' ‘ K A L P A S UI R A T H E ,

A N D

N A V A T A T V A :

T WO WO RKS O F THE JAIN RE LIGION

AN D PHIL OSOPHY.

T R A N SL A T E D FR O M T HE MAG A D HI

\V I T TI

A N A PPE N DI! ,

C O N T A I N I N G

R EMARKS O N L ANG UAG E OF THE O RIGIN L A .

T I I E R E V J T E V N O N D S E S D . . . . , ,

A S BO MBA Y. V . R R . . .

L O N D O N PRI N TE D FO R T H E ORI E N TAL TRA N S LATI O N F UN D O F G R E AT BRITAIN A N D IRE LA N D ;

A N ! ) SO L D BY

L - I E U . . W H . S K E T CO L . Y S ,

' mu zr . , c ,

I II E Z EA LO U S PRO MO TE R

V Y N D A V O T O ' T H R O W L IG IIT O N AN I I I E ER E E UR THE T QU T ES ,

O R O P N UP O C O F I N D IA E THE RES UR ES ,

A D I STING UI SHE D LABO URER I N THE FI E L D

O I N AL A C R E T RESE R H ,

FO L LO W I N G WO K I MO P C F LLY I N C I B D THE R S ST RES E T U S R E ,

I O BLI G E D MBL V AN H S HU E SER T,

T S . J. S EV E N O N

T IIA NSLA T O R ’ S PR E FA E C .

f T H E Jains a re non well know n to t h e learned in

E urope as t h e o nly representatives in Hindustan of t h e a he e n s t h e ene s s a e s d r t to t t of Buddhi m , r ligiou

ni n e s o n e s in ndia P e and commu ty o c um rou I rop r, s till e mbra cing so m any of t h e in habit ants of t h e ne n m n es e n e u a ighbouri g cou tri of C ylo , Tib t, B r ,

na d i a a t h e an t s en e es . Chi , dj c t t rritori Without leas t dispa rage me nt to t h e lea rne d dissertations

a a e een l s e o n t h e a ns s a th t h v b pub i h d J i , I tru t th t t h e l in ans a ns th e o ne a e fo low g tr l tio , , th t of th ir

s sa e e i s and t h e e a mo t cr d r lig ou work , oth r, th t of

e s a i s a es sa il not be th ir mo t popul r ph lo ophic l y, w l u nacce ptabl e to those who take an in te res t in t h e his tory of t he religious opinio ns and philo s ophy o f n I dia .

O f t he e igh t days in t h e middle of t h e ra ins which a re de vote d to t h e re a di ng of th o s e w o rk s e s e e e e ia s a e no ess an five a re t m d p cul rly cr d , l th ’ E E viii TRANSLATOR S PR FAC .

a l e th e a a Su a t h e s th e s l ott d to K lp tr , fir t of work

e e esen h n ea h r pr ted to t e E glish r der . It com

enees and is e e t h e e en a m , chi fly occupi d, with l g d ry h s a a i a th e as se e e s i i tory of M h v r , l t of tho d ifi d p

a e s a s alle t h e a n s anka as . ritu l l gi l tor , c d by J i , Tirth r

To this are appen de d th e lives of other four sages

t h e sa e ass and in s e es se t h e of m cl , om copi tho of

e en — is nea e a n a whol tw ty four, though it rly c rt i th t all ese are a a e an and a n ne of th by l t r h d , th t o e e t h e s at an a e t h e five xc pt fir t, or y r t to whom t h e e e en e is en are en in e ns pr c d c giv , g u productio of th e a a i a t h e Ja ns t h e e e a . r put d uthor M h v r , by i of i a na s sa a e e BC . 663 se C r tic, id to h v di d , by tho of l en a a n . e e in 63 7 B g , ccordi g to Mr Col brook , ,

in u ara h in B C 52 a se G t . . 7 as e s e by tho j , , or th y t t

4 70 ea s e e t h e e n e en oft h e era it , y r b for comm c m t

ikr ma Prin V a . . se in his se a es of Mr p U ful T bl ,

3 3 a hi Pa . es s e en a e a n rt p , m k t v t to h v h pp e ed

569 at th e a s in B C . e n e e . s am , g of v ty Thi I n ne t o e e e is t h e re a e not n on i cli d b li v cor ct d t , o ly

’ P rinse s a account of Mr . p gre t accuracy and tact in all ese a e s a s e a se a ees e s th m tt r , but l o b c u it gr b t w th e s a e en t h e a ns a a a i a w a ith t t m t of J i , th t M h v r s

h e e e th e ea a a a a T h t pr c ptor of gr t G ut m Buddh . e ’ R S E E T AN LATOR S PR FAC . ix

e nes t h a a is e a e e e R C . 543 C ylo d t of d th of Buddh , a nd t h e d eath of th e Tirtha nka r a h aving ta ke n

a e in 569 w e a n t h e eas na e e pl c , obt i r o bl p riod

e n -s ix e a s t h e e s e o fth e e e of tw ty y r , for d mi pr c ptor

' e e his T h e a a bu a a n b for pupil . K lp tr , ccordi g to a a e e e in t he w se f w as s e d t mbodi d ork it l , compo d

9 8 0 ea s a e t h e d e se a a i a a is y r ft r mi of M h v r , th t to s a A . D 4 1 1 h i a n t h . T e e e y , . publ c r di g of work took

a e e e e a s a e r a s a s na a e in the pl c tw lv y r ft w rd , rr t d

’ n T h a s na e w as a a a n . e I troductio uthor m Bh dr B hu , an d t he s e e n en e n e in G u arath ov r ig who th r ig d j , w as T h e n s a Se na . e a Dhruv four comm t tor who ,

e ee n t h e e en and s e en een en es b tw fift th v t th c turi ,

a e en e o n th e a re Yaso v a a h v comm t d work , g y ,

s e Sans w a e Sakhabadha has who krit ork , c ll d ,

ee n s e in a n t h e anne e a ns a n b u d m ki g x d tr l tio ,

D e vich a nd ra th e a a ans a e fo l , Guj r thi tr l tor chi fly

nd J nanavim la and Szima as und ai e a a a . low d , , y

Th e re is s o little of E as te rn extra vagance e x hi b e in t h e a e a nd a e t h e ea a a i a it d g d t of d th of M h v r , th at o ne is glad for o nce to e sca pe e xpos ure to t h e s pirit of s ce pticism which so gene ra lly h a unts t h e

E ea n in his a n a a n es ea es in n a urop tiqu ri r rch I di ,

h n a nd to gra nt th e author all h e d em a nds . T e ame ’ E E x TRANSLATOR S PR FAC .

th e s e ei n e n n in G u arath at t h e i e of ov r g r ig i g j t m , is an i an e e en e e e e are mport t l m t h r , for th r two

a Sen as a n th e Balabhi na s Dhruv mo g mo rch , who , at t h e e a ve s e e s a e th e s e e in p riod bo p cifi d, w y d c ptr

i ea a a ndi a. T h e s n e e s th t p rt of I fir t , i d d , too rly for se a l in th e se n a our purpo , but l ow g co d of th t n a e be in t h e as ea his e n as be e m to l t y r of r ig , w ll

a n s a n - u son en on an might, h vi g lo t grow p , th a e a e en -on e ea s him and his v r g of tw ty y r to , four predecessors there will be an e xact coincidence

e een a e t h e s ublic ea n th e b t w our d t of. fir t p r di g of

a a Su a and a n on t h e G u arat h K lp tr , th t fou d j

‘ ’ x - v na In copp er plate grant s of t h e first Sridh a a Se . a an e s ea a e t h e st a e l ccord c with thi rly d t , t of civi i z at ion des cribed in this work is high er th an w e have an eas n e e e h as e s e a n th e H n s y r o to b li v xi t d mo g i du , s n e t h e fis en es era an d th e s a e i c r t c turi of our , t t of

a an a e a e as e e e e Br hm ic l lit r tur , h r d pict d , without an en n t h e Purans en s t h e sa e c on y m tio of , t d to m

T h e en a n ee in s a e e s n . lu io comm t tor , i d d , thi l tt r

m t i e . A . D . 3 8 i . e . 5 i at e Sa a 375 . 1 x w h ch D d v , , , , ,

x h ere i n o u h n m a e t o 31 8 i es 1 2. T s s c a e dd d , g v , w e ma remar as h ru a Sen a in th e mo ern o r rest ore y k , D v d d

Balli ara dyn as ty . ’ R N SL A T o R s R E E T A P FAC . xi

n s e s t h e o s s o n t he a a nd poi t , uppli mi i of uthor , clubs in th ese m o d e rn rec o rd s o f traditions a l o ng

-t h e e an e n It ihas a s n th e a e e with mor ci t , howi g lt r d

n n h e state of thi gs whe wrote1 I of course t ak e it for grante d th at t h e author des cribe s t he ma n ne is o fh is o w n e and a e a nd no t s e tim pl c , tho of t h e s ixth cent ury before our e ra at Kund ag rama a nd R a a a in e a e e th e s ene his j g rih , B r r, wh r c of

’ n i is a h e ro s piety a d labours s laid . It pity t h e

is so en i e n ne it s s e and a work t r ly co fi d to ubj ct, th t w e h a ve none of those historical notic es which render th e Ceylonese Mahavans o so int eresting to

E urop ea ns .

I w as at first i nclined to stop my remarks on th e s t h e a in e i n at s n and hi tory of J r l gio thi poi t , to conced e th at through th e natural ch ange to

all s s e s n n are a e h ad which y t m of opi io li bl , it a ri s en at t h e p e riod in question from a corruptio n

the s a e n a s e a e n n of Buddhi tic l r ligio , but clo tt tio

ns Sthirava ra to t he lis t of The ros (Sa . ) or h ead

’ ea e s a a i a t he a s e t ch r from M h v r to uthor tim , which

s a ar t he es e a t h e n e n form p t of work , p ci lly u brok ness t h e a n a nd t h e eas na e n e of ch i , r o bl umb r of

e a is ' as s i ne d eac has a de me e s a e a o y g to h , m h it t b ut ’ x ii RE A TRANSLATOR S P F CE .

h e ness s an ass n t correct of uch umptio . From

a a i a a s n ee t h e e e n M h v r upw rd , i d d, to pr c di g Tir

th ankara Parsvanath w e a e no s ea , h v li t of h d

ea e s w e a e n an n e a 250 t ch r , but h v o ly i t rv l of

’ vears i e th e e Pa s a s s na ex is , wh l t rm of r v ublu ry tence is still bounded by t h e possible n umb er of

So far th e a ns are ea n a n e ea s . J s a e hu dr d y r i r o bl , and eas e in e e as a e a m ur d th ir r , comp r d with Br h mans and Buddhis ts ; for e ven th e latter throw

’ Sakya s pre decessor back to an immense p eriod

en t h e esen h before t h e adv t of pr t Budd ha . T e

e a n th e Ja ns t h e e Pa s mod r tio of i , up to tim of r vanath a is th e e e a a e as a e a e , mor r m rk bl , ft r th t th y far outstrip all th eir comp eers in th e race of absu r

y a n th e es t e T irth ankars e en dit , m ki g liv of h ir xt d

san s ea s and n e s n e een to thou d of y r , i t rpo i g b tw

e n e ss a es s ena l n u s a e th m cou tl g , thu b i g to tr c w ith some confidence t h e boun dary b etween th e

h e fa s e r s a and t . e a e w e e hi toric l bulou Th r , ho v r, yet one or two other points in t h e accounts th e

Ja ns e u s s ee ave a s ea i giv , which m to h hi toric b r

T h e s is t h e e a n sa a e su ing . fir t r l tio id to h v b s is te d between t h e last Buddha and th e last T ir

’ h ankara th e a ns a n a a i a a a a s t , J i m ki g M h v r , G ut m ’ S S TRAN LATOR PREFAC E .

e e and t h e s and a e pr c ptor, him fir t f vourit pupil of

s Y t e e u s a not h e his a e . e m t r th y t ll th t , but

Sridh arma e a e ea the n a e , b c m h d of commu ity ft r

’ an a s en ess e for th e th e Ti rth k ra death . Wh pr d eas n e are s en and s e s e i en r o th y il t my t riou , v d tly w e rs e to dis clos e t h e f act th at h e b ecame t h e

n e a n e w a nd a s e a n fou d r of riv l ct , which for lo g

s o w n r w e tim e wholly e clip e d th eir . N or a e to look for a ny hi nt of this kind in th e writings of t he s s as n n be s a n t h e Buddhi t , othi g could id upo s ubj e ct without l eading to an avowal th at th e gre at

h h ad a n n In Sage hims elf ad i s tructor . favour of t h e Ja n e e e ma be n e a i th ory , how v r, it y otic d, th t

Buddh a is s aid to h ave s een twenty - four of his * recle c ess o r* s e in th e es en Ka o h e h ad p , whil pr t pp

T h e a ns ns s n . e e but four J i , co i t tly with th ir

e a e a a a a e s een e n - ee th ory , m k M h vir to h v tw ty thr

his e e ess s all a e s e e o e of pr d c or , th t xi t d b f r him

h es e n a e s a in t e pr t g . Thi p rt of Buddhi s m th e n e vide ntly implies t h e k nowledge of th e twenty

irth a nka rs h a n T t e s . a a a four of J i G ut m , how e e t h e e na a e n s e e v r , by forc of tur l g iu , thr w th ir

Mah ava nso o . o I . i c . , b k , ’ x iv T R A N SL A T O R s E PREFAC . s vst em en re n t h e s a e t h e an n ti ly i to h d , till w i g light of Buddhis m permitte d it s fainter radian c e to

‘ ’ x ea ea on h n h r r pp r t e W ester o iz on .

a a i a en t h e ea e as t h e n a e M h v r th , gr t h ro , m

es t h e a n e n w as a a a a and impli , of J i r ligio , Dig mb r ,

en a in a s a e e e n d Pa s a w t bout t t of p rf ct u ity . r v mat h and all his e e ess s h e h ad an w e e , pr d c or , if y, r

e in e en a a e t h e s n e e e n cloth d d c t pp r l, with i gl xc ptio

R ish abh a w e s a e a el s a e . of , of whom h ll imm di t y p k

a a i a n o ns e e t h e nn a n h e M h v r , doubt, co id r d i ov tio h ad a e in t h e es a s e svst em a e a n m d t bli h d , r form tio ,

’ and n ec essary to show t h e p erfect sage s entire

e all l e e n s and ass ns s up riority to world y f li g p io .

T he common s ense of Gautama led him to see that th e natural and universal s entim ents of man kind

ann be s et at n s e w m n c ot ought, or oppo d ith i pu ity, and e e e h e e a e in e l , th r for , mov d bout cloth d y l ow

w a n t n i a en s . s o e on s er in g rm t It u l k ly , thi v y po t, that th e s plit took place betwe en him and t h e

e men t h e a n n I n oth er chi f of J i commu ity.

e n es e e t h e ea a i e mod r tim , how v r, gr t m jor ty of th m

A fter w ritin th e a o e I fou n m c on clu sion an tici g b v , d y

o le ro o e an d am h a th eref re th at it n at e M r. C o o w p d by b k , ppy

ro a w ith t h e su ffra e o f s o learne an O rientali g o e s ab d g d st .

522. l . i . ms . vo . T ri , p ‘ ’ T R A N SL A 'I O R S PR E E FAC . xv h a ve virtually co nfes se d t h e s upe rior wi s dom o f

a a n a ess n h is ns e a nd Buddh , by t ki g l o from I titut ,

ea n a n e a en s o n a n w ri g pl i whit g rm t , ( which ccou t

e a re a e S e a a as n e se e s th y c ll d v t mb r ) , clothi g th m lv without se rvil ely copyi ng t h e yellow robes of t h e

s es ea n s Buddhi t pri thood , l vi g uch mimicry to l- Iind n Ba ira is a nd G os ains s e a es en ea g , ct ri who d vour to combi ne t h e Buddhis tical mo nk e ry with t h e

T he e a t h e a Brahma nical th e ology . r viv l of Dig m ha ra practic e is s aid by t h e o th er pa rty to ha ve a en a e t h e eff s Sah as ra a a t k pl c through ort of M llik , about a century b efore th e comme ncem e nt of our

' e ra s n e e t h e se s a e e e n e , i c which tim ct h v k pt tir ly

n an is separate from o e oth e r. It much more likely

’ w e e a is sa a e a t he Svet znn ho v r , from wh t id bov , th t

a a a i na e a a e a nd no t th e b r p rty orig t d bout th t tim ,

a a Digamb r .

T h e se co nd poin t in t h e J ai n traditio ns which I

a ne has a s a as s is th e a n e im gi hi toric l b i , ccou t th y

e t he e s a t e R is habha t he s giv of r ligiou pr c ic of . fir t

e T irt ha nka rs . H e e a a ira is of th ir , too , lik M h v ,

o e bee n a D a a a n sa id t h a v ig mb r . I t he Brahm a nic a l P u an e s he is a e s e o n o n t h e r ic r cord , pl c d c d

s n s in o ne t h e e a a mi es a nd s a li t of ki g , of r g l f li , id ’ E xvi TRANSLATOR S PREFAC . to have be en father to that Bh arat from whom India

it s na e H i l i t h e end his . e s a s o sa n took m id , of l e a e a an n e t h e n a if , to h v b do d world , goi g bout e e e e as a na e as e is s o se v rywh r k d c tic . It ldom

a a s and a ans a e e a I not ee th t J m Br hm gr , th t do s how w e c an refuse them cre dit in this instance

e e e so t he nl n ffe en e wh r th y do , o y poi t of di r c

e een t h e a es e n a e th e b tw two p rti b i g, th t whil

Jains maintain that R ish abha followed an insti tute worthy of being adopted by sages in every

! a e t h e ~ a ans s a n a n a no g , Br hm toutly m i t i th t one is a z e l his uthori d to fol ow example . How e e s ma be it is e a n a e en a v r thi y , c rt i th t v ccord ing to t h e traditions preserved by th e Brah

ans e s e es R ish abh a a la G a a a and m th m lv , , K pi , ut m ,

e sa es a n a n e n n s and l e oth r g , m i t i d opi io , fol ow d

a es var t h e esen pr ctic , which y much from pr t

s tan a and in ese ea a es e e orthodox d rd , if th rly g th r w as no regular Jain or Buddhistical organiz atio n

w as e e an e us e a an sm T h as little th r xcl iv Br hm i . e

see s be a at t h e e e e e truth m to , th t p riod r f rr d to there w as no regular division of caste among t h e

e e s s a n t h e s e s no r p opl , of chool mo g philo oph r , of

A ll sha es n n sects among religion is ts . d of opi io ’ T R A N SL A ' ro R s R E E P FAC . xvii a nd practice we re tole rated t h e broach e rs of ne w t e e s and t h e n e s ne w es no t h ori , i troduc r of rit did e e t h e es a s e e i n and t h e a e en s r vil t bli h d r l gio , dh r t of t h e old V edic syste m of elem ental worship look ed o n t h e ne w notio ns as s peculations th ey

no t e e n and th e new a s e es as could compr h d , u t riti t he e e s e a s e - en a e not ea x rci of lf d i l th y could r ch , ra the r th an a s t he i ntroduction of h e resy and

A nd s ma h e i s s . e a e n as s chi m uch , it y r m rk d p in is t h e e e a e n th e n ns and g , v ry vi w t k of opi io — pra ctices of Ba iragis and G osziins by nine tenths

h es n d a A a m t h e n s t e e . e e of Hi du of pr t y ft r ti ,

e e e e s e a an z ea e a e s n how v r, ith r ct ri l b c m too tro g for it s poss ess ors to abstai n from tau nting th e

o e s t h e s s e e seness foll w r of old y t m with th ir obtu ,

t h e e s a a e at t h e e a en e es e or oth r , l rm d pr v l c of th no e es ran w fire a nd s t h e es e v lti , ith word to r cu of t h e s e s ns a nd s a s s w as er e old up r titio , thu chi m p p t ra t e d at o ne a a era at eas a , which , p rticul r l t , th t in which Buddhis m fell a nd t h e mod e rn Sa iva

s s e n s w as es a s ed a e. n a y t m of Hi dui m t bli h , m d I di a e o f o n e n n s n e s s e s fi ld c t tio to oppo i g r ligiou ct , a nd with th e e xte rmi na tio n o fth at religio n which h ad bee n domi na nt duri ng t he p e riod of it s great ’ RE E xviii TRANSLATOR S P FAC .

est as ne t h e ss se s a glory, occ io d lo of tho hi toric l

u en s e e t h e a esses and ex doc m t , which r cord d l rg

loit u n p s of th e s overeigns of a hostile faith . D ri g t h e ea a es t h e e s a a e in n a w as rly g , r ligiou w rf r I di

a e on as far as w e can ea n e t h e c rri d , l r , chi fly by

e a e ea ns s ss n and a en l gitim t w po of di cu io rgum t ,

t h e e s A s a no u h ad a though dict of ok , do bt, rgu

en s un e o n t h e t h e E e as m t fo d d logic of mp ror,

h n h en well as on th at of t e Dialecticia . T e op

a e sa e and e a ani a i es pr ctic of crific , oth r Br hm c l r t , w as prohibite d bu t th ere w as n o reason for su p

s n a le th e u s s h ad t h e s e po i g th t, whi B ddhi t up rio rit e e e s o far n a e th e e e s y , th y v r co tr dict d pr c pt of their religion as to shed t h e blood of their fel

in w r T he sa ann low creatures a holy a . me c ot be sa th e a ans e se es a a id of Br hm , who th m lv dmit th t,

n e th e e n Ku marilla ha a a u d r dir ctio of B tt , bout t h e e en era carnal ea ns e e ighth c tury of our , w po w r employ ed to put down th e Buddhistical and exalt f th e Saiva aith .

T h e last division of t h e Kalpa Sutra is a digest

n s es e t h e sa es n t h e of mo ki h rul , to guid g duri g

Par ushana Len en e a se n t h e y , or t p riod , ctio of book

e es n o e a ma be se u which r quir r m rk . It y u f l , how

’ L A T R s E E xx T R A N S O PR FAC .

h n a a n a and 3 . a t e Th t cou try of Bh r t , our I di , an equal portion on t h e other side of t h e glob e

a e A iravartt a are a ne s u e a d e o u c ll d , lo bj ct to p p lating catastrophe at t h e end of a great cycle of

T h e es th e e es a e e e ea s . y r r t of t rr tri l circl , ith r

n a e Mlech chh as a a ans i h bit d by , B rb ri , or by

Yu alas e a es not . e se g , h rm phrodit xpo d to toil , or

i e and e e ains n an e th e s e s . ubj ct of v rtu vic , r m u ch g d

a s a e t h e es a n t h e 4 . Th t hortly ft r d ol tio of a e man a e en ne n es Yu alas bod of , bov m tio d, colo i of g c ame from their own proper contin ent to rep eople t h e as e e es and an e s a n w t t rritori , from ch g of itu tio and anne n e e men and e se m r of livi g b com , giv ri

a n ew a e an e n T h e s . Ja ns to r c of hum b i g i , how e e ea e n e a ned es e Yu alas e an v r, l v u xpl i how th g b g

ex s and e e se es a th e a ness to i t, hid th m lv mid d rk of — their prime absurdity an infin ite s uccession of

fin ite beings .

n n h e a 5. e a a e t ans a e e Th y m i t i , lik Br hm , th t th r is a n e ea ens and e s e ra umb r of h v h ll , for t mpo ry

and n s en s T h rewards pu i hm t . e gods whom they allow to possess s everal of th ese heavens are but

e n s e e n e men an ma s en i b i g , who w r o c or i l , joy ng t h e e a d n e n s e and s r w r of i f rior ki d of m rit, who mu t ’ L E TRANS ATOR S PREFAC . xxi

es en a a n ea and be n ane and c o n d c d g i to rth , bor w , t inue e e in t he ans i a ns n ess v r world of tr m gr tio , u l

s a s T he e s e s is th ey become ge . chi f of th e god na e Sa a in a a Sa e t h e Sa m d kr , or M g dhi , kk , kko of t h i nd n h T h e s s a th e a t e a ans . e Buddh t , I dr of Br hm

e n Ja ns a e a e th e o ne si mod r i h v m d of , xty four

h rm Sa as and s na e t h e d ea en Sud a a . kr , ur m lor of h v ,

T h e sa e n e s i n 6. ed a e h s g , who by m it tio fr mi d

all a a en s a ns at ea from worldly tt chm t , obt i d th

N ana a s a e e e ss e e n e e irv , t t of p rf ct bli , p rf ct k owl dg , and ee all a n and a n as en s fr dom from p i mut tio , c d

th e h es ea ens al e S a S la t h e to igh t h v , c l d iddh i (

R t h e Pe e and e a e far a e t he ock of rf ct) , x lt d bov

s e es a s e al e ad a n s god , b com p ci obj ct of or tio to god

and men .

7 T h e a n n ns s s ea . J i commu ity co i t of two gr t s e ns s e a anal s e and ctio , om wh t ogou to our cl rgy

a ea se n e a n males and l ity, ch ctio mbr ci g both

T h e a l es are na e Sad s e al es . e a f m cl ric l m m d hu ,

A ll ess e a e in nas e s i. a. Sa es . e , g prof c lib cy , liv mo t ri

ses in n es five a or hou , commu iti of from four or to

n e in s u e n to an a and e rm all hu dr d , bj ctio bbot , p rfo

T he Sad t h e pri estly acts of th e J ai n religion. hw inis ns e a s in s e a a e m n es , or Nu , liv l o p r t com u iti , ’ SL A T O R s xxii TRAN PREFACE .

now are e fw in n T h e a n but these v ry e umber. J i

a ka t h e a es ar a rava s . e t e e e S . ea e s l ity c ll d , , H r r f m l

e n ra i a a n b i g t ermed properly S vak s . Th ey h ve mo g

e a i e as e and a n e th m mod fi d form of c t wh t wo d r, s ince in South ern In dia Mohammedan s and Chris

? tians have t h e same Th ey practise als o a number

a na and a ani al s e s ns at of borigi l Br hm c up r titio ,

th e es n e sa e which pri thood wi k, though th y di pprov of them .

T h e a a a th e am e n c n 8 . pr ctic l p rt of J r ligio o s s s in th e e an e five es and th e i t p rform c of duti ,

ins T h e es ar 1 s m a an e five s . e t e void c of duti , , rcy

all an a e e n s 2nd a s v n 3rd to im t d b i g ; , lm gi i g ,

ene a n th e sa es w l e n and s n v r ti g g hi livi g, wor hippi g

e a es w en e ease 4th n ess n th ir im g h d c d ; , co f io of

5 h eli as n T h ns r a s t s . e s a e 1 st f ult ; , r giou f ti g i , ,

l n 2 n 3rd st ea n 4t h a e kil i g ; ud , lyi g , li g ; , dult ry ;

- 5th n e ness . , worldly mi d d

A s n a t h e a n e i n is 9 . e e triki g f tur of J i r l gio , t h e ee n th e seas n e s e a n k pi g of o of r ligiou m dit tio ,

ea in and as n a le th e Par ush ana r d g, f ti g, c l d y , or,

a Pa usan . es n s th e s popul rly, jj It corr po d to Buddhi t

ass and is e n a s th e W o, divid d i to two p rt , fifty

a s a e e e and th e s e en a s ee d y th t pr c d , v ty th t ucc d ’ TRANSLATOR S PRE FAC E . xxiii

th e a k P a he Svet am a S a a s . T fifth of Bh dr , u l k h

a as fas n t he e e d and t h e b r t duri g form r p rio ,

a a as n t h e a e T h e Par fish ana Dig mb r duri g l tt r . y this year ( 1 8 47) w ill comm ence about th e 26th of

bu t t h e ne e t h e e ess n t h e July , by gl ct of pr c io of e in es is a e ee ee s e all qu ox it too l t by thr w k , lik oth e r Hindu festival s th at h ave refe rence to th e s a e n a nd e e e es n ot so e ol r r volutio , th r for do w ll corres pond to th e four months of t h e rainy seas on in G uj arat h and Upp er India as it oth erwis e would

a e h v done .

1 T h as n a e is t he 0 . e l t thi g I shall dv rt to e s en e a n t h e ains t h e n ess na xi t c mo g J of co f io l , and t h e necess ity that e xis ts of confessing a t l eas t

n e a ea a es and a n n o c y r to pri t, obt i i g from him

n ns en es n s ghostly abs olution . Burd e ed co ci c co fes a t all mes and a e a s in s as s im ti , h v v riou k d of f t

is e nl se on e as enan es . e po d th m p c It , how v r, o y at t h e comm encement of t h e holy s eas on that it is cons idered imp erative upon every good Jai n to

n ess s o w n a w as at s co f to a pries t . I mu t th t I fir t

i t h is er in a. l t le startle d at t e d cov y of this article th e a n ee and s a e ad e J i cr d , thought I mu t h v m s ome mista ke in interpreting th e word Padikaman ’ xxiv T R A N SL A T O R s PREFACE .

i hi e t h e is Sa ns. Prat kramafia ( ) , by w ch t rm duty technically expressed ; but abun dant oral and w r en e ana ns as e as t h e n e itt xpl tio , w ll co t xt of se e a assa es e e th e s a e re v r l p g wh r word occur , h v

e u T h e a a d a moved very do bt. Guj r thi wor th t

h s n i a an A l e esses t e e a s s A . xpr pri tly b olutio , l v

t h e e n ess n es not as far as thoug h rit of co f io do , I can earn e s a n t h e s s s l , xi t mo g Buddhi t , it mo t li e h ad it s n in ndi a in an ea a e and k ly origi I rly g , a n e n ns and a es a e l e lo g with oth r opi io pr ctic , tr v l d

es a in th e ea en ri es s an w tw rd rly c tu of Chri ti ity, and a ne n ra n a e a obt i d i corpo tio with pur r f ith .

For an account of t h e J ain uranography and

e a s e e th e ea e t h e A si i g ogr phy, I mu t r f r r d r to a t c

r he R esea c s . e . s s e s ee s a , vol ix Th ir y t m m to h ve

een e e e a t h e ah ans as e b form d b for th t of Br m , th y

a e ee e es a n nen s and a h v but thr t rr tri l co ti t two se s .

n a ns , e e n e ess a s d es and It co t i how v r, umb rl b ur iti , h as not th e s es e t h e na e s en e light t titl to m of ci c .

A n are a e se ia e i of circl , who d m ter s a hundred

san anas is a e e esen thou d yoj , m d to r pr t t h e coast of nd a th e an es t h e n s s e n I i from G g to I du , h wi g an u e n an e t h tt r ig or c of e existence even of th e Penin

l s a. n e P e e e w h ul No wo d r tol my rr d, en natives ’ T N L T RA S A OR S PREFACE . xxv

s . T h e sa e a s i blundered so egregiou ly. m b urdity s e e in t h e s s e t h e a ans A mbodi d y t m of Br hm . word of explanation is required relativ e to th e two Ja in

es a le A vasar ini and Ut sar ini s e cycl , c l d p p , who en r a th e sa T h e ea e is l gth s a e ex ctly me . r d r to an a s e en in n n e s a e e u s o a f cy rp t i fi it p c , coil d p, th t

i

a h a T h e ea is no w th e t il shall touch t e h e d . rth moving down this s erp ent from t h e h ead to th e a e e e s is an A vasar ini in n t il , th r for thi p (go g dow

n en a es at th e e e t he s erpe t) . Wh it rriv xtr mity

t h e a l ann on s e n and of t i it c ot go , but mu t r tur , it s prog ress up w ards is call ed an Ut sarpini (going

E a es e e s is di e up t h e serpent) . ch of th p riod vid d n six a as e as e en in t en es i to r or r , compr h d g cror

r A a of sag a as of years . sag ra or

ean ea s ain n an ass es me oc of y r , my J i form t ur ,

’ Colebro oke s e ana n s (though Mr . xpl tio of thi

n is a e ffe en is t he n e knotty poi t littl di r t) , umb r of th e s mal l poi nts of t h e e xces sively fine h air of

Yu alas a t h e ens ns a . g , which pit of dim io of cubic

na n a n t h e hairs e in so se yoj a would co t i , b g clo ly pack ed together th at a river of water runnin g ove r them would not dislodge one of th em .

