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MAX Security Report [email protected] +44 203 540 0434
MAX Security Report [email protected] +44 203 540 0434 Politics Somalia SITUATION UPDATE: Lower House of 14 Parliament passes resolution extending APR President Farmajo’s mandate for two years on 12:03 UTC April 12 Executive Summary: On April 12, the Lower House of Parliament, allied to President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo, voted to extend the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) mandate following months of failed dialogue with Federal Member States (FMS) and opposition leaders in an effort to resolve protracted electoral disputes. Apart from the complete breakdown of FGS-FMS dialogue, that the Lower House extended Farmajo’s term without consensus from all electoral stakeholders and the resolution of protracted electoral disputes, which leaves Somalia increasingly vulnerable to political and security threats. Despite overwhelming international condemnation of the FGS’s action, given that Farmajo has demonstrated resolve to hold on to power despite the immense risks to Somalia’s stability, the political and security situation in Somalia is poised to remain highly volatile over the coming days. Please be advised: On April 12, the Lower House of Parliament voted to extend the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo’s mandate by an additional two years, with 149 out of 275 deputies voting in favor of the resolution. In a statement, President Farmajo praised the resolution and claimed that the term extension page 1 / 3 will provide the FGS time to implement a universal suffrage electoral model facilitating the participation of all Somali citizens in the next elections. The Upper House of Parliament released a separate communique claiming that the mandate extension is unconstitutional on the grounds that President Farmajo’s term ended on February 8. -
Volume 3 Demography, Data Processing and Cartography
VOLUME 3 DEMOGRAPHY, DATA PROCESSING AND CARTOGRAPHY M. Rahmi, E. Rabant, L. Cambrézy, M. Mohamed Abdi Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UNHCR – IRD October 1999 97/TF/KEN/LS/450(a$ Index MAJOR FINDINGS ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-1 : Demography ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-2 : Exploitation of the aerial mosaics …………………………………………..5 1 - Cartography of the refugee camps. …………………………………...……...5 2 - Estimation of the populations ………………………………………………..…6 I-3 – Conclusion : results of the integration of maps and data in a GIS … 10 II – Demography data processing ………………………………………………....13 Table 1. Number of households and family size …….....………………..….…....13 Graph 1 . Family size ..…………………………………….………………….14 Graph 2. Family size (percentage) …………………….…….……………. 15 Table 2 : Number of refugees by sex and by block …….……………...…... 15 Table 3 : number of households and family size by blocks ………………… 20 Table 4 : population by age and by sex. ……………………………...… 26 Graph 3. Pyramid of ages …………………………………………………29 Table 5 : Relationship by sex …………………………………………………38 Graph 4 : relationship …………………………………………………………39 Table 6 : Number of refugees by sex and nationality ………………….40 Table 7 : Number of refugees by sex and province of origin ………….41 Table 8 : UNHCR codes for districts and nationality ………………….43 Table 9 : Number of refugees by nationality, sex, and district of origin. ………………… 50 Table 10 : Principal districts of origin of somalian refugees (population by block and by sex). ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Table 11 : Principal -
Clan – Based Federalism in Somalia and Relationship Between The
T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CLAN – BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES MASTER THESIS HAMDİ ALİ MUSSE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ANKARA 2020 T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CLAN – BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES MASTER THESIS HAMDİ ALİ MUSSE DEPARMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Supervisor Assistant Professor Selcen ÖZKAN ANKARA 2020 ACCEPTATION AND CONFIRMATION PAGE The thesis, prepared by HAMDI ALI MUSSE and titled “CLAN–BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES”, is accepted as a master thesis at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration by unanimous vote/majority vote. Tittle Name Surname Institution Signature Ankara Yıldırım Assist. Prof. Dr. Selcen ÖZKAN Beyazıt University Ankara Yıldırım Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Çolpan YALDIZ Beyazıt University Assist. Prof. Dr. Feriha YILDIRIM Gazi University Thesis Defense Date: 11.11.2020 I approve that the thesis fulfills the necessities to be deemed a master thesis at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration. Director of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Title Name Surname DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Master thesis titled Clan–based federalism in Somalia and relationship between the Federal government and Federal member states has been prepared in accordance with the thesis writing of manual of the graduate school of Social science. -
Topic 4: - the Development of Somalia
