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Federalism As an Instrument for Peace and Reconstruction in Somalia

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Federalism As an Instrument for Peace and Reconstruction in Somalia UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FEDERALISM AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR PEACE AND RECONSTRUCTION: THE CASE OF SOMALIA ABDI D. ABDINOOR R52/68680/2013 SUPERVISOR DR. MARTIN OUMA A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT TO THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 0 Table of Contents DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................................................... 5 DEDICATION..................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Background to the Study ................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Statement Research Problem ......................................................................................... 11 1.4 Objectives of the Study.................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 14 1.6.1 Conceptualization of Federalism ................................................................................. 14 1.6.2 Federalism as a Form of Decentralization ................................................................... 16 1.6.3 Literature Gap ............................................................................................................ 23 1.7 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................... 24 1.8 Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................. 25 1.9 Research Methodology .................................................................................................. 27 1.9.1 Research Design ......................................................................................................... 28 1.9.2 Population and Sampling Design ................................................................................ 28 1.9.2.1 Population ............................................................................................................... 28 1.9.2.2 Sample Frame ........................................................................................................ 28 1.9.2.3 Sampling Technique .............................................................................................. 29 1.9.3 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................ 29 1.9.4 Research Procedures ................................................................................................... 30 1.9.5 Data Analysis Methods ............................................................................................. 30 1.10 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 30 1.11 Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................... 31 1 CHAPTER TWO THE FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE AS A SOLUTION TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE OF SOMALIA 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Federalism as an Instrument to Reduce Conflict ............................................................ 32 2.2 The 2006 Federal Constitution-Building Process in Somalia .......................................... 34 2.3 Post-Federal System Establishment in Somalia .............................................................. 37 2.4 The Nature of the Society and Characteristics of the Federal System in Somalia ............ 41 2.5 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER THREE CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING FEDERALISM AS A SOLUTION TO THE SOMALI CONFLICT 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Political and Governance Challenges ............................................................................. 50 3.3 Social and Identity Challenges ....................................................................................... 52 3.4 Economic and Infrastructure Challenges ........................................................................ 56 3.5 Peace and Security Reforms Challenges ........................................................................ 60 3.6 Demagoguery and Civic Education ................................................................................ 63 3.7 Rule of Law and State Structures and Processes ............................................................ 64 3.8 Internal and External Forces .......................................................................................... 66 3.9 Other Challenges ........................................................................................................... 68 3.10 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER FOUR ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE FEDERALISM FOR PEACE AND RECONSTRUCTION IN SOMALIA 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 70 4.2 Learning from Others: UAE Style Federal System ......................................................... 70 4.3 Partnership with the International Community ............................................................... 73 4.4 Transforming the Army in Somali ................................................................................. 75 4.5 Reconstruction the economic and banking system ......................................................... 76 4.6 Education and Literacy .................................................................................................. 79 2 4.6 Creation Employment to Subdue Grievances ................................................................. 80 4.7 Peace and Security Initiatives ........................................................................................ 82 4.8 Sustainable Clan Unity .................................................................................................. 84 4.9 Federalism Jurisdictions and States Responsibility ........................................................ 85 4.10 Strengthening Federal Intelligence ............................................................................... 87 4.11 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 89 5.2 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 89 5.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 91 5.4 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 93 5.5 Areas for further study ................................................................................................... 95 References .......................................................................................................................... 96 3 DECLARATION I declare that this research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. NAME: ABDI D. ABDINOOR REG. NO: R52/68680/2013 Sign: ………………………………… Date: ……………………… This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor DR. OUMA Sign: ……………………………… Date: …………………………. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to pass my gratitude and acknowledgement to the university staff, family members and friends for their support and assistance. I would like to acknowledge my supervisor Dr. Ouma for his guidance and counsel in the research process. To friends, work mates, fellow post graduate students and expertise in relevant fields, thank you for the support and guidance. 5 DEDICATION I dedicate this research project to my family 6 ABSTRACT Somalia has been exceptionally prone to disputes over representation, making it difficult to identify representatives at the negotiating table who are both legitimate and authoritative. Somalia’s susceptibility to political dynamics, exacerbated by the fractured nature of clanism, has made it especially difficult to maintain coalitions. Somalia is indeed constitutionally a federal state. However, a lack of clear understanding
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