In th e prefix ed schem e o f t he emblems of t he ’ x T R A N SL A T O R s P xvi REFACE .

d ffe en T irth ankars ma s e t h e ea e a i r t , it y trik r d r th t

there is no vestige of anyt hin g like t h e Buddhis t

a in n is Ch itya a y of th em . Th arises from on e remarkable feature of dissimilarity between t h e i T h a ns and dh s s . e a a h s J i Bud t D gob , or Budd i t

a a w as a a e n all a r a e t h e Ch ity , pl c origi y pprop i t d to

ese a n e i s a a e as a en pr rv tio of r l c , pr ctic bhorr t to t h e feelin gs of th e Ja ins as it is to thos e of t h e

a ans . T h e a a w en se t h e Br hm word Ch ity , h u d by

a ns ean s an i a e e e e a e J i , m y m g or t mpl d dic t d to

T ir h ank r th e memory of a t a .

T h e Philosophical Tra ct at t h e en d of t h e

as el as t h e al a Su a h as a ea book, w l K p tr , lr dy

een ana z e . e e et s b ly d by Mr Col brook , y I tru t t h e learne d reader will be glad al so to s ee

n a e en e a an a s i it e tire . I h v joy d dv t ge n t h e study of t h e Jain literature on this s ide of

n ia i are na a n a e in en a et I d , wh ch u tt i bl B g l ; y , wherever I have h ad occasion to differ in t h e sense

an assa e m a ea ne en a is th e of y p g fro th t l r d Ori t l t, reader mayrest assure d that I have firs t of all well

e e t h e en s th e Ann a as w ell as w igh d comm t of ot tor,

e ll s di e th e n e e e a e e car fu y tu d co t xt , b for I h v com

T a ns e a d e s n . h e e a a n e to ci io J i , whil w ll cqu i t d

’ T R A N SL A T O R E xxviii s PR FACE .

With all th e attention I h a ve been able to be s and t h e a e a e e e s e a e tow, c r I h v x rci d to void rror,

I am not sanguin e enough to s uppose that future in quirers will not dete ct blemishes and mistakes in ans a n and ema s et if~I s a a e my tr l tio r rk y , h ll h v s ucceede d in any degree in throwin g light on t h e

n s th e uman min and on th e is worki g of h d, h tory of a sect interesting in itself,but esp ecially s o in it s

e a n his s a not ns e r l tio to Budd m , I h ll co id r my labour lost . T H E W G IS A O F T H E J I T I R T H A N KA R S FOLLO IN LIST A N ,

W ITH T H E COLOURS O F TH E IR BOD I E S A N D E MBLE MS.

mble N ame . E m.

Bull . E l eph ant . r Sambh ava Ho se . A bh in an dana A pe .

w . Sumuti ( a. fe male) C urle

Pad mapra bh a R ed Lo t us . s Snprirs va T h e fig ure Sva tica .

Ch and raprablia T h e M o o n o r C rescent .

P ush pad anta Cro co dile . T fi ri s h e g ure S vat a . R n c h i o ero s . Bu l ffa o . B oar.

Falco n . - Spike h ead ed club . n A t elo pe . G o at .

T he figure N andavart ta .

A W at er Jar.

is T o rto e . l u B ue Lo t s . Conch . S r nt o o o o o o o o o o o e e . o p

Lio n .

’ E T R ISA L A S D R AMS .

k mi. G arl d n a s an . E lepha t . L h A

o t u ak Moo n . L s L e .

T he Sea .

Y U LU CK FI G RE S.

K A L P A s UT R A .

T R D I N O UCT I ON .

*

E M . A . C M d ora tion to the ro itious P rirsva ncitha p p .

Havi ng prostrat ed myself before th e glori ou s

a a ira and e e t h e in a a a M h v , brought b for m d G ut m , t h e R e s ns ee e n ligiou I tructor, I proc d to xpou d t h e Kalpa Sfitra in t h e com ment call ed th e Kal palata.

R e n is t he a rin ci let th e ligio vit l p p of world,

E M means th e female e ner o r c au se o f th e w o rl and gy d ,

h mal a ns w e rin t o o u r ma t eria l an d e f c ient c au s s O M t e e e . , g fi

T h is line is merel re xe t h e sc ri e an d o e s no t elo n y p fi d by b , d b g to th e w o rk .

I h a e ren e re th ese tw o h ras es as th e est I 1 v d d m by p , b c o uld th ink o f. T h e w h o le s ente nce w h ic h h old s h ere so impo rtant a place is as fo llo w s

- W it a m t ( u s figmai aurfiumm mfi fa figa n n err 533 mama "

K A L P A s UT R A .

I T R D CT I N O U ON .

E M A d i . ora t on to the ro itious P tirsva nritha p p .

Having prostrat ed mys elf b efore th e glori ou s

a a a and e e t h e n a a a M h vir , brought b for mi d G ut m , th e R e s ns ee e n ligiou I tructor, I proc d to xpou d

’ t h e Kalpa Srrtra in t he comment called th e Kal

a a a p l t . L R e n is the a rinci lei th e ligio vit l p p of world,

E M mean s th e fe male e ne r o r c au se o f th e w o rl and g y d ,

O n th e male an sw erin to o u r mat eria l and e ffic ient c au s s , g e .

T h is line is me rel re x e th e s cri e and o e s no t elo n y p fi d by b , d b g to th e w o rk .

I h a e ren ere th ese tw o h ras es as th e est I 1 v d d m by p , b c o uld th ink o f. T h e w h o le s en te nce w h ich h o ld s h ere s o impo rt ant a plac e is as fo llo w s

- w aif E mm i ( u 8 55mm amfirua rm W fi fiffifia n u art 5361 minim 2 K T R A ALPA su .

since it is th e first cause of all felicity . It pro ceed s man and is als a man from , it by it o th t

‘ ’ x h o e n in a a ns t e e od . tt i chi f g From r ligio , birth a a is a ne ea good f mily obt i d , bodily h lth , good

lif n E r m e n ne n e a d ess . o fortu , lo g , prow r ligio a s s n e en n a hi s n e e l o pri g pur r ow , t r t for k owl dg , an n a h e a es m d ease e . t i cr of w lth From d rk t gloo , and eve ea e ill eli n ill e e e a ry dr d d , r gio w v r prov sa r R e n en a se es s viou . ligio wh duly pr cti d b tow

n n n l m n i i n ea e a d a e a c at o t . h v , fi p

T h e Sa es w h o a n a n n t h e e a su c g , m i t i i g r gul r

ess n s i a a sit n s c io of p ritu l uthority, four mo th

ea at A n and a ura t h e sa e a e a n e y rly p i, cr d pl c ppoi t d

an en ea e s t h e se ea by our ci t T ch r , for purpo of r d ing to t h e s elect congregated mu ltitud e o ur

e s s ea a s a n e forfive r ligiou book , r d l o to obt i m rit,

a s and n ne ksh anas be e a i asse d y i , for publ c mbly t h e propitious Kalpa Sut ra§i Kalpa h ere m eans th e religious practice of th e

Sa es and in e e are t en a e es : 1 st g ”; it th r v ri ti ,

id e r in V p ece d g not e . T ( swimming :

Th is c it is n o w c all in u e G arathi Badna ar. 1 y d j , g T h e former o f th ese t w o assemblies is c omp osed o f th e

priesth o o d alone . T h e reaso n o fth e differen ce is g iven furth er

o n . U w ant B ur nt

’ 4 A s T R K LPA t r A .

2 T h e se n a a is th e dd esika t h e . U co d K lp , or accepting of necessari es withou t asking for them ; s n is h ean n h is an i ce s uch t e m i g of t e word . It

n n n s R e s e s e e e sa e . s I titut i t d d for g ic with plit pul ,

a e s e e ea s e e - ea w e e -nu t w t r, w tm t , b t l l f ith b t l , cloth in esse s a se an d ne essa u n e ma g , v l , hou c ry f r itur , y

ve b s s ns e e n s be recei d y uch . Thi I titut b lo g to

h e T irth ankars ma a e t h e first and last of t . It y h v

e e en e one a an a e r f r c to , or to comp y , or to whol

a es is not a a e all th e college of s g . It pplic bl to

th e en - T irth ankars and e s sa es . g To tw ty two , oth r

en a s e r e en is na a e who j oy up ior r gim , it i pplic bl ;

t h e es we e a es . to r t , ho v r , it ppli

‘ l’ i T h e Sidh at ara K al a h as e e en e a 3 . y p r f r c to

e n s a s e householder . To him b lo g up rior regimen

iz a a a e en n ed V . e e and to th t bov m tio , br d with ric ‘ ul se r a e s ee ea s e e -n u t and ea p , w t r, w tm t , b t l l f,

es ess e s an e s a a n ee l e cloth , v l , bl k t , broom , d ,

— - n e s a na l a e and ear eane ese e e pi c r , i p r r , cl r , th tw lv

n e s n s e is n o differe t articl s . Thi I titut t applicable

th e t he ina T irt hankar Sa to e whol of J ges . Fur

t e en e e is a an e in t h e h r, wh th r w t of, prop r food

a e e e a sa e es es in pl c wh r g r id , or difficulty procur

In th e Marath i lan ua e E mean s re are bu t g g , {G N p p d

u n co o e ic t u als as clean e ric e & c . k d v , d ,

” T h e ori in al h ere is 3 t h e same as a T h e 1 g 73 3 bo ve .

ifferen c e o ftranslation l S o w in t o a ifferen c e in th e c omm d g d ent . T T IN ROD U C ION .

0 in a es en e an e fa n n t h e g r id c , or d g r of lli g i to Sidhyat ara may tak e from a dis cipl e receiving reli

io us ns t ns and ee n e ass g i truc io , fr ly givi g th m , gr ,

a ene eartht as es a n ea en an a h rd d , h , rth p i, high s a s a e n n en and tool , low tool , couch , b ddi g , oi tm t , s o forth .

4 h a i h R aa ifid a a . T e rt a s t e fou h K lp j p , or roy l e s n n a ar tablishm ent . It s co stitue t p rts e a com man e -in- e a e es a e an e a d r chi f, chi f pri t , chi f b k r§ ,

e a ne n s e a as e t he a s prim c bi t mi i t r, m t r of ch riot , a nd e e th e e n th e ea , tog th r with prot ctio of r lm ,

- n t h e before m entione d twelve articles of regim e . These things then belong o nly to an an ointed

n and en e not a t h e e s ki g , h c do ccord with r ligiou practice of t h e firs t and las t T irth ankars . But t h e R aj apifida w as poss esse d by t h e other twenty

a t t h e sa e e a e e w as no e two, m tim th t th r imp r fect io n 1 D e s and e e e ee th ir wi dom , th y w r fr from ll a s in .

T h e th ing c h ie fly c o n te mpla te d by Y a tis h ere is t h e re ale nc e o fins ec t s a n d th e c o ns e ue nt an e r o f c o mmit p v , q d g t ing s in by tread ing o n th em .

P ro a l ric s h ar e ne in th e s un so c o mmo nl use 1 b b y b k d d , y d

n in I nd ia fo r build i g .

I T o be us ed as a po t d e c h a mb re .

A in o f R o th sc h il t o s u l t h e s o e re i n w ith k d d , pp y v g

e ll h r w h n e fun d s o n e merg enc ie s . H is c a ed e e in?) ( e c t h e

G u arzith i Set a n d h o l s to th e Sta te a rela tio n s o me w h a t j , , ) d

n like tha t o f t h e G o ve rn o r o ft h e Ba nk o f E g la nd . ’ ' r 6 K ALPA srr R A .

5 T h e a a is Kritikarma . ns s s . fifth K lp It co i t of t w o a s s th e s n and s an n p rt fir t, ri i g t di g upright and n e t h e e m n t he e e s xt , p rfor i g of tw lv form of

n is w as n en n all t h e s alutatio . Th i cumb t upo

T irth ankars as w ell as on e sa es and is , oth r g , to be p erform ed by all to all mutually in t h e order of — t h eir initiation t h e n ewly initiate d sage is to be s a e e i s e e e n e e en s e lut d with r l giou r v r c , v by tho who h ave been t h e longest time initiated ; for it is religion that gives man pre

‘ i a e e T h e si is t h e i a a a . 6. xth Vr t K lp Vr t h r

n m eans th e high est kind of religious obs erva c es . — es e in e e en e th e en Jina Sa es Th , r f r c to tw ty two g ,

are s n e e are e e a . four, i c th y p rmitt d to m rry But

m t h e a s en e all e e in w s t h e fro b c of d f ct i dom , to

h r v first and last Jina Sages t ey a e fi ei .

i a th h h l T h e se en s e e J es t a a a . 7. v th c ll d y K p

e e J esht h a ean s t h e e n a e H r y m chi f or i iti tory rit , and it is s as th e en e en a s e es to thi , comm c m t of ri

r an es a th n s s T h e O s e e e a e . of b v c , th t I titut ppli p e rforman c e of th e initi atory rite by t h e first and

as n as is be n e t h e me e l t Ji , to cou t d from ti th y

‘ gm a raa rq t wig ; So are th e w o rds w h ich I t ran slat e a s a o e th e last w or in an oth er c o is omit te b v ; d py d, an d th e mean in s eems sim l t o b e t h at all s a es are ren g p y , g

re e u al th e o ss essio n o f th li r d e d q by p e re gio us ch a a c t er.

“ Th ese four rin ci al irtu es are th e follow in —a a 1 p p v g , h a a a . ee ar il a S P t I . . h a . 8 S a J oo I . c , p , B v , B k , p T T IN RODU C ION . 7

e e the Szima aka Charit ra and in e a n p rform d y , r l tio

the n e e a e Yat is t he d a e to i t rm di t , from y of th ir

e o n h i h r r p rf rmi g t e A t c a a Ch arit a .

8 T h e e is a t he Pra ikr . ighth c lled t amafia

al a T h i h r e n K p . e A t c a a cer mo y might be per

e or not Sa n R ish abha and a a i a form d by i t M h v r , but th e Prat ikra mafia (going to confess to a s piritual guide) th ey were required to perform

O n e n s th e Pra ikr m fi twice . oth r Mu i t a a a is im

erat ive w ene e e a a — e se p h v r th y commit f ult , oth rwi it is no e t r quired .

9 h n h k l T e n i t e Masa a a. T h . i th s p e Masa

a a is e t h e s and as n as k lp , which limit d to fir t l t Ji , requires that no one stay longer at a place than a

n s w as not i e a e on t h e n e mo th . Thi mp r tiv i t r

e a na O n t h e n a s e m e s . e m di t Ji co tr ry, om of th s a e in t h sa e a e t en ns ea s t y d e m pl c for millio of y r . T h e I nstitut e do es not requi re any one to stay in t h e same pl ace for a month if h e h a ve a prop er

m a n i en eas n h e a e e ts . r o , y l v duri g curr cy

’ h P r ii n 1 0 T h e t en is t e a sh a a a a . . th y K lp By Paryfish ana is mea nt t h e religiou s sess ion of

n h a ns s is a a t h e Sages duri g t e r i . Thi ye rly es a and is s e en ne a s f tiv l , it po itiv ly joi d th t uch a s ess io n of th e A ss embly of Sages s hould com mence o n t h e fift h d ay afte r t h e new moon of * Bli ad rapad .

W l ra th e r t ri i a l a nec o t es intro u c e e h a ve h e re s e ve ra v d d d , T R A 8 KALPA su .

I now proceed to mention t h e qualities of t h e plac e wh ere th e Institut e of th e Paryush ana is to

e T h e Sa es e ain se en a s in be p erform d . g r m v ty d y t h e sa e a e nl ess e e be a eas n for m pl c , u th r good r o

n P e eas ns s o n are th e removi g. rop r r o for doi g foll owing : Not being able to find a proper place to sleep on th e difficulty of procuring provisions ; t h e occurrence of any disaster ; t h e fear of hostil e

a n I n h c as s s e e ns di sease . su c e ov r ig , , or bodily p i

an e a e A e it is lawful to remove to oth r pl c . plac is n s a ns e s be e i se u fit, if it w rm with i ct , if it oth rw

n ean e e one is e in ea mu s u i u cl , if th r k pt dr d of q

I n s a es is es fire se en s . s e to , , or rp t uch c it prop r

e A a n t h e Sa es s e a n a e e . to r mov g i , g hould r m i ft r th e n s are e e t h e a ns con four mo th compl t d, if r i t inu e so as to make th e roads impassabl e on ac n th n th e . e n e e s e cou t of mud Th o ly, how v r, hould

n n th n P a es Sages remai beyo d e mo th of Kartik . l c suitable for carrying on th e religious exercises of th e s eason are places wh ere th ere is n ot much

e e e e are not an ee n ns e s mud , wh r th r m y cr pi g i ct ,

e e e e are n o es at a is an e wh r th r impuriti , d t c from

en e e t h e e t h e a n s wom , wh r produc of cow bou d , wh ere t h e body of t h e p eople is large and resp ect a e e e e e are s ans and me bl , wh r th r good phy ici di

to sh ew th e en e t o f iffere nt forms o f reli io u s ract ic e all b fi d g p , t en din g t o pro ve t h at different disp o sitio n s re qu ire d ifferent

t reatmen t . T INTRODU C ION . 9

nes eas a e e e e e are th e a ci ily procur bl , wh r th r h bit a tio ns of household e rs who are livi ng with th eir fam l es w e e a e and a n are a n an , i i , h r c ttl gr i bu d t

e e t h e n is a s e e e th e a ans wh r ki g ju t rul r , wh r Br hm a nd thos e of th eir party do not treat our Munis

n e e e is eas red with co t mpt , wh r food ily procu , wh e re readi ng of th e sacre d books can be purely

e e and e e e e is en and e e p rform d , wh r th r op l v l i n a a . S a a e en s grou d to w lk bout uch pl c , th , to be es ee e a a e and e e th e es a t m d f vour bl , th r f tiv l

th e s a e es is be en of cr d r t to Wh ,

en th e Sa es are met ee t he Par fish ana th , g to k p y , this K alp a Sfit ra is to be read for t h e attainm ent

v of m erit during fie days . This I nst itute is like

n a a n t h e s t h e n a n th e I dr mo g god , Moo mo g

ea enl d es R a a a n s e s a a h v y bo i , m mo g j u t rul r , K m — e a a n el ne men R a a d v mo g w l proportio d , mbh a n ea en Bh ambh a a n s mo g b utiful wom , mo g mu i e a s A iravat a n e e an s R a ana a n i u , mo g l ph t , v mo g

. a n a en e s A a a a n se men d ri g dv tur r , bh y mo g wi ,

’ Sa t m n a a a n lac es r i a o n j y mo g holy p , humil ty m g

s a es a n e a s t he n ne virtuou qu liti , gold mo g m t l , i e e e a n a e th e s a e man - ee l tt r d mo g ch rm l, tr wb rry go tr a n ees S a a n fa es the a mo g tr , it mo g ithful wiv , Git

H ere a ain an illus tra t i e ane c o t e i o mi g v d s tted .

T his is a T irt h a o f th e a ins t h irt -fo ur mile s fro m f J , y h Bh o w nag u r in G uz ara t .

Pro ba l Srimau Ma havirii a N am I b y y ah . 1 0 KA LPA s uT R A . am n ns i e wr n s s a n e es o g i p r d iti g , mu k mo g p rfum , * san a n a es e e t h e ea gold d mo g rticl of comm rc , p

a n d ancerst t h e five ‘ marked c olt a n cock mo g , l mo g

ses th e a e al a n i s hor , w t r of immort ity mo g l quid ,

e e e a n a es th e ful s n m lt d butt r mo g gr vi , duti o

Salabh ad ra a n en en s Santinat h a n mo g j oym t , mo g th e e s s eminat h a n as e e giv r of gift , N mo g ch t r li

ns s en s an ana a n es s th e an gio tud t , N d mo g for t , Ch

ana a n s en sh a n es and d mo g wood , fri d ip mo g virtu ,

n a n I n fin t h e ain e e ns . e t h e J r ligio mo g r ligio , Kalpa Sutra is th e g em in th e crown of all reli

es e e is no s e h giou s institut . Th r god up rior to t e

A a a n Sa e n o e ss s e rh t (J i g g) , futur bli up rior to

i e a n n o h a e s e Sri Mukti (l b r tio ) , oly pl c up rior to

Sat run a a and no ns i e s e t h e j y , i p r d book up rior to

s a a is an e e —esen Sri Kalpa Sutra . Thi K lp v r pr t

a a B a ee e n a e e is es re K lp rum (tr yi ldi g wh t v r d i d) , s in e s ea it s se e a a s t h e Sri ira c , to p k of v r l p rt , V

h arit ra is th e s ee t h e Sri Parsw a Ch arit ra is th e C d, s t h e Sri e Ch arit ra is t h e s e t h e Sri prout , N mi t m ,

ish abh a Ch arit ra is th e an Sth aviravali R br chy top ,

is th e ori inal a w or I n eith er e er h e fiw gfl g , d v ard or saw elsew h ere .

‘ h st r a o u t in h eat r 3 . th os e w o ut a t e . 1 . b

A w h it e h orse w ith lac feet an d face or a ro w n or i b k , b blac k h orse w ith w hit e feet an d face.

ri inal h ere is im ort ant and I th erefore i e i T h e o g p , g v t

‘ e ‘ ars s : a 1garz s rfi Eli

’ 1 2 L S T R A KA PA II .

’ e e n ane in s e s n s se th e w r bor w thi th ir o hou ,

e nd h e a as a as a a t e . form r bull , l tt r bitch By and b e a s th e d a t h e es a t h e me mes y l o , y of f tiv l for

a n n it th e s on hi e t h e u c m e rou d . O r d out b llock

an an a at his — ess and a n to oilm to l bour oil pr , h vi g

re a s en an l e a e procu d uffici t qu tity of mi k, pr p r d rice and milk for t h e d inner of those Brahmans

h es a A t a n who came to t e f tiv l . th t ju cture th e

in i w as t h e s oul his e a bitch , wh ch of moth r, by

e a n n e ul n e e s aw th e is n a c rt i wo d rf k owl dg , po o of * sna e a n th e e and l and k n n it k f ll i to ric mi k , owi g

ul be t h e a s e ea s ne en and wo d c u of gr t mi fortu , w t

T h e a an fl took it out with h er mouth . Br hm ew at h er in a ass n and al s e h er a p io , mo t brok b ck for h er a n s and en an d e h er in th e p i , w t ti d up cow

se and a e a s e a e e e and mil hou , ft rw rd pr p r d mor ric k ,

an es s I n t h e nin and feasted hi s Brahm gu t . eve g th e lman n t h e bull in th e - se oi bou d up cow hou ,

' without giving him an a rticle to eat or drink after

’ n at th e s ff in his a s . e e e d y toil Th r , looki g u r g

t h e ll e a e a a e suf bitch , bu ock xcl im d, Wh t h v I ” fered to -d ay through this s inful s on of min e ! T h e bitch th en also b egan to tell about t h e pain in h er a k en t h e s on w as in n b c ; wh , who ly g dow at no ea is an e e ea ei di s se and gr t d t c , ov rh rd th r cour ,

a ese e e hi s a e and e und erstood th t th w r f th r moth r .

t a: inal a c mmon i sh on festi in th e ori o e o ccasions . a}; g , d v T O U IN R D CT ION . 1 3

e a e h e and fed e th e Imm di t ly got up , th m with

e a ns th e e and and ea n e r m i of ric milk, , l vi g hom , i i e n t he R ishis n i e h is fa e and w t to , to i qu r how th r

es n moth e r could be liberate d from their pr e t s tate .

e a e n m n a th e eas n e Th y, ft r i for i g him th t r o of th ir

a n een n in t es e es a fOrms w as e h vi g b bor h b ti l , th ir h a ving de voted themselves to pl eas ure at improp e r s eas ns an e in e a n e o , comm d d him , ord r to obt i th ir

e a n eat n n e a on lib r tio , to othi g procur d by l bour

h n H e e that fifth d ay of t e mo th . follow d th eir

e ns and t h e a a e a s e a e dir ctio , holid y ft rw rd b c m celebrate d among th e p eople as t he R ishi Pan

I am n ow to m entio n t he a uthor of t h e Kalpa

ra H e w as Sri a a a Sv mi an Slit . a Bh dr B hu , a s e s a w as e a a n e ccompli h d chol r, who w ll cqu i t d with t h e een an es his s ub ec tt and a d is fourt br ch of j ,

a n t ing u is h ed t each er . T ki g for his guide t h e — ‘ s e e na e t he D asas ru t askand ha A sh work h r m d , t amadh a a na and th e s s e a e B a y y , di cour c ll d r tya kh ana in h e n n n e a n es—h e y , which fou d i br ch

l compos ed t h e Kalpa S itra . H e wrote t h e firs t

T h is is t h e na me g ive n t o t h e ima g es o f th e B udd his t

Sa es a t E llo ra K arli & c . no t ains o nl b u t H in g , , , by J y , by d us

and rah mans . I t w as to a in Sa es th en t ha t t h is rah B J g , , B man

w n t and w as t h e m ta u h t to c han e t he mo t im e . by g g s p era tive

is re li io n in to a f fe as t o f h g as t .

“ 1 I n t h e o rig inal ié ’ 1 4 T nA KALPA st I . branch with a s olid pi ece of ink as large as an e e an t h e se n a e e as a e as l ph t , co d with pi c l rg two e e an s th e t on e t h e s z e e l ph t , hird with i of ight , th e s x een t h e si - t h e fifth of i t , xth of thirty two , s e en s - th e e on e n e v th of ixty four, ighth of hu dr d and en -e t h e n n n e and tw ty ight, i th of two hu dr d

fift -six th e en five n e and e e th e y , t th of hu dr d tw lv , e e e n one san and en - t h e l v th of thou d tw ty four,

e t w o san and -e th e tw lfth of thou d forty ight , thir t eent h san and n ne —six th e of four thou d i ty , four t eenth of eight thousan d one hundred and ninety

o a th w n two . S th t e whole as written with sixtee — thousand three hundre d and eighty three pi eces of

‘ ’ x ink ea t h e s z e an ele h ant and is e e , ch i of p th r

’ a th e Mah a u ru h th e fore c ll e d p s ( great male) r.

It s essen e is s n and e e e c mo t profou d ; th r for , though a man h ad a thousan d tongues in one mo nth and in one eas e e n e e s , br t p rf ct k owl dg , till h e would be unable duly to c elebrate t h e maj esty

h a u a of t e K lpa S tr . O n t h e e vening of t h e fifth d ay of t h e ne w moon

Bhad ra ad th e eadin th e se ns th e of p , r g of ctio of

itra n w m a a Sl e e . as ea a e ak K lp comm c d It r d , ft r

This ri icu lou s st or w ith it s eomet rical ro ression d y, g p g , w ill serve t o init iat e th e rea der a little in t o th e ex travag an t

m f mo ern ain x r n syst e o d J e ag g e atio .

’ Th is is a rah man ical w o r fo r th e eit and o n th at 1 B d D y, ac co un t h ere u se d . T CT I f) IN RODU ION . in n es s n s e o ne a n e th e g co f io , by om ppoi t d for

s e w e all th e es th e Sa es s at in th e purpo , hil r t of g “? a ttitude of de vout lis teners This w as th e anci e nt

a e h as een s e se e a s e pr ctic , but it b up r d d by om wh a t diffe rent ritu al s i nc e th e ni ne hundre d and ‘ e e ea h r Mah vira r A t a ighti th y r of t e e a of a . th t

e at A nand a u ra now a e Bad na ar e tim , p , c ll d g , liv d

n D h ru vas e na H e h ad a a s on Ki g i. d e rly beloved na e Sena a a w ho n e e ee d e a m d g j , by divi d cr i d th t

ea at th en n h r us n y r e comm cem e t of t e Pa y h a a .

T h e n w as e e e w e and n o e ki g ov rwh lm d ith gri f, mor - came t o th e place w h e re t h e Sages li ve d to pay his “ es e s and a in t h e sa n A s is r p ct ; , ccord g to yi g, t h e n s o are t h e su b ect sq t h e an e s and ki g j , b k r

e an s and e s ai e in e r a en an e m rch t , oth r , f l d th i tt d c , a nd as n e n e n Per occ io ed great d trim e t to r ligio . c e ivin s t h e R e s e en t h e g thi , ligiou Dir ctor w t to “ n D hruvas ena and sa n h Ki g , id , O ki g , t rough your in dulgence in gr ie f th e w hole city and all t h e

n a n s o B cou try rou d is ove rwh elme d with rrow . e

e e e e 0 in th at ~ life is ee n a nd m mb r, how v r , k g, fl ti g, t h e world i nsipid It is not prop er for a king lik e

ns u e in t h e a n e n n e an you , i tr ct d J i r ligio , to i dulg y

T h e o rig inal is w mfia t ec h nic al w o rd a mo ng th e

Jains .

“

45 o r 4 1 . r f . P 3 1 See e ace . 1 B . C

P T his c it is ro l th e s ame as Bala bh i. I See re fa c e . y p bab y g w m r w m : 1 6 s uT nA KALPA .

in e e r a n n more gri f. W a e t pres e t goi g on with t h e el s ns e a e th e a a Su a r igiou I titut c ll d K lp tr , which produces much profit to th e h earers by “ ea in t h e n s a n a es br k g bo d of ctio . If your m j ty

e t h e a e th e e i s ee n will com to pl c of r l giou m ti g, it is in th se e n ea T h n e cour of b i g r d . e king c o sen e and th e e w as ea e re him and t d , whol r d b fo his l e s at nine sitt in sl e at t h e sa e fo low r g , whil m

esen s h E e time they brought pr t to t e Sages . v r

' after this th e custom prevailed ofreading t h e Kalpa

Su a e e th e e e ene a and e e e tr b for p opl g r lly ; th r for ,

a n e a e ea . ccordi g to form r pr ctic , I r d it to you It is an ns e en e a e Sura s Se a I titut v r t d by (god ) , ur

e ns men and en and s e e (d mo ) , by wom ; who o v r

ee es s en s e in a s t h e e thr tim li t to it , p rform g l o r li

ns es a are sui a b e - t h e as n gio duti th t t l to occ io ,

h es l ss T h e ean n obtains t e high t b i . m i gs of t h e

a a Su a are nfin e as n e s as th e a ns K lp tr i it , um rou gr i

san on t h e n of all t h e e s on th e ea of d bri k riv r rth , in th or th e drop s of w at er e s ea . How then can on e mi e n e en e i e me e a n e ? of li t d i t llig c , l k , xpl i th m

e e e ess n a a b e as am I s all a e at N v rth l , i c p l I , , h m k

mfina mrai "l Five d ays w ere o ccu pied mornin g an d e venin g in readin g t h e o rig inal an d h earin g its ex p osition . Formerly th e firs t d ay

ms t o h a e een a ro en d a an e en in les son onl ein see v b b k y, v g y b g

N ow th e time is lle u rea in at th e las t sittin rea d . fi d p by d g g m . m en t inal a secon time w ith o u t c o . a ll th e orig d , I N T R O D U T I C ON . 1 7

leas t t h e a tte mpt to read th e I ns titute before this

s as s e propitiou mbly .

T he five l n es are s e fol owi g duti tho , which , with

a us be e e d n th e ea n out f il , m t p rform d uri g r di g

t he T h n o of work . e re ve re ci ng of t h e im a ges f — de ified sai nts ve nerati ng th e Sages th e yearly — — co nfes s io n mutual forgive ne ss of faults th e right

n a s i. c fas n d a and e . o ne e ki d of u t rity ( ti g whol y , eati ng bu t o ne m eal o n t he prec eding and s uccee d “ in d a es e s es e t h e l n e s g y) B id th , fol owi g r ligiou

a s ar n ct e i cumbe nt upo n th e Sravakas t . T h e

n t h e a a Su a e a nd . en writi g of K lp tr , t xt comm t ,

is a s e a s n e t he ea n a ne which p ci l duty , i c h ri g lo ma y become t h e m eans of liberation afte r t h e

ns a n e s e t h third tra migr tio . Th y hould p rform e

as s as far as ei s E e e f t th r ability p ermit . v rywh re in t h e city proclamation is to be made bv s ou nd

t n r a e n a n c e t ure . of rump t , forbiddi g to kill y livi g l

’ famfimrzt annmgé zfis tarsfi' amfam ai

l t h e a in it . A u ito rs t o . a T d , J y

' I T his is c alled t h e W HE N ; A s o k a s fa mo u s e dic ts s ee m t o h a e e e n s u c h a ro c la ma tio n c o mmit te to wr itin v b p d g ,

n ra o n s to ne t o re n e r th e m mo r erm n nt Fro m and e g ve d d e p a e . th is a nd o th e r plac e s it a ppea rs th a t o n t h e J a in laity t h e fo l — lo w in g tive d ut ie s a re a t a ll t ime s inc umben t Me rey t o a ll li in c rea t u res t he i in o f ifts th e c h e ris hin o f io u s v g , g v g g , g p 1 8 A KALPA suT R .

