that leading Europe. to 4) a suited (Table of by better represented Hajjaj it rest advantages make adaptive the would have that to into changes, appear altitude expansion I and Lineage temperature that to found tolerance 2016 wider between in al. traits et ecological Merino-Espinosa out: differential of existence The xsec f2mtcodillnae,oeo hm edi omnwt ooc LnaeII (Bar´on III) (Lineage Morocco with Iberian common the in in held detected them, been of have one cases lineages, ACL al., mitochondrial autochthonous 2 No of existence reported. is despite Morocco Peninsula, in (Merino-Espinosa presence Europe its southwestern that in over-represented Hajjaj. is Sidi I in Lineage absence its and Borouj El in pcmnta satn savco for vector a as this acting is positive that five specimen The 0.9%). sergenti (1+/112: 2015 and shown) different al., a Borouj, Therefore, El II specimens. In lineage I contrast, (Yahia lineage In lineages mitochondrial 20% II. four by lineage in followed to (80%) belongs sergenti 2.4% Hajjaj Phlebotomus remaining Sidi the in while abundant main (97.6%) main most IV the that the Lineage find was is to Borouj us allowed El has in gene, mitochondrial epidemiological b statement. cytochrome the the previous the and underlying the of factors from characterization understood, molecular deduced the well The However, as not motorways. synchronized simple and as new are the travel not of human by leishmaniasis is in construction shown of picture increase the as dynamics an development with transmission to infrastructure foci spatio-temporal associated ACL and is new expansion Morocco of economic in occurrence to dissemination linked ACL tourism that where local suggested areas 2020 in in foci emerging al. of possibility seem the raises figures (Baghad density species this fly of sand by these caused decades, Hajjaj, CL few Sidi last in the Over diagnosed been of al., have maintenance et cases the ACL for no sufficient date to Although 08 03 Merino-Espinosa 2013; 2008, 08 ncpue aetruhu 04(+7:56 n pt 800parasites/ 18,000 to up and 5.6% (4+/72: 2014 throughout made captures in 2018) .sergenti P. .sergenti P. 03 n ol aeti oaiyssetbet h salsmn fa C rnmsincycle. transmission ACL an of establishment the to susceptible locality this make would and 2013) ieg nE ooj ieg V hsi h rttm httemtcodillnaeo a of lineage mitochondrial the that time first the is This IV. lineage Borouj, El in lineage .major L. .tropica L. .sergenti P. ieg htse transmits seem that lineage iohnra ieg a enhglgtdi ahoeo h oaiisudrstudy. under localities 2 the of one each in highlighted been has lineage mitochondrial .sergenti P. scaatrsdb ihgntcdvriyadcasfidi tlattet haplotypes twenty least at in classified and diversity genetic high by characterised is tal., et or N a eetdi u f14(.% female (2.7%) 184 of out 5 in detected was DNA .infantum L. est nSd ajjsessffiin oalwtasiso,temi atrthat factor main the transmission, allow to sufficient seems Hajjaj Sidi in density .tropica L. 00.Tegoigmblt fhmn rmedmct o-nei cities non-endemic to endemic from humans of mobility growing The 2020). en omnyfuda ucetdniist c savco,adthe and vector, a as act to densities sufficient at found commonly being tal., et .sergenti P. .tropica L. tal., et oihv pedt eea ein fMrcoicuigtoewhere those including Morocco of regions several to spread have foci .tropica L. a enrpre,wihsostecagn egahclpatterns geographical changing the shows which reported, been has 2016). .tropica L. .tropica L. 04 Bar´on2004; ouain nbt oaiisuigtePRRL ehiu of technique PCR-RFLP the using localities both in populations rnmsin(Rioux transmission a enietfid oa nraei h bnac of abundance the in increase local A identified. been has .sergenti P. 6 vector .tropica L. oeecety ol xli h mrec fACL of emergence the explain could efficiently, more .sergenti P. tal., et .sergenti P. , .sergenti P. .sergenti P. 2008). ouain r eletbihd hlu et Kholoud established. well are populations eae eogdt h otprevalent most the to belonged females tal., et iohnra iegshsbe pointed been has lineages mitochondrial tal., et emt lyapvtlrl nthe in role pivotal a play to seem , 96 Ramaoui 1986; .sergenti P. ieg V hc em oprefer to seems which IV, lineage ieg Vi lBru hc is which Borouj El in IV lineage 06 n hsi h rttime first the is this and 2016) .sergenti P. iohnra lineage mitochondrial μ tal., et N;dt not data DNA; g (Gij´on-Robles 08 Bar´on2008; .sergenti P. P. et et Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oclRd´ge ,Jaun ,DızSazV ia .