TOPIC 4: - THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOMALIA TIMELINES FOR SOMALIA’S DEVELOPMENT: ANCIENT ERA TO PRESENT Ancient c. 2350 BC: The Land of Punt establishes trade with the Ancient Egyptians. 1st century AD: City states on the Somali coast are active in commerce trading with Greek, and later Roman merchants. Muslim era 700–1000: City states in Somalia trade with Arab merchants and adopt Islam. 1300–1400: Mogadishu and other prosperous Somali city-states are visited by Ibn Battuta and Zheng He. 1500–1660: The rise and fall of the Adal Sultanate. 1528–1535: Jihad against Ethiopia led by Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (also called Ahmed Gurey and Ahmed Gran; "the Left-handed"). 1400–1700: The rise and fall of the Ajuran Sultanate. late 17th – late 19the century: Sultanate of the Geledi (Gobroon dynasty). mid-18th century – 1929: Majeerteen Sultanate also known as Migiurtinia. 1878–1927: Sultanate of Hobyo. Modern era 20 July, 1887 : British Somaliland protectorate (in the north) subordinated to Aden to 1905. 3 August, 1889: Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the northeast), unoccupied until May 1893. 1900: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan spearheads a religious war against foreigners and establishes the Dervish State. 16 March, 1905: Italian Somaliland colony (in the northeast, central and south). July, 1910: Italian Somaliland becomes a crown colony. 1920: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan dies and the longest and bloodiest colonial resistance war in Africa ends. 15 January, 1935: Italian Somaliland becomes part of Italian East Africa with Italian Eritrea (and from 1936, Ethiopia). 1 June, 1936: The Somalia Governorate is established as one of the six governorates of Italian East Africa. -
S/2003/223 Security Council
United Nations S/2003/223 Security Council Distr.: General 25 March 2003 Original: English Letter dated 25 March 2003 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia, and in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Panel of Experts mandated to collect independent information on violations of the arms embargo on Somalia and to provide recommendations on possible practical steps and measures for implementing it. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if this letter together with its enclosure were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Stefan Tafrov Chairman Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia 03-25925 (E) 210303 *0325925* S/2003/223 Letter dated 24 February 2003 from the Panel of Experts to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia We have the honour to enclose the report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia, in accordance with paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1425 (2002). (Signed) Ernst Jan Hogendoorn (Signed) Mohamed Abdoulaye M’Backe (Signed) Brynjulf Mugaas 2 S/2003/223 Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1425 (2002) Contents Paragraphs Page Abbreviations ................................................................. 5 Summary ..................................................................... 6 Introduction ......................................................... 1–13 11 Background to the current instability in Somalia .......................... -
Haji Yusuf Iman Guled
Haji Yusuf Iman Guled Justice and Welfare Party of Somaliland ( UCID ) ⢠Haji Yusuf Iman Guled , former Defense Minister of Somalia and a Business Magnate Premierzy Somalii. 14 lutego 2009 ) ⢠premier - elekt Mohamed Mohamud Guled ( 16 grudnia - 24 grudnia 2008 ) ⢠Omar Abdirashid Circonscription d'Est Gashamo. Zone Degehabur . Son représentant actuel est Abdulkerim Ahmed Guled . Voir aussi ⢠Circonscriptions législatives ( Éthiopie )⢠Conseil Hasan Guled Aptidon. Guled Aptidon Z Wikipedia Hasan Guled Aptidon , Hassan Hasan Guled Aptidon Z Wikipedia Hasan Guled Aptidon , Has Saida Ismail is the daughter of Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, the first President of the Somali National Assembly during Somalia's early civilian administration. Her brother, Abdullahi Haji Bashir Ismail, is a Deputy Director-General of Somali Immigration & Naturalization, One of the high rank Senior Somali Administration Officers, as well as a writer of Politics and History. Ismail later also entered politics, serving as Vice-Minister of Finance in the Transitional National Government (TNG) between 2000 and 2004. Haji Yusuf Iman Guled (Somali: Xaaji Yuusuf Imaan Guleed, Arabic: ØØ§Ø¬ÙŠ ÙŠÙˆØ³Ù Ø¥ÙŠÙ…Ø§Ù† جوليد) was a Somali politician. Biography. Guled was raised in Somalia. He served as the newly independent country's Minister of Defence during the 1960s, and was a key figure in the nation's early civilian administration.[1] [2]. See also. Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf. Osman Haji. References. Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East: a survey and directory of the countries of the Middle East, (Europa Publications., 1967). Haji Yusuf Iman Guled was a Somali politician. -
Transcript of Oral History Interview with Ali K. Galaydh
Ali Khalif Galaydh Narrator Ahmed Ismail Yusuf Interviewer February 10, 2014 Shoreview, Minnesota Ali Khalif Galaydh -AG Ahmed Ismail Yusuf -AY AY: I am Ahmed Ismail Yusuf. This is an interview for the Minnesota Historical Society Somali Oral History Project. I am with Ali Khalif Galaydh. We are in Shoreview, Minnesota. It is February 10, 2014. Ali Khalif Galaydh is a talented Somali politician, educator on a professorial level, and at times even a businessman. As a professor he taught at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota and the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. He was a fellow at Weatherhead Center of International Affairs and Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University. In Somalia he had several titles, but the highest office was when he became the fourth-ever Somali prime minister in 2000. In Somali circles Ali is also known for his intellectual prowess and political versatility. Ali, welcome to the interview—third time again. AG: Thank you very much, Ahmed. AY: Okay, I want to start from where were you born and when were you born, even though we don’t actually acknowledge that at all. AG: Somalis normally don’t celebrate birthdays, so there is now quite an always heated discussion about who is older than who. But in my case, my father was in the British Merchant Marine, and he therefore recorded when I was born. There was no birth certificate, but I was born October 15, 1941. AY: Wow, so you do have the recorded date, at least. -
Country of Origin Information Report Somalia July 2008
