INDEX

Compiled by Sir Martin Gilbert

Abrial, Admiral: at ancient Rome: 66, 163; wisdom of, (1940), 362 573 Abyssinia: 445, 447 Anderson, Sir John: illus. 39 Achilles, HMS: 352 Anderson, Lieutenant-General Aden: 295 Kenneth: illus. 33 Adriatic Sea: 533, 535 Anglo-American armies (1942–5), ‘Advance Britannia’: 503 ‘comradeship and Afghanistan: 54–5 brotherhood’ of: 514 Agadir (Morocco): 141, 170, 231 Anglo-Boer War (1899–1901): 67; air power: 196–7, 218, 293–4, 296, Churchill’s speeches on, 302, 304, 305, 311; in Second 91–102, 103; recalled, 355 World War, 370, 385–6, 391–2 Anglo-French War Council air warfare: 241, 293–4 (1939–40): 360; illus. 23 Aisne River (France): 361 Anglo-Saxon unity: 561 Ajax, HMS: 351, 353 anglophobia, and de Gaulle: 470 Akhund of Swat: 64 anthrax, and war: 268–9 Alamein, Battle of (1942): 471–2, Anti-U-boat Committee (1942): 512, 513, 529 441–2 Albania: Italian invasion of (April Antwerp: 152 1939), 322 Anzac Cove (Gallipoli): 180–1 Albert Hall (London): 467 appeasement: 301–2, 314, 536, Alexander, Field Marshal: 512, 513 572–3 Alexandria (): 374–5, 471, Arabia: ‘legends of ’, 293 499, 509 Arctic Circle: 348 Alsace: 230, 543 Arctic convoys: 454–5, 513 Ambeyla (North-West Frontier): ‘Are we up or down? (15 February 55 1942): 445 Amiens: 214 Argentia (Newfoundland): 499 American Civil War: 346, 423 Argonne (Western Front): 232 American Constitution: 330 Ark Royal, HMS: attacked, 334; in American Museum (Bath): 50 action off Oran, 378 Amery, L. S.: 37–8 Armentières (Western Front): 232 Amritsar, massacre at (1919): Armistice Day (11 November 238–40 1918): 221–4

657 INDEX

Arras (Western Front): 198 ‘Backs to the Wall’ communiqué Arromanches (Normandy): 482, (Field Marshal Haig): 203–4 483 Baghdad: 55, 603 Artois (Western Front): 232 Bahamas: 282 Aruba (Dutch West Indies): 440 Balaclava (Crimean War): 557 Ascot: 34 Baldwin, Stanley: 258–9, 262, 269, Asquith, H. H.: 91, 110, 122, 152, 273; Prime Minister, 293, 299; 170, 180, 182, 194, 198, 596 succeeded by Neville Aspern, Battle of (1809): 206 Chamberlain, 301; calls for Athenia, torpedoed (1939): 334, mobilisation of industry, 305; 340 Churchill criticises, 310–11 Athens: 533, 549, 550 Balfour, A. J. (later Earl): 180, 182, (1941): 428, 190, 194, 195, 327 443–4, 499 Balkan States: 405 Atlantic Ocean: 88, 105, 141, 350, Balkans, the: 252, 347, 457 370, 380, 388, 407, 408, 409, Baltic Provinces (of Tsarist 412, 413, 422, 426, 432, 446, Russia): 267 449, 475, 510, 512, 577; battle Baltic Sea: 529, 533 in, 437–43, 444, 447, 507–8, 513, Baltic States: 344 557; and the , 592 Baltimore: 89 Atlantic Pact (1949): 561; see also Bangalore: 48, 53 North Atlantic Treaty Bath: 50 Organisation (NATO) Battle of the Atlantic (1940–3): atomic bomb: 553, 573, 574, 578, 408, 409, 422, 437–43, 513 589, 590 Battle of Britain (1940): 383–4, Attlee, Clement:325, 334, 360, 363, 507 517, 525, 561, 565; and Battle of the Saints (1782): 38 Churchill’s eightieth birthday, Bavaria: 121, 283 583–4, 586; illus 23, 36, 50 Bay of Biscay: 392, 442 Australia: 101–2, 160, 219, 452, ‘Be one people’ (Pitt the Elder): 517 545 Australian troops: 172, 177, 232 Beaconsfield, Lord (Benjamin Austria: 252; annexed by Germany Disraeli): 15, 52, 403, 426 (1938), 300–1, 310, 324, 409; Beatty, Admiral Sir David: 158, Churchill’s message to (1943), 162 474–5; liberated, 512–13; to be Beauvais: 216 freed, 543 Bedell Smith, General: 501 Austria-Hungary: 145, 146, 205, Beirut: 602 208, 221, 243, 300–1, 345 Belfast: 146 Autobiography (Gibbon): 50 Belgium: 152, 160, 177, 283, 341, ‘awakened by a spark’ (the ‘soul of 348, 360, 389, 404, 432, 457; man’): 564 Jews deported from, 467 Bellenger, Frederick: 338 BBC (British Broadcasting Beresina, Battle of (1812): 206 Corporation): 329, 396 Berlin: 184, 347, 515, 528, 533, 541

658 INDEX

Between the Thunder and the Sun Boston: 89 (Vincent Sheean): 294 Botha, General Louis: 177 Beveridge, Sir William: 526 Boulogne: 186, 390 Bevin, Ernest: 525; illus 38, 39 Bouvet, sunk: 165 Bismarck, Otto von: 230, 479, 580 Bracken, Brendan: 309 Bizerta: 473 Brazil: 441 Black Sea: 302 Brazzaville (French Equatorial Blenheim, Battle of (Bavaria, Africa): 469 1704), 283 Breslau: 323 (Oxfordshire): Brest (French Atlantic coast): 392, 33 443, 507 Bliss, General: 220 Brighton, Churchill at school in: Blitz: German air raids on Britain, 35–6 389, 393, 404, 450–1, 507; Bristol Channel: 334 Churchill inspects bomb Britain: at war with Germany damage of, illus 25, 26 (1914–18), 147–225, 231; and Bloemfontein: Churchill at (1900), air power (1916), 196; issues an illus. 3 ultimatum to Russia (1920), Blood, General Sir Bindon: 100 247; public opinion in (1920), Boer War see Anglo-Boer War 248; ‘lost in a pacifist dream’ Boers: Churchill captured by, (1935), 295–6; air defences of, 67–8; Churchill escapes from, 293–4, 302, 304, 305; 69; Churchill in action against, ‘reconsolidation’ in (February 79–82, 84–7; Churchill urges 1939), 317; declares war on leniency towards, 82–3; Germany (3 September 1939), American views of, 89; 332; Second World War at sea, Churchill’s understanding of, 334–43, 346, 350–3, 407–8, 92–3, 96, 98–9; and a ‘gulf of 437–43, 454–5, 515; leases hatred’, 105 naval and air facilities to the Bohemia (Czechoslovakia): under United States (1940), 388, German occupation, 324 438–9; German air raids on, Bolsheviks: in Russia: 209, 228–9, 389; ‘the old lion’, 415; ‘would 236–7, 460; and Poland, 244–7; live’, 422; and the United States, ambitions of (1922), 252–3 408–11, 411–15, 422–9, Bolshevism: ‘foul baboonery of ’, 445–6, 455–9, 477–9, 539–41, 229; ‘barbarism of ’, 349 560–1, 566–70, 577, 578–80, Bombay: 46 603–4 bombing offensive (against British Airborne Forces: 556, 557 Germany, 1941–5): 417, 436, British–American unity: 561 455–6, 459, 464, 548, 552–3 British Army: 43, 79, 98, 102; in , Andrew: 182, 251 the First World War, 147, Bordeaux Government (1940): 160–1, 177, 197, 199–200, 203, 366, 372, 378, 434–5, 470 210–11; in the Second World Borodino, Battle of (1812): 206 War, 345, 381, 404–6 Bosnia: 231 British Commandos: 556, 557

659 INDEX

British Commonwealth of Nations, 391; ‘memorable days’ in the forces of: in First World War, history of, 421; and ‘the vital 199, 205; in Second World War, impulses of victory’, 453; ‘the 417, 422, 445, 446, life and the message of,’ 556; 478, 502, 506, 509; post-1945, ‘qualities deserving of respect’, 538, 547, 561, 577, 578, 579, 539; and Westminster Abbey, 600, 609, 611 556; the ‘lion heart’ of, 410 British Dominions: 177, 380, 410, British ‘race and nation’, the 429, 506, 609 (February 1942): 453; ‘the life British East Africa: Churchill seeks and the message of ’, 556 a military command in (1915), British Somaliland: 445 182 British Special Air Service: 556, British Empire: its ‘larger liberties’, 557 98; the ‘greatest danger’ to, 118; British Submarine Service: 556, and the First World War, 149, 557 160; and ‘a liberated Europe’, Brooke, General Sir Alan (Chief of 177; its ‘ties’, 231; a ‘fatal’ danger the Imperial Staff ): 404, 462, to, 240; and tea, 276–7; need for 472, 477 ‘solidarity throughout’ (1938), Brooke, Rupert: 166–7 300; its ‘compass and strength’ Brooklyn (New York): 33, 411 (1939), 333; Bucharest: 533 Mercantile Marine of, to be Buckingham Palace: 354 armed, 336; ‘no survival’ Buckingham Palace Conference without victory, 359; will ‘carry (1914): 145, 249 on the struggle’ 365; will be on Budapest: 533 Hitler’s ‘track’, 406; ‘and the Budget, the: 117, 119, 122–9, 270, cause of freedom’, 409–10; and 273–8; Churchill on his way to the continuing war, 417; deliver, illus 15, 16 Canada’s ‘unique position’ in, Bulgaria: 185, 208, 221, 303 429; aiding the Dutch, 433; Bunyan, John: 586 ‘good comrades’ to the Burdine Stadium (Miami): 531 Americans, 478; ‘absolutely Burke, Edmund: 412, 541 alone’ (June 1940 to June Burma: 452, 505–6 1941), 507; ‘power of ’, 538; and Byng, General: 214 the United States, 561 Byzantine Empire, recalled: 146 British Expeditionary Force (1914): 147 Cabinet War Committee (1915): British race: ‘consideration for’, 75; Churchill excluded from, 182 and the Dutch in South Africa, Caen (Normandy): 483 84; and ‘determination’, 99; ‘the Caesar’s Camp (Ladysmith): 82 traditions and history of ’, 149; Cairo: 470, 471, 509, 549 on the Western Front, 197–8, Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry: 199–200; its ‘daring’, 353; to be 91, 107, 110 ‘tested’, 380; ‘the whole life- Canada: 87, 101, 160, 219, 278, strength’ of, 383; and Hitler, 429–30, 517