G s are als be a e in a e esse s ift o to m d prop r v l , uch as e e —nu t a-n s and so s d is b t l , coco ut , forth piou pos ition s are to be c h erish e d ; all worldly plan s for t h e time aban don ed ; t h e I mages of tho se divin e beings who hav e overcome th e passions are

be s h e and t h e a s s A sse to wor ipp d , u piciou mbly of

Sa s n a T h e d is be a e in a ge ve er ted . bo y to pl c d devotional pos ition for t h e destruction of works . Continence als o is to be pres erved ; all show and

a a e are be e e e and m n e e en e p r d to r j ct d, o y xp d d ’ a n e e ne s ean s and a e u s ccordi g to v ry o m , r ligio es T h e t he a a Su a f tival observed . book of K lp tr s ul en be e sen e e s e e en e ho d th pr t d with r ligiou r v r c ,

a is sa a e a n th e n th t to y, ft r h vi g brought book i to t he se and t h e e e e e a n n n e hou , p opl th r h vi g co ti u d

a n all ni in t h e n n a in a e w tchi g ght , mor i g, h v g c ll d t h e nha an s t he and a n as on i bit t of city, h vi g c t

e saf n e and en e e e -nut th m fro powd r, giv th m b t l , th e booki s to be put into t h e hands of a youth

n n n e n T h e e e mou ted o a lepha t . whol multitud are n ow t o a an s and s n n ccomp y it with mu ic i gi g, and a e in t h e an s th e s i a e to pl c it h d of p ritu l guid , for t h e se e n ea e a s a e re purpo of b i g r d, whil uit bl p s ent to procure ne cessari es for th e rea der is als o

b a H e es en s t h e e t h e to e m de . who pr t volum of

a a Su a all ese e e n es and K lp tr with th c r mo i , com

is o sition s w orsh i of th e ima es o f th e T irth ankars an d d p , p g ,

’ ven erat ion an d su pport of th e priesth o o d .

T H E A LPA T K s U nA .

B O O K I .

’ T H E L I FE O F M A H AV l R zV

p H A PT E R I .

I H S I N CA R N A T IO N .

A d o ra tio n to the sages who ha ve risen to be w r fd ivin o o r A d o r i o thy o e h n u . a t on to those who h ve a tta ined e e tion A d or t o t a p rfc . a i n o those who re ula te our reli ious services A d or tion ur g g . a to o

T h e ro e r na me o f t h e las t T irth an kar is V ard h amzina p p , b ut ot h in t h is w o r and in c o mmo n usa e th e a o e e ith e t b k g b v p , mea nin th e H ero h as so c o m le te l u s ur e th e la c e o f t h e g , p y p d p o t h e r t ha t it w o u l be a ffe c ta tio n to m a e t h e re u i re s ubs ti , d k q d

t u tio n in t he t ra n s la t io n . 22 sUT R A KALPA . s iritua l instr uc tors A d ora tion to the e in p . sag s every pa rt ofthe w orld

Such is the ve old a d ora tion the d es tro er o fif , y f “ a ll sin a nd o a ll brin ers c ood ortune the most , f g g g f ,

rtuna te fo .

T h e e ne a e as e a avi a in th e a e and v r bl c tic M h r , g

e w w e s ea met five s tim of hich p k , with propitiou conjunctions un der t h e constellation (K ath-ut t arai)

i U t t ara hal u ni i e e as l s h e d e p g , wh ch w r fol ow ; s en e a e in U t t ara h al u ni and en e e c d d from bov p g , t r d

’ on t h e foetal state ; in U t t araphalg u ni h e w as removed from one womb to an oth er h e w as born al s h e w as s a e i e se and e n a o h v d l k wi , from b i g

s e e e a e a s e es s an e e and hou hold r b c m hou l w d r r, , ‘ as in U t t ar h al uni r h e a ne a ea l tly, ap g , obt i d th t r l

T h e orig inal of th is Jain G ayat ri is as follo w s ‘ — an? wflt arw mi} firs rat an? s trat um? as} w a rm? an? aim s ea w a s

T I n e x plan ation o f w h at is mean t by bein g u n der a c on stellation t a e th e follo w in ex am le , k g p

h f th in P . t e n d a o e H u ear Ch arit ra D viti a S . seco y , , d y d y o fSa a 1 768 c orres on in to March 29 1 84 6 w as un er t h e k , p d g , , d c o n st ellat ion A svini th e rst in th e s eries th e n ex t d a March , fi ; y ,

i 30 w as u n er h aran i th e se c on o fth e series and s o o n t ill , d B , d ; all th e t w ent -s e en c on st ellation s w ere c om lete w h en th e y v p d ,

n n ith t h e 28th d a o r A ril 25 E ch s eries e a a ew w . a of b g y , p th ese const ellatio ns is n o w i i e into fou r arts c alle feet d v d d p , d , ’ L E I F OF MAH A VI RA .

a nd s e e s and e e n is upr m wi dom p rc ptio , which

n n e in it s s e s n a a e in it s n i fi it ubj ct , i comp r bl ki d ,

e a e ee all s a s ne imp rturb bl , fr from ob curity , touch to

all l a e n s and e e in a l it s s . for oth r thi g , p rf ct p rt

w as n e Svati e e a th e a ne It u d r , how v r, th t lord obt i d

an essa n a n and ee Nirv (c tio from ctio , fr dom from

es r d i e) .

In s a e and at a e t h e a a e thi g , th t tim , dor bl as e a a ira in t he sti e s eas n in t he c tic M h v , mm r o ,

r nt in t he e - na n n fou th mo h , right d mi lu tio , duri g t h e n eas n n A shad ha and on its s i cr i g moo of , ixth d a es en e t h e all- s s e - e es a y , d c d d from joyou up r c l ti l * a e a le Push ot tara e t h e s bod c l d p , which , lik lotu a n e s is t he e all t he s e - e es a mo g flow r , chi f of up r c l ti l a s e a n e a ne en eans bod e . Th re h vi g r m i d tw ty oc of

ea s and e en e t he e es ne in y r , xp d d lif d ti d for him

a a e a n n s e t h e a ns a th t pl c , h vi g fi i h d ctio of th t s a e and a as e his e es a r t he t t , l id id c l ti l fo m , without s a es n e a e h e es en e s m ll t i t rv l of tim , d c d d to thi eart in t h e n nen Jambu d vi a in th e h co ti t of p ,

n a a a a s a a a a a a s a cou try of Bh r t V r h , th t Bh r t V r h

es t he s e n t he which li to outh (of M ru) , duri g

r en s A vas ar ini a e a e t h e a cu r cyof thi p ( g ) , ft r H ppy

viz l n il r a r s s an d n iro n fo o t eac h les s luc . a o e a s e a a , g d , v , b , ; ky

a th n th e p re ce ding .

T h es e are th e a o es th e ains ca lle V inuina a t e rm b d by J d , u s ed t h e ra h ma ns fo r a c ele s tia l ca r o r a n o th e r in o f by B , y k d o c c nveya n e . 4 2 KALPA suT R A .

Happy ag e (cons isting of four hundred billions of

eans ea s h ad asse an d th e - a a e oc of y r ) p d , H ppy g a s ee n e ns and th e a l o (of thr hu dr d billio ) , H ppy mixe d w ith Mis ery likewise (of two hun dre d bil

n s and t h e se a e n e Ha ness lio ) , Mi r bl ti g d with ppi (of on e hundred billions of Ocean s of years) w as als o — s en e e san and s e en - u p t, xc pt forty two thou d v ty fo r

ea s and e n s and a a a e en y r , ight mo th h lf, ft r tw ty one T irthankars h ad een n t h e be b bor , of tri of

Ikshvaku and a i as a a and in t h e , f m ly of K y p , two

H arivansa e and a a a a . en trib , f mily of G ut m Tw ty

ee T irth a kars h ad en as se a a en t h e thr n th p d w y , wh

’i a a e as e M ah avira t h e as t h e T irt h ank dor bl c tic , l t of ars and n e as a a n s n , poi t d out bout to obt i thi dig ity

se e e e his a e as a by tho who pr c d d him, took up bod

oe s in t h e th e a man D evan andi f tu womb of Br h i , of th e a alandh ara e R ish abh a a a f mily of J , wif of D tt

a an t h e a l a a t h e Br hm , of f mi y of Kod l , of city of

Ku nd a am at th e e t h e n at a fort u g , middl of ight , nate conjunction of t h e moon and planets having

e his ea en an e e his e es a l ft h v ly b qu t, quitt d c l ti l a e an d a as e his e In e e bod , l id id form r body. r f r

T h e orig in al o fth ese epith et s o fMah avira so o ft en u s ed is

‘ ‘ g q fi“M i Th ey migh t p erh ap s b e e qu ally w ell ren dered

T h S n rit t ran slati n i h A c etic L or . e a s o s t e s d k , W @

W ears ’ L E o r A £25 I F MAH VIR A . enc e to this transaction there are three ki nds of knowledge t h e a dorable as c etic M ahavira may be s s e a e h a d a h e w as es en tha t uppo d to h v th t to d c d , h e h ad t a h e w as e s en n tha t h e h ad no t h t d c di g,

n h n e t h d a d a e h ad es e tha h e a . th t d c d d , 0 11 th at ve ry night o n which t h e adorable ascetic Mahavira took th e form of an embryo in th e D evanandi th e fa a an womb of , of mily of J l

a a t h e s a e D evanand i w as n o n h er dh r , m lyi g couch , a nd a fter sleeping a s hort time wak e ne d up after s ee n th e w n s e e en s er i g follo i g mo t xc ll t , pro p ity

e n e - es n ea - nfe n for bodi g, vil d troyi g , w lth co rri g, for

s e e s in a a T h t unat e e e . e e s , d light om obj ct dr m obj ct

e e as s : an e e an a l a i n t h e w r follow l ph t, bul , l o ,

ess La s a a an e s t h e n godd k hmi , g rl d of flow r , moo , t h e s u n a il a ens n a a e ar t h e s , m it ry ig , l rg j , lotu la e t h e sea i t h e e es a es en e th e k , (of m lk) , c l ti l r id c of sa es a e n ea s a s e ess a e g , coll ctio of p rl , mok l fl m of

S w e e t h e r een s e el en s e uch r fou t mo t xc l t , pro p rity

e d n e l - es n ea - nfe n for bo i g , vi d troyi g , w lth co rri g, for

’ t unat e d eli ht some r ea s D evanand i , g dr m which

T h e origin al is as fo llo w s we ar e fit? wfirfim m Hfil W m

9

This a nd s imilar re et it io ns w ith w h ic h th e o ri in a la o un s T p , g b d ,

I s h all in fu t u re g ene ra lly o mit . 2 K T R A 6 A LPA su . saw a and e e and i a ea l ed . Gl d d light d, w th h rt fi l

ease and a il e a sensa n with joy , pl d pl cid, wh tio of

eas e s e all h er s l e a pl ur tol through ou , lik th t which affects t h e kadamba blossoms wh en mois tened by a s e a n all th e a s h er how r of r i , with h ir of body s an in in e r es w e and t d g upright th i por ith d light,

ee n t h e rea l e in h er n sh e k pi g d m firm y fix d mi d,

h r en r got up from e couch . Th without hu ry or

e a n e a i n n and et pr cipit tio , or p rturb t o of mi d, y

e a t h e s a e a a s an sh e without d l y, with t t ly g it of w , went to t h e plac e where R ish abh a D atta Brahman * w as and sa u n him s in all sat , l ti g by wi h g him joy ,

n at h er eas e on a a e rta e sea and dow l rg comfo bl t,

en n n h er h an s so as n t h e t en na s th joi i g d , to bri g il

e e and a n a e h er ne an s on tog th r, h vi g pl c d j oi d h d h er eh ea sh e s a esse him O e e for d, thu ddr d b lov d

t h e s -ni I w as n s e n on of god , to ght lyi g, lumb ri g

and a e s e e n a e s rt e I my couch , ft r l pi g v ry ho tim , a woke after seeing fourt een remarkable dreams ;

e e e an e e ant & c O e e th e od st th y w r l ph , b lov d of g , ” me a n ese s ns n t ell wh t good fortu e th vi io porte d .

e e n R ish abh a a a a man a n a e Th r o D tt Br h , h vi g c r

‘ ' a? m fia am 3 3 13? is th e origin al ofthis ancient

form o f salutatio n .

” Th is is th e famou s ancien t title D evanu i a so c ommon in 1 , p y ,

’ a s e ic t s but w hi ch n ow th e rah mans is a lie t o A sok d , by B pp d

sill o r a c raz erson as ifin c ontem t o fth e h ol ers ofth e a y y p , p d do ct rine o fN irvan .

2 s T R A 8 KALPA u .

ne in e e and ness proportio d h ight, w ight , thick with e e u e e e and e e in ea v ry limb f lly d v lop d, p rf ct b uty,

a ese n t h e n a e and with form r mbli g moo , gr c ful pleasing to t h e ey e ; to s uch an entirely lovely

n ea n th e s a e child will you give birth . O l vi g t t of childh ood t h e be e e in all t h e n e , will p rf ct i f rior

an es n e e and a e en e n ont h e br ch of k owl dg , ft r t ri g s at e h e s n e e a e e ea t of youth , will oo b com bl to r p t,

e en and l t h e e as t h e Bi e a d f d , upho d four V d , g V d ,

Ya e a Sa a e a and t h e A t harvana e a jur V d , m V d , V d , and th e It ihasa L e en a s is con ( g d ry Hi tory) , which sid ered a e a and t h e N i h ant u Le n fifth V d , g ( xico ) , which may be terme d a s ixth t h e body of divinity

all it s e e s and kn a s e i en with m mb r , ow l o th ir h dd

H e be a a n e th e six m eaning . will cqu i t d with s s ia e e s t h e e a and t h e s ub id ry m mb r of V d , ixth

s a s s e t he san a th e Ma philo ophic l y t m ( khy ) , with

e a s t h e ns e dire s in es and th m tic , I titut which ct rit

e e nies a a P s A na s s s c r mo , Gr mm r, ro ody, ly i of word ,

A s n and e a ani a S es es tro omy, oth r Br hm c l criptur , p ecially that rel ating t oth e state of an asc etic in

’ all ese h e e r fici nt e a o e . O of th will b com p i Thou ,

So Mana H u mana an d Pramana are int er ret e th e , , , p d by

c omment at or.

Th at is till th e a e ofei ht T , g g .

In thi s curiou s assa e i in an accou n t of rah mani l 1 p g , g v g B ca sacre literat u re in th e fth c ent u r ofour era it is remar a le d fi y , k b th at th e a g reemen t w ith th e p resen t st ate of th at literature is

erfe ct w ith th e stri in iscre an c ofomittin alln o tic e ofth e p , k g d p y g I LI FE OF MAH A V RA . 29

e e th e s as nd ee s ee n a ea a b lov d of god , h t i d dr m th t

’ e s e A nd s o s a n h e a a n for bod es pro p rity . yi g g i

It th P u r ns as t h o mmen t ato r s eems r ns . I f h e ihasa be e a e c P u a t , t o th in an d no t th e Mah abh ara t w h ic h h o w e er is fre u en tl k , , , v , q y

th e rah mans as h ere c alle th e fth V e a th en t h ere by B , , d fi d ,

’ w as bu t o ne P urana at th e t ime ac co r in to P ro fess o r W ilso n s , d g c o n e c t ure fro m w h ic h all t h e res t s u trac tio ns and a i j , , by b dd h h t io n s h a e ee n manu fac t ure . A s t e w ole as s a e is an , v b d p g int e re s t in o ne I u t o w n t h e o ri ina l h e re alo n w ith t h e g , p d g , g Sans k rit t ra ns la tio n i mamm al an ti t-law n marita l mafia

- sit ( m i? I m gr: I aim l q g

ah afiw mz l 3 27132 ! zit-313 1 1 W W i z l fim fis fii w ii i Fang s t at us : was its? 3” {is} W s fimm l W WW W at 333mm fl irt aim

“ - si r( a : 1 art s ; Fatima w w m fafifit I t urm

' e mi: u gaflwsé vfiq u affirm} a r w

fzfilfm é l fiufmm mfii 331 1 siz zm l 3 0 KALPA sUT R A .

an d again gave expression t o his sympath etic joy.

T h e a ani D evanandi on t h e e an Br hm , oth r h d , ha vi ng thus re ce ive d t he in terpretation of h er

ea n en el e e and a ea dr m co fid tly b i v d it, with h rt

e a ness and e a ain omi n h er fill d with gl d d light , g j g

an s and a s n e h er e ea s h d , r i i g th m to for h d, thu “ a esse h er s an : So be 0 e e ddr d hu b d it, b lov d of t h e s be as as sa d god , it thou h t i No word of l t hine shall fail ; a l s h all be establish ed . My

es e s al be a is e I e a e th e w s d ir h l ccompl h d . mbr c ord

h a al en li O e e t h e t t have f l from your ps . b lov d of

s I n e in t h e th e f l ann n e god , co fid truth of joy u ou c

en e e en t h e a e es ed b ut il e m t . H r th m tt r r t , wh sh e w as delightfully engage d in in quiring of R isha bh a a a n t h e ean n ese na e D tt i to m i g of th fortu t ,

eas e—ns n dreams ' at th e s a e e and pl ur i piri g , m tim s eas n Sa a Sa t h e e and n t h e o kr ( kko) , chi f ki g of

s s in his an th e t n e is god , who hold h d hu d rbolt, t h e es e es t h e e e a n r e d troy r of citi , p rform r of hu d d sa i es h as a san e es - ssesses all t h e cr fic , thou d y , po

a e a s sa i es is th e es e t h e m t ri l for cr fic , d troy r of

a a a a f t h e w a es t h e D ity , lord of th t h l of orld th t li to s e es on A iravat is n e outh (of M ru) , who rid , pri c of t h e Sa as an d ss ess r ee n e and en r , po o ofthr hu dr d tw ty

’ ‘ 3 5 w wfrms i amfr WIfa mrfi 1 15 a gfi g arw wmé g ufis ra m’é fis g aré rg w fufitgirr wfiwfu n ’ I E A L F OF M AH VIRA . 3 1

sa n e es a a es is e in e e e thou d c l ti l bod , cloth d pur th

a es s e ea is en e a a a o n ri l rob , who h d circl d with ti r , whos e ch e eks f all down t h e circular ear-ri ngs made o f ne w and e n t h e e e os gold , d lighti g b hold r , p s es s e ea ea ea s en ea d of gr t w lth , of gr t pl dour, of gr t s en ea a e ea a es and tr gth , of gr t f m , of gr t m j ty , e n n ea e s e s nes it s joyi g gr t f licity , who body hi with o w n a an e has a a an five n s r di c , who g rl d of ki d of

e s a n d n o n his eas s e flow r f lli g ow br t , rightful ov e n o f th e ea e n ans ns s e e n r ig h v ly m io , rightful ov r ig o f e e es a a es es en t h e oth r c l ti l bod , rightful pr id t of divine council w h o sits on th e throne call e d (Sakra )

t h e w h o is t he s n a mighty, lord of god who i h bit t h e thre e hundred and twenty thousan d c el estial mans ns th e e - san e a s io , of ighty four thou d qu l god , o f th e - ee s e and se e thirty thr up rior , tho whom th y rece ive i nto th eir company of th e g ua rdian divini * es th e s th e e n a ti of four world , of ight pri cip l

u e e ns t e es s th e ee n s q , with th ir dom tic , of thr cou cil , o f th e s e en an es t h e arm t h e s v br ch of y i of god , who protect t h e lives of th e eighty- four thousand

( livinities and es s and d ess es , multitud of god god

es es w I s a e n s t h e s e e n b id , to hom y b lo g ov r ig ty ,

l n th f n n T h e L u na r th e I nferna a d o se o V aru a a d K u e ra . , , v

i la n rik hini P a m a Si a Sac h i A n a A ura N ava zi R o . t d , v , , j , , ,

M us ic ians ac to rs h o rse s e le h a nts c h ario ts fo o t -s o l ie rs 1 , , , p , , d ,

- lo s s a s h e o mme n T his is iff ren t a nd a a e u l c s o t C t . e b g g g b k , y d fro m th e ra h ma nic a l es c ri tio n o f an a rm b u t t his an d B d p y , ma n o t h e r c urio us o int s mus t be le ft to th e re flec tio ns o f y p , h re a e r ac ua in t w ith a h m n i t t e d q ed B r a ic al l te ra u re . ' 3 2 SIJT R A KALPA .

e ains es en and a s e priority , chi ft hip , pr id cy, b olut

an all s as a e n and comm d of thi v t rmy, dir cti g pro

ee n all e e n h e w as en n a m s t ti g ; whil th joyi g voc l u ic , t he an e and th e s n t h e s n t h e e t h e d c o g, ou d of pip ,

in th e a th e e t h e a ne viol , cymb l , timbr l , t mbouri , and t h e -s n n a a n ne loud ou di g drum , p rt ki g of divi * e h e a n e e ne infinit e as d light, with k owl dg xt to c t his eyes with an all- embracing V iew down on t h e

n nen Jambu d vi a e n e a co ti t of p , p rmitti g th m to ro m

” “ all abroad till t hey lighted on t h e place where t h e adorable ascetic Mahavira h ad just become incar na e in t h e n nen Jambud vi a in t h e e n t , co ti t of p , r gio of Bharata Varsha; th at part of Bharat a which lies

th e s e in t h e K und a rama to outh (of M ru) , city of g , t h e a an al s n in th e w m t h e Br hm ic divi io , o b of

a an D evanandi th e e alandh ara t h e Br hm i , of trib ofJ ,

e t h e a an R ish abh a a a th e t e wif of Br hm D tt , of rib

a a O n e n a and e e . s of Kod l b holdi g thi , gl d d light d, and a ea e a e and l e w with h rt full of joy, l t d fi l d ith

eas e in a s a e t h e s en an n e s a pl ur , t t of mo t ch ti g c t cy , and with his whole so ul abs orb e d in a tran sport

d e an d e th e s e e - s e n a a a of light , lik w t m lli g k d mb

ss s a e a s e a n a n all th e blo om ft r how r of r i , h vi g

a s his e e l e s o an e fila h ir of body r ct , ik m y flow ry

en s ss n in t e es and a e and m t , blo omi g h ir por , with f c — e es ese n a n s th e ea y r mbli g full blow lotu , b utiful

a e e s and a e a e s h e e s a br c l t c rv d rml t , which wor h k

i l e in nit I t is nl T irt h nk r h o I n th e o ri na lik e . o a a s w g , fi y h av e infinite kno w ledg e . E A I LI F OF M AH V RA . 3 3

in o n his a a h is n ea r- n s a nd t h e g him , ti r , lo g ri g ,

a a n a ne his b eas and all t h e g rl d which dor d r t, j e wels with w hich h e w as ornamented thrown i nto

n h e es e n s in as e his ne commotio , d c d h t from thro ,

s e s n th e s a nd a an n t p dow from foot tool , dv ci g

s e e al a es n a t h e e es a s a in v r p c , I dr , lord of c l ti l , cl d .

h is es n and a ne all his rob of ho our , dor d with

e e s s ed h is e e th e s es na e n e j w l , loo from f t ho or m t d

a s n n a s - az s nes and e with d rk hi i g l pi l uli to , oth r

e e s se t in e a ne a s and n j w l , th m by divi rti t, throwi g

i ’ " his sea ess ro be e h is e s e a nd n ml ov r l ft hould r , joi

in h is an s so as n t he na s t e e h e g h d to bri g il og th r, a dvanced still seven or eight steps in t h e direction

th e T irth ankar en ne e n s o as e e his of , wh k li g to k p

e ne e i e his w as on t h e n h e l ft k up, wh l right grou d ,

e h is ea e e es th e ea ee n bow d h d thr tim to rth , k pi g it each time for a s hort period in t h e pos ture O I a ra n and a e a s a s n his a s w t do tio , ft rw rd r i i g rm i h t h e an s s o n e as n t h e na s e e h d u it d to bri g il tog th r , a nd s a n e his e ea h e thu c rryi g th m up to for h d , “ ‘ s e as o l s : A a n t he vene ra ble r pok f l ow dor tio to , w o rs hi ful er e a ll e o s r s p i p form r of pr vi u wo k § , who

" 1 A rih an t .

Bh ag a vzin .

A dh ikzira a na me I V e n t o ra h ma e A i a ra Sa ns . a g , , g B D v

ra h ma ns bu t h e re t o he u n e rs t o o a s a bo e t h e re a s o n by B , d d v ; g ive n by t h e c o mme nt a tm' fo r pe rfo rma n c e o f w o rk s be ing ' 3 4 T R A KALPA SIJ .

' x' es th e eans salvation t h e s e -in procur m of , lf s t ruct ed t t h e e s men t h e n a n en , b t of , lio mo g m i, t h e e s a n men t h e ea n e e an chi f lotu mo g § , l di g l ph t a n men th e es a s th e ea e mo g , b t of mort l , l d r of

a s e a a n a n a s th e mort l , lik l mp hu g up mo g mort l ,

ad a m a s t h e es e e e s e irr i tor of ort l , b tow r of p rf ct cu

w h o es w s n e e a s n th e es a lis e rity, b to i t ll ctu l vi io , t b h r

t h e w a fe th e e eas a ess th e of y of li , giv r of y cc ,

e e t h e ea ea e t h e es a s e giv r of lif , gr t t ch r , t bli h r of

e n t h e e e u s n s n t h e d r ligio , giv r of r ligio i tructio , lor

e n th e a ee e n t h e e e of r ligio , ch riot r of r ligio , mp ror of thos e who h ave entered on th e fo ur religious s a es t h e sa u a n nen th e as t t , vio r of co ti t , ylum of

se w h o a t h e e e e O f s e tho pply to him , r c iv r tho who see n es e s is ee all k i d tructibl wi dom , who fr from

a and en e t he n e se an d fr ud viol c , co qu ror of him lf,

ea i n e s n e e se es th e sa t ch g oth r to co qu r th m lv , viour

se and th e sa e s se er of him lf, viour of oth r , him lf p

ee in s and a n s e s f t wi dom , imp rti g wi dom to oth r , t h e e an a se and t h e e an a m cip tor of him lf, m cip tor of

e s ss esse n s en e s ee n all e is en oth r , po d of om i ci c , i g x t t

e n s ee a n and ns a i s ease b i g , fr from p i i t bil ty , from di and e a and n ot a e n es ssesse d c y, li bl to i juri , po d of

hi h l Tirth an ara w c I ex ain a s a o e . k , p b v 1” Sayamsambu d dh anam 11131 1 23 1 fiat

T r il l h i n I o t ear me c ess y t e p ass o s .

T o c o er th em w it h h is ro t ec tio n as th e lo t u s o es th e v p , d

r h i l w at e wit ts eav es .

3 T A 6 KALPA su n .

* e an A a a Ch akravartit a V as e a to com , rh t , , ud v };

e e es r in a n e a i an n a e r c iv bi th obl f m ly , ho or bl

amil a a am a s a a a as in f y, roy l f ily, K h triy f mily,

4 t h e a l Ikshvaku t h e H arivan sh a a l f mi y of , or f mi y ,

' r l e e o s ome s uch of pure des cent . Now tru y th r threatens to take place a won der which h as n ever

a ene n or d o es a en nor l a en in t h e h pp d , h pp , wi l h pp

t h e u s e in fin e U t sar inis world throughout co r of it p § ,

A va r inis H i n t h act and sa . s s e p fir t origi , of

n a ami na e s be s as givi g him f ly m , mu t uch to

ns rt an n e a n n es a e n e co o with u d c yi g , i d crib bl , i d

h r s t ru ct ible en n . I sa en a t e r ow y , th , th t bi th of

an A a a a a ar a Balad eva a as e a rh t, Ch kr v ti , , or V ud v

h as n ot ak en a e nor es n or il a e a e t pl c , do , w l t k pl c

in a as e s e e n e e e a low c t , rvil , co t mptibl , poor, b gg rly ,

s e ah an a l s a n ne e mi rly, or Br m f mi y, uch thi g ith r

w as is n or s a l be and et th e ene a e as e , , h l , y v r bl c tic Mahavira h as j ust n o w des c en ded to t h e cont in ent

Jambu d vi a th e n o f a a a t h e of p , cou try Bh r t to

a an s n t h e n K und a rama and Br hm divi io of tow of g ,

T h e h i h es t c las s of s a es amon t h e ain s are w o rth g g g J , y

o f divine h on ou rs .

' I n M a a d hi Ch akkavatti an em ero r a i n w h o h a s t g , , p , k g

o th er king s u n d er h im . I T h e Jain s make Krish n a an d o th ers belon g t o th e c lass o f d emig o ds s tyle d V asu de vas ; B ala R ama th ey make a

i l in ferio r in of emi o Balad eva a s t l . , k d d g d

a e e r fa . Immense cy c le of g es . S P e c e ’ O M A II A V I R A LIF E F .

is n e e in t h e w D e vana nd i t he e co c iv d omb of , wif o f It isha bha Datta ; wh erefore h e is no w abou t

n a n a ne e a e ne no r es doi g thi g th t v r h pp d , do , no r a en n t h e es en an will h pp , duri g pr id cy of y

n a n e a nd n t h e s a an A a I dr , pri c ki g of god , th t rh t s be n in a as e a an fa i hould bor low c t , or Br hm m ly , a n T h d no t o n t he contrary in a noble fa mily . e best thing the n that c an be done is to withdra w t h e ene a e as e a a i a as t h e v r bl c tic M h v r , l t of Tir t h ankars and n ed h is e e ess s , poi t out by pr d c or ,

t h e D evanand i and a e in from womb of , pl c him

' a T ris ala t h e Ksh at ra in t he a th t of , y , of f mily of

as s a e S ar a th e s a a th e V i ht , wif of iddh th , K h triy , of l " a t as a a e s a a d escen . f mily of K y p , both of pur K h triy

A t e ese s h ad asse his n f r th thought p d through mi d , he a e H arine amesi t h e e his essen c ll d g , chi f of m

e s and s a ess e O e e t h e g r , thu ddr d him b lov d of

s a n no w ea ens a e a e god , thi g thr t to t k pl c , which ne ve a ene e e no r no w a ens no r e e r h pp d b for , h pp , v r

a en a t h e an A a s will h pp , th t birth of rh t hould

It is d iffi c ult to s ay w h a t c o u ld h av e ind u c e d th e au th o r t o - in v ent th is rid iculo us s to ry ( unless it w e re to vent h is s pit e

' I in s t th e Bra l1 mans so li e t h e P ura nic le en o f alara ma s g a ) , k g d B

I n th is fa le H arin e ames i ac t s th e art t h a t t ra n s ference . b g p

h co mme nt a r t h e B ra hma ns a s s ig n to Y og an id ra. T e to ant ic i

t s o ec tio ns t o th e s to r and rin s fo rw ar th e rah ma n pa e bj y , b g d B

t h o r T h t w o t o ie ic al leg e nd t o s uppo rt th e c red it o ft h e au . e s r s re no o u t c o n ne c te b u t it ma be o u te w h ic h is t i o d b d , y d b d 3 8 KALPA suT R A .

e in a l w c a e a o ast e a an a a . t k pl c , or Br hm ic l f mily

e e e O e e th e s Th r for go you, b lov d of god , to t h e s i as e a a i a is n ow c on wor h pful c tic M h v r , who c eive d in th e D evanandi in th e a an womb of , Br hm

s n t h e Ku n d a rama and a divi io of city of g , withdr w

en e and a e in t h e of him from th c , pl c him womb

’ T risala t h e e S a a and e n , wif of iddh rth , r tur quickly , ” and report your diligen ce in this affair Hari * n e amesi e th e ea en ess en e s h a v g , chi f of h v ly m g r ,

” “ in e e v e t h e an s Sa a n and g r c i d comm d of kr , ki g

e th e s e ed and a ea e chi f of g od , d light , with h rt fill d

o in n his an s e e in en with j y, br gi g h d tog th r ( tok of

O e en e e a e ad esse se t h e b di c ) , imm di t ly dr d him lf to ex ecution of t h e orders which h e h ad receive d from t h e t h e n n n mouth of god . Havi g a ccordi gly go e

t h e n -eas a e h e at t h e en e en to orth t qu rt r , , comm c m t

his n e an e his a a an e e n of jour y, ch g d ppe r c , xhibiti g hims elf in t h e form of a pill ar of in n umerabl e ea es in en n n t h e s e t h e l gu l gth , combi i g lu tr of

a n t h e t h e e e a t h e a th e di mo d , ruby , m r ld , op l ,

ul a at Su an dh a J otivant a A n ana A n ana ula p k , g , y , j , j p ,

J otiresa Sa a a A n a s a a e s y , bh g , k , rock cry t l , m thy t , and e ant e s and t h e ns s en oth r brilli g m , of co i t cy of

in A s . e s r ee n a e a n s a e h e mu l ft r thu p oc di g c rt i p c ,

T h e San s rit i en h ere is H arin ai maish i I su k g v g a . ppo se ” n ift h th e n ame mea s s w er t an a deer . “ h r I giv e h ere t e Sansk rit n ames of th o se g ems of w hich

I c ann t as c rt ain an t h in r in o e y g ce ta . O F A V I LI FE M AH RA . a a n an e his a ea an e and as s n an g i ch g d pp r c , umi g a h e a e a n a e tomic body, d rt d with motio gr c ful ,

a d n e an ee e e an in a r pi , willi g, xult t , fl t, l g t , word , e n e e e an d n e s eas and c o n tir ly p rf ct divi , through t inent s h e a e at ambud ri a at th e s e till rriv d J p , hou

R ish abha a O n en e n h e a n e saw a . t of D tt t ri g , o c t h e s u as e a a i a and s a e wor hipf l , c tic M h v r , pro tr t d

s e e n n D evanand i e . e a as him lf b for him Th h vi g c t ,

all h er a e n an s and a l n a ee with tt d t f mi y , i to d p f" s lee a n e e all e a e h e p , h vi g r mov d impur m tt r , took

a w as e and n n a n n out wh t pur , without i juri g or p i i g t he a a e as e a a a h e a e h im s ur dor bl c tic M h vir , pl c d

n e a ne s e in th e a o ne rou d d with divi lu tr , p lm of

an and e n th e e a e h d, cov ri g him with oth r, c rri d him

O ff t he s a a di s n Ku nd a rama to K h triy vi io of g , to t h e s e t h e s a a S ar a e e w as hou of K h triy iddh th , wh r

’ his w ife T ris ala; having th en cas t h er and h er a en an s n a d ee s ee n a n tt d t i to p l p, without i j ury or p i , he i ntroduced t he adorable as cetic Mahavira in t h e

t h h YV h n h e h ad e womb of e Ks at rayin . e p rform ed

s se e h e e ne a a e ne thi rvic , r tur d with gr c ful , divi

n s eas a nd n nen s usan s motio through co ti t , tho d of ea es h e ea e th e a es t h e es s ed l gu , till r ch d bod of bl , ‘ a nd en e e t he ea en t h e reli io us r e e t r d h v of g , wh r

This th e ains is ca lle A s va an i N idra and it is th e by J d p ,

ee es t o fth e t h re e in s o fs le e w h ic h t he rec o n u ut tin d p k d p y k p, p g o ne in min d o fa mes me ric s le e p .

u 1 C a lle d Sa nd harmavanta mh ka V ilna n. 4 0 suT E A KALPA .

