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Journalistic Pathfinding: How the Parliamentary Press Gallery Adapted to News Management Under the Conservative Government of Stephen Harper

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Journalistic Pathfinding: How the Parliamentary Press Gallery Adapted to News Management Under the Conservative Government of Stephen Harper Journalistic Pathfinding: How the Parliamentary Press Gallery Adapted to News Management Under the Conservative Government of Stephen Harper by Jennifer Ditchburn A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Journalism School of Journalism and Communication Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2014 Jennifer Ditchburn ii Abstract Commentary on the contemporary interface between the media and governments often portrays outnumbered reporters as willingly accepting information subsidies as a way of meeting the demands of the 24/7 multi-platform newsroom. But this view fails to take into account the impact on journalistic routines of more extreme forms of government news management, which block access to information and to politicians rather than merely packaging or “spinning” them favourably. The experience of the parliamentary press gallery in Ottawa vis-à-vis Stephen Harper’s government offers an excellent opportunity to take a closer look at the practical realities of political journalists confronted with stringent government news management tactics. A rupture in the historic role relationship between the gallery and the Prime Minister’s Office resulted in journalists adapting their techniques. They became pathfinders seeking out new routes – alternative human and data sources – to reach the information they needed to write their stories and prepare broadcasts. iii Acknowledgments One of the first things you’re supposed to do when embarking on the Master of Journalism program at Carleton University is come up with a thesis topic. For someone like me, having been away from university for 16 years doing hard news, the academic ideas weren’t exactly flowing freely. In the first master’s course I took in 2011, Media and Society, graduate supervisor Susan Harada provided students with a thought-provoking range of writings to absorb and study. One of those was Kirsten Kozolanka’s examination of the role strategic communications played in the sponsorship scandal. This article spoke to me. As a member of the press gallery, frustrated with increasingly politicized information products from the public service and restricted access to politicians, the article served as a springboard into this thesis. Kirsten Kozolanka went on to become my thesis supervisor, an ideal match as her ongoing research into the area of political communication has provided me with exactly the type of expertise and enthusiastic guidance that I required. I must also acknowledge the support and encouragement of Susan Harada, who was a sounding board and helped me to better conceptualize the thesis. I thank the 14 members of the parliamentary press gallery who agreed to take time out of their busy schedules to talk to me about these issues. It came as no surprise that their comments were always thoughtful, never self-reverential, and often profound. I must also acknowledge the patience and support of my family – Greg, Gabriela and Amaya – who put up with many distracted evenings and weekends as I tried to fit school into the nooks and crannies of free time left over after work. This is dedicated to them. iv Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................................... 2 Methodology/Theoretical Framework......................................................................................... 4 Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 6 Inspirations and Motivations ....................................................................................................... 7 Chapter One: Government News Management and the Way Reporters Work .............................. 9 Defining Government News Management .................................................................................. 9 Why Are News Management Practices Changing? .................................................................. 16 Understanding Newswork to Understand Government News Management ............................ 18 News Values .............................................................................................................................. 23 How Reporters Rely On and Use Sources ................................................................................ 29 How Reporters Adapt to Government News Management ....................................................... 32 Chapter Two: International Perspectives on Government News Management and Gallery Cultures ......................................................................................................................................... 39 News Management in the Motherland ...................................................................................... 40 News Management Down Under .............................................................................................. 46 Media and Press Gallery Cultures in the UK and Australia ...................................................... 53 Chapter Three: The Parliamentary Press Gallery and the Canadian Media Landscape ............... 59 Pre-Confederation to the War Years ......................................................................................... 60 The Parliamentary Press Gallery: The War Years to the 1960s ................................................ 65 1960s to Present ........................................................................................................................ 67 The Parliamentary Press Gallery within the Canadian Media Landscape ................................ 74 Davey to Bacon: Studying the Media Landscape and Government Policy .............................. 75 Technological Changes, Economic Downturn .......................................................................... 78 Chapter Four: The Evolution of Government News Management in Canadian Federal Politics . 83 Personal and Partisan: Sir John A. Macdonald to Mackenzie King.......................................... 83 Louis St. Laurent to Pearson ..................................................................................................... 86 Trudeau and the Modernization of Government News Management ....................................... 89 Mulroney to Martin: Neo-Liberalism and News Management ................................................. 92 v Chapter Five: News Management Under Stephen Harper ............................................................ 99 A Market-Oriented Party Enters the Stage .............................................................................. 101 Government News Management Techniques of the Conservative Government .................... 104 1. The Curtailment of Access to Government Politicians ................................................ 106 2. The curtailment of Access to the Bureaucracy and Government Information ............. 113 3. Experience Level of Political Staff .............................................................................. 121 4. Alienation of Select Journalists .................................................................................... 124 The Rupture of the Role Relationships ................................................................................... 127 Chapter Six: Journalistic Pathfinding ......................................................................................... 136 When the Road is Blocked ...................................................................................................... 137 1. Alternative Sources ...................................................................................................... 139 2. Documents and Data .................................................................................................... 143 Behind Journalistic Pathfinding .............................................................................................. 147 The Perfect Situation for Government News Managers ......................................................... 149 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 151 Appendix A: List of Interview Questions .................................................................................. 156 Appendix B: List of Interview Subjects...................................................................................... 158 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................ 161 vi List of Appendices Appendix A: List of Interview Questions Appendix B: List of Interview Subjects 1 Introduction In November 2006, I was among the group of reporters that followed Prime Minister Stephen Harper to Hanoi, Vietnam, where he was attending the Asia-Pacific Economic Co- operation (APEC) leaders’ meeting. The parliamentary press gallery had already been feeling the squeeze of tight controls on information and access in Ottawa under the new Conservative government, and this trip to Asia was no different. During the very first photo opportunity with Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung, a Radio-Canada reporter asked an impromptu question of the prime minister. Immediately
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