660 INDEX

Canadian Parliament (Ottawa): 443 Churchill speaks in, 429–36: Charles I, King: 49 illus. 29 Charleston (South Carolina): 440 Canadian troops: 177, 231–2, 513 (Westerham, Kent): 291; ‘Cannibalism’: 241–2 Churchill at, illus 18, 19, 20 Cape Colony: 101 Châteauroux (France): 211 Cape of Good Hope: 441, 447, 509 Chemical Warfare: 268–9 Cape Helles (Gallipoli): 180 Chemical Warfare School: 213 Cardiff: a Churchill lecture in, Cherbourg: 481 announced, illus. 8 Cherwell, Lord (Frederick ‘Caretaker Government’ Lindemann): 588 (May–July 1945), 518, 519 Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo: Caribbean Sea: 438, 440 450 Carlyle, Thomas: 496 Chicago: 89 Carthage: Churchill addresses Chicago Daily News: 469 troops in, 477; illus. 33 Chile: 152 Casablanca: 472 China: 160, 252, 427, 436, 450, Caspian Sea: 405, 454 452, 517; under Communist Caucasus Mountains: 454 rule, 565, 569, 570–1 Central Africa: and , 66 Chingford: 310 Central Powers (1914–18): 185 Christendom, the ‘peoples of ’: 285 Central War Room (London): 411 Christian civilisation, a ‘growing ‘Century of the Common Man’: challenge and peril to’: 535 562 Christianity, and science: 66, 113, Cetawayo (Zulu leader): 64 342 Chamberlain, Anne: 599 Churchill Arch (House of Chamberlain, Austen: 403 Commons): 596 Chamberlain, Joseph: 403 Churchill, Clementine Chamberlain, Neville: and the (Clementine Hozier): 117, 178, Munich Agreement, 301, 303, 181, 188, 189, 233, 519, 531; 307, 395; Churchill’s reply to, illus 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 26, 41, 309–11; Churchill praises, 312; 45 and the ‘downfall of so many Churchill, Diana: 178 hopes and ideals’, 314–15; Churchill, Lady Gwendeline, Churchill appeals to, 321, 324–6, encourages Churchill to take 326–7, 328–9; brings Churchill up painting: 178 into the War Cabinet (3 Churchill, Jack: 40, 42, 178 September 1939), 332; wartime Churchill, Mary: 233 Prime Minister, 337; resigns, Churchill, Lady Randolph (Jennie 354; dies, 399; Churchill’s Jerome): 33, 41, 48, 178, 411, parliamentary tribute to, 400–3 426 Chamoun, Camille: 602, 604 Churchill, Lord Randolph: 33, 41, Champagne (Western Front): 198, 43, 51, 106, 229, 426 232 Churchill, Randolph: 11, 15, 178, Channel Dash’ (February 1942): 355; illus. 16

661 INDEX

Churchill, Sarah: 110; illus. 16 wounds’ (1918), 226–8; Churchill, (Sir) Winston: Secretary of State for the early life, 33–43; near escapes from Colonies, 248, 291; and the death, 40–1, 42–3, 43–6, 56–9, 1922 General Election, 251, 67–9, 84–7, 233–6, 281–2: in 254, 258; out of Parliament action, 44–6, 56–9; in India, (1922–4),258, 262–5; returns to 46–50, 53–5; in , 55–66; Parliament (1924), 269–70; in South Africa, 67–87; Chancellor of the Exchequer, electioneering (1900), 87–8; 269–70, 272, 273–8; out of lecturing, 87–9; his maiden office (1929–39), 278; and ‘the speech, 91–102; pilots Bills monstrosity of the Totalitarian through the House of State’ (Germany, 1934), Commons, 106–15, 129–38, 289–91; criticises persecution 138–9; enters the Government of Jews in Germany, 290, (1906), 106–7; enters the 297–8; on the need for Cabinet (1908), 110; marries ‘independent’ opinions in the (1908), 117; Home Secretary, House of Commons, 296–7; 138–9, 140–1; First Lord of the calls for a Ministry of Supply Admiralty, 142; learns to fly, (1936–9), 298–9, 304–5, 307–9, 142–4, 233–6; and the coming 310–11, 316–17; opposes the of war in 1914, 147–52; at Munich Agreement, 301–7; Antwerp (October 1914), 152; defends his judgement (1938), seeks to combat public 310–11; calls for ‘redoubled ‘anxiety’ (November 1914), exertions’ (February 1939), 152–7; seeks to combat 312–14; encourages voluntary parliamentary and public recruiting (April 1939), unease (February 1915), 317–19; opposes adjournment 157–64; and the Dardanelles, of House of Commons 164–6, 168–9, 171–3, 188, 255, (August 1939), 321–9; 261–2; Chancellor of the Duchy broadcasts to the United States of Lancaster, 169; defends his (August 1939), 329–31; returns record (June 1915), to office (3 September 1939), 169–77; takes up painting, as First Lord of the Admiralty, 178–80; resigns from the 332, 346; his wartime speeches Cabinet (1915), 182; serves on (September 1939 to May 1940), the Western Front, 186–9, 195; 332–4, 334–43, 351–3; first a parliamentary challenge by wartime radio broadcast, (1916), 190–5, 195; and air 344–50, illus. 21 becomes power, 195–7; Minister of Prime Minister (10 May 1940), Munitions, 200, 211, 218–21, 354–7; his wartime speeches 221–2; and the Bolshevik (May–December 1940), 357–9, revolution in Russia, 209–11, 364–6, 367–9, 370, 371–80, 228–9, 236–7; Secretary of 384–9, 398–9, 400–3; (1941), State for War, 225, 228, 234, 419–21, 426–7; (1942), 468–70; 236, 238, 240; ‘Heal the (1944), 484–6, 488–94;

662 INDEX

(January–July 1945), 495–7, détente with the Soviet Union, 498–500, 503–4, 504–5; visits 581; suffers a stroke (1953), France (May–June 1940), 581; seeks to reconcile the 360–4, 364–6; calls for Soviet Union and West ‘confident energy’, 380–2; Germany, 582; eightieth further wartime radio birthday, 583; and the broadcasts (1940), 382–3, hydrogen bomb, 589–95; 389–93, 396–7; (1941), 404–6, resigns as peacetime Prime 407–11, 411–15, 416–19, Minister (1955), 598; notes for 424–5; (1942), 443–53, 453–9; a speech in the House of victory broadcasts (8 and 13 Commons that he decided not May 1945), 500–4, 505–17; his to deliver (1958), 602; last post-war broadcasts (1945), election address (1959), 605–10 518–19; his post-war speeches, 528–9, 543–5, 545–7, 548–9, City of London: 574 553–5, 556–8, 558–60, 560–1, City Carlton Club (London), 562–4, 565–74, 574–7, 578–80, Churchill speaks at: 296 581–3, 584–7, 587–95, 595–8, Civil Defence, and nuclear war: 605–10, 610–12; first wartime 594 visit to the United States, Claverton Manor (Bath), 424–9; rebukes the Congress, Churchill speaks at: 50 427–9; meetings with Clemenceau, Georges: 215–16, Roosevelt (August 1941), 445, 218, 291–2, 364 498–9; fourteen days of talks Clyde, River: 507 with Roosevelt (December Coastal Air Force: 351 1941 to January 1942), 424, Cockneys: ‘grim and gay’, 430; ‘my 427, 431, 443–4, 446, 456, 499; heart goes out to’, 505 and Battle of the Atlantic, Cockran, Bourke: 89 437–43; and Arctic convoys, Cold War: 579, 609 454–5; visits Stalin (August Cole, Sterling: 590 1942), 459–66; denounces ‘Nazi Cologne: 121, 193 atrocities’, 467; speaks to troops Colville, (Sir) John: 344 in North Africa, 471–4, 477; Commandante Teste (French message to Austria, 474–5; seaplane carrier), at Oran: 378 second speech to Congress, Committee of Imperial Defence: 475–6; speech at Harvard, 182–3 477–9; and a future Italian Commonwealth of Nations Government, 486–7; and death (British Commonwealth): 417, of Lloyd George, 495–7; and 422, 446, 554–5 death of Roosevelt, 498–500; Commonwealth troops: 205 and 1945 General Election, Communism: in Russia, 252–3; ‘an 517–28, 531–2; Prime Minister armed Asiatic conception’, 282; for the second time (1951–5), ‘rots the soul of a nation’, 348; 574; returns to the United a ‘consistent opponent’ of, 416; States (1952), 578; seeks Churchill’s post-1945 concerns

