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1909 GUDİ DARBESİNİN TÜRK Ve YUNAN KAMUOYUNA YANSIMASI

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1909 GUDİ DARBESİNİN TÜRK Ve YUNAN KAMUOYUNA YANSIMASI T. C. STANBUL ÜNVERSTES SOSYAL BLMLER ENSTTÜSÜ TARH ANABLM DALI Yüksek Lisans Tezi 1909 GUD DARBESNN TÜRK ve YUNAN KAMUOYUNA YANSIMASI Leonidas MORAS 2501020675 Tez Danımanı: Prof. Dr. Ali hsan GENCER stanbul-2006 0 Tez Onay Sayfası 1 ÖZ Yunanistan 1830’da Osmanlı mparatorluu’ndan koparak baımsız bir devlet haline gelmi ti. Yunanlılar, kendi devletlerinin hudutları dı ındaki Rumca konu an nüfusun da üzerinde ya adıı topraklarla birlikte Yunan krallıına katılması demek olan Megali dea’nın gerçekle mesi için 1922 yılına dek, devamlı olarak çaba sarf etmi lerdi. 19. yüzyılın son yıllarında gizli, fakat kudretli bir cemiyet olan Etniki Eterya’nın, “Büyük Ülkü”nün vücuda getirilmesine yönelik faaliyetleri etkili oldu ve bunun neticesinde Girit Adası’nda Müslümanlar ile Hıristiyan ahali arasında çatı malar meydana geldi (1896). Bir sonraki sene Girit’teki galeyanlar sonucunda ba gösteren Osmanlı-Yunan Harbi, krallıın hezimete uratılması ile sonuçlanmı tır. 1897 yenilgisi Yunanistan’ı karı tırmı tı. Ancak ülkenin Megali dea’dan vazgeçemeyen milliyetçi unsurları, Yunan silahlı kuvvetlerinin yeni ba tan örgütlenmesini talep ediyorlardı. Fakat devletin idare ve adalet mekanizmasının yozla ması ve ekonomik krizin büyümesi buna ciddi bir engel olu turuyordu. Üstelik partilerin kısır rekabeti, rü vetçilik ve Balkan Yarımadası’ndaki milliyetçilik çatı malarının iddetlenmesi Yunanistan’da a ırı bir memnuniyetsizliin domasına sebep olmu tu. Böylece, Yunan zabitanı Genç Türk Subayların müdahale örneinden de esinlenerek, ülkenin alt ve orta tabakalarının destei ile hareketlendi. Gudi “htilali” bu ko ullar altında meydana geldi. Gudi’deki askeri hareket hükümet dei ikliine yol açtı ve Kiriakulis Mavromihalis yeni bir kabine kurmakla görevlendirildi. Ülkenin ihtiyaç duyduu reformlar ve özellikle ordunun reorganizasyonu konusuna dair birçok yeni yasa çıktı. Bütün bunlara ramen “Askeri ttifak” kısa bir zaman içerisinde, Yunan toplumundaki muhafazakâr unsurların tepkisi ve askeri cemiyet üyelerinin politik deneyim eksikliinden ötürü çıkmaza dü tü. Yunan subaylar bunun üzerine uzun zamandan beri Girit’te youn siyasi faaliyetlerde bulunan ve büyük bir ün kazanan E. Venizelos’u Atina’ya çaırmayı karar verdi. Venizelos, 1910 Eylül’ünde yeni bir hükümet kurdu ve geni çaplı reformlar ba lattı. Gudi htilali ve sonrasındaki geli meler kâh Yunan, kâh Osmanlı basınına yansıyordu. Yunan gazeteleri I subayların hareketini genel olarak desteklemise de Osmanlı basını farklı bir tepki göstermitir. II ABSTRACT Greece won her independence in 1830, disengaging from the Ottoman rule. During the 19th century the Greek irredentism, under the motto, Megali dea (Great Idea), the expansion of Greece’s frontiers to the Balkan Peninsula where Greek- phone populations were living, became the dominating theme in Greek foreign policies until 1922. During the last years of 19th century a secret organization called “Ethniki Eteria” (National Society) was working for the accomplishment of the “Great Idea”. Organization’s activities in Crete and the frustration between the Christian and the Muslim population of the island culminated in the Turco-Greek war of 1897 and the military defeat of Greece. The calamitous war of 1897 was a stunning blow for the country. The nationalist elements of the Greek Kingdom, demanded a well-organized army in order to realize their national aspirations. However, the Greek governmental end economical chaos was a very important obstacle to the fulfilment of this demand. Besides, the divisive nature of the Greek parties, the corruption of the political life and the aggressive competition for territory between the Balkan states cast a dark shadow over Greek politics. As conditions worsened some Greek officers, inspired from the Young Turk reform-minded officers, decided to intervene to kingdom’s political life with the approval of the urban middle class. As a result of Greek army’s intervention (the 1909 Coup d’ état in Goudhi) Kiriakulis Mavromichalis took over the reigns of government and accepted the reformist demands of the officers and especially those that related to the reorganization of the army. But very soon the “Military League” faced numerous difficulties because of the reaction of Greek State’s conservative elements and the lack of political experience of its members. The Military League decided to bring E. Venizelos, who formed a government in Greece in September 1910 and tried to solve all the existing problems by following a reformatory policy. The Greek press in general supported the army’s sedition but the Ottoman press adopted a critical opinion on it. III ÖNSÖZ 1830 yılında baımsızlıını kazanan Yunanistan