&Mr´nSace .(08.Rs atr o the for factors Corpas-L´opez V, Morillas-M´arquez Risk F, Mart´ın-S´anchez (2018). N, & J. Khalfaoui M. D´ıaz-S´aez Riyad El N, V, G, Jaaouani Porcel-Rodr´ıguez Merino-Espinosa L, N, de Abattouy Espa˜na.Gij´on-Robles Revista P, en flebotomos l5-34. P´ublica Los 63, Higiene Sanch´ıs (1989). Mar´ın, e & M.C. M´arquez,Sanidad F. geo- Morillas and J., haplotypes Collado, Mitochondrial Gil (1997). R. Ben-Ismail, of & vicariance R. graphical Killick-Kendrick, (1989). P.D., J.C. Ready, 497-498. Beier, S., (5), &. Esseghir, 26 M.A Kenawy, Entomology F.G., Medical Youssef, of S., Journal Daba, Egypt. 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Maroc. au e O-8 nteiln fCee edt h eteetand settlement the to lead Crete, of island the in MON-58, 288-32-84. ) 8 iohnra iegsi otwsenEurope southwestern in lineages mitochondrial iityo elh ooc,168pp. Morocco, Health, of Ministry osbeipiain o oto programmes. control for implications Possible : heoou perniciosus Phlebotomus 7, 2.https://doi.org/10.1186/1756- 420. heoou sergenti Phlebotomus and ntttNational Institut Leishmania nae de Annales . Phlebotomus spe- Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. factors-that-determine-the-emergence-of-anthroponotic-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-due-to- 4.pdf Table file Hosted sergenti-between-endemic-and-free-areas-in-morocco leishmania-tropica-comparison-of-the-density-and-mitochondrial-lineage-of-phlebotomus- factors-that-determine-the-emergence-of-anthroponotic-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-due-to- 3.pdf Table file Hosted sergenti-between-endemic-and-free-areas-in-morocco leishmania-tropica-comparison-of-the-density-and-mitochondrial-lineage-of-phlebotomus- factors-that-determine-the-emergence-of-anthroponotic-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-due-to- 2.pdf Table file Hosted sergenti-between-endemic-and-free-areas-in-morocco leishmania-tropica-comparison-of-the-density-and-mitochondrial-lineage-of-phlebotomus- factors-that-determine-the-emergence-of-anthroponotic-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-due-to- 1.pdf Table file Hosted differentia- genetic 189-199. Regional 11, (2004). N. 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Applications et Taxonomie n2ajcn oi otenIre.Eegn netosDsae 2 808 htt- 1860-8. 12, Diseases Infectious Emerging Israel. Northern foci, adjacent 2 in https://authorea.com/users/399677/articles/512158-understanding-the- https://authorea.com/users/399677/articles/512158-understanding-the- https://authorea.com/users/399677/articles/512158-understanding-the- https://authorea.com/users/399677/articles/512158-understanding-the- ntreMrca oio uaeu esmnai asdby caused leishmaniasis cutaneous of foci Moroccan three in ntttMeiernendEue pdeilgqe tEooius Montpellier Ecologiques, M´editerran´een Epid´emiologiques et Institut d’Etudes esmnainfantum Leishmania Nwta,11)(itr-scoia) nae eParasitologie de Annales (Diptera-Psychodidae). 1912) (Newstead, 9 heoou sergenti Phlebotomus nErp.Prstlg eerh17 1105–1113. 117, Research Parasitology Europe. in heoou langeroni Phlebotomus esmnatropica Leishmania sisvco.Aeia Journal American vector. its as e.b ARox,p.365- pp. Rioux), JA by (ed. rmajda desert judean a from esmnatropica. Leishmania izlsu(Dipte- Nitzulescu ´ existence Posted on Authorea 5 Mar 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161493636.66708948/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. sergenti-between-endemic-and-free-areas-in-morocco leishmania-tropica-comparison-of-the-density-and-mitochondrial-lineage-of-phlebotomus- 10