663 INDEX

Communism: (cont.) Cossack, HMS, rescues British about, 532, 535, 542, 554 prisoners of war: 353 ‘discipline’ of, and ‘individual Council of Europe, Churchill calls freedom’, 587; ‘advance of ’ in for (1946): 547 Europe and Asia, 591; and the Courageous, HMS, sunk: 334, 338 Russian people, 592 Covenant of the League of Communist China: 565, 569, Nations: 304, 330, 331, 349 570–1 Coventry: 456 concentration camps (in Cracow (Poland): 323 Germany): 298 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot: 133 ‘Conquer or Die’: 510 ‘crime and criminals’: 139 Congress of Europe: 553–5; criticism, benefit from: 153 Churchill overwhelmed by crocodile, the: and the neutrals, applause at, illus. 46 349; and its ‘soft belly’, 465 Conservative Central Office: 50 Cromie, Captain Francis, Conservative Party: Churchill murdered (1918): 236–7 speaks on behalf of, 51–2; Cromwell, Oliver: 496 Churchill’s criticism of, 102–4, Cromwell Road (London): 178 106, 261; calls for coalition Croydon Aerodrome: 234 (1915), 168; ends the coalition Cuba: 10, 43–6, 531 (1922), 251; returns to power Curragh (Ireland): 146 (1922), 258; Churchill moves Cuxhaven: 193 back towards (1923), 262, 263; Cyrenaica: 473, 510 Churchill rejoins (1924), Czechoslovakia: 283; and the 269–70; returns to power Munich Agreement (1938), (1924), 269; defeated at the 300–7, 310, 395–6; ‘in polls (1929), 278; part of the bondage’, 321; German forced National Government labour in, 323–4; ‘lost’, 326; (1931–9), 285, 293, 309, 488; Churchill’s wartime broadcast and the ‘safety of the nation’, to, 396–7; under German 309; the role of its leader in rule, 396–7, 409; after 1945, time of crisis, 328–9; and the 534 1945 General Election, 491–2, 519; returns to power (1951), Daily Graphic: 43 574; Margate conference of Daily Mail: 281 (1953), 581; warning against Daily Telegraph 312 Socialism, 606–7; returned to Danube Basin: 347 power (1959), 610; Churchill Danube Valley: 302 speaking at Margate, illus 48, Danzig: 323, 325, 333 49 Danzig Corridor: 284 Constantinople (Istanbul): 185 Dardanelles (Turkey): naval attack Constitutionalist, Churchill stands on (March 1915), 164–5, 166, for Parliament as (1924): 269 168, 171–3; ‘closing scenes’ at, Coronel, Battle of (November 186, 188; ‘What about ... ?’, 1914): 152 255, 261–2; ‘I glory in it’, 262;

664 INDEX

the ‘lesson’ of ‘had sunk into its ‘title deeds’ and waging war, my nature’, 356; recalled, 538–9 503; and ‘liberation’, 516; and Dardanelles Committee: 180, 182 the Iron Curtain, 532–4, 535; Dark Ages: a possible return to, and post-war Germany and 348–9; the world to be saved Japan, 542; the ‘age of ’, saluted from, 398 (in 1900), 562 Darlan, Admiral: 362, 372, 468, Denmark: 404, 432, 457 469 Depew, Chauncey: 89–90 Dawnay, Hugh, killed in action Derby, 17th Earl of: 259 (1914): 152 Derby (horse race): 75 de Grasse, Admiral François- de Robeck, Admiral, at the Joseph Paul: 38 Dardanelles: 165–6, 172 de Grasse Evans, (Sir) Murland: 38 Dervishes: 55–64, 168 de Gaulle, General: 374, 434, ‘Desert Army’: 472, 474 468–70, 484–5, 510 ‘Desert Rats’: 528–9 de Lattre de Tassigny, General: 501 deterrence, and nuclear weapons: de Rougement, Denis: illus. 46 593–5, 607–8 de Valera, Eamon: 508 Deutschland (German heavy death: Churchill’s near escapes cruiser), escapes: 347 from, 40–1, 42–3, 43–6, 56–9, Development Act (1909): 126 67–9, 84–7, 233–6, 281–2; Dewsnap, Mr, and his wife: 87 ‘dread of ’, 83; ‘life to me’, 86; ‘or ‘Diligence and Daring’: 115 independence!’, 98; Dill, General Sir John: 404, 405; ‘ready ... to pulverise’, 266 illus. 23 Delagoa Bay Raiload: 70 Diogenes: 54 Delcassé, Théophile: 230–1 disarmament: 287, 428, 590–1, Delhi: 155 592 democracy: ‘the rising tide of ’, 52; Disarmament Commission ‘more vindictive than Cabinets’, (1955): 590–1 103; the ‘general march of ’, 60; Doenitz, Grand Admiral: 437, 439, and the House of Lords, 120, 501 126; ‘a most disastrous Dominion Status (for India): 279, conception of ’, 130; the ‘most 558 numerous’ in the world, 209; Doorn (Holland): 121, 122 the future of, 210; and Dover, white cliffs of: 84 Communist doctrines, 245; Dover Strait: 393 and ‘the power to conduct Downing Street: 145, 247, 249, great assemblies’, 256; and 412, 506, 599 parliamentary institutions, Drake, Sir Francis: recalled, 389 278–9; and ‘Nazi power’, 303–4; Dreadnought class battleships: 158 and doubts about the Drury Lane (London): 64 American war effort, 422–3; ‘I Dublin: 41 was brought up ... to believe ‘Ducks’ (amphibious trucks): in’, 426; seven questions for, 482–3 486–7; ‘the foundation of ’, 494; Dufferin, Marquess of: 90

665 INDEX

Dundee: 111, 169, 226, 251, 254, tribunal to which we appeal’: 255, 258; Churchill’s 1922 401 election campaign at, illus. 12, English-speaking nations, and the 13 Cold War: 609 Dundee Courier: 169, 226, 254, 257 English-speaking peoples: need for Dunkerque (French battle cruiser), ‘mutual recognition’ among, fate of: 375, 377 300; and the United States, 320; Dunkirk: 147, 152, 157; their ‘horror of one-man evacuation from (1940), 360–2, power’, 330; and the need for 364, 367, 377, 422; invasion ‘common ideals’, 541; the past barges at, 392; recalled, 448, and future of, 605 510 English-speaking world: and Durban: 72, 78, 79, 355 Nazism, 290; will be on Hitler’s Düsseldorf: 193 ‘track’, 406; and ‘a good Dutch West Indies: 440 understanding with Russia’, Dyer, General: 238 537–8 Entente Cordiale (1904): 544 East Fife: 123 Enterprise, HMS: 482 Eastchurch (Kent): 143 Epping, Churchill’s constituency: Eastern Front: (1914–18), 209; 309 (1941–5), 459, 489 Eritrea: 447 Eden, Anthony: 567, 603; illus 33, Esmonde, Lieutenant-Commander 36 Eugene, VC: 508 Edinburgh, Prince Philip, Duke of: Estcourt: an ambush near, 67; 599, 600 Churchill returns to, 78 Egypt: 160, 253, 444, 445, 465, Ethiopia: 294, 295 471–2, 473, 509 European Assembly: 553–4 Eighteenth Century, ‘this prisoner European war, Churchill’s of the’ (Poland): 243 predictions for (1901): 102–4 Eisenhower, General Dwight D.: Evening News: 240 502, 513, 539, 570; President, Everest, Mrs: 33, 50 581; illus. 45 Exeter, HMS: 351, 353; Churchill Eisenhower, Mamie: illus. 45 speaking on, illus. 22 electrical rays, and war: 268 explosives, and war: 268 Elizabeth I, Queen: 277 Eylau, Battle of (1807): 206 Elizabeth II, Queen: 599, 600, 601 Elliott, Maxine: 294 facts, ‘better than dreams’: 355 Employers’ Liability Bill, 51 Falkland Islands, naval battle off Enchantress (Admiralty yacht): 144 (1914): 158 Enfield Lock munitions works: Far East: (pre-1941), 286, 320; Churchill speaks at (1915), (post-1941), ‘the darkest scene’, 181, illus 9, 10 and 11 437, 445–8, 452–3 English Channel: 40, 147, 152, Father Christmas (1941): 425 210, 364, 382, 389, 394, 592 Fegan, Captain Edward, VC: 508 English-speaking folks, ‘the Fermanagh: 145, 146, 147, 249

