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Template: Front Matter El Atahualpa ajedrecista: formación y usos de una imagen aparentemente verídica by Juan Morilla Romero, B. A. A Thesis In SPANISH Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Sara Guengerich Chair of Committee Connie Scarborough John Beusterien Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May 2016 Copyright 2016, Juan Morilla Romero Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 AGRADECIMIENTOS Fue hace unos dos años cuando vi por primera vez las palabras Atahualpa y ajedrez en una misma frase. Rápidamente quedé atrapado por tan llamativa conexión, si bien es cierto que en ese instante inicial no podía imaginar que esa historia iba a terminar convirtiéndose en tan profundo objeto de estudio por mi parte. Aquel día que no sería capaz de fijar en el calendario fue, en cambio, el kilómetro cero de una andadura tremendamente enriquecedora que, ni mucho menos, ha llegado ya a su fin. Todavía queda mucho camino por delante. Sin embargo, ahora que escribo estas líneas y que la tesina está terminada y lista para ser enviada, no es momento de seguir mirando al frente sino de echar la vista atrás y mostrar mi agradecimiento a todas las personas que, de una u otra manera, me han acompañado y ayudado durante este proceso. En primer lugar, me permito la licencia de escribir y dirigir este GRACIAS en mayúsculas a los integrantes de mi comité, los profesores Sara Guengerich, Connie Scarborough y John Beusterien. Les agradezco de todo corazón la dedicación y el empeño que han puesto durante este tiempo para que, poco a poco, fuera encontrando mi propia ruta hacia el Atahualpa ajedrecista. No puedo evitar tener unas palabras especiales para Sara Guengerich, mi directora de tesina. Mi entusiasmo encontró el complemento perfecto en sus inherentes ganas de ayudar. Jamás olvidaré su incesante apoyo ni la manera en la que me guió y me hizo ver mucho más allá de lo que yo era capaz de divisar. Todo un ejemplo. También me gustaría recordar a todas las personas con las que contacté para recabar información o hacerles alguna consulta relacionada con mi investigación. No ii Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 puedo más que decir muchas gracias por su tiempo y buena predisposición a Leontxo García, José Antonio Garzón, Jimmy Entraigües, Antonio Gude, Natalia Matta-Jara, Rafael Dumett, Dennis Siluk, Fernando Gómez Redondo, Joaquín Pérez de Arriaga, Antón Busto, Carmen Martín Rubio, Fernando Iwasaki y Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel. Espero no haberme dejado a nadie atrás. Cada detalle que me transmitieron, por pequeño que fuera, se convirtió en una pieza indispensable para este gran puzle. Cómo no, quisiera tener unas palabras hacia mi familia. A mis padres, Juan y Mariché, y a mis hermanas, Mariché y Marta, les agradezco enormemente el aliento constante que me brindan desde la distancia. No hay aire más puro. Por último, y de manera simbólica, querría acordarme de todas y cada una de las treinta y dos piezas que se dan cita sobre un tablero de ajedrez. Muchas gracias por los buenos momentos vividos y, sobre todo, por ayudarme a entender un poco mejor esto de la vida. Dios mueve al jugador y éste, la pieza. ¿Qué dios detrás de Dios la trama empieza De polvo y tiempo y sueño y agonía? (Jorge Luis Borges) iii Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. vi LISTA DE IMÁGENES ........................................................................................... viii INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO 1. La llegada del ajedrez a América y los paradigmas identitarios en la conquista del Nuevo Mundo ...................................................................................15 La democratización del ajedrez en Europa ...............................................................20 La gran eclosión del ajedrez: desde Valencia hasta el resto del mundo ....................27 El conquistador español y su propensión al juego .....................................................38 Los primeros ajedrecistas en las Indias .....................................................................42 La españolización de los incas a través de los juegos: un caso de transculturación 47 Ajedrez y convivencia en Cajamarca ........................................................................57 Conclusión .................................................................................................................61 CAPÍTULO 2. La formación del Atahualpa ajedrecista: desde la euforia de Gaspar de Espinosa hasta el uso nacionalista de Ricardo Palma ...........................64 La negación del Olaf Holm .......................................................................................67 Espinosa, Andagoya y Cieza de León desdicen a Holm ...........................................70 El cronista español y sus circunstancias y motivaciones ...........................................80 De indicios de veracidad a la creación de una leyenda .............................................90 Conclusión ..............................................................................................................108 CAPÍTULO 3. El Atahualpa ajedrecista después de Ricardo Palma: una imagen más viva que nunca ...................................................................................................113 iv Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 El ajedrez en las recientes reconstrucciones históricas del final de Atahualpa .......117 El ajedrez como símbolo del choque frontal entre dos mundos ..............................123 El antes y el después que marcó “Los incas ajedrecistas” de Ricardo Palma .........133 No hay Atahualpa ajedrecista sin Hernando de Soto .............................................141 La versión de Palma conquista la Prensa y la red ...................................................149 Conclusión ...............................................................................................................155 CONCLUSIÓN ..........................................................................................................159 OBRAS CITADAS ....................................................................................................172 v Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 ABSTRACT Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, likely learned to play chess during the nine- month imprisonment he experienced before being condemned to death by the Spaniard who conquered Cajamarca, Peru, in 1532. Even though this episode’s veracity maintains unclear, it has spread so widely that it has become an almost indispensable aspect in current characterizations on this indigenous leader of the Spanish conquest of the New World. Instead of trying to confirm or reject absolutely its authenticity in historical terms, this Master’s thesis prefers to focus on the cultural dimension reached by this topic. Hence, this work firstly draws the itinerary of the formation of what I call the Atahualpa ajedrecista (The Chessman Atahualpa). Basically, this road map chronologically links the testimonies (original manuscripts, historical narrations, novels, poems, websites, and other cultural representations) that, from the colonial period until present day, refer to this image. Secondly, this research paper analyzes and compares the different and occasionally deliberated uses that have been done of this image throughout the last five centuries. On the one hand, the particular meaning that two well-known Spanish conquerors, Gaspar de Espinosa and Pascual de Andagoya, gave to the Atahualpa ajedrecista is especially significant in order to reinforce their personal and specific interests. On the other hand, this work reflects how, since Ricardo Palma published his short story “Los incas ajedrecistas,” this image has turned into a very powerful symbol vi Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 for the pro indigenous and nationalistic discourses that proliferated in the Andean region, and South America in general, since the beginning of the twentieth century. The brief but crucial comments made by Espinosa, Andagoya and the reputed chronicler Pedro Cieza de León are the testaments on which I base my objection about the validness of Olaf Holm’s point of view. In the mid-fifties, and in the unique academic work that had been written on this topic so far, he categorically denied that Atahualpa ever played chess. Apart from keeping that door open, I promote a postcolonial view of this subject, as it takes part of the Andean collective thinking that still condemns the Spanish conquest that caused the extinction of the Inca empire and its culture. vii Texas Tech University, Juan Morilla Romero, May 2016 LISTA DE IMÁGENES 1 Prenda de ropa característica de la civilización inca ................................. 46 2 Atahualpa es retratado junto a un tablero de taptana ................................ 48 3 Tablero de taptana ..................................................................................... 50 4 Una mujer muestra uno de los sets de ajedrez inca que vende ............... 125 5 Posición que se produce en la partida del filme Atahualpa (I) ............... 128 6 Posición que se
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