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SOMALIA 30 JULY 2008 UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 JULY 2008 SOMALIA Contents Preface LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN SOMALIA, FROM 4 JULY 2008 TO 30 JULY 2008 REPORTS ON SOMALIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 4 JULY 2008 Paragraphs Background Information GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.04 ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 2.01 Currency change, 2008 ................................................................ 2.06 Drought and famine, 2008 ........................................................... 2.10 Telecommunications.................................................................... 2.14 HISTORY ................................................................................................... 3.01 Collapse of central government and civil war ........................... 3.01 Peace initiatives 2000-2006 ......................................................... 3.14 ‘South West State of Somalia’ (Bay and Bakool) ...................... 3.19 ‘Puntland’ Regional Administration............................................ 3.20 The ‘Republic of Somaliland’ ...................................................... 3.21 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................... 4.01 CONSTITUTION ......................................................................................... -
Amnesty International Report 2001
Covering events from January - December 2000 SOMALIA Somalia Head of state: Abdiqasim Salad Hassan; Head of Somaliland Republic: Mohamed Ibrahim Egal; Head of Puntland Regional State: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed Head of transitional government: Ali Khalif Gelayadh Capital: Mogadishu Population: 6.9 million Official language: Somali Death penalty: retentionist After having no central government since 1991, the collapsed state of Somalia gained a transitional government in July, which started to work for control of the south of the country. Outbreaks of fighting in the south between armed clan-based militias linked to political factions were frequent throughout 2000. There was no central judicial or police system, leaving Islamic courts, which did not follow international standards of fair trial, as the only courts in the south. They condemned several prisoners to death and their militias executed them. Scores of civilians were killed in inter-clan fighting. Human rights abuses also included kidnappings (often for ransom) of civilians and humanitarian agency staff. Prisoners of conscience were held in Somaliland and Puntland for attending or supporting a Somali peace conference in Djibouti, and their trials failed to meet international fair trial standards. Background Peace conference and formation of transitional central government Somalia has had no central government since the state collapsed in 1991. Twelve previous peace conferences in the past decade had failed to resolve the conflict. In 2000, a major new peace and reconciliation conference was held in Arta, Djibouti, supported by the UN and other donors and intergovernmental organizations including the European Union and Arab League. The conference met between May and August with over 2,000 delegates from Somalia and the worldwide Somali diaspora. -
S/2016/919 Consejo De Seguridad
Naciones Unidas S/2016/919 Consejo de Seguridad Distr. general 31 de octubre de 2016 Español Original: inglés Carta de fecha 7 de octubre de 2016 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea En nombre del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea, y de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 32 de la resolución 2244 (2015) del Consejo de Seguridad, tengo el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe sobre Somalia del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea. A este respecto, el Comité agradecería que la presente carta y el informe adjunto se señalaran a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad y se publicaran como documento del Consejo. (Firmado) Rafael Darío Ramírez Carreño Presidente Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea 16-16743 (S) 021116 021116 *1616743* S/2016/919 Carta de fecha 28 de septiembre de 2016 dirigida al Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea por el Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea De conformidad con el párrafo 32 de la resolución 2244 (2015) del Consejo de Seguridad, tenemos el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe sobre Somalia del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea. (Firmado) Christophe Trajber Coordinador -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
Somalia's Politics: the Usual Business?
CONFLICT RESEARCH PROGRAMME Research at LSE Conflict Research Programme Somalia’s Politics: The Usual Business? A Synthesis Paper of the Conflict Research Programme Nisar Majid, Aditya Sarkar, Claire Elder, Khalif Abdirahman, Sarah Detzner, Jared Miller and Alex de Waal About the Conflict Research Programme The Conflict Research Programme is a four-year research programme hosted by LSE IDEAS and funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Our goal is to understand and analyse the nature of contemporary conflict and to identify international interventions that ‘work’ in the sense of reducing violence, or contributing more broadly to the security of individuals and communities who experience conflict. © Nisar Majid, Aditya Sarkar, Claire Elder, Khalif Abdirahman, Sarah Detzner, Jared Miller and Alex de Waal 2021. This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 3 Somalia’s Politics: The Usual Business? Contents 1. Overview 4 2. Introduction 5 3. Emergence and Evolution of the Political Marketplace 8 4. Finance, Flows of Resources and Political Budgets 21 External patronage 23 Logistics and humanitarian contracts/resources 24 Revenue generation – taxation at seaports, airports, checkpoints 26 Business 26 Covid and the marketplace 28 5. Control of Violence 29 The FGS 29 The FMS 31 Al-Shabaab 32 External actors 33 6. (Informal) Norms and Constraints 34 The ‘clan’ system 34 Business, clan and Islam 35 Clan as a regulating structure in peace making 35 Peacemaking and state-building at the Puntland-Galmudug border 36 Justice and security in Kismayo 38 Transnational citizenship and resistance 39 7.