666 INDEX

Fifth Column activities: 381 down’, 502; ‘beaten to the Fighter Command (RAF): 384, ground’, 507; signs armistice 404 with Germany, 371, 372, 377, Finland: 341; invaded, 346; 422, 432–3; and the fate of ‘sublime’, 348 French warships at Oran, First Ypres, Battle of 371–80, 422; and German (October–November 1914): invasion barges, 389; Churchill 204, 210 broadcasts to, 398–9; under First World War (1914–18): German rule and control, 398, 147–225; recalled, 238, 341, 404; ‘rising again’, 435; Jews 345, 438, 497, 568, 583, 598; deported from, 467; and reflections on, 240–2; ‘years of General de Gaulle, 468–70; ‘an carnage and horror’, 248; abstraction’ but not ‘an aftermath of, 265–9, 272–3; illusion’, 468; Churchill ‘a ‘those sombre and tremendous consistent friend of ’, 485; and a years’, 497; ‘fearful slaughters’ ‘regenerated Europe’, 535, 546 of, 552 Franckenstein, Sir George: 474–5 Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, Lord: Franco, General Francisco: 312 190, 193–5, 195 Free French (under de Gaulle): Fitzgibbon, Lord: 41 484, 510 Flanders, battlefields of (1914–18): Free Trade: 106, 123, 258 13, 168, 172, 203, 205, 231, 272 Free Trade Hall (Manchester): 116 Fleet Air Arm, in Second World Freetown (Sierra Leone): 441 War: 338 French, General Sir John: 186 flying bombs and rockets: 514–15 French Army, ‘heroic resistance’ by Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, (1940): 368 assassinated (1914): 144–5 French Navy: (in 1914), 156–7; (in Foch, General Ferdinand: 216–18, 1940), 371–80 232, 233, 497 French North Africa: 371, 433, Foreign Office (Whitehall): 146 459, 469 ‘Four Freedoms’ (Roosevelt): 414, French troops: 172, 205; evacuated 546, 553 from Dunkirk (1940), 360, France: and Agadir (1911), 141; 377 and the First World War, 147, Frere (Natal, South Africa): an 164–5, 210, 215–18; and ambush at, 67, 85 Germany, 229–31, 232–3, 267, Friedrichshafen: 193 272, 287–9, 320, 486, 544, 579; ‘frightfulness’: 239 public opinion in (1920), 248; ‘Full Steam Astern’: 222 Churchill’s visits to (1920s), Fulton (Missouri): 532, 561 272–3; ‘torn by dissension’ (1935), 296; Britain to defend Gallacher, William: 255 (1939), 312; the ‘compass and Gallipoli Peninsula (Turkey): strength’ of (1939), 333; battle on (1915), 168, 173, 180 Churchill’s four wartime Gallup Poll: 521 journeys to, 360–4, 366; ‘struck Gambetta, Léon: 230, 399

667 INDEX

Gandhi, M. K., ‘this malignant, monstrosity of the Totalitarian subversive fanatic’: 280 State’, 290; ‘spurns Christian The Gathering Storm (Winston S. ethics’, 303; and the coming of Churchill): 551 war in 1939, 330–1; invades Gazette of Poland: 325 Poland (1 September 1939), Geneva: 286 332; and the war at sea (1939– Geneva, Lake (Lake Léman): 42–3 45), 334–42; air raids on Genghis Khan: 552 Britain, 389, 393, 404; gathers genius, and ‘plod’, in a prediction barges for the invasion of of 1900: 355 Britain, 389, 393, 394, 395; Gensoul, Admiral: 375–6, 377 invades Soviet Union (June George V, King: 183, 223, 277, 280, 1941), 415; British bombing of, 293 417, 436, 455–6, 464, 548; George VI, King: 354, 357, 403, declares war on the United 412, 427, 492, 506, 517 States, 424; ‘haggard’, 454; German High Command, ‘there were once great men in’, miscalculates: 206–7 479; uprisings unlikely in, 488; German Navy: 381, 457, 509; top surrender of (7 May 1945), secret signals of, 437 500–2; Allied zones in, 534; Germany: a possible danger from Churchill rejects collective (1911), 141; and the coming of punishment of, 541–2, 548–9; war (1914), 147–52; and the Churchill urges reconciliation continuing war (1914–18), 184, with France (1946), 546; 185, 198, 203, 227; naval policy Europe needs ‘armed strength’ of (1916), 191; unrestricted of (1950), 570; see also West submarine warfare declared by Germany (1917), 206–7; and the Gestapo: ‘grip of ’, 365; danger of, Bolshevik Revolution in Russia 487; ‘some form of ’ in Britain, (1917), 209–11; and the Spring 519–20 Offensive (1918), 212–13, Gibbon, Edward: 49–50 213–14, 214–17; and the Gironde (France): 464 Armistice (1918), 221; and ‘Give us the tools.. .’: 406, 409 France, 230–1, 232–3, 267, Gladstone, William Ewart: 273, 272–3, 287–9, 320, 486, 544, 583 579; ‘in the van of terror’ Gneisenau (German warship): 375, (1914–18), 241; and Poland, 443 244–7; and ‘Christendom’, 247; God: ‘the Great Power’, 504; what ‘havoc’ in (1922), 252; would happen if He ‘wearied of Churchill sees a Nazi mankind’, 590 procession in (1932), 283; Goebbels, Dr Josef: 321 racism in (1933), 288; Hitler Gog and Magog: 575–6 Chancellor of, 289; ‘arming at Golden Age, and science: 576 breakneck speed’, 295; ‘Good Old London!’: 505 Churchill criticises persecution Gort, Lord: 361 of Jews in, 290, 297–8; and ‘the Gough, Hubert, 79–80, 81–2

668 INDEX

Graf Spee, scuttled: 347, 350 Hazelside, sunk: 340 Grand Army (of Napoleon): Heligoland Bight, Battle in (1914): 160–1, 390 158 Grand Coalition (1940–5): 357, High Sea Fleet, German (1914): 488, 490, 493, 517–18; recalled, 158 521, 526 Hindustan: 118, 560 Grand Fleet, British (1914): 155–6 Hipper (German warship): 455 Grand Remonstrance (1641): 49 Hiroshima: 553 Great Contemporaries (Winston S. history: and the historians, 368; Churchill): 203, 214, 215 and the British naval action off Greater London, and the Second Oran, 379; and Neville World War: 523 Chamberlain, 400, 401; the Greatheart, ‘must have his sword’: ‘verdict’ of, 401; ‘would not 541 come to an end’, 422–3; the Greece: 341, 407, 510, 533 ‘dominant lesson of ’, 539 Greeks, and Jews: 549–50 A History of the English-Speaking Grenadier Guards: 186, 390 Peoples (Winston S. Churchill): Grenfell, David: 585 604–5; Churchill proofreading, Grey, Sir Edward: 146, 423 illus. 51 Guam (Pacific): 422 The History of the Decline and Fall Guards Division: 186 of the Roman Empire (Gibbon): Guildhall (London): 310, 351, 574; 50 Churchill inspects bomb Hitler, Adolf: 283, 285, 289, 297, damage, illus. 26 300–1, 312, 320; and the coming of war in 1939, 331, The Hague: 553 432; and the neutrals, 347; the Hague Convention (1907): 142 ‘smear of ’, 348; a warning to, Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas: 370; his ‘dark curse’ to be lifted, 200–4, 213–14, 225; his 383; and the Battle of Britain ‘afternoon ride’, 214 (1940), 385–6; and the Blitz Hamburg: 293 (1940–1), 507; his invasion Hamilton, General Bruce: 93 plans, 390–1, 404, 405, 463; his Hamilton, General Sir Ian: 84, 172, air force at risk, 392; and the 185 Soviet Union, 394, 460; Hansard (Parliamentary Debates): ‘beating the life and soul out 369 of ’, 398; his ‘ravings’, 401; his Hapsburgs: 205 war plans, 405; ‘total defeat Harriman, Averell: illus. 31 of ... certain’, 409; invades his Harrow School: 35–9, 43; Soviet ally, 415; to be Churchill’s speeches at, 419–21, destroyed, 416; his need to 580–1; illus 1, 2, 47 conquer Britain, 418; his fate Harvard University, Churchill ‘sealed’, 423; will ‘reap the speaks to army and navy cadets whirlwind’, 431; and Vichy, at: 477; illus. 34 434; his ‘legend’ broken by Harwood, Admiral: 351, 353 Russia, 446; his ‘unspeakable

669 INDEX

Hitler, Adolf: (cont.) while out of office (1929–39), crimes’, 446; leads a ‘haggard’ 283–5, 285–9, 293–4, 296–7, Germany, 454; and the ‘belly’ 298–9, 301–7, 307–9, 309–11, of his Europe, 465; ‘iron 314–17; Churchill opposes control’ by, 488’; ‘unlamented adjournment of (August 1939), departure of ’, 513; his rise to 321–9; Churchill’s first wartime dominance recalled, 537 speech in (3 September 1939), Hitlerism: ‘beating the life and soul 332–4; and wartime out of ’, 398; ‘ultimate restrictions on liberty, 333–4; destruction of ’, 456; the ‘fearful Churchill’s wartime speeches antagonism and memories of ’ in, as First Lord of the in Germany (1955), 591 Admiralty, 334–43, 346–50; as Hoe Farm (Surrey): 178 Prime Minister, (in 1940), Hohenzollerns: 205 357–9, 364–6, 366–9, 370, Holland, Captain Cedric, RN: 371–80, 384–9, 394–5, 400–3; 375–6, 377 (in 1942), 453–9, 468–70; (in Holland: 121, 341, 348, 360, 389, 1944), 484–6, 488–94; 392, 393, 404, 432, 452, 489; (January–July 1945), 495–7, ‘valiant, stout hearted’, 433, 498–500, 503–4; no ‘inquest’ to 515; Jews deported from, 467 be held in (1940), 368–9; and Home Guard (): Churchill’s call for ‘confident 390, 510 energy’, 380–2; ‘I am a child of ’, Home Rule (for Ireland): 52, 145, 426; Churchill’s warning to, 168 450–1; its ‘especial Hong Kong: 422 responsibilities’, 459; Hopkins, Harry: 458 Churchill’s ‘deep gratitude’ to, House of Commons: 47; Churchill 503; post-1945 speeches in, elected to, 87; Churchill takes 541–3, 548–9, 559–60, 560–1, his seat in, 91; Churchill’s 587–95; ‘I have lived my life in’, maiden speech in, 91–102; 585; Churchill’s last speech in, Churchill pilots Bills through, 496–7 106–15, 129, 137–8; and House of Lords: 117, 119–21, 126, Tonypandy (1910), 140; and 452, 584 the House of Lords, 117, Howard, John: 75–7 119–21, 122; Churchill speaks human race (Churchill’s in (1914–18), 152–7, 158–64, perception): and ‘the horror of 190–5, 195–9, 209–11; war’ (1914–18), 266–7; and a Churchill’s resignation speech future war, 269; and ‘a cause’, in (November 1915), 184–5; 350; ‘three-quarters upon our Churchill’s immediate post- side’, 475; ‘we do not war with’, war speeches in, 229, 238–40, 478; and ‘the salvation of the 248–50; and Ireland, 248–50; common people of every race’, Churchill’s Budget Speeches in, 547; and the ‘opportunity for 270, 273–8; Churchill’s faith in, the further advance of ’, 561; 278–9; Churchill speaks in ‘the soul and genius of ’, 564