I s th e ne Sa a t h e c e and n t h e thro of kr , hi f ki g of

s and re ort ed ‘ t o his a h e h ad er god , p lord th t p

' e a h e vV a In e e form d wh t s command ed to do . r f r en e s ansa n t h e a a e as e ma c to thi tr ctio , dor bl c tic y be s s e a e h ad ee n s n e e uppo d to h v thr ki d of k owl dg ,

' but in reality h e kn ew th at h e w as to be with

a n and a h e w as a n h e did n ot dr w , th t withdr w but

n n a n k ow wh en h e w as in t h e act of bei g withdr w . ’ V 4 1 LI F E OF M AH A IRA .

CH APTER II .

' ’ T I A A E S R s L s DR AM .

IN th e same night th at t h e a dorabl e ascetic Ma

’ a a w as e e th e T ris ala sh e h vir r mov d to womb of , w as n in h er s en i ans n na en e lyi g pl d d m io , or m t d ns e n e s a n n s and s e i id with um rou p i ti g , out id with s e s a n a e in a ne mooth whit tucco , h vi g c il g dor d

n e nea a s s and s e s u d r th with v riou colour , with clu t r

a ness -di s e n ea s and a e e of d rk p lli g p rl , floor p rf ctly s and a e es in mooth , m rk d with lucky figur , which were bouqu ets of fres h and swe et -smelling flowers

. all t h e five diffe en s a n a of r t colour , lo g with bl ck a e and t h e nes an n ense and am lo wood , fi t fr ki c ber ris nin an d sen n n s en e g , bur g di g up curli g c t d

es ins n e i and a n t h e se fum , piri g d l ght , m ki g hou e mit an odour lik e a grove of frankin c ense trees ; in s a s en ans n on a a e uch pl did m io , couch l rg e nough to allow t he body to be stretch e d a t full en i i s at ea and and a se l gth , w th p llow h d foot , r i d at t h e s es i e flat in t h e e w a id , wh l middl , ith foot s n s as t he s a n o n t h e an s tool to mou t it , oft d b k of t h e a n es s e e s t h e nes a e a s G g , with h t of fi t m t ri l , 42 R A KALPA s uT . thrown over it with a handkerchief lying on it of t h e es s e e i s a ns rich t colour , cov r d w th mo quito curt i , in a a e e e s e s t h e word, ltog th r d light om , oft to

as s n e and s en e touch fur, ilk , cotto , or butt r, c t d w san a - and e s ee -s e lin s ith d l wood , oth r w t m l g wood , l a e e a be e e e e h e ltog th r couch to cov t d, th r , w i

n and a n all en as ee a s m e lyi g, h vi g f l p but hort ti , a th e m l e th e n sh e saw t h e sa e bout idd of ight, m fourteen propitiou s z dreams that th e Brahmani

v n di s aw a e sh e a en e h D e ana . T e , ft r which w k d up

e s s een h er in h er drea s e e s an obj ct by m w r , fir t ,

le h ant s s n i e a an s p with four tu k , looki g l k r di t drop

d ew a ea ea s t h e s ea of , or h p of p rl , or of milk ,

ssess n a adi an e e th e n e as t h e po i g r c lik moo , hug ’ sil e n a n V ait adh a r i e f his t em v ry mou t i y , wh l rom ples ooz ed o ut th e sweet liquid that attracts t h e

e S w as th e n a a s warms of be s . uch i comp r bly s a e e e an e a A iravat i se t t ly l ph t, qu l to h m lf, which

’ een T ris alasaw i e t e n a fin e ee s n Qu , wh l ut ri g d p ou d ,

his n ll e a e e t h e s n with tru k fi d with w t r , lik ou d of thun der ; in e very respect an in comparable ele n pha t . Sh e next saw a bull sh e dding a flood of radi an e e a hi ee s a n c , lik to th t w ch proc d from bu ch

w h ich sh oul be lin en o r sil Sans . first a rmfi d k ;

in bu t th e G uj arathi mak e s th e c o ver g o f c o t ton st u ff.

A fa ul ou s mo u n tain w hich th e ain s su o se rst to T b , J pp fi

’ t t h n r rec eiv e an d th en reflec e su s ay s .

'

4 4 KALPA SIJT R A .

a n and es en n ea en w en fully lo g, d c di g from h v ith op

as h e w e e n e d w n n mouth , if r comi g dir ctly o upo

a n s a st n a s et eas n you ; lio with h rp ro g cl w , y pl i g

t h e s and a n e an n hi s to ight, with to gu h gi g out of

l t h a a ea as e e s . mouth , b utifu p t l of lotu T h e fourth dream s een by h er whose face w as

e t h e n w as a s n t h e ess lik full moo , vi io of godd

L i s n n ’ h r n a s o e s e . H er k hm , itti g lofty lotu thro form w as altogeth er exc ell ent one foot w as firmly

an e on t h e n and see e e a ‘ l a of pl t d grou d, m d lik pi l r

w as e e a e in t h e en e i e th gold . It l v t d c tr l k e back of a s e W e th e nai s a t h e s es tortoi , hil l p rtly hid by mu cl

t h e es e e s a ne l n r d a a e d e . of to , w r t i d with bril i t y H er fingers and toes were s oft and tap ering like t h e leaves of a lotus ; h er well - forme d legs were adorned with circul ar orna ments ; h er kn ee-bon es

e e in th e s es and h er s a e n w r hid mu cl , thigh t p ri g

h n an e an n upward like t e tru k of el ph t . E circling h er ns w as an e e an z ne le t h e loi l g t o of gold , whi

e t h e na e es e e a a ees circl of v l r mbl d cloud of bl ck b ,

ein n n s fine e e - n s n b g co ti uou , , v r movi g , oft, dow y , n T h h a e and e e a . e e ee es l rg , l g t ot r thr circl which are in t h e i e t h e a s th e an s e e m ddl of p lm of h d , w r

n e H er e als o e lega tly form d . whol body w as a ne t a s in s e e s a dor d wi h v riou k d of j w l , wholly f ult

n l an I n a a h e h ess a d . s ad l , highly bril i t p rticul r, a ea n e la e i n e n n a an s p rl ck c , t rmi gli g with g rl d of

- s a en an l s we et s cented flower . A circul r p d t fel d n e een h er ea s s and a ne her c es ow b tw br t , dor d h t , ’ o r A V 4 5 LI FE M AH IRA . n s Sh e h ad s a n her ne o which it re ted . al o rou d ck

’ x' a r n n nd n nar a e st i g of grai s a golde di s . Two l rg ear- n s n n h e r ea s and n e ri g hu g dow from r , illumi d t h e s u e a e in n a ho lde rs with which th y c m co t ct . E verythi ng about h er w as beautiful ; h er face h ad a noble as p ect ; h er eyes were larg e and ' e e s f we s sh e e a a e lov ly , lik lotu lo r ; h ld w t r lily , s c i n a e in h er an and she w as till h ppi g with w t r, h d ,

' anne a n a re eable w n s et in n f d by g i d , which motio

w as h h er fine bla ck braide d hair . Such t e godd ess t he een saw es di n in h er s s e al e qu r i g lotu hou , c l d

P a d mad rah a on t h e n a a and , top of Mou t Him v t , by whom stood t h e guardian ele phant of that

a e t h e ea ens a n h er a e qu rt r of h v , b thi g with w t r from his trunk . T h e fifth dream w as a visio n of a garland of

e s a e e e s e and a a e flow r ltog th r d light om , worthy pl c

e a en e s w as s t h in t h h e v of d light . It compo ed of e

l n fio w ers — a a a as a na a fo lowi g ch mp k , ok , puu g , pri

’ ‘ a n s aris ava ma a ra t malat ir at ir uli it a y gu , , g , , j , j , koll ,

s a a nd a a in e n e a a a n ko ht , b kul , t rmi gl d with m r th

“ m T h e o rig inal w o rd is h e re re ta ine d ( law T he c u s to o f s t rin in c o ins to e th e r an d a o rn in w ith t h e m c h il re n g g g , d g d

e s ec ia ll is s till e r c o mmo n in I n ia . p y , v y d

T i o f as min T h e s c ie nti c na me s T h es e a re a ll v arie t e s J e . fi o f t he o t h e r flo w e rs w ill g ene ra lly be fo u nd in

' r D i h mm ry . ' IIT R A 4 6 KALPA S .

ea es and s e n- es es as ne l v , outh r wood, b id j mi of

e a e a e es and sesa e e s an d oth r r r v ri ti ; m flow r ,

t e e s s n red e and e o h r flow r of pri g, with , blu , whit

a e l es ea l s ee -s e l n an w t r li i , with b utifu w t m l i g m go

ss s— n a e e an n e a e blo om produci g ltog th r u qu ll d ,

e i s e s ee -s e l n a an e s d l ght om , w t m l i g g rl d of flow r , i mpartin g pleasure to t h e inh abitants oft h e t en

e n s t h e s nin and a n an d r gio of world , hi g w vi g ,

eas n t h e e e and e e a e pl i g y , of v ry v ri ty of colour,

' x' — whil e a swarm of six - foot e d honey bees were s een buz z ing and flying around it as it des cen ded from

a n h e ve . T h e qu een n ext saw t h e moon white as t h e

l t h e s d ew t a si e s e froth of mi k , drop of , or lv r pir , e n t h e ea e n th e e es a e e r joici g h rt, d lighti g y , p rf ct

e es n hi n e a e en e circl , d troyi g t ck co glom r t d , imp t ra ble a ness a ll n at t h e e a n d rk , fu moo , x ct poi t

e een t h e a es th e n n in b tw two h lv of mo th , bri g g

t h e a an e t h e s e s a n out r di c of wild lotu flow r , dor in ni s nin e a is e an d g ght , hi g lik pol h d mirror, i llian as th e e s a sh a en n t h e a s bri t whit w n, rp g rrow

T h e J ains are fo n d of four-t a s ked eleph an t s an d s ix

r u h ret - a im foot e ees and o th e s c er n at u ral n als . d b , p

" lit erall w a ter- ea rls oth Sans rit an d G u arathi 1 m y p , b k j

’ g ive W W T h e Sanskrit from w h ic h th e Mag adhi is

m w ll c h ang ed ay be 3 3 m as e as g g a m ’

L IF E o r M A I I A V I R A . 4 7

* and a s n t h e ean e s no t be of Cupid , r i i g oc ic tid , to looked o n by dis cons olate wives tempora rily s epa a e e s an s es e s fe a r t d from th ir hu b d , l t th y u f r

ea e a a a n a e e e e gr t r c l mity ; moo ltog th r lov ly, lik t he a o n t h e e ea t h e e all t h e m rk for h d , prid of

n s ta s e s e a e e R n circli g rry ho t , p ci lly b lov d of ohi i

. in s and ea S w as h s e oul h rt . uch t e gloriou lov ly

T ri s s w n al a . full moo which a.

Sh e ne t in h e r eam saw t he s u n en n x dr , r di g t h e a n n all s his en n curt i of ight , gloriou with circli g a an e e a n red as a a asa r di c , lik bu ch of ok or p l

e rs e a a a th e red s e flow , lik bill of p rrot , or id of t he e see a o n n t h e e s l s es r tti d , d r i g b d of wi d lotu , occupyi ng his prop er s tation in t h e beginning of t h e e e a a n n ea en cliptic , lik l mp hu g dow from h v , destroying t h e i nfluence of cold ; t h e pri nce of

ane s t h e n e n at his s n pl t , co qu ror of ight, who ri i g and s e in es nea u s a e a s e es tt g com r , but ft rw rd r mov far us is e s es t h e e e s a from , who d p r vil do r th t s a in t h e d a s s th e n en e troll bout rk , who top i flu c

t h e c n s e s n e th e of old wi d , who circl rou d M ru

r T h e o rig ina l h e re is T h e Sans krit t ran s W0 W

C o ' a tl o n i s WW W 1 me nt io n th Is I n c as e o f any d o u b tin g w h e th er t h e a u t h o r k ne w th e t rue c a u se o f th e ris e o fth e t i es es ec ia ll as I d o no t reco llec t s ee in it men tio ne d , p y g d a n w h t h t t h i y e re a e a nc ie nt H n us u nd e rs to o t his s u e c t . , d d bj ’ 4 8 IJT A KALP A S R .

n e n a n s t h e i Su a a n pri c of mou t i , m ghty ry , d rti g

hi s n h h e A s a a s t e t a . forth thou d r y , glory of dity

e sh e s aw a s an a it s en s af N xt t d rd, with gold t f

ml e and it s fla ns s in a fir y fix d , g , co i t g of pro

fs n e red e and e a s e u io of blu , , y llow, whit cloth , r i d

and s ea t h e n e t h e e e pr d out to wi d , whil xtr mity ’ w as a n e w a n ea s ea dor d ith bu ch of p cock f th ers .

w as an as s a a u e n t h e e s It brilli t cry t l , p r co ch , flow r

as ne th e s d e w a er r I s s a . t of j mi , drop of , or ilv j ’ ea w as in t h e s a e a n s e ee in h d h p of lio , xc d gly

S en e e e t h e sk it s e e pl did , whil it pi rc d y with xtr mity .

w as be and h ad it s s fla It lucky to hold, oft g

e a a and a a en e n mov d b ckw rd forw rd by g tl wi d ,

and as in s z e et a a a e , though v t i , y of form ttr ctiv h to t e beholder .

Sh e ne saw a ar s nin e n s e xt j hi g lik bur i h d gold ,

l t h e es and es a e an and fu l of pur t b t w t r , brilli t

na en a and a e n a s ma e or m t l , pl c d upo lotu d of

ea s e t n t h e e es and s e n a an p rl , d ligh i g y , h ddi g brilli t

s e ffus e s e on all s i es a a a lu tr , which di d it lf d h bit

n th e L a s mi e se ee tio of mild k h h r lf, wholly fr of

e e na e an d es en en a e e d f ct , fortu t , r pl d t, v ry typ of

s e a n t h e ea and s e e —s e pro p rity, h vi g b utiful w t m ll ing flowers of all s eas ons arranged in it like a n e a e a e e a e e and l an flo w er ckl c ltog th r, p rf ct bril i t pot .

Sh e ne saw t h e L us La e a a e xt ot k , irr di t d by t h e s ea s t h e s n s u n n ed fir t b m of ri i g , which ti g its a e s an an e h u e n nn w t r with or g , produci g i u ’ FE o -I V I A LI F M A I A R .

[ merable san - ea e w a e i es e thou d l v d t r l li , fill d with

a a an a s and e n s a s a qu tic im l , xhibiti g ho l of h ppy

s es S in and s n n a s t h e a e e e o n fi h , port g hi i g if w t r w r

fir e e s n ses t h e s a a a n e e . Th r pru g up lotu of ol r r di c and t h e na a an e t h e e s t h e s e of lu r r di c , blu lotu , ro

e and t he a e a ll n e e in o ne colour d , p l , growi g tog th r iu ifl i s art c al s e n d e as e b a e . L a e , pl di , d lightful m l g rg

a ees and s a s ad flies e e lux u riat bl ck b , w rm of g , w r in h s a s ns n a n t e ea e . a a d e g mo g l v Bl ck w , whit

s a ns a nes eese and n an a nes in all w , cr , g , I di cr ,

e e a es a nd e a es e e e n th ir prid , m l f m l , w r flutt ri g

e t h e a e e t h e s ea es es n e ov r w t r, whil lotu l v , b pri kl d

s d ew e e e e e a e with drop of , r fl ct d v ry v ri ty of colour, a s ight wholly pl eas ing to th e eye a pi ec e of water

i ns piri ng t h e high est d elight . Sh e next saw t h e sea of milk shi ning like

t h e n en sh e s nes w h er s moo , wh hi ith utmo t bril i “ l a nes s as th e ne t h e i , propitiou divi curl , fluid rus hi ng togeth e r from t h e four qua rters of t h e

ea e ns t h e w a es n a a e e as e h v , lofty v i c p bl of m ur ‘ ment r u e e s a a a e t h e , tt rly d void of t bility , git t d by t emp estuou s w inds ; in o ne pla ce rushing agai ns t e a e e in a n e t e as a a ns t h e ch oth r, whil oth r h y d h g i t s e send n a an s a ns n t he hor , i g forth brilli t pr y, i piri g

iva ts a c o n s i e re luc amo n a ins an d rahma ns Sr . , d d ky g J B

‘ ‘ “ So I a ra h ras e Y a fine I e a th a t c an T p p WW H TQ T : d , ” o nl to th ms l es be c o mp ared y e e v . 50 K s T R A ALPA u .

s e . E n s a es di es oul with d light ormou wh l , croco l , “ and sea - s e en s a n th e u rp t ) d rti g through fl id , form

e s a e as am and a a n v n riv r of fo m , whit c phor g i di i g

n t h e e h s as n a ke a i to d pt , occ io whirlpool, li th t of th e Ganges when sh e bursts through h er mountain w barriers . Such as t h e mighty effervescence of

a e s s een t h e een s e n enan e w as w t r by qu , who cou t c

a an a s t h e n r di t moo .

’ A e s sh e saw a e es al mansion r re ft r thi c l ti , s pl en dent and shining wi th a radiance like th at

th e n e - s en su n a a e ea ea s of wly ri , or l rg h p of p rl ,

a n e and e lla s ea s e n a with hu dr d ight pi r , ch h ddi g flood of light from th e gold and j ewels with which

see e a l let n they were adorn ed . It m d amp dow

ea en s e a an e es a a an . from h v , or om r di t c l ti l g rl d

n e e a n -ed lion s en ses men Upo it w r p i t i, ox , hor , , a a s s es s e en s ea en s e s llig tor , fi h , rp t , h v ly chori t r ,

e es a e s and e —e e ee e an c l ti l ro buck , ight l gg d d r§ , Tib t

s e e an s and m an e ani a s . w as cow , l ph t , y oth r m l It

n a en e a s th e n es e s and ea or m t d l o with fi t flow r , g r t

l T i mi n a a Niru dh a T ilira . g ,

T h e o ri i n al is V imana bu t t h e Jain s u se thi s W o r for a t g , d

n n an d n o t for a c ar. m a sio ,

1 1 1 1 fo r th e Comm en t at or h as strang ely W

i t h e G u i. s filma

“ i h t l bi g T h e Jain s c onsider th ese t o h ave e g eg s .

’ 52 S T R A KALPA IJ .

e e e blaz m a a u n an m lt d butt r , g w y without prod ci g y

T he a e w as s a an t h e s h s e . e s mok fl m mo t pl t to ig t ,

s n an d all n a e n a e a ass fire ri i g f i g lt r t ly, m of com ing out of its elf an d again returni ng into its elf a s i e e -flitt in fire a a e risin loft w ft v r g , with fl m g a , e en n selfon all s es s ee n as e e xt di g it id , mi g if it w r

éi' about to bak e th e firmament

0 o o .Q 9 33 ? W W ?! th at 1 s ww w w ww ’ LI or A 5 FE MAH VI RA . 3

H A PT E R C III .

T H E R T T CO U or SI DDHA R HA .

SU CH we re th e pros pe rity- foreboding dreams which w en th e s -e e een e t h e h lotu y d qu , moth r of Tir

an ar h ad se e n s he a ene and n th k , , w k d up ; , fixi g t he ea s in h er e and es en n dr m firmly m mory , d c di g

h er eans t h e s w en from couch by m of foot tool , t to t h e place wh ere t he Ks h as t riya Siddhartha w as lying in his bed as e e e se e na in h er l ep . Th r r d g him with “ en e and s ee e in hese s : g tl w t voic , t word Thou art s n e s a a e s e e s mo t obl , mo t mi bl , mo t b lov d , mo t

e n o n a nd e e in s worthy of b i g thought d light d , mo t

s e s en e ea n e s mighty , pro p rou , g tl . w lthy, bou t ou ,

rt na e and t all t he afe n t h e fo u t , wor hy of f ctio of

ea t he s e se s e — sh e h rt , di p r r of ho til

I n th e o ri inal th es e a re all e ith e ts o f t h a t is g p M g , f bu t I am info rm e th at th e mean in is a s i en a nd ilial: d g g v , s u c h a n e numera tio n o fth e q ualit ies o f a g rea t ma n by an o f c er w h o o es e fo re is s t ill a nec es sar art o fH in u fi g b , y p d c r i e e mo n a l o n p ublic o c c as io ns . '

54. KALPA S IJT R A . a a e him his s e e n n w k d out of leep . Th r o Ki g

S h a a a s e e n h er an e idd rth gr ciou ly r c ivi g , comm d d h er sit w n on an ele an eas s ea a n e to do g t y t, dor d

and e e s en e sh e a e ein with gold j w l ; wh c , ft r b g sea e s in s ee a en s a esse t d, thu w t cc t ddr d him

O l e w as is e enin s e e n in my lord , whi I th v g l pi g

s en d nis e a a en s saw t h e my pl di ly fur h d p rtm t , I

w in e s in a rea viz an e e an follo g obj ct d m , , l ph t ,

& c . e me en a bull, T ll th , my lord , wh t good for tune and future h appiness th ese fo urte en dreams ” dh a a and e i e e e . n S a for bod Ki g id rth , gl d d l ght d , a e l as n his n an d e e n ft r ful y gr pi g with mi d , r fl cti g a a n and a ain on t h e ea s e h e su m g i g dr m , whil

ene all his e s n ell e and eas n m d up pow r of i t ct r o ,

a in e en e e ean n s ex h v g compr h d d th ir m i g, thu

’ a n e T ris ala O e e t h e s p l i d it to b lov d of god ,

as s een a s e n s ess e thou h t pro p ri g, propitiou , bl d

ea a ea a en s t n e and dr m, dr m th t port d good for u ,

a a s on happiness th at forebodes t h e birth of roy l .

In n ne n s and se en and a a f ay s i mo th v h l d , thou

i e a ea en - es en e son w lt giv birth to h v d c d d , who

ill e e an ens n a t h e a w b com ig to our f mily, l mp

a th e a i n t h e fa n a of our f mily , f m ly crow , mily fro t l “ nament t h e enr e t h e a il th e s a or ) ich r of f m y, t y of t h e a t h e sun th e a th e th e f mily, of f mily, glory of

Tila a a luc o rn amental roun mar H in us ma e w ith k , ky d k d k a p a ste o n th eir foreh ead . ’ c f M A II A V I I- m 5 LI FE OF . 0

a t he a n a n a nd t h e a e x f mily, f mily fou d tio , f mily a e H is n s a d e l b i . a n e e e e n ea lt r h d f t wi l p rf ct b uty ,

his five sens es e e and . all h is ua es p rf ct, q liti , pro “ ert ies and a s e e e e r e p , m rk , compl t , of pr p h ight ,

e and ns and all t he s e w ight , proportio , limb prop rly

e e e a nd a e ea e h e s a t s th e n . d v lop d , gr bl to ight moo Such sh all be thy s o n ; a nd wh e n h e pass es fro m t h e s a e o a t h e w be t t of childho d to th t of you h , ill

e e in all t he n an es n e e p rf ct commo br ch of k owl dg , a nd as a w l be a e e e w e youth il br v , h roic, pow rful , ll

a a e ea in a es in a a n built, c p bl of l d g rmi word , ki g

n s . as s een e e e a s t ro of ki g Thou h t , th r for , mo p pitious dream a nd this be repeated two or

s thre e tim e . Wh en th en T ris ala h a d h eard t h e i nterpreta

n t h e ea n S a a a n tio of dr m from Ki g iddh rth , l yi g it

in h er ea and n n h er ne an s up h rt, bri gi g j oi d h d to h e r e ea sh e s s e a e t h e for h d , thu pok I cc pt of i nt erpretation yo u h ave give n as wholly free from e a nd and as a e e e e en and rror doubt, ltog th r xc ll t H e So s a n h a n s s . s e s e ccordi g to my wi h yi g , ro f h e r s ea a nd e a e o n e e n rom t, d p rt d ; but , r fl ctio , “ s he sa in h er o w n n s a e id mi d , Now , I mu t t k

a e a no e ea es t o th e c r th t wick d dr m follow, to d r y h ue s o ne . e a s n e n n t e s virt of thi Dr m co c r i g god ,

T h a t is mo les a nd ma r s o n t he b od w h ic h a re c o ns i e re , k y , d d

re a t im rt o f g po a nc e . 56 r' R A KALPA su .

e s t ea e s and n s a r ligiou ch r , thi g good , lucky, ch ri

a e a nd . d es ra e e e a a e s n s o t bl i bl , r quir th t p r o h uld a e a s n n e n Sh e s a ft rw rd co ti u watchi g . thu ccord in l a e g y ct d .

In t h e n n at t h e s a nin t h e d a mor i g, fir t d w g of y , f‘ S a a a le s e t h e ro al mess en ers iddh rth c l d om of v g , and spoke to them a s follows O belo ved of t h e

s n ow ui t h e a a e and re god , go q ckly without p l c , p

a e t h e a of au diencet n a p r h ll , for holdi g court to

a L et t h e a e be s n e scen e d y . pl c pri kl d with t d

a e and t h e o ne smeared let t h e a w t r, fl or wly l, h ll be adorned with s weet- s melling flowers of t h e five

ffe en rs let t h e es a e — and am di r t colou , b t lo wood ber ris and n ense s en u in in w rea s g i c , d p curl g th

e s - n s A t e t h e th ir weet d elight in spiri g p erfume . f r

e h as een e e e let ne whol b prop rly p rfum d, my thro be set n in t h e s and en dow mid t of it wh you,

se e s and e s a e e e all es e by your lv oth r , h v p rform d th

an s e ac and s o e t o my comm d , com b k quickly r port

‘

ans . a M ag . fisfiwgfifi S fiefifigsmq - G uj a ri as rt}

‘ ' ‘' I a t em orar u il in o r on e o f sli h t l W T QHT GI p y b d g , g materials lar e and s aciou s s uch as th e H in u s no w c onstru c t . g p , d ,

t o ca ion ili n o r ec o u t on rea c s s a a o . d k , g , p v

T h at is w ith c ow - u n a s th e H in u s d o c onstan tl t o I , d g , d y eart h en floors w h ich w h en d rie an d s w e t are far from , , d p ,

o ffen si e e en t o a E uro ean . v , v p A I LI FE O F MAH V RA . 57

T h e es sen e s a n h s e e e t h me . m g r h vi g t u r c iv d e

an s n S a a and a h is comm d of Ki g iddh rth , l id up

s in e r ea s n n ei an s word th i j oyful h rt , joi i g th r h d , sa W e a e all e a c om id , h v with humility h rd your

an s 0 and e obe m d , our lord , will yi ld implicit

i n e a e e e a e and d e ce . n Imm di t ly th y d p rt d , goi g

th e all a en e t h e a a e e a e to h of udi c without p l c , pr p r d

as t h e n h ad e e and e n n so it ki g ord r d, r tur i g,

his a es S a a a se e e . and r port d to M j ty iddh rth ro , by th e e his s es en e his h lp of foot tool d c d d from couch ,

e w as et th e seas n n ea l n whil it y o of bloomi g r y mor , an d th e brilliant au rora -like beds of full -blown

e s and l ses a ea in all e ea flow r otu pp r th ir b uty ,

ff s n a a an e ese n red as a e s di u i g r di c r mbli g ok flow r , rot t leria ss s t h e red h oenis ia and s n blo om , or p ; oo t h e s n s un ike t h e s n s e th e e ri i g , l crim o id of r tti s ee th e e es and e e th e e n th e d , v f t of wild pig o , or s a e — e e e- a s th e n a c rl t colour d y b ll of I di cuckoo , emulat in a bou u et red na s es ee as t he g q of Chi ro , d p

red ea a a n red se s colour of l d , or th t of bu ch of lotu ,

his san a s n in d a and d is with thou d r y , i troduc g y,

el in n a nd all it s s nes and p l g ight gloom , hi forth , , lik e t h e red m ark th at a dorns th e foreh ead of

en and e n a a es t h e l n childr wom , irr di t world of ivi g

n t h ea es . a o e en n t h e cr tur H vi g g up, w t i to * nas e e e e w as a s n ins tru gym ium , wh r th r profu io of 58 R A KALPA suT .

en s e e s n th e and e s m t for x rci i g body, w ight for s e n t h e a s e e a e e e s n him tr tchi g rm . Th r , ft r x rci i g s e l h e w as i e and e a a n h e lf til t r d tir d g i , took

a s n s of ls s e i a n e and v riou ki d , oi , om w th hu dr d oth ers with a thousand drugs and me dicaments

ss e in e s ee -s e in n r s n di olv d th m , w t m ll g, ou i hi g ,

a a n e i a a n a enin s en en n irr di ti g, xh l r ti g, f tt g, tr gth i g, and quick ening all th e senses ; h e anointe d him s elf all over with these ; h e w as th en well rubbe d and sh am oed men s le in th e art and p by kil d , who could impart a s oftness and tendern es s e ven to th e a s t h e an s and s es t h e ee p lm of h d ol of f t, who could p erform their work with quickn ess and d ex t erit t h e fis an d e e es e ess n y , r t cl v r t of th ir prof io , and h ad s ie e l th e art and e e in who tud d w l , w r

a a e offa e neadi n t h e ll t h e nes c p bl tigu , k g body ti bo

e e n a e th e s es e es e t he s n w r i vigor t d , mu cl r fr h d, ki

e a e and t h e a a e s ne all t h e r l x d , h ir m d to hi , four

ss es t h e e es e and all an and ti u of body r fr h d , l gour

H e en h n a e anis e . e t e as f tigu b h d th l ft gym ium ,

‘ f' n n th e a n room T h e w a and we t i to b thi g . room s

n n h s n s ea s an d a s hu g rou d wit tri g of p rl , v riou

n s e e s t h e t h e s es s ki d of j w l , floor of mooth t tucco work ; a delightful bathin g place it w as ; Sid dh arth a sat down upon t h e j ewelled easy bathin g sea and en e f e his a u ns so con t , th p r orm d bl tio ,

m as t

' 0 K SIJT R A 6 ALPA .

ens e e e s t h e s s en s n p iv j w l by mo t kilful workm , hi in e in n a a e in a e t h e g , glitt r g i comp r bl , word , lik

ee a e s all a is es e e e tr th t yi ld th t d ir d , cov r d with

na en s a s a e e a e e his or m t , with t t umbr ll h ld ov r

ea ese n a an a a an ss s h d , r mbli g c opy of m r th blo om , and anne a ch ow rie e th e e e a se f d with , whil p opl r i d an a s s s a en e th e u piciou hout of triumph , tt d d by

an e s t h e s and ea s e a comm d r of troop , h d of d p rt “ en s th e e—e en t h e ea s t h e olicet m t , vic r g t ) h d of p ,

e th e a messen ers nse s infe chi f of roy l g i, cou llor ,

and s e as e s a e s a ne rior up rior, trolog r , w rd r , c bi t

i ni s e s s a es and e s n a a en an s z ens m t r , l v , p r o l tt d t , citi ,

t h e aw e s a nd an e s an e s t he with l y r b k r , comm d r of

es an e s th e a s u e s and forc , comm d r of ch riot , co ri r , sea e s s s e th e n and men l r § , i u d forth ki g lord of ,

T h is is th e Y u a ra a calle in th e t ex t sim l v j , d p y ( W E T

T I n I n dia u su ally called th e Ko t w al ; p erh ap s u n d er th e n ati e o ernm ent s a c omman er of th e cit - u ar w ou l v g v , d y g d d

n it g iv e a tru er n otion o fh is dig y .