o tarihten itibaren, Avrupa Devletlerinin de yardımıyla, geli meye çalı mı tır. Yunanistan’ın geli mesi her defasında Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine gerçekle mi , özellikle iki ülke arasında Girit uzun bir süre anla mazlık konusu olmu tur. Bu arada Kırım Sava ı, 1877-78 Osmanlı Rus Sava ı gibi, Osmanlı Devleti’nin girmi olduu sava lardaki zaafından da faydalanarak, Yunanistan Osmanlı Devleti’ne kar ı sava a girmek istemi se de Büyük Devletlerin araya girmesiyle herhangi bir Türk-Yunan sava ı meydana gelmemi tir. 1864 senesi Yunanistan için bir dönüm noktasıdır. Zira bu tarihte ngiltere’nin kontrolünde bulunan Yedi Ada’nın Yunanistan’a verilmesi, Yunanistan’ın Ege ve Ege Adaları üzerindeki hak taleplerini daha da kamçılamı tır. Girit Meselesi’nin zaman içerisinde iki ülke siyasetinde önemli rol almaya ba laması ve sonuçta 1897 Türk-Yunan sava ının çıkması, bu sava sonucu malup olan Yunanistan’da meydana gelen iç olaylar, özellikle ekonomik durum ülkeyi süratle bir ihtilale götürmü tür. Nitekim Gudi Ayaklanması siyasî, sosyal ve ekonomik birikimlerin bir neticesi olarak 1909’da patlak vermi tir. Küçük rütbeli subayların gerçekle tirdii bu ayaklanma Yüksek Lisans tezimizin konusunu te kil etmektedir. Bu konuyu üç bölüm üzerinde incelemeyi uygun bulduk. Birinci bölümde Gudi htilali’nden önce Yunanistan’ın iç ve dı politikası, iktisadî durumu ve Yunanistan’da geli en siyasî ve fikrî akımlar ele alınmı tır. kinci bölümde Gudi Ayaklanması incelenmi , Gudi htilali’nin Türk ve Yunan basınındaki akisleri çalı mamızın üçüncü bölümünü te kil etmi tir. Konu hakkında Türkçe ve Yunanca eserlerin azlıı, özellikle her iki ülke basınının konu ile alakalı görü lerinin ara tırılmaması çalı mamızın daha ziyade basın üzerine younla masına sebep olmu tur. Tabi bu arada basının eri emedii bazı noktaları Türkçe ve Yunanca eserlerle destekledik. Ayrıca II. Me rutiyet’in ilanının Yunanistan’daki akisleri de ara tırmamızın bir kısmını te kil etmektedir. Her iki ülkede geli en siyasî, sosyal ve ekonomik meselelerin birbirleriyle taban tabana zıt geli meler olmadıı görülmektedir. Hiç üphesiz bu konu daha IV detaylı bir ekilde incelene bilirdi. Fakat bu sahada yapılacak çalı malara ı ık tutacaı kanısındayız. Konu seçiminde ve çalı malarımda emei geçen danı man hocam Prof. Dr. Ali hsan GENCER’e te ekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca yardımlarından dolayı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ ve Ar . Gör. Metin ÜNVER’e de te ekkür borçluyum. Leonidas MORAS V KISALTMALAR a.e : aynı eser a. y. : aynı yer bkz: : bakınız BOA : Babakanlık Osmanlı Arivleri Çev: : çeviren C. : cilt Ed. : editör Gnkur : Genelkurmay Haz: : Hazırlayan HR. SYS : Hariciye Siyaseti Siyasi AYE : storiko Arxeio Ypourgeiou Eksoterikon .Ü. : stanbul Üniversitesi nr. : numara s. : Sayfa Sa. : Sayı TKAE : Türk Kültürünü Aratırma Enstitüsü ÜATS : Üçüncü Askeri Tarih Semineri yy. : yüzyıl VI ÇNDEKLER ÖZ............................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... III ÖNSÖZ................................................................................................................. IV KISALTMALAR ................................................................................................. VI GR ......................................................................................................................1 XIX. YÜZYıLDA YUNANSTAN’ıN DURUMUNA GENEL BR BAKı ................................................................1 BRNC BÖLÜM ...........................................................................................................................11 GOUD HTLAL’NDEN ÖNCE YUNANSTAN’IN Ç VE DI POLTKASI, KTSADÎ DURUMU, SYASÎ VE FKRÎ AKIMLAR .............11 A) 1897–1909 YILLARI ARASINDA YUNAN STAN’IN Ç POL T KASI.............................11 1) Siyasî Durum.................................................................................................................................11 2) Dil Meselesi...................................................................................................................................14 3) Toplumsal Yapı.............................................................................................................................16 4) Askerî Durum................................................................................................................................19 B) YUNAN STAN’IN DI POL T KASI ......................................................................................24 1) Makedonya Sorunu .......................................................................................................................24 2) Girit Meselesi ................................................................................................................................29 C)
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