670 INDEX

Hungary: 320, 543 Irish Free State: 253 ‘Huns’ (Germans): Irish Free State Bill (1922): 248–50 ‘some . . . curable ... others Irish Nationalists: 145 killable’, 409; warplanes of, 417; Irish Provisional Government: 249 ‘the tide has turned against’ Irishmen, ‘military capacity’ of: 99 (December 1941), 434; ‘savage’, ‘Iron Curtain’: 506, 532, 579, 592 451 Irresistible, HMS, sunk: 165 hydrogen bomb (H-bomb): 589, Islam: Churchill’s reflections on, 592, 593–5, 607–8 65–6 Isle of Wight: 395 ‘I have nothing to offer but blood, Ismay, General Sir Hastings: 384 toil, tears and sweat’: 359 Israelites: their ancient choice, 228 Iceland: 441 Italian prisoners of war, drowned: Ilford (Essex): 523 441 Imperial Light Horse (South Italy: 208, 210, 295, 312, 320, 345, Africa): 81 361, 433; at war with Britain Independent Anti-Socialist (1940–3), 379, 512; possible (Churchill stands for landings on, 457, 466; Parliament as): 264 surrenders, 486; its future form India: Churchill in, 46–50, 53–5; of government, 487; Germans Churchill speaks about, 105; fighting in, 489; Communist and the First World War, 160; Party in, 535; to ‘resume her and the Amritsar massacre place’, 543 (1919), 238–9; and ‘primordial Itombi Spruit (Ladysmith): 82 chaos’, 253; and Dominion Status, 279; and Hitler’s plans, Jallianwalla Bagh (Amritsar), 405; Churchill’s broadcast massacre in (1919): 238–40 reaches, 452; Churchill Japan: 286, 320; enters the Second supports independence of World War (December 1941): (1947), 558–60 422–3, 448–50; resources of, India Independence Bill (1947): 427; ‘frenzy of ’, 431; Singapore 558–9 surrenders to, 443; her Indian Corps (on the Western conquests, 447; ‘tonight . . . Front): 232 triumphant’ (15 February Indian Ocean: 441 1942), 448; ‘power and malice’ individualism: 282–3 of, 450; ‘desperate and Inflexible, HMS, sunk: 165 barbarous character of ’, 493; ‘Insure’: 116 the continuing war against, Iraq: 447, 510, 602 500, 502, 505, 524, 530; ‘this Ireland: 52, 145; Churchill seeks a evil power’, 517; its democratic settlement for (1921–2), future, 542 248–50; the struggle for (1922), Jedabia (Libya), battle for: 435 253; and Second World War, Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John: 160 379, 393 Jerome, Leonard: 412 Irish, ‘hostile’: 89 Jerusalem: 550

671 INDEX

Jews: persecution of, in Germany, Laconia, sunk: 441 290, 297–8, 310; mass murder The Lady: 50 of, 467; compared with Greeks, Ladysmith, Churchill enters: 81–2 549–50 Ladysmith Relief Column: 82 Jodl, General: 500–1 Laertes, HMS: 163 Jorrocks, Mr (a fictional character Lancashire: 75, 259, 280 of R. S. Surtees): 68 Lancers: in action, 55–9 Juliana, Princess: in exile in Lansdowne, Lord: 127–8 Canada, 433 Laventie (Western Front): 186 Lavery, Lady: 180 Kamenev, Lev: 248 Lawrence, T. E. (‘Lawrence of Keitel, Field Marshal: 501 Arabia’): 291–3 Kenneally, Lance-Corporal John, Layton, Elizabeth: 477–8 VC: 508 League of Nations: 286–8, 295, Kennedy, President John F.: 9 301, 536; ‘a World Instrument’, Kennedy, Joseph: 320 552 Kent: German bombers over Lebanon: 510, 602, 603 (1940), 392 Legentilhomme, General: 469 Kersten, Pieter: illus. 46 Leicester: 117, 258, 259, 262 Khalifa, the (Abdullah Ibn- Leipzig: 515 Mohammed): 59, 64 Lemnos (Greek island): 166 Khrushchev, Nikita: 608 Lend–Lease Act (1941): 407, 498 Kiel Canal: 191 Lenin, V. I.: 237 Kiev: 451 Leningrad: 444, 446 Kipling, Rudyard, quoted by Lepelletier, Mme, Churchill Churchill: 420, 478 ‘pinned down by’: 295–6 Kitchener, Field Marshal Lord: Leslie, Norman, killed in action 168–9, 172, 180, 182 (1914): 152 Kitchener’s Army: 200 ‘Let Europe arise’ (1946): 543 Komati Poort: 70, 73 ‘Let Germany live’ (1946): 543 Korean War (1950–3): 565–6, 578 Leven (Scotland): 123 Krassin, Leonid: 248 Liberal Party: 51, 106, 138, 258, Kremlin (Moscow): 579 261, 262, 263, 269, 307–8, 488 Kruger, Paul: 64 Liberalism and the Social Problem (Winston S. Churchill):111, La Bassée (Western Front): 214 117 Labour Exchanges: 116, 125 liberation: of western and Labour Government: (1923–4), southern Europe, in prospect 262; (1929–31), 278; (after 1942), 457, 458, 459; (1945–51), 530, 558, 606–7 preparations for, 461 Labour Party: 142, 260, 261, 269, Liberator (aircraft): 442 488; its leaders joins Churchill’s Libya: 435, 447, 510 wartime coalition, 354; and the Licensed Victuallers’ Association: 1945 General Election, 517–18, 128 519–20, 530 Light Brigade, of (1854):

672 INDEX

557 81; illus. 5 Lippman, Walter: 320 Londoners: ‘the tough fibre of ’, Liverpool: 89, 334 390; ‘grim and gay’, 430 Lloyd George, David: 91, 111, 117, Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 127, 141, 146; Prime Minister quoted by Roosevelt: 406, (1916–22), 200, 216, 247–8; 410–11 resigns, 251; recalled, 343, 354, Loos (Battle of ), 1915): 198 536, 495; dies, 495: Churchill’s Lord Nelson class battleships: 158 tributes to, 495–7, 595–8 (Winston Lobengula (last king of the S. Churchill): 106 Matabele): 64 Lorraine: 230, 543 Loire River: 464 Louis XIV (King of France): 511 London: a surgeon from, 41; ‘I Louis of Battenberg, Admiral of shall save’, 39; Churchill’s war the Fleet, Prince: 193 reports published in (1895), Lourenço Marques: 69, 72 43, (1899), 69; Churchill’s Low Countries, ‘subjugated’: 507 decision to stand for Lubianka Prison (Moscow): 506 Parliament, 50; Lords ‘scurry Ludendorff, General: 212 up to’, 121; troops replaced by Luxembourg: 404 police constables from, 140; Lyttelton, Oliver: illus. 38 Churchill leaves for Antwerp from, 152; taking a message MacArthur, General Douglas: 567 back to, 175; Churchill leaves Macaulay, Lord: 239 for the Western Front, 147; MacDonald, Ramsay: 133, 262, Churchill’s surprise return to 285, 286–8, 293 (March 1916), 190; on Mackenzie’s Natal Carabineers: 81 Armistice Day (11 November McKenna, Marthe: 225 1918), 221–5; a false rumour McKinley, President: 87–8, 104 in, 262; ‘has regained Macmillan, Harold: 309, 602, 608 effectually its solid ‘Mad Hatter’: 259 international pre-eminence in ‘Mad Mullah’, the (Sayyid the world’ (1929), 275; Muhammad Abd Allah al- Churchill supports recruiting Hasan): 64 in (1939), 317; welcomes naval Madagascar: 469 heroes in (1940), 352–3; Malay Peninsula: 452 German bombing raids on, Malaya: 422 389–92, 393, 430, 574; ‘a great mankind, ‘unteachable’: 539 rhinoceros, a great Manchester North-West hippopotamus’, 505; her (constituency): 106, 111, 254 ‘wonderful record in the war’, Mansion House (London):141, 523; Churchill inspects bomb 317; Churchill speaking damage in, illus 25, 26 outside, illus. 17 London Opera House: 87 ‘March Hare’: 259 London to Ladysmith via Pretoria Margate (Kent): Churchill speaks (Winston S. Churchill): 67, 79, at, 581–3