I T h e K o d ambia ag ain ; th e San scrit is fiz m fi a: th e w or is n ot in th e iction ar an d it o c curs t oo frs d aim D y , \9 i n h eir i n it eem qu en tly t o be erroneou sly w r tte . T d g y s s t o h ave

hi h er th an th at ofth e men tion e afterw ar s b een mu ch g d d .

’ w h o se ut it w as ac cor in to th e in s E M T? d y , d g k g

l i t u li u m man t o af x th e ro a S n e to c o c ent s . Such c om d , fi y g p b d

ffic er I elie e ex ists at th e E ast I n ia H ouse . an o , b v , d ’ o r A 6 1 LIFE M AH VI RA .

"? t h e and n a n men e e a s bull lio mo g , lov ly to b hold

th e n a e e e n a a e e moo ft r m rgi g from l rg whit cloud ,

s n n a n th e s n n s a s a nd ane s hi i g mo g urrou di g t r pl t , and came outs id e to th e plac e wh e re t h e h all of

a e n e w as a nd sat n n h is h ne udi c , dow upo t ro , which

w as a s h s I n h n pl ce d o as to face t e ea t . t e orth

e as a e e e a e e s ea s n t qu rt r w r pl c d ight t of ho our ,

e e e as t h e e s t h e cov r d with cloth , whit flow r of

e u s a an . e n ese a a n at whit m t rd pl t B yo d th g i ,

a es e s an e e e w as a n a a n r p ctful di t c , th r dr w curt i

n e w e e s an d t h e nes an fri g d ith j w l , of fi t city m u

a e e e e a es o f s a s u ls f ctur , mbroid r d with im g t g , b l ,

rs es men les s s e en s ea en ho , , crocodi , bird , rp t , h v ly

s e s e - e e ee e an s and chori t r , ight l gg d d r , Tib t cow .

e e an s es e s and a e es l ph t , with for t flow r w t r lili ,

n h e m forming a pe rfect s cre e from t ultitude .

W n s w as set a n e ve e t h e ithi thi thro , c o r d with

es e and n e and pur t whit cloth , fri g d with gold

’ e e s e e n T risala s t and e as s it o n j w l , for Qu , of y to .

a n en a e t h e a mess en e rs n H vi g th c ll d roy l g , Ki g Siddharth a thu s addres s ed th e m O b elove d of

t he s and a a s a e s le in t h e god , go quickly c ll g kil d

’ ns e t h e e n s o f ro no s t ics r ea ne I titut of ight ki d p g , l r d

T h is is th e famo u s e p it h et fizum t h at o cc u rs s o

fre ue n t l in t h e a nc ie n t in s c ri tio ns an d w h ich w e h a e h ere q y p , v

. w met ith s e ve ra l t imes befo re .

A cc o r in to t h e A n no t a to r the e i h t in s o f ro no s tic s T d g , g k d p g a re th o s e e ri e fro m th e o d rea ms s o u n s th e earth , d v d b dy , , d , , ’ 2 ' 6 KALPA srJrR A .

in all t h e Sas as and es e a s l e in t h e tr , p ci lly ki l d ” n in h i terpretation of dreams . Hav g rece ive d t e

al an s e e en e t h e essen e s roy comm d with r v r c , m g r ,

ease a nd eli e and a n a se e pl d d ght d, h vi g r i d th ir

an s e r e ea s in en e en e h d to th i for h d tok of ob di c ,

e e a e and en n t h e e took th ir d p rtur , w t i to middl of

th e Kund a rama W e e e t h e s city of g , h r liv d kilful

n e e s a i t rpr ter of dre ms .

moles an d mar s c on enit al ualities an d marks met eoric o r k , g q , p

nl A n x am l i n i th at th e t ent s an d h ea e ort ent s . e e e s ; v y p p g v , t w it ch in ofth e ri h t e e or th e th ro in in th e ri h t si e is g g y , bb g g d ,

lu c t o a man an d in th e left t o a w oman an d th e contrar . ky , , y

’ I n th e play ofth e T oy Cart it is sin g ular th at A rya s righ t arm

’ th ro e w h en h e esc a e from d an er an d V asantsenas ri h t bb d p d g , g eye t w inkle d w h en sh e fell in to dang er. Tw it ch in g in th e thr oat h e t ells u s ort en s n in a w ife in th e le s fett ers in p d fi d g , g ,

h h n T h e fallin o f a star eto en s dis t e ea a i om & c . d k g d , g b k t ress t o su ec ts an d th e o ccur ren c e of a h u rrican e c au ses bj ,

t r in s n r m rten s rief n is as e s t o . L au h in i a ea o a d d k g g g d p d g ,

an cin on s w it h th e ex c e tion o f a c ow h orse ele h ant d g b d ; p , , p , o r ima e e er h in lac seen in a ream is u nlu c an d g v yt g b k d ky ,

r th in w h it u x e t c otton an d w o l Su ch ar e e e l c e c o . e v y g ky, p s ome sp ecimen s o fth is prec iou s Sast ra . ‘ I E o r M A M /( v im L F . 2

CHAPT E R IV .

E E M A T T H E INT E RPR T RS O F D R E A S CO UR T .

O N e nt ering t he hous es of th e i nterprete rs of

ea s t h e y al ess en ers e e e e dr m , ro m g d liv r d to th m

’ n e n s s n t h e King s message . O b i g thu ummo ed

t h e ess en e s th e n e S a a a by m g r of obl iddh rth , gl d an d e e in ea e s a e and er d light d h rt , th y fir t b th d , p “ e t h e s th e s en e e n form d wor hip of god , th , to pr v t an i s ne t h e a o n y prod gy or mi fortu , put lucky m rk

e e ea s a a on ean na e th ir for h d (Til k ) , put cl , fortu t ,

a en s l and a a e courtly g rm t , good , ight , v lu bl ; a ne e e s ns e e s and o n dor d th ir p r o with j w l , put

e r ea s t he s esa e s ee and sa ass t h e th i h d m d ku gr ,

n e e n e i nsurers of good fortu e . Th r o th y left th e ir

s es and w e n t h e a e in t h e d e hou , t to pl c , mid l of

’ Ku nd a rama e e n S a a s a a e g , wh r Ki g iddh rth p l c w as e e e s e at t he n a a e ; th r th y topp d pri cip l g t ,

s n s e a es in t he s a e a n di ti gui h d by cr t h p of crow , a nd a n a e all w e e e e e h vi g w it d till r coll ct d , th y

T his is o mit te d in o n e c o py ; bu t t h es e me n w e re p ro bably b re li i n y g o B rah man s . ' 64 SIJT R A KALPA .

en e e t h e s en a l a en e w t tog th r to pl did h l of udi c ,

e e K n S a a w as and a e e san e wh r i g iddh rth , m d ob i c

him s n a n n an e s e to , wi hi g him co ti u c of pro p rity and T h e King return ed th eir salutations

all ann e es e and e e e with m r of r p ct, ord r d th m to be s ea e on t h e af e en n a s t d or m tio ed eight s e t . Hav ing also mad e T ri s ala sit down with h er maids

n u in t h e a e e a e h er a of ho o r pl c pr p r d for , with s ee -s e in e in his h an in eas n and w t m ll g flow r d , pl i g

en e a en s h e s a esse t h e n e e e s g tl cc t , thu ddr d i t rpr t r o f rea s e e t h e s t h e n e d m O b lov d of god , obl

’ T ris ala - n a e a in s e a s e , to ight , ft r h v g l pt hort tim , saw in h er o w n s en a a en s t h e l in , pl did p rtm t , fo low g

A n e e an a l a s be or een ea s : e . fourt dr m l ph t , bul [ f ]

e l me a art a ne and s e a T l wh t p icul r good fortu , p ci l ” en e e h e ese ea s . n t e f licity, th dr m port d Th r upo n e e e s ea s a and s i t rpr t r of dr m , with gl d joyou h earts having h eard th e re qu es t of t h e n obl e

S a t a th e s e n ns e a n iddh r h , took ubj ct i to co id r tio , e e e n n e se on on e an e r fl ct d upo it, co v r d it with oth r, and as e on e an o e es n s t e h ad k d th r qu tio , ill th y mad e out satisfactorily it s hidden meaning wh en in t h e es en e n S d a t a o ne e pr c of Ki g id h r h , of th m ,

- as h i im l Q W W fiffl I nst ead o ft s s p e form o f les sin th e C omment at or i es th e follo w in : M a ou be b g , g v g y y

safe rich lon -li e h a e a nu merou s o ffs rin an d h appy, , , g v d , v p g ,

i toriou s an d ma t h e ain reli ion be alw a s in ou r alw ay s v c , y J g y y ” A ls o h e i es an o th er w h ich c o n clu es th us : M a fa mily . g v , d y — li e for e er li e as o n as th e w orl lasts . yo u v v , v l g d ’ FE r A V (35 L I o M AH IRA .

n t he e s th e ns e ea s citi g t xt from I titut of Dr m , “ s e as s : 0 e e t h e s w e pok follow b lov d of god ,

a e e n s ea e t h e ns e ea s h v dilig tly rch d I titut of Dr m , a nd find a e e are - n e a s th t th r forty two commo dr m , and e t ao na d ea s in all se en thirty x r rdi ry r m , v ty A n h . d is e s a a t e e two it furth r id , th t moth r of a n A a es e a n s ain 0 1 Cha rh t (high t ord r of J i t) , kra va rt i e e s ees e e n t he ( mp ror) , fourt of thirty

’ extraordinary drea ms a t th e period of s uch child s

n e n is th co c ptio . It furth er stated that e moth er

a a s e a o n s a n as n s ees se en of V ud v , uch occ io , v , a nd en a a es and t h e e a Balad e va th w k ; moth r of , four ; whil e t h e moth e r of a Mandalika R aj a (d e

e n n n s s o n S n e t e n e ee e . 0 e e p d t ki g) , i c , h , b lov d

’ t he s t h e n e T ris ala h as s een th e e of god , obl whol o ft h e fourt e en propit iou s d reams ; this po rtends t he a n n ea t h e t a n n e obt i i g of w lth , ob i i g of f licity , th e a n n a s o n th e a n n t h e obt i i g of , obt i i g of j oy,

a n n s e e n —and all s 0 e e obt i i g of ov r ig ty , thi , b lov d

s an s A o f t h e . god , without y ort of doubt ccord in l a e n ne n s and s e e n a nd a a g y , ft r i mo th v h lf

a s t h e n e T risalzt i n a son w h o d y , obl w ll bri g forth , s a be a al s an a his a h ll roy t d rd to f mily , a s in the la s t cha ter a n e e t h e [ p ] , mp ror of four e ns th e a n e th e ass ns r gio of world , co qu ror of p io , * a s e e t h e o es . S a nd l o mp ror of f ur virtu uch , O

T i e a re ana Sila T a a and h a a o r a ims h es e v rt u s D , , p , B v ;

io n t h e rac tice o ffa s t in i in t h e e x e rc is e o f c o m a s s , a nd g v g , p p g 66 KALPA s uT R A .

e e t h e s is th e t he ro i~ b lov d of god , purport of p p

ri l w tious dreams t h e nobl e T sa a sa . W h en King Siddharth a h ad h eard th ese th ings

t h e n e e e s rea s a n e from i t rpr t r of d m , l yi g th m up in h is f and e e h ear and n n j oy ul d light d t , bri gi g together and raising his h ands to the m in token o f

es e h e s s e e e t h e s r p ct, thu pok O b lov d of god , — be it e ve n s o as you h ave said le t all , you h ave

n predicted happ en without fail . T h e interpret atio

a e en is s s as one esi e you h v giv j u t uch could d r , e a e r h es as a ns an d a e n o qu l to th i hig t pir tio , , I h v

H a v in a an e er e e ac . doubt , ccord c with p f ct v r ity in en a e e s ee ea s s ee g th lo d d th m with w tm t , w t s e in a an s a en s na en s and s m ll g g rl d , g rm t , or m t , uch

s a s e e d u e e i n S a a gift w r to th m , K g iddh rth , with t h e es e e en e and n s iss e t h e high t r v r c ho our, di m d

eam i nterpreters of dr s .

o th er au st erities t h e en tire su u at i n f th min o o e . I n h , bj g d t e w o r s o fth e u h is t s th e ch ief irt ues are rec o ne th ree th e k B dd v k d , h ir ofth ese ein o mitt e Thi i t . s s a ifferent thi n h ow e er d b g d d g , v ,

h r rin c i le f fro m t h e t ee p p s o B u ddh i sm .

T h e A nn ot at or h e re t a es o c casio n t o int ro u ce a st or so k d y,

o o in it s elf an d . so li e o n e t ol ofa e ate t h at h a ene in g d , k d d b pp d t h e res en c e ofKin a me s et w een a ca nn Scot an d a S an ish p g J , b y p

th at I h ere i e a lit eral t ran l t i n T o c t o r s a o ofit . h ere li d , g v v ed

1 11 t h e c it o f Paith an a learne man w h o after ex en in y d , p d g h th irty years in t e stu dy of th e scien c es bec ame so pu ffe d u p

’ w ith ri e th at h e stu c int o h is h ea - ress an ele h an p d , k d d p t s bo ok as a fla o f e anc e o un a belt ro u n h is st omach l h e g d fi , b d d est

68 s T r' R A KALPA t . s e h er as s e e th e s pok to follow O b lov d of god ,

is e a e in th e n s e ea s h a t e e it d cl r d I titut of Dr m , t t h r

e t fo r all t h i o th er replie d . Seat s w ere th en s e W s e men of

’ h o a s C ou rt o ne fo r th e h att a A ch ar a and a s ec ial s ea t B j , B y , p

h ilm n A ft er th e h l reser e for G an a t e o a . w o e ass em l o f v d g , b y learn e men an d c o u rtiers w ere met th e Kin or ere G an a d , g d d g ,

h h d e n r in th e most s len i st le t o b e int ro w o a e esse u c e . b d d p d d y , d d

O n h is ent erin th e Kin ro se u t o rec ei e h im and th e w h ole g g p v ,

, o fh is Pan dit s an d c o urtiers fo llo w ed h is e xample and n ow th e

’ m n T h So e a e at th e Kin s or e r co m e c e . e uth ern Pan it d b t , g d , d d , on o ser in G an a n arrow l sai t o h imself This is a fat st o u t b v g g y, d , — fello w w h ereas I am s are an d fee le os si l h e ma o er , p b , p b y y v po w er me by sh eer n oise an d w o rdy de clamation ; let me t h erefo re ” o r n c i l A c cor in l h e e an h ol in k eep t fi rst p i p es . d g y b g by d g u p

’ n e fin er— h o a R a a s n ew Pan it h el u t w A ft r r o g B j j d d p o . e e

flectin a little t h e So u th ern Pan it s tret ch e out h is arm w ith g , d d — ’ h is five fi ng ers ex pan d ed Bh oj a R aj a s Pa n dit immediat ely h l s t ret ch ed o ut h is arm w it his fist c en ch e d . I n stantly th e

So uth ern Bh atta A c har a c ame o w n from h is seat an d fell t y d , a

’ ’

G an a s feet t o o o u t th e ele h ant s b o ok. from his t ur an g , k p b , lo o se th e an w h ich w as arou n h is loins urn e h is un h d b d d , b d b c of

rass ro e h is la er n o c e th e h ea o fft h e ic ax e an d g , b k dd , k k d d p k ,

r are t o retu rn efat e t o h is w n n p ep d d e d o co u t ry . Wh at is all ” “ ” th is sai th e Kin w ill o u ex lain it t o u s O s ai th e , d g , y p , d

Sou th ern Pan it t his Pan it of o urs is a lea rn e man in ee d , d y d d d , a erfect sa e I h el u o n e n er intimat in th at th r p g d p fi g , g e e is o n e Si a S irit h e h el u t w o si nif in th t v ( p ) , d p , g y g a Siva w as

ti at r n oth in g w ith ou t Sak ( M t e ) . N e xt I h eld o u t m five - y

n ers t o intimat e th at th ere are five s enses h e c len ch e hi fi g , ; d s ” fi t as mu ch as t o s a th ese five sens es mu st be restr i s a ne . , y , d

- l h left th e assem l W h n h Th us c rest fa len e . e e w as on e th e b y g , Kin g asked th e oilman w h at s en se h e att ach ed t o th e dumb ’ E o r M A H A v i nA LI F . 69

a re fo m n a s s s h d e & c . u t a t e Bra h rty com o r m , [j ma n be are lea d s a id A e s a nn n e n ] . ft r thi ou c me t

' ha d e e n ad e h er t he n e T ris a la a n e s b m to , obl h i ta t in l re e ve a h ad be en e a re h e r g y c i d wh t d cl d to , a nd a n a t he n d ue e e e n e , h vi g p id Ki g r v r c with

ne an s he r e a e a nd e n h e r joi d h d , took d p rtur , w t to o w n a a en s p rtm t . Fro m t h e d ay that t h e ve ne rabl e a sce tic Mal i a v i a o o his a e in t h e a fa e a r t k up bod roy l mily , Kuv r ,

’ a ll th e s s e a t s n a n o s a e with ho t of r h i h biti g g d , c ll d

T rimba ka n e h is o an had e s , u d r c mm d . ord r from S akra to s ea rch e very pla c e wh e re treasure w as l e t o be a nd e n e h ad n an t o ik ly , , wh th y fou d y ,

a th e s e o f S a a na e c rry it to hou iddh rth ; m ly, to s ea rch out treas ure s of w hich t h e ow ne rs or gu ar d ans e e ea and t h e a es w e be i w r d d , f mili to hich th y

n e h a d e e e n t h e w ne s lo g d b com xti ct , or of which o r or gu ardia ns a nd f amili es to which th e y belonged ha d e ra e a nd e e n n a se n r t h e mig t d , b lo g b t f om

“ m n t h e o u t h rn i e a te c a rrie o n be tw ee n h i a d S e Pan t . 0 d b d d , s a i G a n a h e rs t h el u o ne fi n e r t w it t in me w ith h a in d g , fi d p g , g v g o n l o ne e e I h e l u t w o as m u c h a s to s a Y o u h a e t w o y y ; d p , y , v no w bu t t a e c are that I d o n o t no c o u t o ne o f t h e m h e , k k k ; t he n s t re tc h e o ut h is h an a s I u n e rs to o it t h re a t enin to d d , d d , g

i e me a s la o n t h e fac e : I t h en in a ra e c le nc h e m li s t g v p g d y , " - ha t I d id no t no c o u t h is t e et h t h us bidd ing him ta k e c a re t k k .

T ire K in a nd h is c o urt ie rs a fte r e n o in a h eart la u h g , j y g y g ,

s d i mis s e d t h e o ilman w it h ma ny p res e nt s . ' T A 70 KALPA SIJ R .

n e e th e eas e e e in vlla es cou try, wh th r tr ur w r i g , or

es a e s m s a es sh e s citi , or h ml t , clu p of cott g , or d ,

a s a e - ns e a es es n - flo ors c mp , m rk t tow , h rmit g , thr hi g ,

s an s a e s e e e e a s ee in a n i l d , pl c wh r thr ro d m t poi t, or

e e ee a s ss ea e s an s wh r thr or four ro d cro ch oth r, t d

’ a a es s a es e e e es k n s for c rri g , p c b for t mpl , i g high

a s as e ll a es as e es m n s ew e s w y , w t vi g , w t citi , com o r o f a es es in t h e s ee t s t n s in vill g or citi , tr of ow ,

e es U 1 rt - ses in la es a n , , t mpl cou hou p c for dr wi g ,

a e in eas e—a ens a s es s o ne w t r , pl ur g rd , p rk , for t of

“ n and es s ffe en n s e es an ki d, for t of di r t ki d of tr , pl t ations s ees on n a ns a es on , clump of tr mou t i , pl c

n a ns a n e n s ne s es mou t i for propiti ti g d mo , rui d hou , an e e a e e e eas e is be n d e v ry oth r pl c wh r tr ur to fou d .

A n t h e d a a th e en e a e as e ccordi gly, from y th t v r bl c tic

a a i a en e e t h e fa n S a a M h v r t r d mily of Ki g iddh rth , t h e royal treas ures and ornaments . of gold greatly

n ease n and a n n eas e in t h e n i cr d , coi gr i i cr d cou try , t h e n a an s n ease th e s en t h e a i h bit t i cr d , tr gth of rmy

n ease t h e n an e e an s a nd a s t h e i cr d , i f try, l ph t , ch riot , n u e his eas es an d s t o e - ms t h e mb r of tr uri r roo ,

e e s t h e a s e t h e z ens and m mb r of roy l hou hold , citi

n n all n a I n fi men d s e se . n e en of i ti ctio , i cr d , gold

namen s e e s ea s sa e n s s a s or t , j w l , p rl , cr d co ch , cry t l ,

a s es and e e us s nes a ll in cor l , rubi , oth r pr cio to , h ease a n e . T e a en s a a i a cr d hu dr dfold p r t of M h v r , cons id ering that they h ad no w obta ined t h e boon

e h ad s o n sh e and so n th y lo g wi d for , lo g prayed fo r e e ne a in ns e a n t h e ea , d t rmi d th t , co id r tio of gr t

T R A I z KALPA su .

T E CHAP R V .

T H E BI R T H o r M AHA V IRA .

SO M E time a fter this t h e moth er of th e adorable as e a avi a w as ea s esse at ndi n c tic M h r gr tly di tr d, fi g that s ince t h e time of his conception h e h ad neve r

e n n e e e s ll a e n mov d , but co ti u d p rf ctly ti , g th ri g

ll h is e s s a h e e e a e . s a e s tog th r m mb r Thi b b , id , “ s be ea d ss n a mu t d d or torpi , or di olvi g, th t it continu es thus motionles s ; and ch erishing s uch

e e n s sh e sat n h er ee lean n on r fl ctio , dow with ch k i g h er an n t h e n and u tt erlv d is h d , looki g to grou d,

O n ea n n t h e s a n a ns a e . e of t he ee co ol t l r i g t t Qu , s w a s s n n a n on th e a top put to i gi g , pl yi g t bour ,

n and a ne and an n in t h e violi , t mbouri , to d ci g ,

a a e S a a an d all t h e e s en p l c of iddh rth , courti r w t

e n as n enan e e n about idl with dow c t cou t c es . Th r o t h e a a e as e a a i a a n an a ct dor bl c tic M h v r h vi g, by of

n e en e e e a w as ass n i t llig c , brought b for him wh t p i g

’ in his he s n e a e o n e s e mot r mi d , mov d littl to id ,

’ wh en T ris ala again res um ed h er wont ed ch eerful

ll w as ss a n es s an d a e . O n a n , gloom di ip t d ccou t

s n en a a i a es ed a t in s of thi i cid t M h v r r olv , th thi ’ V J A 73 LIF E o r M A H A R .

ns e no o ne s be e e be s a e I titut hould p rmitt d to h v d ,

his f as n ea e h is s e and a an n a . l v hou , b do mily lo g w as his fath e r a nd moth e r ere alive .

T h e n e T risala a n a e a nd a e h er obl h vi g b th d , m d offerings to t h e i nferior partook daily

a es e e ne e no r of rticl of food , which w r ith r cold ,

n e n e nor as n en n e e s hot , pu g t , bitt r, tri g t , ith r our n o r s ee l a s n e no r a e ea n w t, oi y, h r h , u rip , p rch d , ti g a a s a t w as e th e s eas n t h e ea lw y wh prop r for o of y r, an d n o t n in d a s in n s en s o ly foo , but l o clothi g , c t , a nd n en s s n u s e s n s as oi tm t , tudyi g to uch thi g s e e n d s ease e and n n s e hould pr v t i , gri f, lo gi g , whil a t th e sa me tim e s h e w as o n h er gu ard against

n In a n frights a d fatig u es . s uch circumst ces a ' e s be c are fu l use a ea e moth r hould to h lthy di t ,

n s n Sh e s uite d to th e country a d s ea o . should s ee o n a a nd eas in easan a a l p firm y couch , pl t p rt

e n s s e e a a e t h e n a e a a e m t , uit d to xhil r t mi d , h v pl c

e e s h e c an a e e e s e and as a ene al e wh r t k x rci , , g r rul ,

‘ lV e h av e h e re in a ll t h e c o pies m affia mr p erfo rme d t h e Ba li w o rs h ip ; an d as t h is w as d o ne by t h e mo th er o fa

T irt ha n kar it is e r le x in t o t h o s e ri i Ja ins w h o c o n e mn , p p g g d , d

T h e rah ma ns w o d is c o u ra e th os e c r mo ni s h i w o rs h i . e e e t s p B , , g ;

u t a mo n l l in d u s a ins a nd u h is t s no rite s a re mo re c a re b g , J , B dd , u ll ra c t ise t h a n th es e w h ic h a ll t h e ir ries t ho o s c o n e mn f y p d , p d d ,

h w in t h at th e m us t elo n to a n a o ri ina l fo rm o fw o rs h i s e g y b g b g p , w h ic h p re vailed a mo n g t he pe o ple be fo re th e int ro d uc t io n o f h t h o s e n e w re lig io u s fro m t h e N o rt . ’ 74 T nA KALPA stJ .

h er n n e s e n n lo gi gs should b gratified . Thus p di g h er e a i n s n s an n s e e n tim h ppily, itti g, t di g, l pi g,

e n n and a n e e s e th e e h e r r cli i g, t ki g x rci , p riod of n h w l ne en a e an d t e d as n . co fi m t rriv d , chil bor t w as in t h e s e s eas n in t h e s n in umm r o , fir t mo th , t h e se n e - n a n u n th e a co d d mi lu tio , d ri g bright h lf

t he n a a on th e een d a a e of moo of Ch itr , thirt th y , ft r a gestation of n ine mo nths and s even and a h alf

a s a t h e ene a e as e a a i a w as n d y , th t v r bl c tic M h v r bor , a au es s d en t h e ane s e e at e f ltl chil , wh pl t w r th ir

ea es e n at n and en e e e in a gr t t lo g io , wh th y w r * na e n n n t h e o n e all fortu t co j u ctio with mo , whil th e e ns e e in a s a e a l e r gio w r t t of pl cidity , whi

e e w as n o a n ess all . n s t th r d rk , but lumi ou , wi hout

L an n e ness an d ni h t in aleSi s n n y louri g r d , g g i gi g

it This fo rtunat e c on u nc tio n o ft h e mo o n w ith th e lanet s j p , so o ften mentio n e is as fo llow s d , ‘ ’ 132? ag e {a s afifimmté T h at is t o sa th e fo rtu n a t e c o n un c tio n is w h en Mars an d th e y , j ,

M n m t in th e 6th 7th o r 9th L u n ar A st eri o o ee , , sm . A s t o w h at is said abo ve abou t t h e planet s be ing all in th eir plac es o f

reates t elo n ation it is ro a l a mere rh et o rical flo u ris h th e g g , p b b y ,

lanet s accor in t o th e H in u as tro nomers h a in ne er e en p , d g d , v g v b in t h at o sit io n sin c e th e c o mmen c ement oft h e K ali Y u a B. C . p g ,

31 02 an d t h e A u th o r h ad n o in tention as w ill afterw ar , , ds a ear o fth ro w in ac t h e ir th ofMah a ira t o th at remo t e pp , g b k b v

era .

“ ' 1 T h e Syama ( T wrdu s ma crou m s ) . T h e o rig in al is HE W}? w

suT R A 76 KALPA .

S a ha t h e es a t h e na iddh rt , to hold high f tiv l of i u

‘ x' g urat ion of th e T irt h ankar

E a in th e n n t h e n a n a e rly mor i g , Ki g h vi g c ll d his messen e s - at -a s sa t e e e g r rm , id to h m O b lov d

“ o f th e d s t h e Ku n go , go quickly through city of

’ d a rama and be a e all t h e risoners r a nd e g , li r t p , ord r all t h e deal ers to increase th eir weights and mea

h e d a a e a e als a all th e s ures for t y . T k c r o th t

ns d e and s e and t he a es be city, both i i out id , g t , s n e a e and s mea e -d n pri kl d with w t r , r d with cow u gi,

a a es es h e e t e e a s th t pl c of r ort , w r hr or four w y

ee and s a es a n e es be s a m t , p c rou d t mpl , imil rly

fie as a s t h e w a s and anes a s e e puri d, l o high y l l o r ct — a la e a n a n e w a t e rg p vilio , dor d ith p r i colour d cloth ,

n a n a s a a n es ns th e hu g rou d with fi g , tt chi g f too to c e l n s and ut fin er- a s o n th e nes i i g , p g m rk § it of fi t

e and red as e an san al - and whit C hm ri d wood, put

n on t h e a ar san a - d and n dow floor j of d l woo , rou d

m s an a s it a n umber of s aller pot . H g up l o g ar lands ove r all th e doors of s w eet - s melling fres h

e s all t h e five fe en s a e flow r , of dif r t colour , gr c fully

Th is is th e A bhish eka ; n on e bu t g o d s w ere present on th e

o ccasio n or t o o art in th e fes ti al . , k p v

“” i h r s for th is is h T h e ori nal a e , r fl m t at is I g p fi r flg fi ,

i ' - ‘ ' W U WTT fld fifiaj ’aH as ex plained é fi t fia mqj g a

n 1 A c ommo n p rac tice n o w o festive o c casio n s .