673 INDEX

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens): 90 Milner, Sir Alfred: 96–7 Marlborough, 1st Duke of (John Ministry of Health (Whitehall), Churchill): 201, 283, 511 Churchill speaks from balcony Marlborough: His Life and Times of: 504, illus 38, 39 (Winston S. Churchill): 201 Ministry of Marine (France): 347 Marmara, Sea of: 165 Ministry of Supply (Britain), Marne, Battle of (1914): 147, Churchill calls for (1936–9): 209–10 299, 305, 307–9, 309–11, 316–17 Marseillaise (anthem): 544 Mississippi River: ‘Let it roll’, 389 Marshall, General George C.: 458, Mohammed: 55 561 Mohammedanism: see Islam Marshall Aid: 561 Mohmand Valley (North-West Masaryk, President (of Frontier of India): 53 Czechoslovkia): 396 Molotov, Vyacheslav: 461 Massachusetts Institute of Mongol invasion of Europe Technology (MIT): Churchill (thirteenth century): 587 speaks at, 562 Monmouthshire: 328 Mauser pistol: 48, 68 Mons (Belgium): 147 Maxim guns: 60 Montevideo: 347 Mediterranean Expeditionary Montgomery, General (later Field Force (1915): 166 Marshal): 471, 480, 483, 513, Mediterranean Sea: 156–7, 447, 529; illus. 35 465, 466 Montreal: 334 Mein Kampf (Hitler): 297 Montreuil (France): 215 ‘Men of Bordeaux’: 470: see also Morning Post: 67, 69, 74, 79, 81, Bordeaux Government 83, 84, 88, 312 Mentz, Mr de: 80 Morocco: 141, 231, 459 Mercantile Marine: to be armed, Morrison, Herbert: 525 336; ‘put to sea with alacrity’, Moscow: 229, 236, 344, 348, 444, 341; and the British nation, 351 446, 451, 460, 506, 533, 581; Merchant Navy: 407 Churchill reaches, illus. 30 Mers el-Kebir (French North Moselle River: 489 Africa), Britain bombards Moyne, Lord, murdered: 549 French warships at: 371, 375, Munich: 283 376, 380, 398 Munich Agreement (1938): 300; Mersey River: 507 aftermath of, 312, 313; second Mesopotamia (Iraq): 252 anniversary of, 395 Metz, Churchill speaks in: 543 Munitions Council: 222 Mexico: 252 Muse of Painting, ‘came to my Mexico, Gulf of: 440 rescue’: 179 Miami (Florida): 531 Mussolini, Benito: 294, 295, 312, Middelburg (South Africa): 71, 72 507, 509, 511; ‘total defeat Middle East: 437, 441, 447, 602, of ... certain’, 409; his fate 611 sealed’, 423; his ‘flop’, 431; Midway Island (Pacific): 422 ‘unlamented departure of ’, 513

674 INDEX

My Early Life (Winston S. ‘Never give in’: 420–1 Churchill); 35–6, 40–52, 72, 78, ‘Never in the field of human 88 conflict . . .’: 384, 507 New World: Britain prepared to Nagasaki: 553 wage war from (1940), 362; Napoleon: 39, 161, 203, 206, 364, ‘pestilences’ from Old World 390, 511 reach, 428 Napoleonic Wars: recalled, 157, New York: 40, 90, 275, 608; 159, 287 Churchill’s accident in (1931), Narvik (Norway): 360 281; British naval support Nash’s – Pall Mall (magazine): 203, arrives in (1942), 439; 265, 271 Churchill returns to (1946), Nasser, Colonel Gamal Abdel, 531 President (of Egypt): 602 New York Times magazine: ‘Now Natal Witness: 82 they listen to Churchill’, illus. National Administration 20 (1940–5): 518 New Zealand: 160, 219, 352, 452, National Executive Government 517; troops from, 172, 177, 232 (1940–5): 452 Newfoundland: 440, 499 National Government: (1931–9), News of the World: 299 285, 293, 487–8; (1940–5), 506 newspaper criticism, ‘malicious Nawagai (North-West Frontier of carping’ of: 174 India): 55 Nicolson, Harold: 320, 334–5 Nazi regime: the reason for its Niemöller, Pastor Martin: 548 success, 414; ‘appetite and River: 60, 62 racial domination’ of, 416; its Nile Valley: 444, 449 ‘indescribable crimes’, 541; Nineteenth Century, the ‘supreme ‘execution camps of ’, 552 fact’ of: 580 Nazi rule, ‘odious apparatus of ’: (6 June 1944) 365 and beachhead: 480; Nazi tyranny: ‘pestilence’ of, 333, Churchill’s visits to, 480–4; and 398, 391; forecasting ‘the last the Rhine, 486; recalled, 513; vestiges of ’, 391 Churchill speaks to veterans of, Nazidom: ‘barbarism of ’, 349; not illus. 35 yet ‘broken’ (October 1944), North Africa: 371, 378, 433, 460, 488 464, 465, 471, 512; ‘cleared of Nelson, Admiral Lord: 353, 390, the enemy’, 477 511 North Atlantic Treaty Netherlands East Indies: 422 Organisation (NATO): 582, 591 ‘nuclear death’: 607 North Cape: 455 nuclear deterrence: 594–5, 608 North Korea: 565, 567 nuclear disarmament: 592 North Sea: 147, 152, 157, 394, 447, nuclear energy: 588–9 557 nuclear weapons: 589–90, 607–8 North-West Frontier (India): 10, neutrals: 438, 444, 445, 467 53–5, 65

675 INDEX

North-Western Approaches Passchendaele, Battle for (1917): (Atlantic): 508, 509 209, 232, 569 Northern Ireland: 508 Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941): Norway: 341, 360, 393, 404, 432, 422, 424, 511, 524; aftermath 455, 457, 507 of, 438–9 ‘The nose of the bulldog’: 149–50 Pearson’s Illustrated War News: Nôtre Dame (Paris): 230 69 Nuremberg Trials: 548 Pearson’s Magazine: 289 Nurlu (Western Front): 211 Peel, Sir Robert: 273 ‘Peoples in bondage need never Ocean, HMS, sunk: 165 despair’, 564 Old Age Pensions: 111, 114 Percival, General: 443 Oldham, 67, 87, 98 ‘Percy’, German gun (1918): 213 Omdurman, Battle of (1898): 48, Péronne road (1918): 213 55–9, 80; aftermath of, Pershing, General: 220 59–64 Persia: 252, 447 Oran: 375, 376–7, 379, 422 Peshawar: 55 Orange Free State Bill: 107 Pétain, Marshal Philippe: 360, Orange River Colony: 107 363–4, 366 Osman Digna (a follower of the Peter the Great (of Russia): 267 Mahdi in the Sudan): 64 Petrograd: 229, 236 Ottawa: Churchill speaks in Philippines: 422 (1941), 429–36 Phillips, Vice-Admiral Tom: 352 ‘our common language’: 479 Picardy (Western Front): 232 Oxford University: Churchill Pietermaritzburg: 79 lectures in (1930), 278 Pim, Captain (Sir) Richard: 498 Pitt, William, the Elder: 151, 273, Pacific Ocean: 157, 352, 422, 439, 545 449 Pitt, William, the Younger: 511 Painting as a Pastime (Winston S. Place de la Concorde (Paris): 230, Churchill): 178, 271 543 Pakistan: 559, 560 plague, and war: 268–9 Palestine Mandate (Britain, Plain Dealer (newspaper): 412 1922–48): 291, 447, 510, 549 Ploegsteert (Belgium): 187 Paris: 147; Churchill’s mission to Plymouth: 351, 372, 374 (March 1918), 208, 211, 215, poison gas: 268 229–30, 364; Churchill’s ‘The Poison Peril from the East’ mission to (May 1940), 360–4; (Churchill), 240 Churchill recalls a visit to (in Poland: 240, 243–7, 283, 303, 321, 1883), 543–4 323, 326, 329; invaded by Parliamentary Government and the Germany (1 September 1939), Economic Problem (Winston S. 332, 333, 432, 502; Churchill): 278 ‘indestructible’, 344; Party Whips: 135 partitioned, 346, 415; and the Pas de : 464 , 506; under

676 INDEX

Communist rule, 533 ‘desperate and barbarous Poles: German ‘bully and pillage’, character of ’, 493; the Jewish 409 race, 288, 290, 297–8, 311; Poor Law: 119, 125 ‘native’ races, 96; American Portsmouth: 372, 374 soldiers (in 1917), 219; Portuguese East Africa: 69 Bolsheviks (in 1917), 237; the (July 1945): ‘vile race’ of quislings, 416–17; 528, 529 a wartime alliance ‘without Pound, Admiral of the Fleet Sir distinction of ’, 417; see also Dudley: 352, 372 human race; British race Prague: 533 racism: and Nazi Germany, 288, Prempeh, Otumfuo Nana (ruler of 290, 297–8 the Ashanti): 64 radar: 296, 442 Pretoria: Churchill reaches, as a Ramadier, Paul: illus. 46 captive, (1899), illus. 6; Rangoon (Burma): 505–6 Churchill imprisoned in, 69; rearmament: 305 Churchill escapes from, 69–71, Red Air Force: 348 72–5 Red Army: 348 Primrose League: 51, 52 Red Sea: 295 Prince of Wales, HMS: 445 Reformation (sixteenth century): Prinz Eugen: 443 587 Protection (and Tariffs): 106, 259, Retinger, Joseph: illus. 46 260–1 revenge, ‘morally wicked’: 83 Prussia: 177, 243 Reynaud, Paul: 361–4, 372; illus. 23 Queen’s Own Oxfordshire Rheims (France): 502 Hussars: 186 Rhine River: 232, 268, 486, 512 Queen Mary, RMS: 440, 578 Rhondda Valley (South Wales): quislings: ‘vile race of ’, 416–17; 140 Hitler ‘found none’ (in Russia), Ribbentrop, Joachim von: 344 451 Richmond, Virginia: 539 River Plate, ‘victors of ’: 351, 353 race (Churchill’s perception of ): The River War (Winston S. ancient races (under Nazi rule, Churchill): 56–69, 88, 168; 409; Greeks and Jews, 382–3); illus. 4 the Dutch race (in South Africa), 83; European races, 96, Robertson, General Edwin W.: 565 534; the Finnish ‘splendid Rochester (New York State), 411, Northern race’, 348; the French 413 ‘warrior race’, 435; the German Rodney, Lord: 38 race, ‘drained’ by the ‘cruel Romanovs: 205 Nazi regime’, 548; the Irish Rome: 512; see also ancient Rome race, Churchill’s ‘bitterness Rommel, General Erwin: 466, against . . . dies’, 508; the 471–2, 473 Japanese ‘warrior race’, 449, Roose, Dr Robson: 35

677 INDEX

Roosevelt, President Franklin D.: Russia: 156, 205, 208, 228–9, 231, 313, 384, 406, 407; signs 511; and Poland, 243–5; Lend–Lease Act (March 1941), ‘sufferings’ of (1917–22), 252; 407; continuing help to Britain ‘nightmare’ in (1934), 290; see from, 408, 438; his ‘Four also Soviet Union Freedoms’, 414, 546, 553; Russian Navy (1914): 156 Churchill’s meeting with Russian Revolution (1917): 228–9, (August 1941), 445, 498; 236–7, 243, 252–3, 552 Churchill’s fourteen days of Ruweisat Ridge (Western Desert): talks with (December 1941 to 471 January 1942), 424, 427, 431, 443–4, 446, 456, 498–9; Saddleworth (Yorkshire), messages from (April 1942), Churchill speaks at: 104 458–9, (August 1942), 464–5; a safety, ‘the sturdy child of terror’: telegram to, 466; and de 595 Gaulle, 468, 484; Churchill’s St George’s School (Ascot): 34 five wartime visits to, 475; dies, St Margaret, Church of, 498; Churchill’s tribute to, Westminster : 504 498–500; recalled, 509–10, 539, St Omer (France): 213 551 St Paul’s Cathedral : 498 Rostov-on-Don: 444 Salisbury, 3rd Marquess of: 264 Round the World in Eighty Days Samuel, Viscount (Herbert (Jules Verne): 563 Samuel): 311 ‘Round-up’: 459, 464 San Francisco: 516 Royal Air Force: ‘traditions of ’, Sandhurst: 42 293; in Second World War, 338, Sarajevo: 144 372, 381, 384, 385–7, 390, 407; Sassoon Dock (Bombay), and bombing of Germany, 417; Churchill’s accident at: 47 and German flying bombs and Scotland: possible German rockets, 514 invasion of (1940), 393; and U- Royal Marines: 152 boat war, 508 Royal Naval Air Service: 142 Scott, Colonel Jack: 233–6 Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve: Scott, Captain Percy: 355 166 ‘Second Front’: Churchill’s debate Royal Navy: 142, 145, 158, 208, with Stalin over, 459–66 313; and mobilisation of the Second World War: 332–504; Fleet (August 1939), 324–327; Churchill’s victory survey of, in Second World War, 342, 506–17; ‘The Unnecessary War’, 351–2, 367, 385, 404, 407–8, 550–1, 577, 583; ‘every bond 509, 513 between man and man was to Royal Sceptre, sunk: 340 perish’, 552; Lloyd George’s Royal Scots Fusiliers: 187 speech at the start of, 598; ‘Rule, Britannia’, the ‘noble lines’ problems on the morrow of of: 483 victory, 605–6 Rumania: 283, 303, 321, 326, 348 The Second World War (Winston S.

678 INDEX

Churchill): 230, 354, 355, 360, ‘cold policy of self-interest’, 422, 437, 460, 477, 480, 481, 344; the ‘riddle . . . [of ] Russian 486, 549 national interest’, 344; Secret Service: agents of, 225 partitions Poland with Secret Session, of Parliament: 14, Germany and invades Finland, 306, 369, 394, 458, 468, 469 346, 348; Hitler’s plans for, 405; Seine River: 512 invaded by Germany (June Seoul (South Korea): 567 1941), 415; Churchill’s promise ‘Set the people free’: 606 of help to, 416, 417, 447–8; and Sevez, General François: 501 Japan, 427; and events of ‘Shall We All Commit Suicide?’ ‘hopeful import’ (December (1924): 265 1941): 435; the battle for rages Sheean, Vincent: 294–5 (1941–5), 444, 445, 446, 453–5, Sheerness (Kent): 144, 374 489; ‘in her most dire peril’ Sicily: 512 (autumn 1941), 451; and the Simon, Sir John: 314 German surrender, 500–1; its Singapore, surrender of (1942): ‘valiant fight’, 523; post-war 443, 452 dominance, 532–4, 535, 536–7; Skyros (Greek island): 166 and a single European entity, slavery, ‘the stain of ’: 346 545–6, 547; and the Korean ‘Sledgehammer’: 459, 464 War, 567, 571; and the ‘Western Smith, Benjamin: 339 Democracies’, 577; and NATO, Smuts, Field Marshal: illus. 36 582, 591; and the hydrogen Socialism: 260, 264; ‘abhorrent’, bomb, 492; and nuclear 520–1; ‘doctrinaire plans of ’, deterrence, 594 606 Spain: 312–13, 320, 465, 466 Sofia: 533 Spanish Armada (1588): 389, 511 ‘Some chicken! Some neck!’: 433 Spanish Army, Churchill watches Somerville, Vice-Admiral: 377 in action (1895): 43 Somme, Battle of (1916): 199–200, Spears, Brigadier-General Edward 201; crater fields of (1916), Louis: 360, 364; illus. 23 214; recalled, 569 Special Operations Executive Somme River (France): 361, 512 (SOE), created (July 1940): South Africa: 10, 67–87, 94–8, 398 99–102, 107–9, 160, 177; a Special Order of the Day, issued 11 forecast in (1900), 355 April 1918: 203–4 South African Light Horse: 79 Stalin, Joseph: 415, 454, 511; South of France: 294; Churchill Churchill visits (August 1942), proofreading in, illus. 51 459–66; his broken promise, South Korea: 565 506; at Potsdam, 528; ‘my South Wales, riots in (1910): 140 wartime colleague’, 533; his Southampton Water: 143 death, 581; Churchill’s letter to Soviet Union: its war with Poland (April 1945), 609; with (1920), 240, 245–7; and the Churchill and Harriman coming of war in 1939, 326; its (1942), illus. 31

679 INDEX

Standing Court of Arbitration: taxation: 125; ‘shackles of ’, 270 116 T. E. Lawrence by his Friends (ed. States Model School (Pretoria): 69, A. W. Lawrence): 291 70 Tedder, Air Chief Marshal: 501 steel, and wars: 267–8 Teheran: 460, 499, 514 Step by Step (Winston S. Temple, Archbishop William: 467 Churchill): 312 ‘Teuton and Gaul’, their ‘black ‘sterner days’: 421 accounts’: 273 Stettin: 533 Third World War, the means to Stettinius, Edward: 220–1 avert: 578, 583 Stone Age, comparison of Russia Thirty Years’ War (1618–48): 587 with Stone Age: 237 Thompson, James: 483 The Story of the Malakand Field Thoughts and Adventures Force (Winston S. Churchill): (Winston S. Churchill): 142, 53 178, 216, 233, 265 time: Strand (magazine): 178, 297, 589 ‘will vindicate’, 183; Strasbourg (French battle cruiser), ‘measured at least by days’, 203 fate of (1940): 375, 378 : censures Churchill, The Student’s Hume: 48 140; Churchill writes Rupert Sudan: 10, 55–64, 65, 548 Brooke’s obituary in, 166; and Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia), the evacuation of the Gallipoli and the Munich Agreement Peninsula, 187–8; and the (1938): 300–1, 395–6 coming of war in 1939, 325 Suez Canal: 444 Tirpitz (German warship): 455 Suez Crisis (1956): 603 Tito, Marshal: 535 ‘sugar candy’: 430 Tobruk (Libya): 472 Supreme Being, and a ‘sublime Tokyo: 565 moral purpose’: 558 Tonypandy (South Wales): 140 Surcouf (French submarine), ‘Torch’ (Anglo-American landings struggle over: 373–4 in French North Africa): 459, Surgham Hill (Omdurman): 59 465–6 survival, ‘the twin brother of ‘Torture’: 241–2 annihilation’: 595 Toulon: 230, 378 Susloparov, General: 501 Tory Democracy: 52, 426 Sutherland, Graham: 583; his Tory Party: 50–2 portrait of Churchill, illus. 50 ‘total war’: 432 Suvla Bay (Gallipoli): 180–1 Totalitarian State (Germany): ‘the Sweden: 341 monstrosity of ’, 290; the Swiss Alps: 157, 395 ‘irresistible power’ of, 298; and Switzerland: 348, 467 free speech, 522 Syria: 447, 469, 510 Totalitarianism, and Socialism: 520 tanks: 157, 218, 566 Toulon: 371 Tannenberg, Battle of (1914): 345 Trade Boards: 116 Tariffs (and Protection): 106, 124 trade unions: in Britain, 129–38;