Th is is also a c o mmo n prac tic e . ' I r A ‘ L FE o MAH VIRA . s n e e a nd the a an s fa n tru g tog th r , with g rl d lli g

n i h a n a a e en a dow n t e form of eckl c e . T k th bl ck a e- and e n s s ee -s e n lo wood , oth r ki d of w t m lli g n ens e a nd t e s o as t o e ea s i c , ligh th m , produc wr th o f e e es fillin t h e e a e d lightful p rfum , g whol pl c with s w s a n s and an e s ee . e e e t odour Ord r d c r , pol d c r ,

es e s e s e s ers s - e e s e e s wr tl r , box r , j t , tory t ll r , r cit r of

e r a a s n e rs a e s o n a s o n po t y , b ll d i g , pl y r cymb l , t a inbo urines a nd o n n a nd s n e inst ru , wi d tri g d

e n s al n s e s s es and m t , o g with tho who to up pol , d e a s a ll be es en and a id in t h e re oubl b ll , to pr t ,

’ o i in n e t h e n s an c s . a e e s j g H vi g r c iv d Ki g comm d , “ th e a ess en e s a and e n and roy l m g r , gl d r joici g ,

a n s a e be san e en t h e m ki g uit bl o i c , w t through city

’ e e n t h e n s e s and en e ne x cuti g Ki g ord r , th r tur d to

e a e h a d l le all his an s r port th t th y fu fil d comm d . This morn ing King Siddh arth a went to t he gym nas iu m e e s e s e a e and d ess e , x rci d him lf, b th d , r d

n in h i as a e na a e . e a a e s a bov rr t d Th , rr y d roy l

es a an e b his a s a nd a e s o n rob , ccomp i d y gu rd , pl y r a ll n s s a n s e n s he s e e n ki d of mu ic l i trum t , t pp d i to his a a n n s a e a nd d e e a a ns p l qui of t t , or r d procl m tio

be a e as h e e n th e s n to m d , w t through city , by ou d o f n s r s a s a s a nd a co ch , d um , t bour , cymb l , t mbou

nes a e e s be a e eas e all esen s ri , th t th r hould r l of pr t

T hes e are th e Ka d mnbi a w e e fo re me t w ith and w h o y b , at th e c o mme nc e ment o fth is parag raph a re in t he o riginal men

— ' - t io ned w o r s t h at me an as t ra ns la te i\lc ss e n e rs - t s by d d g a A rm . " 8 A 7 KALPA suT R .

and all s s a es on a e and of cloth , of cu tom , of t x c ttl ,

s ban and e a es a n o a es s s l hu dry, oth r t x , th t rr t hou d be a e a s al n es s d be e e and m d , th t m l fi houl r mitt d,

a e e u e o n e- a f and e s an e le and l rg r r d c d h l , d bt c c l d ,

a an es a s and all n s s s be th t d c , pl y , ki d of mu ic hould

v e t h e e e and t h e a e se f pro id d for p opl , city g v it l to

“ and es i t en a s n es e t en joy f tiv ty for d y . Duri g th days of fes tivity Siddhartha rec eived hun dreds and

sand s and ens san s i s and a e thou , t of thou d of g ft , g v an d e e t o be s e a n his s e an s ord r d di tribut d mo g rv t ,

n e s and san s and ens san s hu dr d , thou d , t of thou d of

n ns T h e s d a e e w as e t h e do atio . fir t y th r p rformed feast of sp ecial rejoicing for t h e birth of a s on t h e r d a w as t h e s e n th e n and thi d y h wi g him moo , L t h e suni on t h e s ixth d ay w as obs erve d t h e relii giou s w akei ; t h e ele venth d ay put an end to t h e

a - I n San skrit c alle d figrfimrfiar

h C mme nt at or s a s t h at in st ea of sh ew in th e ch il T T e o y , d g d th actu al su n an d m oon th e fo rm a ol en o r rass ima e o f e , y g d b g

fth e l tt r n d sh ew it th t h e fo rmer an d a sil er on e o a e a ese . , v , I T h e mo th er and h er att en dant s k eep a w ake all th is n igh t

m res ect m info rmant s sa t o t h e G o ess Sa ti o r a s th e fro p , y y , dd ,

’ M h as c all h er Sat vai w h o c o mes t o w rite th e c hil s fat e in arat , , d

T h e lin es forme fo r t h e lo o - essels in si e th e its foreh ead . d b d v d

ll an d es ec iall th e serrat e lines o f th e u n ction o f th e s ku , p y d j

n ariet al on es are su o s e th e H in u s t o be th e front al a d p b , pp d by d

’ i f m n f a eit an d t o c o nt a n a rec or o a a s fat e . w ork o d y, d “ ” co r in l in th e ecc an fo r fat e th e u se th e ex ression A c d g y, D , d , y p , ” w ritt en o n th e fo reh ea d .

’ 8 0 K SIIT R A ALPA .

ea and er and nsens e all t h e s of f r t ror, i ibl to ill of

fe na a and n en a ssesse a li , both tur l i cid t l , po d of

in a and at en nd e n es e m d c lm p i t u r i j uri , imbu d with

e s and nsens e a n eas e . tru wi dom , i ibl to p i or pl ur H e is called Mahavira b ecause h e conqu ers th e

ass ns and s s e w s se ss ess e e p io , thu h him lf po d of tru h erois m and h e is n am ed Bh ag avan b ecause h e is ” in n T he a e t h worthy of div e ho ours . f th r of e

A s e L h ad a s ee na es S a a c tic ord l o thr m , iddh rth ,

Sri ansa Y asasvi and his e a s w as y , ; moth r l o , who

’ T ri ala V ideh adin n Prit ikarani H is e e a e s a . s c ll d , , ld t

a e na n e w as na e Su arsva and his e es p t r l u cl m d p , ld t

N andivarddh an a and his s s e Su d arsani e . broth r , i t r

w n Y H e h ad a a e H is wife as ame d asoda. d ught r

i an Yu sov i h ad na es Seshavat d at . who two m , E r A vi A 8 1 LIF o M A H R .

CHAPT E R VI .

’ E MAHA VIR A S PUBL I C L IF E A N D D AT H .

T H E venerabl e ascetic Mahavira w as l earned and

n en o n t h e a s n n e e e e in i t t cqui itio of k owl dg , p rf ct his and ee all e e s en e en and form , fr from d f ct , b vol t affa e in di s s n is in is e an th e bl po itio , of d t gu h d r k , son a man s n s e in an and s e of di ti gui h d r k , him lf lik e t h e moon (a mong t h e stars ) in his illustriou s

a l his w as e e s e a th e f mi y ; body p rf ctly ymm tric l , s on a s e a e and t h e s s m of ymm tric l moth r , mo t y

’ y‘ e a his famil ea s h e e a s m tric l of y . Thirty y r liv d a s e e a e t he e a e t h e a e hou hold r, but ft r d p rtur to bod

t h e s h is a e a nd e be e e of god of f th r moth r , d t r

ne t o a o ut his s e a nd b a ne t h e mi d c rry purpo , o t i d

nse n his e h ad no w e e n . co t of broth r, who b com ki g

A t a e al s t h e s w h o a en on ina th t tim , o , god tt d J s a e and ann n e a t h e e lut d him , ou c d to him th t p riod

e in an as e h ad a e in es e for b com g c tic rriv d , th

s o t o ee ! e t h e word Victory , vict ry th O Chi f of

e s V . o e T h re i a play o n t h e w o rd id c h i here us ed See ab v . 82 T KALPA su R A .

s a as la ea r s L e K h triy , y to h rt our wo d O ord, rul r ’ th e e e e th e s a n es s be of p opl , promot world h ppi ,

‘ ’ x e t h e san a reli ion and in th e e com ctu ry of g , whol

e e n ea e e e th e a world, to v ry livi g cr tur b com uthor ” of li an e ss O n s e e d . pro p rity , f city, futur bli

ni shin e a e th e s n v re fi g, th y m d ou d of ictory to s n hi e t h e en e ou d through th e atmo sph ere . W l v rable ascetic Mahavira w as yet living in th e s ociety

men and ll n th e el i s a e a of , fo owi g r ig ou pr ctic of

se e h e h ad a n e n a a e all : hou hold r, obt i d i comp r bl ,

anifes n n es e n e li en e an d er m ti g, i d tructibl i t l g c p ’ ion r n c e t . e e e s a a e all p Th r for , by thi i comp r bl ,

an es n in e li en e and e e n ea m if ti g t l g c p rc ptio , cl rly s ee n a th e e his n a n h ad a e i g th t tim of i iti tio rriv d , be a an n e in e es e all his si e a an b do d fix d r olv lv r, b d oned all his his ea n n y gold, w lth , ki gdom , cou tr , a a s easur s e- s es a e rmy, ch riot , tr y, tor hou , city, priv t a a en s and s e and a n his n e p rtm t , oci ty ; t ki g mo y,

en na en s e e s e s s nes ea s gold or m t , j w l , pr ciou to , p rl ,

n s a s es and t e e s s nes co ch , cor l , rubi , o h r pr ciou to , h e is e e in a and e e d tribut d th m ch rity , divid d th m

n his n A ll s a n in amo g relatio s . thi h pp e ed t h e

n e seas n t h e s n th e s a th e wi t r o , fir t mo th , fir t h lf of

a a ' q fiififiin allusion probably t o Hng“

' -i i w t i fifairs r? s a fa ri: M ids t Th is g’ w as n o t et h o w e er th e h i h est ra e as w ill afterw ar s y , v , g g d , d a ppear .

8 4 T R A KALPA sH .

A n e and a e a s e es a nd e a. g r M lic , by thy u t riti , . lik

e din ns e e t h e e t h ro , gir g up thy loi , ov rcom igh en em es s e e es in s and e n i who pow r li work , p rformi g t h e es an d e n e a n e pur t chi f ki d of m dit tio , d void of

ass n ike a a s e z e t h e fla p io , l w rrior i g of victory e e e in th e a le -field th e ee s and r ct d b tt of thr world ,

a n a n we e less n a a e er obt i k o l dg cloud , i comp r bl , p

ee and s e e se e an a n th e hi es f t upr m , ri to m cip tio , gh t ” s a e iss a s e e en a s t t of bl , by th t mo t xc ll t of ro d

n e out th e nas a a ee all er poi t d by Ji , ro d fr from p

lexin evi sness and s a all th e es t a p g d ou , l y fo h t

se ! t h e oppo thy progress . Victory victory to

e th e s a as an d a s an Chi f of K h triy , for m y y , m y fort n s an n s an s eas ns an ight , m y mo th , m y o , m y holy

ea s an ea s a in an is e all na u a y r , m y y r ; h v g v qu h d t r l e il s and a en a seases ma h e a n er v , ccid t l di , y obt i p

ee a en e and e ani s ui n ea and f t p ti c qu mity, ubd g f r

e and e n s n e e gri f, p rformi g without ob tructio v ry ”

e e e s act . So sa n e a a n r quir d r ligiou yi g, th y g i ma de t h e air res oun d with t h e shout of Victory ” ! e e n t h e a a e as e a a i a victory Th r o dor bl c tic M h v r ,

az e o n a r e san s e e s a se g d by ci cl of thou d of y , pr i d

a e u san s s ene a e a by circl of tho d of mouth , v r t d by

r e a san ea s s n e a r e ci cl of thou d of h rt , urrou d d by ci cl

It is w orth y o f notic e h ere th at th e h igh est stat e of blis s

“ i is sai t o be c Mo sh a sh ew in t h at th e fiffi t? d {Et } ( k ) , g n a th am J ain s consider N irvana a d Mok sh e s e . ' LI F E o r M A H A vI nA .

of thou s ands whos e h earts we re w o n to religio n by

his n t n e a a n th e co duc , poi t d out with dmir tio by right h and fore-fing ers of a circle of thou sand s o f

me n and en a e san s o f o ined wom , with circl of thou d j

an s a s e in e e en e w a e s an s h d r i d r v r c , ith circl of thou d

o f e n s and e a ns a n ea e and fri d r l tio t ki g l v of him ,

th e s n ns d s a s t am with ou d of violi , rum , cymb l ,

bo urines a nd e ns en s s and a. , oth r i trum t of mu ic , “ ” h s es s in i ! ae o c oru of voic , hout g Victory , v ctory c m

a n e a s all his e a all his all his p i d l o with w lth , glory ,

s all his a s all his a en an s all h is troop , ch riot , tt d t ,

a n en e all ' his na en s all h is an e all m g ific c , or m t , gr d ur, h is ea all h is s e s a ll his an e rs all h is w lth , ubj ct , d c ,

us ans all th e e e s th e e a e a a m ici , m mb r of f m l p rt

en s in t h e s all es e a en an s and m t , mid t of th tt d t , w e all se s a nst e n s e e s n n hil tho mu ic l i rum t w r ou di g, h e proceed ed through t h e mids t of Ku nda

’ na a th e a en a e t h e P n e s Pa g r, to g rd c ll d ri c rk , wh ere th e A s oka (Free from Sorrow) tree gre w ;

n e he a i e o h is a an i n s a e u d r it l ght d fr m p l qu of t t ,

i nd s e s e all his a a n s e e s a nd tripp d him lf of g rl d , j w l , o rna me nts ; h e th en p erformed th e fas t of abs tin * e n e s ix ea s n n a e a nd c from m l without dri ki g w t r ,

a n n five s h is a h e e n h vi g tor out lock of h ir , th ,

T h o J ains ta ke t w o me als d a ily like o th er H ind us th is fas t t he n is a fas t c o n t inue th ro u h t w o w h o le a s and u rin t h e , d g d y d g a ft e rno o n o ft h e p rec e d ing a nd fo re no o n o ft he s ue e e e d ing d ny ' 8 6 IIT R A KALPA S .

n e t he ns e la n t a a Phal una at a u d r co t l tio U t r g ,

na e n n n th e n ass e t h e fortu t co j u ctio of moo , um d

a en th e and all a ne a g rm t of lo , without

ani n an d a een sh a e a se comp o , h ving b v d , from hou

T h e a holder h e became a hou s eless pilgrim . dor

m th w ore able a scetic h e ro for one year and a on .

n a e a s h e en robelessf and h ad n o clothi g, ft rw rd w t ,

esse his an T h e a a e as e a a v l but h d . dor bl c tic M h

i a e e ea s and six n s en e v r , for tw lv y r full mo th , tir ly n e e e his and a as e all a e his gl ct d body , l id id c r of

erson . and a e e n s h e was p , with wh t v r thi g brought in n a e e s men or e an a s co t ct , wh th r god , , oth r im l ,

e e eas n s eas n h e n e wh th r pl i g or di pl i g , co duct d

se e e a en e and e an and him lf with p rf ct p ti c qu imity , felt not hing dispirite d by th e wretch edness of his

n n T h e a a e a a a i a w as co ditio . dor bl scetic M h v r

a: T h e C o mm en t at o r s ays this w as a ro be g iven h im by In dra p erh aps it w as th e small piece o f cloth t h e H in d u s n ever t ake o ffc alle a L un u ti b ut it is c lear th at th e Jain s d o n o t u n e r , d g , d

t n ro rl w h t it h I t s a e a mean s or d o n ot w is t o ex lain it . d p p y , p mi h t h a e m ean t h e ec ame a i am ara h ad t his n ot een g v b D g b , b

s t o w h at fo ll w O pp o ed o s .

” h l T h e omm ent t or int r ri i u l u 1 A c e ae . C a o du c es a d c o s s tory

’ a o u t a rah man e in his arment an d Mah a ira s i in it b B b g g g g , v g v g h im as t h e c au s e ofh is ein n a e h e fo r ets also th at h e h ad , b g k d ; g e x lain e A ch elaka t o mean w ith little c lo th in in s tea of p d g , d h a in n on e so c o nt rar t o n atu re is th is ra ctic e of th e tw o ' v g , y p ch ief T irth ankars inten e n o ou t t o sh ew th eir en tire , d d d b

t l i n s u perio ri y t o al pass o .

’ ‘ 8 8 T R A KALPA srJ .

a e t h e n if be es a ne s a e lo d , lik lio d ficult to r tr i d, t bl as n an a a ee as th e ean as t h e Mou t M d r , d p oc , mild

, n an H is e s n re d e u en as t h e su n . moo , r f lg t p r o s e e e and w as th e e mbl d pur gold , of colour of pur

n e fire and et h e w as a en as t h e ea ho y or y p ti t rth , — trodden on by t h e feet of all t h e world h e h ad n o

a es e att chm ent or t ie bin ding him to th e world . Th

es are n s a es ssess n a e ti of four ki d rticl of po io , pl c ,

me affe n T h n s a ani s . e st s s ti , ctio fir co i t p rtly of

a e a nan P a e is e e a e e s . m t , p rtly of i im t obj ct l c ith r

a es es es s e s es n -flo ors vill g , citi , for t , fi ld , thr hi g ,

ses s ea en ans ns . es are hou , court , or h v ly m io Tim ins an s avali en s anu ea n s ana t t ( ) , mom t ( ) , br thi g (pr ) ,

’ t h avas s a koh anas a as muh ii rt as a s ( tok ) , , l v , , d y

n s n s seas ns a - ea s ea s and fort ight , mo th , o , h lf y r , y r ,

‘ ’ x a es A ffe ns are an e e e g . ctio g r, humility, d c it ,

es e ea e a e s w s an e n d ir , f r, joy, lov , h tr d , orro , l d ri g ,

s n an e n affe ns a se mi judgi g, xi ty , doti g ctio , f l hood ,

a s ne s n s affe e th e f l e alarms . No of the e thi g ct d

Lord Mahavira .

O n n s n th e es t h e a n seas n t h e fi i hi g r t of r i y o ,

ene a e as e a a ira a e e e t n s v r bl c tic M h v tr v ll d igh mo th ,

n and ea e e a n n a n at duri g hot cold w th r, r m i i g ight

a il a e and five in a es ee n t h e s v l g , city, t mi g du t of

a: 1 67 77 21 6 mo ment s I ran a 7 reathin s 1 , p , b g

’ h a h 1 uh urta 77la as itt o T h e m uh r a t a 6 t avas m . ii t v , , v d 1 m n th o f a n is as amo n th e rah a s e a d a d ni h t . , g B , 7 5 y g E o F M A H A vtnA 8 9 LI F . ill -fla voured wood and of s a ndal -wood t he s ame ; o n o n as s a nd ea s a nd a l oki g gr p rl , gold clod of e a eas e and a n as a ll a e n ne e rth , pl ur p i lik , bou d ith r

s w no r t he e es n to thi orld to world to com , d iri g ne e e no r ea s e ith r lif d th , wholly up rior to worldly a a en s s e n se s a t h e ene tt chm t , tti g him lf to l y my ,

s a in Work . Thu s d id h e labour for twelve ye rs th e a a ea s a s e e se ana ro d th t l d to b olut r po (Nirv ) ,

a a n e r e s and e e n e i s to tt i p f ct wi dom p rc ptio , r l giou

ra e a s a n t h e e e and p ctic , b tr ctio from lov of hom

n r e in fe en e e e e read i cou t y , pow r , di f r c to v ry obj ct , nes s e a en e ee es e se to ob y , p ti c , fr dom from d ir , lf es ra n e and e e n in au s r t i t, joy , truth , m rcy p rf ctio t erit I n th e se nd a t h e r een ea y . co h lf of thi t th y r, wh e n hal f a month h ad elapsed in t h e s umme r s eas n in t h e s e n n s e t h e n o , co d mo th of umm r, mo th

V aisakh a in t h e d emil unat io n t h e en , fourth , t th d a a e t h e ul n en t h e s a w as y ft r f l moo , wh h dow

n eas a and o ne a e a ne o n t h e goi g tw rd , w tch r m i d

’ d a al e Sa a and t h e Mu h ii rt a a e a a y c l d vit , c ll d Vij y , at t he n T rimbh ika rama s e th e n tow of g , out id tow , a t a e a le R it uvalika at a e a e s an e riv r c l d , mod r t di t c

a Yaksas e e a e V a ir ava rt t a in t he from t mpl , c ll d y , fe a s an an na e Sa a n e a Sa a i ld of hu b dm m d m , u d r l

e e s n in a n s e as o ne es in tr , itti g crouchi g po tur do

a i e infa in his in e milkn cow , wh l l m g m d with d vo

n o n t he ea e ea r a nd a e t h e fas s ix tio h t d th , ft r t of

ea s w t he u s e a e n d e t h e co nst e l m l ithout of w t r , u r a n a ra Phal uni a t t h e e o f a r na e l tio Utt g , tim fo tu t 9 0 K ALPA suT R A .

una n n n e h e w as en a e in a s a l r co ju ctio , whil g g d b tr ct

e a o n h e a ne n n e n a a e m dit ti , obt i d i fi it , i comp r bl , n es e n e n e sa e e c er i d tructibl , u cloud d , u iv r l, p rf ct,

a n s e e n e li en e and e e n? t i , upr m i t l g c p rc ptio Thereupon t h e adorabl e ascetic h ero ha vin g be

e an A a rt ne n s a com rh t (wo hy of divi ho our ) ,

Jina a n e t h e ass ns a man ( co qu ror of p io ) , of es a s e s n s en all- e en h e t bli h d wi dom , om i ci t, p rcipi t, kn ew and saw all t h e qualities of th e three worlds n a e s men and e ns e n er i h bit d by god , , d mo , b i g p fectl a a n e all th e n s and n s y cqu i t d with comi g goi g , s an n s and e en s all i n ea es t di g mov m t of l vi g cr tur , in all s as e as e en a a ~ world , w ll with th ir m t l cogit

ns a and n a en o ment sf and e tio , l wful u l wful j y , th ir

en and n ea e a ns e n an A a a op co c l d ctio ; b i g r h , on e n n is n ea e and th e ( from whom othi g co c l d) ,

n u s e s all e n A u disg i ed obj ct of wor hip to b i gs . t

a e en a n a ne a e e n th t tim , th , h vi g obt i d p rf ct k ow l e dge and perception of all th e qualities and con ditions all l n ea es in all t h e d of ivi g cr tur , worl ,

a a e z e en a a l at t ri ch r ct ri d by m t l , voc l , or bodi y

es h e n n e e e a e en th e sa e: but , co ti u d v r ft r to j oy m

- T h e orig in al h ere is fl qrfifl gfi fla w Q

N 0 x ‘ firra mwfim mm amm m s igma d escri b mniscienc e th e mo st c om let e and n othin sh ort of ing an o p , g

i n p erfect d eificat o . ‘ ' ‘ T A p araph rase of q fig afifl

92 KALPA sum a c s a a in th e n na e D eva nand a and sur m , ight m d , na e N a at t h e L a a na e Ar a t h e m d ir ti , v m d ch ,

Mu hurt a a e P ana th e S a na e S c ll d r , tok m d iddhi , t h e a ana all e a a at t h e as a e K r c d N g , trologic l p riod n a e Sarvart h a-s in t h e ns e a n Svat i m d iddhi , co t ll tio ,

h i n n n A t at t e time of t s co j u ctio with t h e moon . that time many gods and goddes ses were seen in

ea en s en as en in and es en n h v ly pl dour , c d g d c di g

t h e ae a e ns and an es n e through ri l r gio , m if ti g th m s s t h e W n ' s n s n elve by hisperi g ou d they uttered . O t h e n ight on which th e adorable as cetic h e re w as

el e e m all a n a a I nd ra bhuti t h e d iv r d fro p i , Got m ,

e his e e n a e s es h ad th e chi f of p rf ctly i iti t d di cipl , bonds of affection by which h e w as tied to his “ e e as n e and a a ne n n e pr c ptor cut u d r , tt i d i fi it ,

rta n and s e e n e en e and e n e e . c i , upr m i t llig c p rc ptio O n t h e same n ight th e N avamallika and Nava lechhiki in s e ne at as and e sa a , k g who r ig d K i K l , a e e i n t h e ast th e new n and ft r p rform g f of moo , s n a l e n ess sa S n e th e i itti g whi motio l , id , i c l ght of n e l en e is ne le t u s a e an na n i t l ig c go , m k illumi tio

an s O n t h e sa e n th e of material s ubst ce . m ight

‘ ’ x ane Ks u a Bhasmaka es n e n n e pl t h dr , d ti d to co ti u

th ousand ears as en n t h e na a ns e a n two y , c di g t l co t ll tio

K ruras vabh avabh m Kh u d d ae A h asarasi. Sans . as a M ag .

i T h e t est is th e G u arathi ara h rase an d ro a l refers ras . j p p , p b b y

aran c e at th e time o f a co met c alle h ere t o th e app e , d 1 13 . v 9 3 u rn o r M a H A iR A .

t he L a a i a a nd a s n as o n n es of ord M h v r , lo g it c ti u

e e e e l be a ea a n n e a nd th r , th r wil gr t w i g of pi ty e s s a n a e a nd e a e as e s r ligiou wor hip , mo g m l f m l c tic a nd e s e s ns e n th e ane es en s r ligiou p r o , but wh pl t d c d

a ns e a n as cetism and e l from th t co t ll tio , pi ty wil

n bl az e forth w ith new brilliance. O t he same n a n an a a e t h e I m rehens ible w as ight im l c ll d p , pro d u ced and n n e f e in o ne a e n , co ti u d ix d pl c , produci g in as s a n i n s n O n s ee n cetic wa t of d sti ct vi io . i g this many male and femal e ascetics p erformed

h n n e an t e fas t of absti e c from food d water. (T h e discipl e i nquires) Why w as t h e anim al

e L ? It w as s e a t h e produc d , my ord to h w th t obs ervance of t h e religious institute would no w be ffi di cult . A t t he tim e a nd seas on m entioned t h e adorable as e Mahavha had w a a Ind rabhfit i at c tic , ith Got m

e ea a n e el en s e e an ur ee n th ir h d , xc l t l ct b d of fo t thousa nd male as c etics and with Chand rabala a t

e i ea a n e e len s e e an r -s ix th r h d , xc l t l ct b d of thi ty thousand femal e as c etics ; with Sankh as at aka at th e ir h ead a n excell e nt s elect band of one hundre d a nd fifty - ni ne thousand male lay adh e rent s ; a nd

Sal as a-l ' e a at e ea an e e en s e e with v ti th ir h d , xc ll t l ct ba nd of three hund red a nd eighte en thousand fe mal e lay ad he rent s . T he adorable as ce tic hero had three hu ndred a nd fourt ee n ad va nc ed disci

es ss esse a s ne e fe and pl , po d of wi dom xt to p r ct ,

n n e e a a ll a a na no ws w k owi g th or tic lly th t Ji k , ith ' 4 K SIJT R A 9 ALPA . out being p erfe ct Jinas and of th ese fourte en

e s e th e es H e h ad a an wer up rior to r t . b d of

h een n e is es ss esse nd e t irt hu dr d d cipl , po d of i uctiv

n e e se en n e ssess e e a n k owl dg , v hu dr d po d of c rt i

n e e s e en un re ss ess e t h e e k owl dg , v h d d po d of pow r

ass n a iffe en an d n ot s of umi g d r t form , though god h ad th e power of gods ; five hundre d of large n e e a a n ed all t h e s and i t ll ct , cqu i t with thought ee n s all sen en e n s in and a a f li g of ti t b i g , two h lf continents and two s east ; a company offfour hundred disputants that h ad never b een overcome m in an ass em s asurs en . H e h ad y bly of god , , or s e en hun e a e s es on in ob v dr d m l di cipl , who dy g

in d e e e a n an d een e a e t a e . p rf ct lib r tio , fourt f m l H e h ad two hundred and fifty who obtaine d that s e - e es a an s n ein s n up r c l ti l m io , from which b g o ly once d escen d to mortal birth b efore obtaining

T h e en e a e as e e ins liberation . v r bl c tic h ro tituted t w o e a - an is in e s on e u nli p culi r world v qu h g p riod ,

” mi ted e e th e Yu a and t h e e embrac xc pt by g , oth r

i T h e e e en ing a l mite d tim e . form r xt ded to thre e

s es in s ess n and t h e a e n n e di cipl ucc io , l tt r co ti u d

’ a T h e o riginal is fl fiqwrm mq a m H g r

- c 11 m m in San sk rit fl fa arffi Faaaw n E T

‘’ N amel in Jamb u d vi a h ata i Kh an a and U rdh a l y p , D k d

P d th e alt and fresh -w at er sea all o u r earth u sh ar an s . k , ,

9 6 suT R A KALPA .

en t h e en n e s w as curr cy of t th hu dr d , thi book

en and w as ea in t h e en writt , publicly r d curr cy of

' x' t h e n ne - ear i ty third v .

It is a e in t h e G u arat hi at th e t ime ofa famin e in t h e dd d j ,

h T h era is th at f ah ira r n c it o f Mat ura . e o M a ec e i th e y v , p d g

' Sam at o f V ikrama ac c or in t o th e Jain s of G uarath v , d g j , by

4 70 ears c o nse u entl fo r th e t ime efo re th e Christian era y , q y b by

2 n f r th at f h a in 56 w e et 5 6 a d o e e o t e o o A . D . 454 dd g , g , d b k , i D . 4 . T h i an d th e pu blic rea d n g A . 66 e era g ven as th at o f

’ M h a a in P rin se s U seful T a les I n dian Ch ron olo a ir . 33 v p b , g y, p , is 4 2 ears earlier c orres on in t o th e t ime h ere i en for y , p d g g v

’ m n ti Prefac h ere r n Mah a ir a s eco i an asc e c . See e w easo s are v b g ,

’ f rrin Mr Prin a T h i se s te . e a e ere n i g iven for pre e g . p d d t h g ve s on e foun ded on th e mistake of th e aban d onmen t o f th e w orld S r ri x ns NOT I C E o o rn na arn x n a . 9 7

T E CHAP R VII .

T E ST R E S o r ri t nsva E R ISH A BA II H I O I , N M I , AND

PA S th e e A a s w as so n n R VA , chi f of rh t , of Ki g

’ A s vas eua and his e e n V ztma and w as b n , of qu , or a t a anas ena es in t h e s e n mo nth V r i (B r ) , co d of

n th e en d a Pausha e e . H a e wi t r, t th y of dopt d a n as e e ee n e e s w en h e c tic lif with thr hu dr d oth r , h w as ea s a e and e a s h e thirty y r of g , for ighty d y

a se a s e es e e a n at e e w is pr cti d u t riti , b for rrivi g p rf ct

H e ve a s v . e s e en y ea s ess dom li d ft r thi ty r , l e a s his e e e e n o ne h u n ighty d y , whol t rm of lif b i g d e ea s a e h e a ne e at n r d y r , ft r which obt i d lib r io from d H as s n a n e e a n. e w e re on e p io , fr dom from p i

a e nt and h ad u n e h is e n a a g rm , d r dir ctio l rge

Th ese h is to ries a re i en w ith a reat d ea l o f ro lix it g v g p y,

’ enerall in th e e r w o r s in w h ic h Mah aivira s life is t il g y v y d d e a ed .

I h ave th erefo re co n fi ne d mys elfto th e fe w partic u lars in w h ic h t h e reall iffe r and in th is I h a e bu t c a rrie o u t l y y d , v d a it t le furth er th e la n o f th e o ri inal fo r a fte r a fe w e ta ils p g ; d , ma is us u ally add e d to d e no te t h at th e o t h er part ic ula rs a re to be

t h e e io u s h is to ries take n fro m p r v . ' 9 8 T A KALPA SII R . n m e a e and e a e as e s and la dis u b r of m l f m l c tic , y ci l s H is a a e e e n e and p e . de th took pl c tw lv hu dr d thi rty years b efore t h e composition of this work

2 e s 16 . C H e ( B . e di d while with thirty oth r p erforming a fast o n t h e top of Mount Sameta

S a H e is a s a e Parsvanath a . ( ikh r) . l o c ll d T h e Arhat N em] w as son of King Samu d ra vi

a a and his een Si a and w as n in t h e j y qu v , bor city

A H e w as n in Sravan th e s of Sori ( gra) . bor fir t

n t he a n s eas n un e t h e ns ella n mo th of r i y o , d r co t tio

a H e e a e an as e at th e a e ee Chitr . b c m c tic g of thr

n D v r k M r vav H e e at a a a a Ba a ae . e hu dr d ( g . ) di d on n G irnar a e n se en n e ea s Mou t , ft r livi g v hu dr d y r

in ll H e w a n as an as e a a san ea s . s c tic, thou d y r o ly

fift -five a s an e a s y d y imp rfect scetic . Thi book w as composed eighty -four thousand nine hundred i " n ea s a t e his d eat h H e is als a e a d fifty y r f r . o c ll d

A risht a e and N emin t h a a . N mi ,

R ish abh a th e A a e sa a w as t h e s on , rh t of K l , of

N abhi and h i en Maru d vi H w as n 0 1 1 s e e . e , qu bor t h e e ighth d ay of t h e waning moon of Ch aitra ; his mot her dreamt of his birth as in th e case of

e T irt h ankars saw th e V rish abh a oth r , but bull ( )

s and ns ea a n a a an t o n e e fir t, i t d of c lli g Br hm i t rpr t

articularl h er eams N abh i e e a p v dr , p rform d th t

’ it W h at e er ma b e sai o ft h e a te o f Maha ira s life th e v y d d v , l il H au th o r n ow u n d o ubt ed y ru ns w d . is d ates are pu rely ima

in r h enc eforw ar and some are n o t foun in all th e c op ies . g a y d , d

’ 1 0 0 KALPA srJT R A .

ST HT R A V A L I .

ST o r ST H A V I R A S E S o r T H E J SCH O O L LI , H AD AI N

’ AFTE R MAHA VIRA .

me . a mil . r N Fa y D eat h afte M ahavira . Su dh arma a s a 20 a s V i y ye r . Jamba Kasyapa 64 Prabh ava Katyayana 75 Sishvambh a va vat sya 9 8 Yasobh adra T ungiyayana 1 4 6 Sambhutivij aya Madara 1 56

Bh ad rabah u Prachin a

Sthul abh adra Gautama Su h asti Vasis hta Mah agiri E lavarch asa 21 5 Susthit a Kotika Su prit ibh ad ra V yagh rapadya

I nd rad inna K au sika

Dinna Gautama

Kau sika

Jat isvara Kau sika V ajrasena Kau sika J ] N T E A C E b‘ A H R .

N ame . N zig ila E ach of whom w as t h e

Padmila n e a Sa a fou d r of kh , or

Jayant i branch called , by his

s o w n Tapa a name .

T he s es s n th e s e n ea e 8 ucc io from co d T ch r of No . , t h e oth e r lis t b eing th e s ucces s ion from t h e

T h e firs t of t h e s am e numbe r . ( dates being

in he MS w s s co ntaine d o nly t . hich give thi

s es s n e e no t a en e th e s ee ucc io , w r pp d d to ucc d

in n e s a e are e e es e g umb r bov , but h r r um d)

9 Balis aha 24 1 1 9 Sinh asvami 8 1 4

1 0 Santi 28 0 20 Stindilasvami 8 4 8 23 2 2 1 1 So macharya . 1 H e mava nt a 8 75 1 2 Skandila 3 78 22 N agaij u na 8 8 7 1 3 Jinadhara 4 54 23 G o vind as vami 9 1 4

1 4 Sa mu d ras vami 50 8 24 Bhutidinna 9 42

1 5 Ma ngu Svami 59 1 25 L ohit as vami 9 75 1 6 N ad ila Svami 68 4 26 D uppaj a na 9 8 8 1 7 N ag a has t i 71 9 27 Ks ha mas vami 9 9 3 1 8 l ie va tya 79 0

B— T he a e s e e s a n N . e e . bov li t proc d g ratio n lo w er dow n tha n th e time of t h e compos ition of t h e t he a a e a e th e work , but uthor might h v dd d

h is a W e a n las t name be fore d e th . h ve o w num e o us s s a n th e fe e n a n e s o f r li t , ccordi g to di f r t br ch

h e t h e s e n n e nea t e s en e . ct, co ti u d till r pr t tim O ne of th es e is h e re added 1 2 T 0 KALPA s u nA .

m an a . h a Ch dr So aprab .

an a B a a . Sam t h dr Jag at ch and ra .

V riddh ad va D e . v d ra e en .

a h a h a Prad t na . m yo D r ag os .

na m t k a . So a ila a M .

n n M at u a . D e n ra a g vasu d a .

i Somasu n d ara V ra .

M i r a a eva an sund a a . J y d . h D evanand a . R at nases a . ik m k h r L a s mis ra . V a a . aga

a s n Su mat isadh u ; N ra i ha .

H emavimala Samudra . .

M nad eva A nand avimala a .

V i h r h V i a adan a bu d ap ab a . j y .

a an n a H iram live d in k J y a d . A

’ R avi rabh a a s e A . D . p . b r tim , 1 55 Yasod eva . 6.

a asen Pradyumn Vij y a .

im n V a atilak r a . S a . ij y

i l hh an a anand a . V ma ac d . Vij y

a ara a U dyot a . Vij y j .

m va ana . Sa ad e . M

d vi i v U . Sr d e a .

au h Yasobh ad ra S b agya .

d a a mi h and ra a au . N e c . Vij y y

a alakshmi R ad anapura . Vij y .

V i a d v nd ra a e e . M unich and ra . j y

V i a am h n r a e d a . A j it ad eva . j y

i h a a asamu d ra . Vij ayas n . Vij y

' 1 4 A 0 KALPA SIJT R . s eason h ad always been observed by th e l eaders of t h e sa e an s s es t h e es a s e cr d b d of di cipl , by t bli h d sa es an d th e as e s as and esen g , by c tic of p t pr t

es and a e e e w a s n m en u n tim , th t th r for it i cu b t po us and all ea e s and es s t o ee s , our t ch r pri t , k p thi s eas n es and a s n n T h e a u a n is o of r t b ti e ce . c lc l tio to be made so as to come within t h e night of t h e fi t h e n ease t h e m n Bhadra ad fth of i cr of oo of p , a nd n ot to go beyon d it .

is an e a all a es and e a es 2. It comm d d th t m l f m l

e e in t h e a nn a as s e ere ri k p g u l f t , hould limit th ir p g n a ns a i five es e e n e n tio to c rcuit of mil , proc di g b yo d that n o farther than t h e time th e p erspiration takes

e n to dry on t h ha d .

3 S a e e ns an -flo w in e . hould d p co t tly g riv r in e ve ne n a r e are n ot er t r , withi th t ci cuit , th y p mitt ed ss t h e s e o e in to cro it, for purpo of c ll ct g a s e e e e is a e e A iravat i at lm , but wh r th r riv r lik t h e n na a e e t h e a e is so s al tow of Ku l , wh r w t r h low that wh il e t h e o ne foot is in t h e wat er t h e oth er c an be t e u a e e m ss n is en lif d p bov it, p r i io giv to cross it .

4 A n a a e e c an n a a . y p rticul r m mb r o ly p rt ke of

e A e es en en e t h e . r fr hm t wh p rmitt d by bbot , or n T h head of t h e commu ity . e sick should first be fed and th e es s en eat n , r t hould th , givi g to

in e e s as e as a a se es . oth r , w ll p rt k g th m lv

r n s en en e a e and 5. Du i g thi l t p riod, m l female as cetics in h ealt h should by n o means partake of E S r. s 1 0 5 R U L Fo ru n .

the o n art ic les_ric e and u s es f llowi g milk , c rd , fr h

e e e e o il s a ne s s butt r, m lt d butt r, , ug r, ho y, pirit ,

' x' nd flesh a .

e a n sa es a n as e i o n in 6. C rt i g h vi g k d for d recti t h e a e w as a n as a e a in m tt r, it l id dow rul , th t e e n a s man are n a e a f di g ick , you o ly to t k wh t

h e ma no t e e a e th e S e food y r quir , if you h v up ’ r s e n ior p rmiss io . k 7. w as a s e a a as It l o rul d , th t though l wful to o f a hous eholder wh at you s ee in his house for a s e s n are no t ask a no t ick p r o , you to wh t you do

nd e n t h e eas n s w as as e h e s e e. A t wh r o of thi k d , e e n w as a if th e seh e b e a ma n r ply giv , th t hou old r

ea e e ness h e ma be n e o of gr t d vot d , y i duc d to g a nd bu a a n no t a e s y wh t you w t , or if bl to do thi ,

a even to s te l it .

is e e s e eat n n e a 8 . It p rmitt d tho who o ly o c

e a s n n d a y to go out to coll ct lm o ly o ce a d ay .

s e e es not e m Thi , how v r, do forbid th to go out a a n a ea e a s e a s e s n a g i for t ch r, up rior, ick p r o , or

T h e n es a re a o novic e u nder ag e . followi g rul ls o t

T h e e s n as s one d a an n be obs e rved . p r o who f t y d o t h e preceding a nd s ucc eedi ng p artakes o nly of o ne

It s ee ms mo re st ran g e t h a t th es e t w o las t s ho u ld at o th e r t imes be ermitte th a n no w ro h i ite a nd s h ew s tha t in th o se p d p b d ,

nt times Ja in rie s t s as w e ll as ra h ma ns h ad iffere nt a nc ie p , B . d

o s th e no w e n te t i p rinc iple s fro m t h e y r a n . T R A 1 0 6 KALPA s u .

ea s a e w a e e n eat n m l , hould t k h t v r thi g to or dri k h e ma a e e e e and n ean t he s e y h v r c iv d , wipi g cl out id

t h e es se e and n on his of v l , go hom , put it dow

H e as s a s at mat and a a e . , p rt k of it who f t two d y a e ma o n th e e a s ea e th e n en tim , y oth r d y l v co v t twice to ente r t h e a bodes of h ou seh old ers in quest * n H e w h o ast s ee a s at a e of provisio s . f thr d y tim

n h e n en n a s ea e e t o may thrice o t i terv i g d y l v . hom s ee s ns and h e as s e an ee k provi io , who f t mor th thr

as n as h e eases days may go ofte pl .

9 H e ea s one d a is e e u se . who t y p rmitt d to an n a e h e fas s ll one d a y ki d of w t r who t who y y , and eats o ne meal on th e prec eding and s ucceed in is e e n u se ee nd s ae g p rmitt d o ly to thr ki of w t r , ’ a in a an s an s a e een as e th t which m h d h v b w h d , in h as een as e in e which flour b w h d, or which ric

n H e as a h as b e e washed . who f ts two day s at tim e

s n n t h e ee n n s a e mu t dri ko ly of thr followi g ki d ofw t r , . a in see e a e h as een th t which oil d , ric , or b rl y, b

H e a s a ns wash ed . who b t i three days from all food

s a s n n ee n s a e viz mu t l o dri k o ly of thr ki d of w t r , . ,

a in a n h as een e a e s e th t which gr i b boil d , w t r kimm d

e — and ate A nd h e from butt r milk , hot w r. who

a s a ns e a s s n on a e b t i mor d y , mu t dri k ly hot w t r ;

i A t th e s a cold water s prohibited . me tim e th e

T h e g enera l rule in all th ese c ases is,th at th e pro vision s

are c o o e rea fo r eatin and th at th e asc etic as s n othin k d , dy g , k g ,

i n b ut tak es w h at is g ve .

’ 1 S T R A 0 8 KALPA IJ .

e e e e is no d n z z n a n wh r th r roppi g or dri li g of r i , and e e n s hi a th r fi i h s me l .

A n a es 1 3 . scetic who receiv cooked food in a * esse s not in ea a n v l mu t go out h vy r i , but if it

h e ma e a n rains lightly y tak cloak a d go . If after

e a e e ins n e and l en a n d p rtur it b g to thu d r ight , or r i

ea h e s a e e e in a se c on h vily, hould t k r fug hou or

h H is en o r at t e a ee . e a e n v t, root of tr to t k o ly a s h are of t h e cooke d victuals re moved from t h e

fire e e his en an e t h e s e a ne w e e b for tr c . If pul lo r

i a e n h s . t h r e e e a . e e r mov d, to t k o ly of th t If ic alone h e is to take a share only of th e rice h e is prohibited from ta king anything that is in a vessel

h e fire a e his en an remove d from t ft r tr ce . If

e a en in a s a e e e n a s ov rt k torm , ft r r c ivi g upply of

s ns h e ma a e s e e as a esa bu t provi io , y t k h lt r for id, h e is n ot e e eat his mea nl if is e n th r to l , o y it g tti g a e ma h e eat and en ean his essel and l t y it, th cl v ,

e n e h e is a s e e r tur hom , for b olut ly prohibit d from

a a n t h e n A a n in r s remaining bro d duri g ight . g i e

n s e e r n a s on e a e and tiri g for h lt r du i g torm , m l one e a e ma not s a in th e sa e a e nor f m l y t v m pl c ,

a es and on e e a e n or a es and two m l f m l , two m l two

fiv be e al es n or ess an e e e . s f m , l th tog th r Nor mu t a male asc etic who h as gone i nto a hous e to pro

H ea is w h at w ill enetrat e th rou h a c loa a c oun t r vy p g k , y

lan et or am ali . b k , k b E S O R T S 1 0 9 R U L F VA I .

c ure a eal s a e e e e is bu t o ne e a e m t y th r , if th r f m l in t h e s e in an t h e a e - en ne hou , or y of bov m tio d c as es ; o nly wh e n th e re a re five pe rs o ns togeth e r may h e remai n ; but th es e may be eith er hou s e

s t he a e e e h e s s holders o r as ce tic . If pl c wh r tand is e n t h e s e e a nd ns e n he op to tr t, to public i p ctio , may s tay .

1 A s s me no t ne a e an e 4 . ce tic to di or t k y articl of food without firs t obta inin g leave of t h e s u

e T he eas n is a h e n s ns p rior. r o th t k ow th e ir co ti

a d a e e e es e n n . e are tuti , wh t th y r quir b t Th y to a ess es e sa n W e s ne ddr him r p ctfully, yi g, wi h to di

be eas e e w se w e l a s a n if it your pl ur , oth r i wil b t i from doing so .

1 5 one is ne e t he is be . No to di whil body

a e a e is a t e i n h d ewed with w t r. W t r p to lodg t e

nes t h e a n s a t h e n s t h e na s li of h d , bout poi t of il , t h e e e w s a nd th e e and e s th e y bro , upp r low r lip ; body to be p e rfe ctly dri ed b efore p ar taking of a m eal .

"c 1 T h e e e en e ne as e s 6. imp rf ctly light d c tic mu t be o n his ua a nd a e a h e no t g rd , c r fully look th t do com e in contact with any of th e eight small thi ngs

—s a l an a s s al w e s sses a nd m l im l , m l flo r of mo

hh ad masth a h e w h o h as no t e t arri e a t erf t C , y v d p ec kn o w ledg e ; to t h e o mnis c ie nt s ag e s uc h a t tentio n is q u ite

w w it in o h e w t H no s ho u t be n t a c h . unne c e ss ary . e k g 1 1 0 T A KALPA su R .

asses s a ee s s a e e a es s a gr , m ll w d , m ll v g t bl , m ll

s s s s s and ees s a e s s a blo om of hrub tr , m ll gg , m ll

a m n es s a s . pl c , ll liquid productio

S a l an a s are a e a s and th e a ae m l im l c t rpill r , l rv of

an a s e a red e an d te s . im l of blu , bl ck, , y llow , whi colour Small flowers and vegetables and bloss oms are those resp ectively of all th e five original colours as

S a e s are se t h e and flea above . m ll gg tho of bug

n th e s e n th e ant n t h e as n ki d , pid r ki d , ki d , w p ki d ,

and th e z a n . S a a es are a s ens li rd ki d m ll pl c l ir , d ,

- - - ant es e ant l s and bee es . S a hol , whit hi l , hiv m ll

ns are d ew e a - s s a liquid productio , h r fro t, fog , h il ,

‘ ’ x flakes of snow Of all th ese t h e imp erfectly enl ightened sage must constantly be on his guard .

1 T h e as e s are ed n 7. c tic prohibit from goi g out

e a s s as n th e a to coll ct lm , without fir t ki g bbot , ea e es a s e sa e t h e ea e ass t ch r, t bli h d g , h d of th ir cl , or t h e e s n n e se a e ma e p r o u d r who ch rg they y be. Th y are thus to a ddress him If it be your pleasure w e wi sh to g o abroad and obtain a rticles for ea ting and n n sa e w e e a n dri ki g , but if you di pprov will r m i at e T h e eas n t s is a t h e s . e hom r o of hi , th t up rior

T h e ori in al is and t h e San s rit ara h rase is g , m k p p i qm flamq fii i m I am no t su re I h ave h it th e

e x act id ea .

’ 1 1 2 T R KALPA s tf A .

and a n a ne his ea e en o him, h vi g obt i d l v , th g a a bro d .

1 9 is n e . It prohibite d to a y male or femal as e be w n e c tic to ithout a couch to sleep o . If th y

a e n o bed s ee on be h v to l p , or if it too high or too

n ot e e n ot e low, if rightly put tog th r, if of prop r d ens ons ea and if e if n ot im i , if h vy d ficult to mov ,

e en e and e ean l be f ul fr qu tly wip d k pt cl , it wi l di fic t

ee n s a nse s and so a n to k p from killi g m ll i ct , viol ti g t h e u s an n h e n a os e . O t d ti of hum ity co tr ry, if p ‘ sesse t h e s e a i es be eas d of opp o it qu l ti , it will y to

h u n p erform t e d tie s of huma ity .

20 A s e s ar e an and e a e . c tic e order d to cle pr p r three different places at a distance from their usu al a t h e ee na e ns h s is e a e . bod , for thr tur l xcr tio T i not n ee e in th e and l seas n is d d hot co d o , but it

e e in th e a n s eas n on a n t h e r quir d r i y o , ccou t of

l i e ins s c r e s see e s & . a e mu t tud of ct , d , flow r , , which there produced .

21 A s e s are e e es a n e n . c tic ord r d to r tr i mitti g

e in e e th e e na al phl gm, or void g ith r of oth r two tur ex cret mns (exc ept in t h e above-mentioned

a es pl c ) .

T h ese o fcourse are an d 3 a in Ma a hi g , , gfl q 1 g d , i ft an d m m an d delic at ely ex presse d in G uj arath i by - artSaint?! and a gfilfi 1 R U LE S ro n Y A T IS . 1 3

22 is e an as e w ea a . It prohibit d to c tic to r h ir

n e a n a s T he n lo g r th th t which cove r a cow . ight of t he comm e nc em e nt of the fast mu s t n o t p a s s

e e t h e as e t h as s a his a s b for c ic h ve d h e d . It hould a e a d s be s a e n n t e s e c u t w ft rw r h v mo thly , o h rwi ith s s s s e e ni and s a e at t he e nd ci or v ry fort ght , h v d of six n s h a a a t an a e at t e e nd e . mo th , or y r t , of y r

123 is u n . It prohibited duri ng th e f as t to s e a y a n n a n a e H e sh e gry or provoki g l gu g . or who do es s o is no t to be allowed to remai n in t h e

n commu ity .

24 o n a n a s . If ccou t of words th at h ve pa sed

e een a es a a e a se a enes s b tw p rti , qu rr l ri , mutu l forgiv is be as e and an e t h e e e s e is to k d gr t d , ld r di cipl to ask e ness th e n e a nd t h e n e o f forgiv of you g r , you g r

h e e e - s n x t e ld r. S lf re trai t is als o to be e ercise d

ea n a l and t h e e e s e ess e n by ch i dividu l y, x rci pr d upo

e s s e a s e s el - n are be oth r . Tho who pr cti f co trol to

e ne a e se n o t are n ot be e ne v r t d , tho who do to v a e Se - n is th e e all e s r t d . lf co trol chi f of r ligiou

s ex e rcis e .

25 ee fe en ean n s are e n ne . Thr di f r t cl i g joi d of — a s e s t h e n n n es c tic mor i g picki g up of impuriti , t he i a s e e n a nd t h e e e n n as in m dd y w pi g, v i g w h g

2 A s e s e n n in es s ns 6. c tic wh goi g qu t of provi io

T h is tr ns la tio n is ac o r n to t t It ma e rh a a c di g h e le t er. y p p s o nly mea n th a t th e re a re t o be three daily cle a ning s o f t h e la f th s p c e o e e th ree kinds . ' 1 1 4 T KALPA SIJ R A . are enjoined to ask t h e sup erior wh eth er th ey are

a s an e e a n n ea T h e eas n to go to di t c or r m i r. r o

s e n a e a n sa es o n a n t h e of thi b i g, th t c rt i g ccou t of

a e a s e es are not far and pr ctic of u t riti fit to go , th erefore th e sup erior is t h e prop er p ers on t o d etermin e who sh all remain n ear and w h o go to a

n A sa is not e a e w an e s a e. e e di t c g p rmitt d, ft r d r in a u five ea es s a at t h e a e g bo t four or l gu , to t y pl c at h e h as a e s et n e e which rriv d , but mu t r ur b for n u na e s o h e m s e urn a c er ight . If bl to do u t r t n tai p art of th e w ay an d lodge th ere .

i 2 se w h o s e ve t h e a esa ea 7. Tho ob r for id y rly

n s e t h e Sa es a d n - th e l es a I titut of g , ccor i g to ru l id

n s ns e a s n e e se dow for thi I titut , with i c r purpo fol

n th e es a s e a e min th e lowi g t bli h d ritu l , p rfor g wor s e e - and e in t h e an s en hip dir ct d , ob y g comm d giv , w ll s e e th es e es e a l a e i om of th m , p ci l y who h v a rea a an n e th e e e e e i n l dy b do d world , b com p rf ct

n e e and a e th e e na n t e k owl dg , ft r t rmi tio of h ir

esen es a n l e a n and ee pr t liv obt i ib r tio , fr dom from

ll a ll a n th e s a e a a n . e s e p i Oth r wi obt i m , ft r two

ree ans a n s and n ne l e ee t h e or th tr migr tio , o wil xc d

se en e . v th or ~ ighth This Instit ut e w as ordained by th e a dorable as e a a i a at R a a in th e sa e a en c tic M h v r jgrih , cr d g rd

a a G unasila e s n e s (Ch ity ) of , whil urrou d d by multi t udes of m ale and female ascetics and lay disci

nd ss s es as el as s a e e . pl , w l god godd

1 6 ’ N A V A T A T V A .

e - th e — t h e fourth , ighty two ; of fifth , forty two ; of s fift -se en th e se en e e th e ixth , y v ; of v th , tw lv ; of e and t h e n n n n e . ighth , four of i th , i

A n a e n u n e I . im t d b ei gs may be cons id ere d d r o ne ee five six as e s si , two , thr , four, , or p ct ; mply

f as possesse d o flife ; a s vegetables an d animals ; as a e e a e and n e e s ex as men es m l , f m l , of ith r , brut ,

e ns an d s as ss esse o ne ee d mo , god po d of , two , thr ,

five sen ses an d as a n a ea four, or h vi g body of rth ,

’ a e fire W n r e o s . w t r, , i d , wood , fl h T h e fourteen kin ds of an imate beings are as

l s : s e s one sens e are fol ow Fir t , obj ct with ; which

n s se a are n s e seen of two ki d , tho th t i vi ibl or with

f l an d s e a are e as s een es e are di ficu ty, tho th t ily , [th

fire air e a a d n n n e e a es . se e s , , rth , v g t bl ] co dly, b i g

five sense s s e hi a e a n as with om of w ch h v mi d, [ men s e n s s an d all an a s and , god , d mo , fowl , im l

s es a are e in th e ain e s a n fi h th t produc d , J tim tio ,

a en s and e s a e n o n as e n s from p r t ] , oth r h v mi d , [ b i g in t h e e s a e and se ene a e as th e mbryo t t , tho g r t d ,

Ja ns in e a en e a n hl e i th k , by quivoc l g r tio , from p gm,

& k n s and s e en s . s e c . as s e s s e lim , , om i d of fi h rp t ]

e e are en e n s ssess e s ens es Th r th b i g po d of two ,

viz and as e as s e l -fish an d e s h av ( . , touch t t , h l ) , oth r

iz as e and s e as an s in ee v . g thr , ( , touch , t t m ll, t and eas and s a ass senses fl ) ; till third cl , with four ,

d ns an in nl ea i n as ies ees an s . (w t g o y h r g , fl , b corpio ) E ach of th ese s even c lass es of animals may be

le e in all e e s a ts or incom comp t th ir pow r or p r , ' ‘ V A I V A 1 l 7 NA A T .

le t e m n t he ee n s n ns a n p , for i g fourt di ti ctio mo g i " a n a e b in im t d e g s . T h e mos t e xalte d prope rti es of a nimate d b e i ng s a re n e e e e n n a n n a e , k owl dg , p rc ptio , i iti tio i to r li

io us e t he a e s e - e n a t h e sse s g lif , pr ctic of lf d i l , po s n e a nd t h e e en ea ns io of pow r , mploym t of m to

a n an e nd obt i .

T h e l n n s s s a n i e a fol owi g thi g u t i l f food , body , t h e s e nses t he w e ea in t h e e , po r of br th g, pow r of s ee and e T h e s e n n a e . p ch , m t l pow r fir t four b lo g

ea es a a e o ne sens e t h e s five to cr tur th t h v but , fir t

ea es a n e e and sens es to cr tur h vi g two , thr , four , or

five a n and all t h e s ix t h e ea without mi d , to cr

es a a e a n e e a re t e n a a s tur th t h v mi d . Th r vit l ir

n e ne in t h e s s a n n e o ne ea co c r d u t i i g of lif , for ch of t he five s enses one a s rt s t h e ea n , th t uppo br thi g ,

' o ne o n h t h e t erm e e en s and t h e whic of lif d p d ,

ee n a n a s o ne the n a s e n thr i vigor ti g ir , [ for mi d , co d

t h e s n h e a e ee a d a t . for p ch , third for bodily fr m ]

e in s o ne e e and s enses B g with , two , thr , four ,

a e t h e s s ix s e en and e es e h v fir t four, , v , ight of th

T h e o ri inal w o r tran s la te w ith a min is g d d , d , Hfifl

“ Sans krit Ha : m : T h e w o rd fo r c o mple te is W T x,

Sans krit fi rm: T h e additio ns w ith in brac k e ts are a ll fro m t h e C o mme nt an d so in fu t ure e x c e t o ne o r t w o fro m o ra l , , p

f rm at io n in o . 1 1 8 T T V A NAVA A .

es e ve fi . se ve s enses and r p cti ly Tho with , without

i i' a m n a e n n ne a airs i d, h v o ly i vit l . T h e union of th ese with a body constitutes th e s a e e an d e is n n t h e s a e t t of lif , th ir d j u ctio t t of

ea e air e a and a e are a e d th Fir , , rth , w t r , c ll d

t s and w elemen s t . ee e s all n s are Tr flo r , of ki d

e n called ex ist ent si. B i gs with less than five senses are a e reS irers i and t h e asses e n s c ll d p , four cl of b i g

five s ens es viz . s men es and with , ( , god , , brut ,

ll e e ns are a e an a e ein s . d mo ) , c d prop rly im t d b g ”

T h e een s n ns n II . fourt di ti ctio of thi gs w ithout ‘ e are : s l s s and airs ll ea lif o id , fluid , , ch of which T h h as ee as e s . e e a e and a thr p ct whol , t rritory,

A dd t o ese e and t h e dis th tim , four t inc tions a bod H t h e e a e n a of y , whol body , r gio ,

em e an d an a and th e n e is co m m b r, tom , umb r

nan a e e s are en s e n plet ed . I im t obj ct th divi ibl i to

d s and air asses s s es . ui s four cl , oli , fluid , bodi , Fl d

“ 8 . mm 1 w He r.

W 8 . a? " mm 8 . mm ‘ an Hsitar IT w rsw rsmm S .

‘ afirfe mv: w firfe a m: ma rmfismra

s wi mme r San s . G aw ain :

1 n m m s . gae rfs ia nv:

1 20 . N A V T A T V A A .

e karmika ssess a s t h e n es fruit of m rit , ( ) to po l o bo li e a a an and th e e e a T irth an k d m t, p rf ct form of

' a e a s e as e and th e k r , good colour, m ll, t t , touch ,

e n ea ness and i ness in prop r proportio of h vi , l ght ,

ffens eness e a e ea hi n a lian n o iv , mod r t br t g, bril t cou t enance e e an n and e e s all e , l g t motio , m mb r prop rly

a an e t h e s a e a a a man a b l c d, t t of god , th t of , th t of t h e i es ass es an a s and t h at of a T ir h gh t cl of im l , j

an a in i h ll n t en . es e a n t e th k r Th , dd tio to fo owi g

es a n t h e t - e s mod of ctio , form for y two m ritoriou s T h n n a es . e es a are n a t t mod of ctio , volu t ry motio ,

u se th e s en ses all t h e e ans a right of , of oth r org , s e a a e th e s act on mness in p r t body for oul to , fir a n easan n ess in e r en e e an es ctio , pl t d po tm t , l g t g

e s ea n t a s w e e e in a e s as e tur , p ki g wi h t voic , p r u iv

anne an d so as e a se . m r, to licit pr i

T h ff n a s es sin ar th ll IV . e e ects a d c u of e e fo ow in -T h e t en s ns an n e e g divi io of w t of k owl dg ,

s n s en a en s en a an [fir t of thi g m t l , th of word , th w t

e e n e e s en s e e s t h e an of p rf ct k owl dg of ibl obj ct , w t of knowledge of what is doing in all t h e forty - five di is ns t h e en in t h e feen th e a e v io of world, th fi t bod

man n e an nis en e es es e e of , xt, w t of om ci c b id th r is n a a n na li ain t h e ob i c p city of givi g, i bi ty to obt ect es e n a a se i n e an d j of d ir , i c p city of cur g d light ,

r a s n n e n a a i nability to enjoy] . Th ere a e l o i tur l

' infirmit ies e e n s h and s ee t h e , [imp rf ctio of ig t l p of

. fi viz n e and t h e a e ve . a a form r four, of l tt r , , tot l w t o f s n a a s eei n a is no t e e ight, i c p bility of g wh t b for A T V NAVA T A .

t h e e es n a a s eei n a ll a is ne o n y , i c p bility of g th t do ea n a a s ee n all n s and s e e rth , i c p bility of i g thi g l p ,

ee s ee s e e in h o ne c a n s it o r s a n d p l p , l p w ich t d , s ee in w a e s n c an a a es e l p hich p r o w lk bout , m m ric s ee in w a be e a l p , hich tooth might pull d out or

' o ffw t h e a e n s n w e e a nd limb cut ithout p ti t k o l dg , in w hic h h e c an ex ert s up ernatural s tre ngth in a ccomplishing pl a ns thought of duri ng t h e

e e e is rt in a a a n act N xt th r , bi h low f mily, y

a es a n a s e s th e s a e a n th t g iv p i , f l wor hip , t t of y of t h e t en n s i n e n s es e n ki d of l vi g b i g d titut of motio , a n th e e e s a es in el es en n na y of thr t t h l , [d c di g tur a e e e n a n a a a nd n in lly th r , b i g dr w w y to it , livi g it] b e i ng unde r t h e i nflue nce of any of t h e twenty

five as s ns s een e a s a n e e e p io , [ ixt prop r , , g r , prid , lov ,

e s nes s ea r n s and n s c on cov tou , ch of fou ki d thi g n d w n a a & i e c t e ass s e c . s x n s ith p io , l ught r, , thi g , a nd t h e thre e s exual states of animal s] ; t h e four

as s es n e n s w one ee and cl of livi g b i g ith , two , thr ,

s e ns es bad a na a e e s as a four g it tur l d f ct , [ , buck

t & c . a s sa eea e s e as e too h , ] l o di gr bl colour, m ll , t t , or fe el any o ne of t h e five co nditions of th e bones or form of t h e body oth er than tha t above d es c ribed n e th e s e ea all es e are c on , u d r oppo it h d th

T h is is c alle th e ains A s vri an i N id ra a lth o u h I d by J p , g c ann o t lea rn th at t h ey a re ac q ua in te d w ith any p ro c es s by w hic h it is ind uc ed . ' 1 22 V A T A A N A T V .

. nect ed d s e e th e n e sin . es e with pri cipl of B i , th r are want of prop er motion in any member of t h e

e e e n en ess m e e e body, xtr m mi ut , i prop r d v lop men e ess e a n ess an n ess an d t, xc iv h iri , w t of firm ; t h e f n a s n e a e n a n ollowi g ct , i d lic t co t ct , [touchi g an a t h e e t h e na e a s n y p rt of body b low v l] , c u i g

s ess an e n n a n s s n dis di tr to y b i g, i h rmo iou ou d ,

e en e s es e . ob di c , di r p ct

V A e es and ass ns and e n e . pp tit p io , oth r i cit m n in ese are th e fiv senses and t h e e ts to s . Th e

ass ns an e e e e sn ess four p io , [ g r, prid , lov , cov tou ] ; th e five s n a ts i l n s ea n n a i ful c , [k l i g, t li g, lyi g, dul t er e e ness t h e t h e e e as y , d vot d to world] thr yog , a a n s th e n s ee and [ pplic tio of mi d , p ch , body, to worldly obj ects] ; bes ides t h e twenty following a s w a k n a e ess and s o en an e n t h e ct l i g c r l ly, [ d g ri g

e n se s en n a ea n s n ill lif of i ct ] , l di g w po , wi hi g to an e n eaz n an ein n n e y b i g, t i g y b g or i juri g th m ,

e nn n an as n th e e e n b gi i g y work , [ ploughi g] , r c ptio

a t h e e e se nnin a s n t h e of gift , x rci of cu g, ccu i g a n sa e s a se a n an J i cr d book of f l hood , cti g without y

e s ee n s a e a s u n n s en rul , i g t g pl y , to chi g thi g forbidd , as s es s and men are e [ hor , bull , wo , which prohibit d

' as e s ea n n e s ow n a ses ai e to c tic ] h ri g o pr i procl m d, ea n ea ns ea n an a s as n ar b ri g w po , b ti g im l , purch i g t icles s e e at a e n an an a to ll th m profit, pi rci g y im l

a ea n n n s a e essness dis with w po , doi g thi g with c r l , regard of th e good opinion of gods and men,

e n e s a s se ord ri g oth r to do wh t you hould do your lf,

1 24 T A T V A ‘ NAVA .

n an e and el us - s h e t en a o . T s of ig or c , r igio d ubt ct are as s : t h e mi ness a es a ns a h follow ld th t r tr i wr t , t h e s es e th e si humility which ubdu prid , mplicity

is s e nn n th e s a i which oppo d to cu i g , piritu lity wh ch is s e - m n e n ess as in and au st e oppo d to worldly i d d , f t g

- rities sel es a n s ea in . th e en e , f r tr i t, p k g truth , t d r

e a t h e i e all ea es a an n en r g rd for l f of cr tur , b do m t

all l ssess ns e i a and as of world y po io , c l b cy ch tity. , Th es e things contain t h e principles of t h e Jain religion .