680 INDEX

in Germany, 298 ‘terrible’, 562; and ‘the troubles Trafalgar, Battle of (1805): 159 of Britain’, 580–1 Trafalgar Square (London): 221 ‘Tyranny’, ‘our foe’: 478 Transjordan: 291 Tyrone: 145, 146, 147, 249–50 Transvaal (Republic of ): 75, 94–5, 97 U-boats: First World War, 497; Transvaal Collieries: 75 Second World War, 334, 335–9, Transvaal Colony: 107 340–2, 346–7, 407, 455, 507–8, Transvaal Government: 70 515, ‘being collected in British Transylvania: 284 harbours’, 508 Treasure Island (Robert Louis Ukraine: 240, 344 Stevenson): 34–5 Ulster: 145, 248–9, 508 Treasury Board Room Ulster Hall (Belfast): 90 (Whitehall): 143 Ulster Unionists: 145 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): 485 unemployment insurance: 113, Treaty of Locarno (1925): 289, 116 581, 582–3 United Europe: 555 Treaty of Vereeniging (1902): 107 United Europe Movement: 553 (1920): 233, United Nations: 451, 476, 516, 243, 246, 536; ‘a solemn Peace’, 535, 565, 571, 583, 608 552 United Nations Assembly: 567, Trieste: 533 571 Trinidad: 441 United Nations Charter: 535, 537, Tripoli: Churchill addresses troops 538 in, 471; illus. 32 United Nations Organisation Tripolitania: 473 (UNO): 537, 545, 560, 571 Trondheim fiord: 455 United States: 87, 89, 205; at war Trotsky, Leon: 237, 485 with Germany (1917–18), Truman, President Harry S: 506, 206–8, 218–21; Churchill 528, 532, 567, 578; illus 43, 44 provides weapons of war for, ‘Trust the people’ (Lord Randolph 220–1; Churchill visits (1929), Churchill): 426 278; Churchill’s accident in ‘The Truth about Hitler’ (1931), 281–2; Churchill (Churchill): 297–8 lectures in (1932), 282–5; Tudor, Major General Hugh: ‘remote and indifferent’ (1935), 211–12 296; and Europe (1939), 313; Turkish (Ottoman) Empire: 164, and the British naval action off 177, 208, 221, 252, 345 Oran, 379; war supplies for Turkish Republic: 302, 320; Britain from 382, 510; wartime ‘resolute’, 347 help for Britain, while still Tunis: 473, 477 neutral, and the lease of British Tunisia: 473 naval and air facilities, 388–9; twentieth century: ‘a and naval patrols, 407; disappointment’, 251; and the Churchill’s wartime broadcasts persecution of the Jews, 297–8; to (April 1941), 407–11, (June

681 INDEX

United States: (cont.) of the Atlantic, 437–43; and the 1941), 411–15; manufactures war at sea, 454–5 munitions for Britain, 408; the United States of Europe: power of, when combined with Churchill’s conception of the British Empire, 409–10; (1938), 299–300; (1946), 545–7 continued help from, 417; and The Unknown War – The Eastern the German invasion of the Front (Winston S. Churchill): Soviet Union, 417, 418; 205 attacked by Japan, 422; Italy ‘The Unnecessary War’: 550–1, 577 and Germany declare war on, Ural Mountains: 446 511; its force discounted by Uruguay: 351 ‘silly people’, 423; ‘a gigantic Utah Beach (Normandy): 482 boiler’, 423; and Canada, ‘Utopia!’: 237 429–30; aiding the Dutch, 433; Utopias, and the 1945 General ‘no withdrawal except by death Election: 526–7 or victory’, 435; and a British Uxbridge, Churchill visits RAF ‘uprising of spirit’, 437; and the Operations Room at (1940): bombing of Germany, 456, 384 459; and the Europe/Japan choice, 457–8; and Val Vion (Western Front): 201 preparations for the liberation Valentine, President of the of western Europe, 461–2; University of Rochester: 411 ‘overwhelming power and Verdun (Western Front): 198, 230, resources of ’, 502; ‘future 366 destiny of ’, recalled, 509–10; Verne, Jules: 563 victory, and the Soviet Union, Vian, Admiral: 480, 481 523–4; Churchill’s post-war Vichy Government (France): 434, visits to (1946), 531; (1949), 465, 468, 469, 510 562; (1951), 578; twice sends its Victoria, Queen: 599 ‘young men’ across the Atlantic Victoria Palace Theatre (London): to fight, 534; and Britain, 539– Churchill accepts defeat at 41; and a United States of (1924), 262–3, illus. 14 Europe, 547; Churchill’s Victory-in-Europe Day (8 May parliamentary tribute to, 560–1; 1945): 500, 505 and the Korean War, 565; and Vienna: 474–5, 533 Soviet Communism, 577; and Villers-Bretonneux (Western nuclear weapons, 589, 590–2; Front): 232 crushes a revolt in Lebanon, Vimy Ridge (Western Front): 232 602; ‘ever- closer’ association Virginia (USA), General Assembly with, 611 of: 539 United States Congress: 408; Volga River: 446 Churchill’s addresses to, 425–9, Vosges Mountains: 272 476, 539–41, 578–80; Churchill speaking in, illus 27, 28 Wagram, Battle of (1809): 206 United States Navy: and the Battle Wake Island (Pacific): 422

682 INDEX

‘walking with destiny’ (10 May Westminster, Abbey Division 1940): 354–5 (parliamentary constituency): Walpole, Robert: 273 262 Walthamstow (Essex): 522, 523 Westminster Abbey (London), war: ‘hideous and appalling’, 103; Churchill speaks in: 556 ‘a game that is played with a Westminster College (Fulton, smile’, 189; future terrors of Missouri), Churchill speaks at: (1924), 267–9; ‘its measureless 532 carnage’, 331; the ‘trial and Westminster Hall (London), tribulation’ of, 332; and ‘a Churchill speaks in: 11, 583–7 cause’, 350; ‘full of mysteries Western civilisation, ‘the common and surprises’, 476; the ‘bloody fruit of ’: 611 turmoil’ of, 555; ‘the crimson ‘Western Democracies’: 577 wings of ’, 563 Western Front (1914–18): trenches ‘a war of peoples and of causes’ on, 157, 181; Churchill serves (1940): 383 on, 186–9, 195; Churchill ‘a war of the Unknown Warriors’: describes fighting on, 197–9; 383 and the German 1918 ‘a war of self-preservation for us’ offensive, 211–14; unified (1914): 150 Allied command on, 497 War Council (London, 1915): 164, ‘westward, look, the land is bright’ 168, 178, 180, 182, 183 (Arthur Hugh Clough), 411 War Office (Whitehall): 157 Weygand, General: 368 Warsaw: 247, 344, 506, 533 ‘What about the Dardanelles?’: Wash, the (North Sea coast): 395 255, 261 Washington, George: 412 ‘What kind of a people do they Washington DC: 87, 104, 424–9, think we are?’: 427 478, 499, 565, 566, 578 ‘What shall I do with all my Waterloo (Battle of, 1815): 56 books?’: 271–2 Watson Watt, Robert: 296 White House (Washington), Wavell, General Sir Archibald: 460, Churchill’s first visit to (1900): 509 87 ‘we are marching towards better Whitehall (London): 166, 504; days’ (1908): 115 Churchill amid crowds in, illus. ‘we have only to persevere to 40 conquer’ (1939): 343 ‘wickedness’: of ‘a single man’, 331; ‘weakening in our purpose ... the ‘enormous, panoplied, mortal crime’: 451 embattled’ ... ‘cast its shadow’, Wellington, Duke of: 511 414; and the Nazi regime, 416, West Essex Conservative 552–3 Association: 280 Wiesbaden: 377 West Germany, Churchill’s hopes Wilhelm II, Emperor (of for: 581, 582; and NATO, 582 Germany): 122, 231 West Leicester (parliamentary Wilhelmina, Queen, in exile in constituency): 258, 259, 263 England: 433

683 INDEX

William III, King (of Britain): 511 186, 188, 199, 205, 207, 211, Wilson, Sir Charles (later Lord 219, 221, 224, 247, 272 Moran): 471 Würzburg: 121 Wilson, President Woodrow: 207, 219 Yalta Conference (February 1945): Wimborne, Lady: 40 499, 506 ‘Winston Club’ (Berlin), Churchill Ypres (Western Front): 204; Third speaks at: 528 Battle of (1917), 209 Witbank (South Africa): 72 YMCA: 181 Wolseley, Field Marshal Viscount: Youth . . . and Journalism: 78 88 Yser, Battle of (1914): 210 Women’s Voluntary Service Yugoslavia: 283, 303, 320–1, 407 (WVS): 474 Woodford (Essex): 523, 605, 610 Zeppelin raids (First World War): Worcester: 259 193 work, and leisure: 110 Zhukov, Marshal: 501 Workmen’s Compensation Bill: 51 Zurich: Churchill speaks in The World Crisis (Winston S. (1946), 546, 553 Churchill): 141, 145, 165, 168,