R a s n th e n dl a a VII . i i g mi d from worl y tt ch

n s ffe his t h e l n n n e . e refl m e t . To ct t fol owi g i ec tions are to be k ept b efore t h e mind : that all

n s are n s a e a ea and th e l s li e thi g u t bl , th t d th i l of f

ann be e en e a man is dr en u c ot pr v t d, th t iv thro gh a s ess n s a es in ffe en s a t h e ucc io of t t di r t world , th t same life is frequen tly passing through births and

ea s a th e is bu t a e e a e d th , th t body r c pt cl for filth , that man is through t h e actions h e is called on t o p erform exposed to innumerable temptations to sin a ese ma be es s e an d a s of , th t th y r i t d , th t work all kin ds should be abstained from . In a ddition to these t h e following three reflections shou ld be m ade th at man is by his form fitte d for religiou s e e ses a a n s a is if l x rci , th t to obt i uch body d ficu t , an d e e e a h e h as a ne s th r for , th t who obt i d it hould

i e a en n th e s e eli n give h s whol tt tio to ubj ct of r gio .

a e e ns es Th ese are th e twelve spiritu l r fl ctio . B ides T ese e e are th e five sa a en s . h e s is th th r cr m t fir t , T A T V A NAVA . 1 25

t h e a n e n n o n e. a t o i tr ductio to J i r ligio , , vow a s a n all n a nd e e s e as s n b t i from i j ury , to x rci comp io

a s a ll n ea es the s e n is n tow rd livi g cr tur ; co d , i itia

n n a n as e fe all e s ns tio i to c tic li , by which form r i a re e a e ne th e s a a e n t h e e a e oblit r t d xt , cr m t of gr t r

e na n e e n e e en n s fas n a nd ea p c , [b i g ight mo th ti g r d ing for a n as c e tic who threate ns to l ea ve t he com

n and t h e es s e e na n e s e mu ity] ; l r p c , [of hort r

e s e ns as s n and s fa s p riod , for bullitio of p io light ult ] a nd as e e is t h e Sa a e n R e n n l tly, th r cr m t of ow ,

e n t h e e s e e a n o all t he wh tru di cipl , br ki g thr ugh e n an e e n s t h e a a ns t h e s a e t gl m t of world , tt i to t t w h ere th ere is imm o rtality a nd free dom from

e e are s ix n s e e na a s de cay . Th r ki d of xt r l u te rity e n e a s nen e a e e a n a tir b ti c for limit d tim , t ki g mouthful le ss and l ess every d ay ; t h e res olution

ea t n t h e a1 t ic le la e e and s s to o ly if , p c , tim , di po i

n are in a an e a e s fo e tio , ccord c with pr viou ly rm d conceptio n in t h e mi nd ; t h e refus ing all sa voury

' a c es e afilic tin t h e d a s t ea rin o u t rti l of di t g bo y , [ g t h e hair] ; re straini ng th e s e ns es ; no t looki ng a t

n e e a re a s s ix n n obj ects of te mptatio . Th r l o i te r al a s e es : e e n an e es t n u t riti r p t c , humility , r olu io to e e men ea n s a nd ns f d holy , r di g of holy book i truct in e rs in t h e s am e e s e a n a nd g oth , r ligiou m dit tio ,

as ra s n t h e n a e all w es e s . l tly, i i g mi d bov orldly d ir Such a re t h e restra i nts tha t pre pare t h e mi nd for

n e mancipa tio .

a a e n s . es e a re r VIII . Worldly tt chm t Th fou 1 26 T A T V A NAVA .

n s and a e e e en e th e na e i e sen ki d , h v r f r c to tur , t m , s e a es and a e t he e s affe ibl qu liti , pl c of obj ct which ct

h n T e fir s t e . h e e s e essen e t h e mi d t r f r to th ir c , s e n t h e e e n n an e t h e i co d to tim of th ir co ti u c , th rd i d h e a s e l &c . an t e t o t h e to th r fl vour, m l , , fourth

in r n R es places which th ey a e fou d . traints and a a en s are t h e l n n s e n tt chm t of fo lowi g ki d cov ri g, as t h e es a n s a an a e e th e [ r tr i t of ight by b d g , ov r e es e n a en as a a e s y ] ; for ig g cy , [ th t of port r top in on e at a e as t h e es a n g door] ; t rror, [ r tr i t from eating hon ey on t h e edge of a sharp sword] th e fas cination of affection confin ement in th e stocks t h e attraction of b eautiful obj ects and p aintings

n s d e a ns an l e a e e a nin t h e co i r tio of r k, [ ik pott r x mi g d ifle rent grades of t h e ves sels h e h as ma de] ; and delays [as those exp erienc ed at t h e treas ury when

an So t h e s e money is w t ed] . much for ubj ct of

a a ns worldly ttr ctio .

R e a e th e s a e na e an a n I! . l tiv to t t of fi l m cip tio th ere are six things stated : th at there is really s a s a e t h e s z e th e e an a e es and uch t t , i of m cip t d liv ,

th e a e h e e e e e an e a of pl c w r th y liv , th ir t gibl qu li

es th e a n e e s en e t h e st an e ti , dur tio of th ir xi t c , di c at e are one an e e a s which th y from oth r, th ir p rt ,

it T h e ori in al h ere is sim l and th e ex lan ation is g fifi p y, p

aft er th e manner o f a paint er but I am not sure I h ave h it th e exact idea .

1 2 T A T V A 8 NAVA . s a e and no n e n ei iss e t t , i t rruptio to th r bl . Th y h a e e e s n and n e e e a e n o v p rf ct vi io k owl dg , th y h v

e en en e on s e e s e e se es ao d p d c work , but x rci th m lv

n th e s i h Su ch is th e cordi g to highe t ph losop y .

h e life of t e Pe rf ct .

Few n e e s not e an t en at a i e and ut r , [ mor th t m ] , a s a n fe a es not m e an m ll proportio of m l , [ or th

en at a e ain e e n t h e e e tw ty tim ] , obt p rf ctio ; p rf ct

ns s e a es i on e un e and co i t chi fly of m l , [of wh ch h dr d

i ht ma b e an a e a n S is t h e g y e m cip t d t o ce] . uch

in e e an a n and t h e n s n th e doctr of m cip tio , co clu io of

a th e n e P n es n H s . e Tr ct, or Ni ri cipl of Thi g who

' is ac uaint ed wi es e nine in es and a s q th th pr cipl , l y

i n n e e a s e e i e . hold of th m by f ith , p rf ct k owl dg H e who is ignorant of th e m cann ot be p erfect in

' n e T h e w s and n e all t h e k owl dge . ord doctri of

a n L s is e e and n e e e se be n J i ord h r , owh r l to fou d ;

e e e h e s e in is n s e in ese th r for , who m d i truct d th ,

H e h as possesses true and stable knowl edge. who h ad this kn owle dge impress e d o n his mind for only an is e aine nl a th e en a and hour, d t d o y by h lf m t l

a t a n a h w as e bodily t r ctio th t e befor .

I n m e e e are n fin e es an ti th r i it cycl , of which nfin e n e a e ass e ain an nfin e n um i it umb r h v p d , d i it

A n sa es e e are t he ber are to come . mo g g th r fol

n is n ns : nas and t se n ot nas lowi g d ti ctio Ji , ho Ji ;

an a as and s e are not se e s Tirth k r , tho who Hou hold r and en an s and R e a -A s e s M en M dic t , gul r c tic ; ,

en and E n s se ins e a Wom , u uch ; tho truct d by T A T V A 1 29 NAVA .

a e nd a t h e s e - a and se priv t i ividu l , lf t ught , tho brought up u nd er regul ar t each ers thos e who are emancipated an d those emancipate d in a body .

1 3 2 E APP NDI X .

nacu lar t n u es all th eir reall ancient and s t an ar o g , y d d

fa t w o r s are rit t en in t h e Ma a h i. I is a curi u s c k w g d t o , th at th e e l nes e u hist s t erm th eir s ac re t n u e C y o B dd d o g , u s uall c alle Pali als Ma a h i th o u h o n m arin y d , o g d ; g co p g th e Mahav ans o o ne oft h eir s a c re b o s w ith th e ain , d o k , J

ritin s I fin d o nsi erable issimilarit et een th e w g , c d d y b w tw o diale c t s ; t h e Pali approach ing mu ch n earer t o th e s an ar o f t h e en eral P ra rit and h a in few if t d d g k , v g ,

' an th e e uliarities o fth e Ma adln ialect w hile y , of p c g d , th e Jain work s ex hibit th em by n o means in a sligh t

T h e Mahav ans o r a l e x hi it s re t e ree . d g p ob b y b , p t y n earl th e c urt lan u a e o f I n ia th re e h un re y, o g g d d d

ears ef re o ur era w h en u h is m w as rs rml y b o , B dd fi t fi y es t ablish e in e l n hile th e lan u a e o fth e Kal a d C y o , w g g p Sut ra w a s th e court lang u ag e of th e Balabhi mo narch s o f G uj arath s even c ent u ries later ; for alth ou gh th e t w o works were probably co mpos e d a b o ut th e s ame

erio th e lan u a e all th e w hile in e lo n ein a p d , g g C y b g

ea lan u a e an d it s u s e n n e t o th e riesth o d d g g , co fi d p o d , it would remain u n affecte d by th os e ch ang es t o wh ich in I n ia as a s o en t n u e it ul be n inu all d , p k o g , wo d co t y

In referen e t o th e mean in su bj e ct e d . c g of th e word

P ra rit it ma be o s er e th at am n th e Marathi k , y b v d , o g

rahmans th e t erm is o ft en t a en in it s i es t s ens e B , k w d t o s ig nify th e na tura l o r v erna c ular lang u ag e of any

in I n ia I n a mor restric t s n i me ro in e . e e e s e t an s p v c d d , a n of th e ancient ialect s o fth e ifferent ro inc e s y d d p v , an d w hich a s mo st o f th eir o o s u s e till lat el t o , b k d y

w ritt en in it o t ains in th e s o uth o f I n ia th e be , b , d , app ellatio n T h e San sk rit is n o t at presen t P E AP NDI X .

a e rna c u la r t o n ue bu t a la n u a e o lis he a nd v g , g g p d

re fin e a s it s name im lies fo r t h e u r o s es o flit e ra d , p , p p

t ure ; y e t it s e e ms hig hly pro b a ble t h a t th e ru de r i l d a e c t fro m w hic h t h e p res e nt Sans krit h a s b e e n

fo r me w a s t h e s o e n t o n ue o fth e ri e w h o u n e r d p k g t b , , d

hara t as th e t h e ms el e s re la t e s e tle in U e r B , y v , t d pp

I n ia a nd a fte rw a r s a e h na me o f t h eir s o e rei n d , d g v t e v g

t o t h e w h o le c o unt r w h ic h e x t e n s ro m a e y, d f C p

o mo rin t o th e Hima l M in s T h e s e Bharat a ns C aya o unt a .

th e n s s es s e a c c r in t o t h eir o w n a c c o u nt s c o n po d, o d g ,

ta in ed in th e w r s c alle Purans a nd th er re r s o k d , o co d

o f t h e ir t ra itio ns at th eir rs t e me r in fr m d , fi g g o

o s c urit but a s ma ll rt io n I n ia w hile a t t h a t b y, po of d , t ime th e c o un t ry w as p e o ple d in e v e ry dire c t ion by

t ri es o f a ra c e entirel is tin t and i n iffe rent s t a es b y d c , d g o fC i iliz at io n w h m h e at rs t eno minat e D ait a v , o t y fi d d y ,

D ana a a nd Itaks h as an d s ill lat er Mleehh as u s t a s v , , t ; j

t ill er la el if t h e h a e e e n no w c e as e t o d o s o v y t y , y v v d ,

t h e hines e u s e t o c a ll all f rei n ers e ils and t h e C d o g d v .

G r e s m r e e n o f e e o th e r rac e a r a rians . k v y , b b O ne o f th e mo s t s t riki ng fe a t iu' e s in th e ins t it ut io ns o f th o s e no rt he rn immig ra n t s w a s t h e dis tinc tio n o f c a s te w hic h t h e e ith e r ro u ht a lo n w it h t h em o r , y b g g ,

ia Ye t a t t h e int rod uc e d s o o n a ft e r t h eir arriv a l in I nd . firs t th e milita r a nd rie s tl c a s t es w e re o ne a nd y p y , ma ny ins ta nc es c a n be p o int e d o u t in t h e P ru nus w h e re t h e s ec ond s o n o f a military s o v e re ig n e nt e re d t he

ries th o o hile his e l e r ro th e r s w a e th e s c e t re . p d , w d b y d p

A no t he r s t ri in c h a ra c t e ri s tic o f t his t ribe w a s t ha t k g , it b e lo ng e d t o t ha t g ra nd c e n t ra l A s ia n fa mily w hic h E 1 3 4 APP NDIX . h as ac t e d by far th e mo st pro min ent p art o n th e

oliti al arena ofth e w o rl s en in o ff c lo nies w h ich p c d, d g o , b ecame th e erms o f mi h t monarchies in P ersia g g y ,

G ree c e It al an d mo ern E uro e as w ell as in I n ia , y , d p , d an d in all th o s e differen t lo c alities ret aining t h e ru di ment s o f a diale c t w hich h as fo rmed th e b asis o f mo s t o f th e s e lan g u ag es w hich c o nt ain th e treasu res o f lit erat ure and s ien c e a s h as een full manifest e b c , b y d y

a urs o f Schle el K enn e and th e learn e o . d l bo g , dy , B pp It is e vident t h at o n th e spreading ab ro ad o f this n o r h ern famil an d t h eir min lin w ith t h e a o ri in es t y , g g b g , a mix t u re o f th e lan g uag e o f th e t w o p e o ple mus t

T h e s ame ro c es s th en th at t la e resu l e . e h a v t d p , , ook p c in S ain th e n orth o f It al Fra nc e and rit ain o n th e p , y , , B , c o n u est o fth o s e c unt ies b th e R o mans t la e q o r y , ook p c , w u st elieve in I n di a w h en th e foll w ers o f rah e m b , , o B manism at ifferent erio s t o s s es sio n o f it s , d p d , ok po

rin ci aliti T h l different ki ng do ms and p p es . e ang u ag e

ori inal inh a it ant s o f I n ia ifw e ma u o fth e ab g b d , y j dg e

r m th e T amil th at of t h e e le mo st t o th e s o uth fo , p op ,

h e st remo e from rah manical influ enc e an an d fart v d B , d

m th e iale t s s o en b th e hill t ri es w hich h a e fro d c p k y b , v n v er em ra c e t h e rahmanical c u st ms and reli io n e b d B o g ,

an d which dialect s h a v e all mu ch in c o mmo n w it h th e

T amil elo n e t o a famil o f lan u a es entirel , b g d y g g y

inct fr m th at of t h e n orth ern in a ers an d h ad a dist o v d ,

n earer res emblan c e t o th e T u rkish an d Sib erian diale c t s

' f th e n o -G ermanie t o n u s th an t o any o I d g e .

It w a s n o t th e olic o f th e rah man s a n m re p y B , y o

f th e R o man s t o is en s e w ith th e u s e o f th an o , d p their

1 3 6 APPE NDIX .

. “ “ o mu m o fth e G u ara hi and th e fi ch eni of th e f; ( ) j t , fl ( ) M T o fin d an thin li e a arallel t o this o ld arathi . y g k p w e mu st ass th e San s ri and s ee it in th e T ur ish p k t, k k

In re ar t o th e ati e t h e le er t is th e J g d d v , tt a (k) prevailin g ch aract eristic in th e vernacu lar lan gu ag e s o f

I n i th u s in th e T amil w e h a e i ku in th e ana d a v t; ( ) , C

kke o f th e s e n e clensio n in th e T elin a res e a ( ) co d d , g

3 ku in th e Hin o s t ani a} ko an d in th e en ali 5 ( ) , d ( ) , B g

k H o w c ul th ere b e su c h an an alo in res ec t a} ( e ) . o d g y p o f th es e th e t w o mo st c ommo n an d imp ort ant o f all t h e ca s es amon g lan g uag es who s e v o c ables are s o

ifferen t unle s s w e as ri e it t o th e influ en c e o f an d , c b a o ri inal I n ian lan u a e w h i h b ain e thro u h ou t b g d g g , c o t d g th e c ou nt r th o u h ou tles s w ith iale tic arieties y , g d b d c v , b efore th e Brahmanical t ong u e h ad prevaile d in n early

l n in i ev r h ere ex c e t in h e P su a t t e t enin sula . pp g yw , p

O n this h o e er an d o n th e allie s u ec o f th e , w v , d bj t affinity b etw e en th e lan g uag es sp o ken by t h e moun d t ain e ers an d th e T amil a di i nal in formati n will be , d t o o “ fou n d in t h e fi rst v olume o f th e J o urnal o f th e ” m a ranch o f th e R al A siati S ciet Bo b y B oy c o y .

T h e Pra rit an d o th er ialec t s th en ment ion e b k d , , d y V araru chi h a d th eir o rig in in t h e n eces sity w hich h a d aris en o f a daptin g th e B rahmanical sp e ech t o th e

an of th e I n ian a ri in es an d ma eith er o rg s d bo g , y be c o nsi ere a s c o rru ti ns or re n ement s a cc o r in t o d d p o fi , d g t h e s t andard w hich is u s e d t o t ry th e qu alities o f

H a in fo r m o w n art rs s t u i lan g uag es . v g y p fi t d e d th e

nd a mire th e a c euracv w ith Sa ns kri t . a d d w h ic h it AP PE N D I X . 1 3 7

e na b le s a writ e r t o e x pre s s a ll t h e va rie d s h a d e s o f h is

i ea s a nd t h e n ic e ties o fit s s truc t ure I c o nfe s s I flt d , , e

’ dis app o int e d in t urnin g t o t h e I rakrit ; bu t a ft e r

a a nc in a lit tle in th e n o w le e o f t h e la n ua e dv g k dg g g ,

I e el o u n t o c o nc e e th a t it s re at er sim lic it f b d d , by g p y

o f c o ns t ruc t io n a nd s u erio r fac ilit o f enu nc ia t io n , p y , t h e P rak rit may e a s ily b ea r a w ay th e p alm fro m it s

ri a l a s a s im le e t o lis h e a nd h armo nio u s ehicle v p , y p d v

o fh u ma n t h o u ht a mira l t t e t o be th e s o en g , d b y fi d p k t o ng u e o f a g re a t a nd re fin e d nation ; a n d it t h e re ad er

’ ” w il lo o a c t o t h e e x la nat io n T risalas ream l k b k p of d , h e will re adily c o nc eiv e t h a t th e lan g u a g e in w h ic h t ho ug ht s s o va ri e d a nd b eau tiful c an be c o n v eye d w ith

e as e a nd ra c e mu s t be s o me thin m re th a n a a r o n g , g o j g .

I n t h e e c u liar ia le c t o fPra rit t erme Ma a h i t h e p d k d g d ,

firs t p o int ment io n e d by V a raruchi is t h e s ubs tit ut io n o f ‘ I as fo r s a nd sh m: In th e c o m I: ( ) H ( ) , H ( ) a) ( .

mo n ia e c t o n t h e c o nt rar s a nd sh ec o me d l , y , a ( ) H ( ) b

N o w it is a s t ro n c o n rma tio n o f this rule o f 13 ( s ) . g fi

th e r mmaria n t o find th at o n th e G an es w h e nc e w e g a , g , may su pp o s e th e mo del o f th e c o mmo n P rakrit t o h a v e

e e n ta e n in a ll th e iffe re nt iale c t s o fHin i a nd IIin b k , d d d

u s tani th e s is th e o nl s i ila nt us e w hile in t h e d , H ( ) y b d ,

M arat h i c o un t r w h ic h a nc ientl ell ithi n th e limit s y , y f w

o f th e in o m o fMa a d ha th e H s is th e fa v o mi t e k g d g , I ( ) s i i a nt e in th e c o mmo n e o le al a s su st it ut e b l , b g by p p w y b d

” fo r s e o re t h e ala tine o w e ls i a nd o 8 ( ) b f p v ( ) Q ( ) ,

o f - w t h us s e a o s and th e s e mi v o e l 21 ( y ) ; . G E T ( v ) be c me 1 3 8 APPE NDI X .

fiat and fig ( sinh a) is ch ang e d t o fig ( s 1 h a) .

In theG u arath i ursi e ch aract er alth o u h h th ese j c v , g bot si ilant s are ro n un c e th e s is s el m w ritt en 3 b p o d, H ( ) do , 1

' s ein u t in it s lac e an d th e ro er ro nunc iati n ( ) b g p p , p p p o left t o th e s ill o f th r a r k e e de .

In th e ain Ma a h i manu s ri t s w hic h a re w ritt en J g d c p , in a form o f t h e N a ari v ar in in s e eral lett ers a g , y g v

o eal fr m th e D e ana ari th e t w o lett ers in g od d o v g , qu estion s e em u s e d almost pro misc u ou sly at th e pleasure

f h ri In mo st ofth e ain manu s cri t s in th e o t e sc b e . J p

L i rar o f th e o m a ciet s al ne i u s e S s . b y B b y o y , H ( ) o d

In th e t w o manu s ri t s of th e K al a Sut ra fr m w hi h c p p , o c

' ‘ ’ t h e t ranslatio n w as ma e s is li erall u se ex c e t d , 31 ( ) b y d, p

“ in th e t erminations Q ( ssa) and g ( su ) ; but th en th e scri es seem in th e h ic e of o ne o r o th er t o h a e b , c o , v a c t e uit e at ran o m fo r at o n e time w e h a e d q d , v

i ' v asah a and th en a ain e vasah a ) fo r “ m ( ) , g ms ( 3

i h h a T h e Yati w h o assist e me maint ain vr s ab . e ( ) d , d th at th e t w o let t ers sh ou ld b e pro nou nc e d in th e s ame w a w hi ch bu t fo r th e au th orit o f th e rammarian y , , y g ,

“ an d th e mo ern u sa e abo e referre t o I sh ou l h a e d g v d , d v

o n s fo r ref in o r t A t o th e ro r n o s olid rea s u s g t g an . s p p e

ro nun ciatio n o f th e th re e si ilant s a Mah arash t ra p b ,

“ B rah man pron o unc es E (s) as th e commo n hissing s ;

' s h e ro n u n es as a er s ft sh similar t o th es e a ( ) p o c v y o ,

‘ t w o lett ers i n o ur wo rd sh eep ; an d H ( sh) a s a v ery h arsh sh in w hich th e t o n u e is rai s e t o a r s t h e , g d w d

E 1 4 0 APP NDI X .

in o u r manuscri s e en in oth er ases th us w e h a e pt , v c ; v

for a h r 2 i a?! ( seya) E R (s et ) w e e 1 (y) s used for a ( t) .

I h a e n o t seen th e h an e of r t o 1 2 v c g ( j) ! ( yy) , but th e re ers e as for H m ar ush an a w e h a e v , i (p y ) v O W N (pap au safia) a c c ordin g t o th e c o mmo n

P A ain bh ar a b e c o m ! rakrit . _ g “WET ( yy ) es W t "

(bhariya) inst ea d o f th e c ommon Prakrit i

Fro m this w o r b th e a lication of th e d, y pp

’ rammarians rules w e sh all et s methin n earer th e g , g o g E ‘ a Marathi IR fi(b y s o r mi (baa) .

T h e word E m (hrid ay asy a) h as n o t th e p eculiar fo rm w i h u s th mm ri t i N o i e ra a an men ns . r s r t , g o T ( )

“ c h an g e d t o Gt ex c ept p erh aps in th e dou btfu l ins t an c es of a v eruli a for 3 1 5 vaid ur a m ( y ) 1 ( y ) ,

urala fo r u ar and m ( ) W ( d a) .

I d o n o t know h ow th e ch ang e of a (ksh) t o E at

s k hich t a es la e in Ma a hi a o r in t o V ara ( ) w k p c g d , cc d g

manu ri t ru chi is t o b e e x laine . In th e ain s s , p d J c p i “ kh is u su all w r tt en rak li e r an d . G ( ) y ( HT ( ) , k I ( ) at ( k)

W as this h a th e rammarian meant an d w as it a mere w t g , fo rm o f ritin o r is th e ec uliar s u n in t en e w g , p o d d d u t t erly lo st in th e mo dern v ernacular ton g u e ? 5 ( chh )

‘ is o ft en s u b stit ute d fo r a ( ksh ) as in th e c o mmo n i d alec t . E 4 APP NDIX . 1 1

In ass in 1 ma me ntio n t h at s e l o o p g , y a ( v) d m r

ne e r e c o me s v b a ( b) .

In refe re nc e t o o ne o f th e p rinc ip al p ec uliarities o f

t he Ma a h i iale c th e s u s tit u tio n o f e fo r 3 g d d t, b Q ( ) a

o in t h e n o minat i e s in u a r o f w o r s w h ich in ( ) v g l d ,

S ans rit h a e B : a h o r E am in tha t c as e th e k v I ( ) f ( ) , ru le o f t h e g ra mmaria n is c o nst antly fo llo we d in t h e

Kalp a Sut ra ; t h us w e h a v e rfi ( g ih e ) fo r 113

e e rih am mahavire fo r malai ( g ) , W ]? ( ) W ir ; ( v ira h) ; a nd eve n in femi ni nes in a n ( a) a nd Q: ( i) th e

’ ' ru le h o l s T is la fo r T risala d s a HE T a e m , , fiT Q ( ) r ( )

' a nd W Q ( mah am e ) fo r W i ll ( brah mam)

T his c h arac t e rist ic alo n e is s u ffi c ient. t o vindic ate t h e c o rrec t ness o f t h e t itle Ma a h i as a lie t o th e g d , pp d la ng ua g e in w hic h th e J ain b o o k s a re w ritt en ; a nd t h e w a nt o fit in th e Path s h o w s th at it h as no r er , p op c l i o thi li r i h a m t s p ec u a ep t e t .

T h e. fi fth c as e w hic h sh o ul e n d in d u o r , d g ( ) a

d o in t h e w ritin s o f t h e .la ins a s fa r as I h a e ( ) g , v o s e r e a lw a s t e rmina t e s s im l in t ro in b v d , y p y V i ( o d pp g t h e I (d) a c c o rd ing t o a rule w hic h is n o t c o mmo nly a pplied t o s u c h c o mbina t io ns ; th us w e h a v e m a bha nt a ra u fo r th e Sa ns ri t a bh a n ( ) k W W . ( y

In t h e mo e rn a ra t i t his t e rmin i t a ra ta h ) . d M h a t o n

c e s o T h re is a e c u lia r t v a ls o n be o m 3 1 ( n) . e p i i t h e 1 4 A E 2 PP NDIX .

s e enth c as e t h e in an d I s o f t h e Sans rit v , H ( ) ! ( ) k ch an g ing pla c e s ; th u s w e h a v e aj i fifl ( ku ch h a msi)

' a nd m ( s aman amsi) w hile in Prakrit th e t ermi

‘ n atio n is fffl o r E :

“ T h e u s e oft h e ! h in th e six t h c ase is u nex am le i ( ) p d , as far as I h a e o s er e a s w ell as h u in th e v b v d , ( )

i lu r T h e lo n B o f th o c at ive n ominat v e p al. g IT (a) e v is c o ns tant ly u s e d ; an d th e Kalp a Sut ra is in this p oint quit e c omfo rmable t o th e rule laid down fo r th e Mag a dh i by th e g rammarian ; t h u s w e h ave alw ays

fi ‘’ lfl l D ev afi u ia . T h e femin in e h o w e er is m f ( pp ) , v ,

v i T h e rule a o e m en i n { HTEJfiIIQ (D e anupp e) . b v t o e d

m ern ar thi T h e ro n u ns h o lds univ ers ally in o d M a . p o c o nfo rm t o th e s t an ar o f th e o mm n iale c t w ith d d c o d , o ut h aving any o f t h e p ecu liarities men tio ne d by th e

rammarian h ic h ro a l li e s me o f th e o th er g , w p b b y , k o

th in s h e n o tic es w ere onl re alent ul aris ms . I g , y p v v g

' h av e n o t met th e ex ceptional word flag : (chhish t a)

io n T h e rule is th o sit e o f w hich h e men t s . e v ery O pp w h at this w o rd w o uld imply ; th u s w e h ave 3 ?

fo r w (hris ht a) an d a? for fig

ra rit (t ush ta) as in common P k .

B esid es th e su b stit u tion o fm ( fr) for a ( 11 ) c o mmon

ll th e ialect s o f Prakrit V araru chi n o t t o a d , es th e ch an e o f t h e th er ent als t o alatin e lett ers a s a g o d p ,

e a a h i n o c h ara ct eristic o f th M g d . I a c c rdan c e w ith

1 4 4 E APP NDI X ,

E n u th en has e en s ai t o sh h a th e ain o gh, , b d ow t t J

’ bo o ks are n o t writt en en tirely in th e p eculiar Mag adh i o f V araru ch i T h l o n mo re . e an g u ag e w ill c rrespo d n earl t o his A rd hama adhika th o u h n o t t o th at y g , g en ir l ith r t i a eculiar iale h a in a e e e . I s ct t y p d , v g

eci e l Ma a hi leanin bu t ifferin in s e eral d d d y g d g , d g v resp ec t s fro m all th e s p ecimens of Prakrit fo und in t h e

’ ’ Hin u ramatic w r s fr m w hich th e rammarian s d d o k , o g ru l s e em ri in ll o e ri Pro a l e s o g a y t h a v b een de v e d . b b y a clo s er and mo re c ritic al st u dy o f Jain works in th eir

‘ relati n t o th e Sans rit Pra it Pali and th er iale t s o k , kr , , o d c mig h t b ring t o lig h t o th er p o int s o f differenc e ; but th es e remar s it is h e w ill i e th e rea er a k , op d , g v d t o lerably c o rrect n otion o f th e g eneral ch aract er o f th e lan g u ag e o f t h e orig inal w orks from w hich th e

i r m r fo re in t ranslat ns e e ma e . I u st s e e g o g o w d ob v , h o w e er th at th ere are ifferen es in th ese r s v , d c wo k th ems el es and th at mv remar s in this A endix v , k pp h ave almo st s ole reference t o th e lan g u ag e of th e

Kal a Sut ra th e th er t ra t a r a hin mu h n earer p , o c pp o c g c

' t o t h e c mm n Prakn t an d th e u nt ranslat e manuscri t s o o , d p

i n l c o l in th e L i rar h av in e en o nl o c c as o al nsu te . b y g b y p y d

T H I S BO O K I S D U B O N T H E L AST D A T E ST A M P E D BE L O W

A N I N I T I A L F I N E O F 25 C E N T S W I L L BE ASSESSE D F O R F A I L U R E TO R ETU R N OO O T H E D AT D U E T H E P N A L T Y T H IS B K N E . E W I L L I N C R EASE TO 5 0 C E N TS O N T H E F O U R TH D A Y A N D T O O N T H E SEV EN TH D A Y D U O V E R E.

R E ! L 1 L O